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33  WIST  MAIN  :r  JIT 

WIBSTIR.NY    MSSO 

(716)  •7a-4i03 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inttituta  for  Historical  Microraproductions 


Inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historlquas 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notaa  tachniquat  at  bibliographiquas 


Tha  Inatituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


D 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^a 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculAe 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  blackl/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bieue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  miterial/ 
RaliA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  da  la  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certainas  pages  blanches  ajoutias 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsqua  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  At*  filmias. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  la  meilleur  exemplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  M  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
da  cat  exemplaira  qui  sont  paut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuv^nt  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithoda  normale  de  filmage 
aont  indiqu6s  ci-daasous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 
D 
D 
D 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagias 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurAes  et/ou  pelliculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dAcolorAes,  tachetAes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach^es 


r~yr  Showthrough/ 
[yj   Transparence 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  material  supplAmantaira 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  At  A  filmAes  A  nouveau  de  fagon  A 
obtenir  la  mailieure  image  possible. 


The 
tot 


The 
pos 
oft 
film 


Ori( 

beg 

the 

sion 

otht 

first 

sion 

oril 


The 
shall 
TINi 
whi( 

Map 
diffe 
entir 
begi( 
right 
requ 
met^ 


This  item  is  filmed  at  tha  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

nx 

30X 

» 

/ 

12X 

10X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  he*  been  reproduced  thenkt 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
ginArosit*  de: 

La  bibliothique  des  Archive* 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  At*  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nettet*  de  I'exempleire  filmA,  at  en 
confok-mitA  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmagti. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  end  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couvertura  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  fllmis  en  commencant 
par  le  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commen9ant  par  la 
premiere  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreir.te 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  una  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "1.  or  the  symbol  Y  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  ar^d  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  11  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  geuche,  de  geuche  A  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d"images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

9 

1 

2 

9 

4 

5 

6 

II 


THE    WORKS 


Of 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


11 


' 


THE    AVOliKS 


or 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCHOFT. 


VOLT^IE  V. 


THK   NATIVK   RACES. 

V01..V.    I'UIMrnVK  HISTORY. 


SAN  FUANCISCO  : 
A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  COMPANY,  PUHLISHHRS. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congreeg  In  the  Year  1SR2,  bf 

HUBERT  11.  liANXROFT. 
Ill  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  CongreHg,  at  Washington. 


All  Jiiyhls  Jitservtd. 


PREFACE  TO  VOLUME  V. 


Tliis  volume  conchules  the  Native  Traces  of  the 
Pai'IKIC  States.  Duriiij,'  tlie  year  in  Mliicli  it  lins 
boon  ,i(oiii<*'  tlirou^li  tlio  pros.s,  1  have  receivod  lottors 
of  oiK'ourii^eniont  from  the  most  eminent  scholars  ot* 
Europe  and  America,  and  flattorinj,'  commendations 
fiom  learned  societies.  None  but  an  author  can 
know  the  value  of  such  cheering'  words.  Tiiis,  my 
first  attem])t,  was  made  in  a  new  field;  the  scope  of 
the  work  was  very  oxtojisive;  the  system  and  nia- 
chinerv  bv  which  alone  it  could  be  accomplished  wei*^ 
untried;  and  the  subject  was  not  one  of  j^-reat  ]t<»pular 
interest.  It  was  not,  therefore,  without  mis;L;ivinys 
tiiat  L  sent  it  forth. 

That  the  work  had  been  so  jilanned  as  to  embody 
practically  all  information  extant  on  what  I  ha<l 
come  to  re^j^ard  as  an  im|>ortant  subject,  and  that  tlif 
]>lan  had  been  faithfully  t'Xtcutcd,  I  thorouniily  br- 
lirvcd.  l)Ut  that  others  would,  tt)  any  iji^roat  extent, 
share  my  opinion;  that  the  subject  would  interest 
so  many  classes  of  readers;  that  mine  would  be  so 
(|uickly  and  cordially  rccoij;nized  by  men  of  seieiice 
and  letters  throuiihout  the  world  as  a  woriv  woith 
doiny  and  well  done;  Jind  that  it  wouM  be  at  once 


vi 


rilEFAf'E  TO  VOLUME  V 


I  I 


uecorded  a  place  in  literature,  I  had  not  dared  to 
hove.  The  leadinj,^  journals  of  f:ngland,  Fran<v, 
(Germany,  and  the  United  States,  have  deemed  thu 
volumes  as  issued  worthy  of  extended  reviews;  and 
criticism  for  the  most  part  has  heen  liheral,  and  just- 
save  a  tendency  to  what  might  seem,  to  a  mind  hss 
]>rqjudiced  tlian  mine,  extravagant  praise.  :\rin()r 
defects  have  heen  fairly  ju.inted  out;  and  in  the  few 
mstances  where  fault  has  heen  ft)und,  cither  with  the 
J 'Ian  or  its  execution,  one  critic  condemns  what  an- 
other approves,  so  that  I  am  led  to  helieve  no  serious 
error  of  judgnient  has  heen  connnitted. 

I  cannot  here  make  ])roper  acknowledgments  to  jill 
to  whom  they  are  due;  hut  let  those  who  have 
manifested  their  kind  good-will,  and  those  who  have 
not,  so  long  as  they  feel  it,  accei)t  my  grateful 
thanks. 

San  FuANcisto,  November,  1875. 


COXTEXTS  or  THIS  A^OLUME. 


CHAPTEIl  I. 

ON   THE   OllUilN    OF   THE    AMERICANS, 

I'VOE. 

S|iirit  of  Ii)i|iiiry  in  the  Midilli-  A;.'ci     Inily  <>f  Ori;;!!!  -I'lood  Mytlis 

-Al»ori;:iii;il     'I'raililicuis     of     (>ri;;iii     ('uldirc     llcmo     f'liina    - 

Ja|>iiii-  lliiiiliistiiii     'riirlary     'I'lio  K;.'y|>liiui  Tlu-ni-y     'I'lir  I'lui'iii- 

I'itiiiH— Votiiii'N  Triivfls  -Tin'  Carllia^'iiiiaiis     Tlic  llclnfw  'I'lu'dry 

-  -Till'  Moriiiiiii  Story  -The  \'isils  of  llio  ScainliiiaviaiiH  Celtic 
«trij,'iii  I'lic  WcUh  Scotch  Irish  The  (ircckn  ami  Koiuiiiis  — 
The  Story  of  Atlantis — The  Autochthuiiic  Theory 1 

CHAPTER  II. 

INTRODT'CTOUY    TO    AHOUIlUNAI,    IIISTORV. 

Orij^iii  ami  I'.arlicst  History  of  the  Americans  riireconietl  The  Park 
Sea  of  Aiitii[iiity  Itoumlary  hetwceii  Mylii  ami  History  I'riim- 
tivo  Aiiiials  of  America  eoiii]iarcil  with  those  of  the  Old  World  - 
Aiitiiorilies  ami  Historical  Material  Traditional  Annals  and  their 
\aliie  Hiero;;lyidiic  Uecords  of  the  Mayas  ami  Nahnas  Spanish 
WritcrH— The  CominerorK  - 'l"he  Missionaries  The  Historians- 
Converted  Native  Chroniclers     Secondary  Anthorities     l'.thnolo;,'y 

—  Arts,  Institutions,  and  llelicfs  Lan^jnajjes  Material  Monu- 
ments of  Anlii(uity— I'so  of  Authorities  ami  Method  of  Ireatin;; 
the  Sultjeet l.'W 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE    PRE-TOI.TEr   I'EKIOU    01'    AIIORIOINAL    HISTORY. 

Suhdivision  of  the  Sulije<'t—Tzendal  Tradition  of  the  \  otanic  I'.mpire 
--A'olan's  Itook  and  its  Contents  as  reporteil  liy  Nni"ie/.  de  la 
Vej;a,  Calirera,  and  Onloue/  Tcsliinoiiy  of  Manners  and  Cus- 
toms, It(di;;ion,  I.an^'ua>;es,  and  Miuiuments  of  tiic  Civili/ed 
Nations  res|iectiii;;  the  Primitive  May.'i  I'eoples  The  (jhiiclu! 
Iicccird,  or  I'tipol  V\di  Civilizing'  I'.ll'orts  of  Cncumatz  ami  his 
l''oIl<isvers  K.vploitH  of  Humihpu  and  Xhalamine  Coui|uesl  of 
Xihalha  ^^>,'ration  from  Tulan  Zui\a,  the  Seven  <  aves  Meanin;^ 
«if    tho    l^uiche   Truditiuii ->iahua    Truditiuus-  Tho    Toltccs    in 


via 


rONTKXTS. 


r.\f!E. 


'raiiioaiiclian  ai'citrcliii;,'  to  Salia;^iin  Tlio  ('mlcx  r|iiiiial|i<i|M>('a 
I'rc-'riiltcc  NationH  in  Mexico  DIiiicch  aiitl  Xicalaiiras— 'I'lic 
(jiiiiiaiiics  ( °iiiiliilaan<l  (^iict/.ali'oatl  'I'iio'I'otoiiat-s  'rcotiliiiacaii 
— Otoiiiis,  Miztccs,  /a|Mit('cs,  am)  Ilua^tci-s  The  'roltccs  in 
IliicliiM-  'I'lapallaii  Mij;ralioii  to  Analinac— Tin;  Cliirliiinofs  in 
Aniai|ii(>nic<'an  Ancient  Home  of  tin;  Nahuatlacas  and  AztecH — 
Primitive  Annuls  of  Yucatan     ('oiiclusioiis l.">(> 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE   TOLTEC    PEUIOD. 

The  Nalnia  ♦lecnpation  of  ]M(>.\ico  in  tlie  Sixth  and  Seventh  Teiituries 
--Condition  of  Anaiiiia)'  'I'he  .Mix<'ohiias  and  ('liieliimt'r  <  uilinas 
—The  Tollecs  at  Tnhincin;.'o  and  Tollan — Kstahli.shinent  of  a 
Monarchy  and  t'hoice  of  a  Kin^',  710-720  A.  T>.  Kiii;.'iioms  of 
Ciiliiuacan  and  t^iiantitilian  Tiie  Teoamoxtii  l'ro|iiii'cics  and 
Deatii  of  lineman  Itirth  of  (^Mnt/alcoatl  Foundation  of  tiic 
Kmpire,  .S.">(!  A.  I>.  Alliance  helwecn  Cnlhnacan,  (Mom|ian,  and 
'I'ollan  l!ei;;n  of  To|iiilzin  Ceacatl  (i>iu't/alcoal  I  ;it  Tollan  Kx- 
ccsses  of  iluemac  II.,  or  Teciiancalt/in  Xocliill,  the  Kinj^'s 
Mistrc-is  I'ullillmcnt  of  the  I'ro]ihct'-i  Predictions  Tovcyo's 
Advent  arcs  lMa;;ucH  sent  upon  the  T.dlei's  Famine  and  I'esti- 
leiu'e  -liei>in  of  Acxitl,  or  To|iilt/in  Uehauchery  of  Kin^', 
Noltles,  and  I'ricsis  TokiMis  of  i)i\ine  Wrath  Forei;,'n  Inva- 
ders— Final  Overthrow  of  the  Toltec  Fmpire 


■J37 


CHAPTER  ' 

THE  ciiiciiiMEt;  I'Knion. 

The  fhicliimecs  in  Amai|nemecan  Mij,'ration  to  Anahnae  under 
Xolotl  The  Invaders  at  t'hocoyan  and  Tollan  Fonuilalion  of 
Xoloc  anil  Tenayocan  Xolotl  II.,  l''.m]ieror  of  the  t 'liichimecs — 
Division  of  Territory  'i'he  Toltecs  at  Culhnacan  Knlc  of  Xiuli- 
lenioc  Mild  Nanhyoll  III.  I'ochotl,  Son  of  Acxitl--('oii(|in'st  of 
Ciilhiiacan  Death  of  Xaidiyotl  llnct/in,  Kin.^'  of  t'nlhuacan  - 
Mi^tralioii  and  Ueception  of  the  Xahnallaca  'i'rilies  The  Acolhiiiis 
at  Coatlichan  and  the  Tepaiiecs  at  .\/ca|in/.alco  Nonolimicatl, 
Kin;;  of  Cnlhnacan  IJevoll  of  N'acanex  Deatli  of  Nojotl  11. — 
Xo|ialt/in,  Kin;,' of  Tenayocan,  and  Finperor  of  the  Cliirliimecs — 
Uei;;ns  of  .Vdiitometl  and  Icxochitlanex  at  Ciillinacan  'i'eiideii- 
eies  toward  Toltec  Culture '289 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE   CHICHIMEO    I'EUIOl). — CONTINt'ED. 

Migration  of   tin'  A/lecs  -Xations  of    .Vniihuac   at  Ue^jinuin);  of  the 
Thirtt'enth  Century -The  .\/lecs  siilimit  to  the  Teiianecs     Heign 


CONTENTS.  «t 

PAGE. 

of  the  Knijioror  Tlnt/iii  (jMiinant/iii.  Kiii^'  <»f  Tozniro  and  Chi- 
rliimir  ljn|>«riir  TiaiiNliT  uf  (Ik- ('"[lilal  rciiuiifinalt/iii  iiMiipH 
the    liii|i(iial   Tliiuni!    at    Ten.-  •«•:•. n  Tlf    rsurpcr   (Icfcalfil    t>y 

Tcpai H   aixl    Mi'xicaiis — Ai-Dliu'.'iiuaca'i    l)ri>flaiiiii'il    MinixTor— 

•  ihiiiiant/in's  Virlnrics  IJattlo  at  rdvaiili'laii  l;iiiiiant/iii  ajjaiii 
ljii|it'iiir  ■rnllcc  Institutions  at  Tt-wuco  Kxentsat  Ciiliinacan  - 
^[I'xicans  iiri\cii  fnun  t'luipultfju'c  Alliance  lictwccn  McxicanH 
anilCullMias  Kcli^rioiis  Strife  I'linniintion  of  Mexiro  Kri^n  of 
tlie  l'.rii|M'n>r  Teclidtl  ~  I'dlitiea!  ('iian;;es  tliiin  of  flic  t'nlhini 
Power  're/ozonioe,  Kin;,'  of  Azcapn/ali-o  Separation  uf  Mexicans 
anil  Tlaleiiiieas  Aeaniapielitii  II..  Kin;^  of  Mexico  (^lua<|Uauli- 
pil/.aliuac,  Kin;^  of  Tlatelulco .'I'.'l 

CH.VrTER  VII. 

TFK    CMiCHIMKl"    I'EniOD COSCT.rDED. 

Aztec  History  — Itei^rus  of  Acaniajii  litii  II.  ami  <i>iiaciu;uiliiiitzalinar  - 
Ivcliiiil  :  I  „'  of  Culliuacan  Iliiil/ililiuitI  II.,  Kin;;  of  Mexic.i  - 
Tlacateot/.in.  Kin;;  of  Tlatelnlco  ('liiinalpo|i(>ca  Succeeils  in  Mex- 
ico I'nneral  of  Teclioll  Ixtlilxocliitl,  Mniperor  of  tlie  (liiclii- 
niecs  .Syinptonis  of  I  (iscoTitent  l'lan«  of  Tezo/onioc,  the  l\'- 
panee  King  -Secret  ('onncil  of  Iteliels— Ueli;,'ious  'J'oleration  in 
Tezciu'o  ("iin<|iu'st  of  XaltiK'an  and  Cnitlahnac  ISirtliof  Nezaliu- 
alcoyotl  -War  lielween  Tezcnco  and  .\/capiizalco  \'ictories  of 
Ixtlilxocliitl -Sie;;e  and  Fall  of  Azeapnzalco  - TrcaclK-ry  of  Tezo- 
zomoc  -Fall  of  Tezciico — Fli;,'lit  and  Death  of  Ixtlilxocliitl  Te- 
zozonioc  pioclainied  I'.niperor  -Ke-oi';.'ani/atiiMi  of  the  Fnipire  .\d- 
ventures  of  N'ezalnialcoytl — Death  of  Tezozomoc- Maxtla  usurps 
the  liupeiial  Throne  Murder  of  the  Mexican  Kin;,'s  Ne/aliual- 
coyotl's  Nictory  Itzcoatl,  Kin;;  of  .Mexico  Acollina  and  .Vztec 
Alliance  I'all  of  Azcapiizalcu  -The  Tripartite  Alliance,  or  the 
New  Kni|iire .'{.l!) 


chapti=:r  Yin. 

THE     A/TIX'      I'KIUOD. 

Outline  of  tlip  Period— Itevolt  of  ('oyiihnacan — Nrzalmalcoyotl  on 
the  Throne  of  Tezi'uco  ('on(|uest  of  (jhiaulilitlaii,  Tultillaii.  Xo- 
cliiniiii'o,  anil  Cuitlahuae  '('oiuiuest  of  (Jiiauhtitlan  Destruction 
of  the  Uecords  -Death  of  Itzcoatl  and  .Vccession  of  .Miuite/uina  I. 
New  Temples  at  Mexico  Di'feat  of  tht^  Chalcas  'I'rouiiles  with 
Tlatelulco  ('on([uest  of  ("oliuixco  and  .Mazatlan  I'lood  and  Six 
^■  ears'  I'aiiiine  (."on(|iiest  of  Miztecapan  -'J"he  Aztecs  coiii|uer 
the  Province  of  Cuethiilitlan  and  reach  the  (iiilf  ('oast  final 
Defeat  of  thi'  Chalcas  Canipai;,'!!  in  Cuextlan  ISirth  of  Neza- 
liualiiilli  -Improvements  in  Teiiochtitlan— Kmliassy  to  Chicumuz- 


X  CONTENTS. 

I'ACiK. 
toe — Death  of  Montoziiiniv  T.  and  A<'p('ssi<>n  (tf  Axayaiall-liaiil 
ill  Tfhiiaiil('|PiM'  -C'liiiiiaIiin|H>ca  micccimIs  'l'(iti)i|iiiliiiat/iii  mi  tlic 
'I'liniiic  of  'riai'ii|iaii  -  N('/aliiial|iilli  siici'ccils  Ni'zaliiialcoytill  at 
'rozi'iu'o — Hcvolt  of  Tlati'hilco- CoiKiui-st  of  Matlalt/im-o — Di-foat 
by  the  TarastoH— Death  of  Axayaeatl 4(K) 

CHAPTER  IX. 

THE    A/.TEf    I'EniOU— CONCLrDED. 

i;('i,L:ii  of  Tizoe— Nozahnalpilli  defeats  the  Huexotzineas— AhiiitzotI, 
Kiiijrof  ^^exi(•o  ('ain|iaij;i)s  for  Captives  Dedication  of  lliiitzi- 
li)l"M'litii's  Teiiiiiie -Seventy  Tliousand  Victims  Tot(ii|uiliiiatziu 
II.,  Kinj^  of  Thicopan  Mexican  < 'on(|uests— Coniinest  of  Totona- 
eapan  A/.tee  Iteverses  Successful  Revolt  of  'reliiiante|icc  and 
Zapotecapan  -CoiKiuest  of  /acatollan  -Anecdotes of  Ne/almalpilli 
New  A(inedin't,  and  Inundation  of  Mexico— Montezuma  II.  on  the 
'I'liione  Condition  of  tlu^  I'lmpire  Montezuma's  Policy  I'nsuc- 
eessful  Invasion  of  'I'lascala  I'aniiue-  C(iu(|iu's1  of  Mizteeapan — 
Tyin^-uj)  of  the  Cycle  in  l."i(l7  < 'mens  of  comin;^  Hisasier  The 
Spaniards  on  the  Coast  of  Central  America  'I'rouhh'  lH'l\v<en 
^Mexico  and  Tczcnco  Itetirement  and  Dcalli  of  Nczahualpilli  - 
Cacama,  Kin;;  of  Acoliiuacan  -Uevidt  of  Ixtlilxoehill  I'inal  Cam- 
]iai,!,Mis  of  the  Aztecs  The  Sjianiards  on  the  (!nlf  Coast -Arrival 
of  llernan  Corle.s 4;i(J 

CHArXKH  X. 

IIISTOnV    OF    THE    E.VSTI'.IiN    l'I,AI'i:.U',    Mll'IIO.^CAN,    AND    OAJACA. 

Early  History  of  the  I'lastern  I'lati'an  The  Chichimee-Toltecs  .\rrival 
of  the  Teo-Chichimecs  in  Aniihuac  'i'hey  Cominer  and  Setlli-  the 
I'laslern  I'laleau  Civil  WarsMisccdhuu'ous  Mvents- Wars  Ikj- 
tween  'I'lascala  ami  the  Nations  of  .Vniihua'"  Karly  History  of 
^lichoacan  Wars  lietween  Wanacaces  and  'I'arascos  l''oundiu;^ 
of 'I'/.intzunt/au  Metaniorpiiosisof  the  i'arasco  I'rinccs  llncroacli- 
nieiits  of  (he  Wanacaces  The  Kin;;  of  tin'  Isles  Murder  of  I'a- 
\\ai  inne  and  Wapeani  -l!ei;;iis  of  Cnratanie,  'J'ariacnri,  Tan;.;axoan 
1., /i/.i/.  I'andacuare,  Z\van;;ii.  and  Tan;;a\oan  II.  (>ri;;in  of  the 
Mizlecs  and  Zajiotecs  Wixipecoidia  Kulcrs  of  (lajaca  The 
lluaves  and  Mijes  l.iiler  Kin;;s  and  History  of  Oajaca  Wars 
with  Mexico is:) 

CH.VrTKR  XI. 

Tilt',    QlTICIIE-OAKCItlgUEL    EMl'IltE    IN   aU.VrEM.\T,A. 

No  Chronido;;y  in  the  South  Outline  ^'iew  .\nthorilles  Xhu- 
laiii|ue  at  I'tatlaii    -The  Mi;;raliiui  from  Tuhui      lhilani-(^uit/,u 


L. 


CDNTKXTS, 


rAor:. 


anil  liis  rninjiaiiiiiiis — Sacrilicrs  to  Tuliil — The  Ijuiclu's  <m  Mount 
Ilaca\itz  Tlio  'rainul)  ami  llocalt — Kirst  N'ictorius  —  (.^ocavib 
I'miiuls  the  Moiiarcliy  at  Izmadii  - 'I'lii-  Tolti'c  'I'licory -- Iiiui";- 
iiiarv  Km|iiro  of  the  Ka^it  lUtlrivtit  ^'t■rsioIls  (»f  Primitive  Hist- 
ory Till'  ( 'ak('lii(juel  Mij^ratioii  -.hiarros  anil  V'ticntcs— Lists  of 
Kinj:s-  (■ai<rliinu('ls  under  llaeavitz  Itei^'iis  of  nalani-'^onai'lie, 
Cotnlia,  ami  Iztaynl,  at  Izniaciii  War  a;.'ainst  the  llocalt  Tiie 
Stolen  'I'riiiiite— (lueiimatz,  (^>ui<'lie  Kmjieror  at  I'tathui— Chanfies 
in  the  (Jovernmeiit  -i!ei;,'iis  of  ("otnha  II.,  're]ie|iul,  ami  iztayul 
II.  -  <'akehi(im'l  History Cominests  of  (^luieali  I.  I{e\i(ltof  the 
Aehihah — Disinenilierment  of  the  Kinpire— Cakehiiiuel  Cominests 
-  I!ei;:ns  of  the  last  ( Inafemalan  Kiii','s — Ainiearanee  of  the  Siian- 
ianls  umler  Alvarado  in  \'f2l 540 

CHAPTER  XII. 

MISCELLAKF.OIH    TIJIUES   OP   CENTU.XL   AMKrilf.X. 

Seareity  of  Ilistorieal  T)ala  The  Trilies  of  Chiajias  -  The  Founders 
and  Heroes  of  till'  Chiapanee  Nation  Wars  with  the  Aztees  The 
I'l'iijile  of  the  Sontlu'rn  Coast  They  are  vaminisl'ed  hy  the  <  )1- 
iiiees  Their  F.xodiis  and  Journey  They  .settle  and  se|iarate— 
dnarros'  Aeeount  of  tlie  (h'i;4in  and  later  History  of  the  I'ijiile.s-- 
I'ipile  'I'raditions  -The  Foundin;,'  of  Mietlan  -  (^>ueen  Coiniza- 
limil  -  Aexitl's  lunpire  of  the  Fast  The  Chohitees — \'arious 
Trihes  of  NicaraLrua  -  Settlements  of  the  l.stlniiuij (I(i;{ 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

HISTORY    OF   Till':    MAYA.S    IN    Yl'OATAN. 

Aliori;^inal  Names  of  Vueatan  The  Primitive  Inhaliitants  fnini  the 
Fast  and  West  Zamn.'i  the  Pontill'-Kinj,'  The  Itzasat  ('hi<'hen— 
Itules  of  ( 'td<nlcan  at  Chiehen  anil  Mayapan  His  I  lisa|i|iearam'(; 
on  tlie  (Inlf  Coast  The  Coronn"  Ilnle  at  Mayapaii  .\|)iiearani'e 
of  theTntnl  .Xins  Translation  of  the  Maya  Ifeeoiil  liy  Perez  and 
llinssenr  MiLiratioii  from  'I'nlaii  Coni|nest  of  jiaealar  and  Chi- 
ehen  liza  .\nnals  -Tntnl  .Xins  at  I'xmal  (herlhrow  of  the 
Coeonie  I)ynasly  The  ( 'onfi'ili'raiy,  or  l".m|me,  of  Tntiil  .Xins, 
Ilzas,  and  Cheles  Fahle  of  tiie  l>\varf  Overthrow  of  the  Tutnl 
Xins—  I'inal   Period  of  Civil  Vi'ars (il^ 


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s  ii(i\viii<_'    I  he   |(M  .1 1  itii  (    (i| 

THE  CIVILIZED   NATIONS 


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THE  CIVILIZED  NATIONS 

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THE  NATIVE  RACES 


OF  TBI 


PACIFIC   STATES. 


PRIMITIVE  HISTORY. 


CHAPTER  I. 


ON   THE   ORIGIN   OF   THE   AMERICANS. 


SPiniT   OF    IXQL'IRY   IN   THE    MIDDLE  AgES— UNITY  OF  ORIGIN— FLOCD 

Myths— Aboriginal  Tbadi..()Xs  of  Origin— Cultlre-IIeroes— 
China— Japan-IIindostan— Tartary— The  Egyptian  Theory 
—The  IMhenicians— Votan's  Travels— The  Carthaginians— 
The  Heiikew  Theory— The  Mormon  Story— The  Visits  of  tub 
Scan  DIN  avians— Celtic  Origin- The  Welsh— Scotch  — Irish— 
The  tiKEEKS  and  Komans— The  Story  of  Atlantis— The  Au- 
TociiTHONic  Theory. 

When  it  first  became  known  to  Europe  that  a  new 
continent  had  been  discovered,  the  wise  men,  philos- 
ophers, and  especially  the  learned  ecclesiastics,  were 
sorely  perplexed  to  account  for  such  a  discovery.  A 
problem  was  placed  before  them,  the  solution  of  which 
was  not  to  be  found  in  the  records  of  the  ancients. 
On  the  contrary,  it  looked  as  if  old-time  traditions 
must  give  way,  the  infallibility  of  revealed  knowledge 
must  1)0  called  in  question,  even  the  holy  scriptures 
must  be  interpreted  anew.  Another  world,  upheaved, 
as  it  were,  from  the  depths  of  the  Sea  of  Darkness, 
was  suddenly  placed   before   them.     Strange   races, 

Vol.  V.    1 


2  ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS 

speakiiiGf  stranj^^e  torjruos,  peopled  tlie  new  land;  curi- 
ous plants  covered  its  surface;  animals  unknown  to 
science  roamed  throuj^h  its  immense  forests;  vast  seas 
separated  it  from  tlie  known  world;  its  boundaries 
were  undefined;  its  whole  character  veiled  in  ob- 
scurity. Such  was  the  myster}'  that,  without  rule 
or  precedent,  they  were  now  required  to  fathom. 

And  what  were  their  qualifications  to  grapple  witli 
such  a  subject?  Learning  had  l)een  almost  exclusively 
the  pro[>erty  of  the  Church,  and  although  from  its 
fold  many  able  writers  and  profound  thinkers  had 
been  evolved,  yet  the  teachings  of  science  and  the 
speculations  of  [)hilosophy  were  ever  held  subordinate 
to  the  holy  scriptures.  Now  and  then  it  is  true  some 
gleams  of  im[)ortant  truth  would  flash  up  in  the 
writings  of  some  philosopher  disconnected  with  the 
religious  orders  illuminating  the  path  of  intellectual 
progress,  but  such  writings  seldom  made  any  perma- 
nent impress  upon  the  literature  of  the  age.  It  is  to 
the  [)riesthood  ahnost  exclusively  we  have  to  look  for 
any  advancement  for  many  centuries  in  literature, 
science,  and  art.  The  universally  adopted  view  of 
the  structure  of  the  universe  was  geocentric,  of  the 
world,  anthropocentric.  To  explain  such  ordinary 
j)henomena  as  that  of  day  and  night,  preposterouo 
Bchumes  were  invented,  like  that  of  Cosmas  Indico- 
jileustes,  who  asserted  that  in  the  northern  parts  of 
the  flat  earth  there  is  an  innnense  mountain,  behind 
which  the  sun  pasp  js  and  thus  j)rodi. ^es  night.^  -^^ij 
assertion  that  se(  ned  to  clash  with  ]ireconceived 
notions  of  the  tea*  lings  of  holy  writ  or  the  writings 


'  Hti  affirms  (in  a  work  'itled  Christian  Topoijraphij)  that,  according  to 
the  triic  ortlutilox  system  t  geography,  tlie  cartii  is  a  qnadranguLir  piano, 
extending  four  hundred  d;  s'  journey  eaat  and  west,  and  exactly  half  as 
nuicli  north  and  south ;  ths  it  is  inclosed  ])y  mountjiins,  on  wliich  the  sky 
rests ;  that  one  on  the  nort..  side,  linger  than  the  others,  by  intercepting  the 
rays  of  the  sun,  produces  night ;  and  that  the  plane  of  the  earth  is  not  set 
exactly  horizontally,  but  witli  a  little  inclination  from  the  north :  hence  the 
Euphrates,  Tigris,  anil  other  rivers,  nnniing  southward,  are  rapid ;  but  the 
l««ile,  having  to  run  up-hill,  has  necessarily  a  very  slow  current.'  Draj-.et'a 
Covjlict  between  JleligioH  and  /Science,  j).  05. 


SCIENCE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  i 

of  tlic  fatliors  was  looked  upon  with  douM  atid 
disfavor.  Indeed  the  bible  was  regarded  as  the  ull- 
suftieient  manual  of  science,  containing  all  that  was 
necessary  to  be  known,  and  to  inquire  further  was 
thought  to  be  prying  into  the  secret  things  of  the 
njost  hiijh.'"  The  learninj;  of  the  masses  consisted  not 
in  the  acquisition  of  knowledge,  but  in  the  blind  and 
meaningless  repetition  of  prescribed  maxinis,  in  forms 
of  rhetoric,  in  anything  except  that  which  would 
enlighten  the  mind  and  impart  l.uc  wisdom;  it  was, 
in  short,  a  systematic  course  of  leading  nn-n  as  far 
as  possible  away  from  the  known,  and  leaving  them 
lost  and  bewildered  in  a  labyrinth  of  uncertainty  and 
doubt.^ 

When,  therefore,  the  questions  arose,  whence  were 
these  new  lands  peopled?  how  came  these  strange 
animals  and  plants  to  exist  on  a  continent  cut  off  by 
vast  oceans  frotn  the  rest  of  the  world?  the  wise  men 
of  the  time  unhesitatingly  turned  to  the  sacred  scrip- 
tures for  an  answer.  These  left  them  no  course  but  to 
beliine  that  all  mankind  were  descended  from  one  ))air. 
This  was  a  premise  that  must  by  no  means  be  dis- 
j)uted.  The  original  home  of  the  first  pair  was  gen- 
erally supposed  to  have  been  situated  in  Asia  ^[inor; 
the  ancestors  of  the  [)eople  found  in  the  New  World 
nmst  consequently  have  originally  come  from  the  (Jld 
World,  thouiifh  at  what  time  and  bv  what  route  was 
an  open  question,  an  answer  to  which  was  diligently 


Ing^ 


Ing  to 

lalf  as 
Ic  sky 

|ig  the 
at  set 
ce  the 

lit  the 


*  In  answer  to  the  question:  '  Wlint  was  God  doin*?  before  ho  made  th^ 
lieaven  and  tlie  eartli?  Tor,  if  at  any  particular  moment  lie  he;,'aii  to  employ 
-liimscif,  that  means  time,  not  eternity.  In  eternity  nothing'  happens— tiic 
wliole  is  i)resent.'  St  An).'usti  e  <'ansticiilly  remarks:  '  I  will  not  answer 
this  (juestion  by  sayinj;  that  lie  was  preparing,'  hell  for  pryers  into  his  mys- 
teries.' 

3  The  teaehin};s  of  the  Churcli  were  heyond  eonlroversy,  the  decisions 
of  the  Church  were  final;  and  not  only  in  rV!i;;ion  hut  in  le','isIation  and  iti 
science  'the  i»ervadin>,'  prini-iple  was  a  hlind  iiidiesitatin<^  credulity.'  Sec 
lUirkl('\f  Civilization,  vol.  i.,  ji.  .WT.  The  Hishop  of  Darien  once  ((uofed 
Plato  in  the  presence  of  Las  Casas.  "Plato,"  Las  Ca.sas  replied,  "was  a 
Gentile,  and  is  now  hurnin^  in  hell,  and  we  are  only  to  make  u.-^e  of  his  doc- 
triiui  as  far  as  it  is  consistent  with  our  holy  Faith  and  Ciiristiau  customa." 
Helps'  Life  of  Las  Casas,  i>.  120. 


ORIGIX  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


soui^'-lit  for  both  in  the  sacred  prophecies  and  in  the 
historical  writings  of  antiquity.* 

But  if  the  more  modern  writers  on  this  subject 
have  been  less  hampered  by  unanswerable  and  im- 
passable dogmas;  if  they  have  been  able  to  believe 
that  there  may  be  some  difficult  questions  ujion 
whicli  tlie  Bible  throws  no  light;  if  tiiey  have  felt 
tlieniselves  free  to  discuss,  without  impiety,  the  pos- 
sibiUty  of  all  mankind  not  having  sprung  from  one 
])air,  their  theories  are  scarcely  less  wild,  their  rea- 
soniii<if  is  but  little  sounder,  their  tendencv  to  estab- 

<  As  ill!  cxiiin])lc  of  the  intoleranrc  displayod  by  tlicse  early  writers, 
mill  of  the  hittunit'sH  with  wliieli  thi-y  attiic-ked  those  few  tliiiiUers  w  ho 
(hired  to  tlieori/.e  witlio\it  letting' tlieoh)^ieal  Uojiiiias  utiind  in  tlieir  way.  [ 
traiishite  tlie  folh)win;i;  i»asMa^e  from  (iareia,  wiio  is  one  of  tiie  nmst  eoni- 
]irelienisivo  writers  iiiM)n  the  ori;,'in  of  the  Anierieans:  'We  wouhl  lila-  imt 
even  to  renieniher  the  unworthy  o]>inions  of  certain  veritahie  hla.sjiiienii-is, 
more  harltarons  tiiau  tlie  Indians,  whieii  do  not  even  de>erve  the  name  of 
opinions,  l>nt  rather  of  follies:  namely,  that,  peihaps,  tiie  lirf-t  indiiin.s 
iiii;;ht  iiavi;  lu'cn  j^enerated  from  the  eai>'i.  or  from  its  initrefai'tion,  aided 
hy  the  snn's  heat,  as  (Avieemi  aMowiiij;  tins  prodiietioii  to  he  easy  in  men) 
Anihi's  Cisaljiino  attempted  to  make  eredihie,  L'ivin^  them  less  peifeclimi 
tiiaii  Mmpedoeh's,  who  said  that  men  iiatl  heen  norn  like  the  wild  aniaranlh, 
if  we  helnsve  Marrus  Varroii. . .  .Of  the  formation  of  man,  tht>n;^h  of  ,'.lia\/ 
and  mud,  the  j<eople  of  Yucatan,  hud  li^dit;  which  nonsense  is  mit  inl'ericr 
to  the  atteni|)ts  ot  those  who  made  men  hy  means  of  chemistry,  or  ma^ic, 
(described  hy  Siilor^ano)  >;ivin,i,'  it  to  lie  understood  that  there  may  he  others 
liesid(>s  the  descendaids  of  Adam,  contrary  to  the  teachinj;s  of  sciiptiire: 
for  which  reason  'I'anrcdo  feels  iuili;j;miiit  a;,'aiiist  Cisalpiiio,  whose  attempt 
would  he  repreheiisi hie  even  as  a  paradox.  Not  less  scandalous  was  the 
error  of  the  i^nioranl  I'aracelso,  accord  in;;  to  Keusnero  and  Kirchero,  who 
left  to  posterity  an  account  of  the  creation  of  two  Adams,  one  in  Asia,  and 
another  in  the  West  indies;  an  iiu'xcusalile  fdlly  in  one  who  had  (tliou;;h 
corruptly)  information  of  the  Catholic  doctrine.  Not  less  erroneous  is 
the  opinion  of  Isaac  ile  ia  IV'yrere.  who  idaci'd  ]K'ople  on  the  earth  he- 
fore  .Adam  was  created,  fnun  whom.  In?  said,  descended  the  heathen;  from 
Adam,  the  llcdirews;  which  folly  was  punislied  with  eternal  contempt  hy 
l''elipe  I'riorio,  dnan  llautista  Morino,  Juan  llilperto,  and  others,  Dan- 
liavero  j,d\  intuit  the  linishin;,'  stroke  hy  an  epitaph,  as  Dieterico  relates: 
althou;;!)  some  of  the  parties  nanu'd  stale  that  l-a  I'eyrere  hecame  repent- 
ant and  acknowled;.>i'd  his  error,  and  did  penance,  which  the  ( hientals,  fnmi 
whom  he  look  that  aitsnrdilv,  have  not  thnu'.  These,  and  others  of  tliu 
sanu'  nature,  may  not  he  ln>ld  as  opinions,  lint  as  evidences  of  hiimlnesM 
jiuhlished  hy  men  of  douhtful  faith,  wise,  iu  their  iiwii  esteem,  and  deceiv- 
ers of  the  world,  who,  with  lies  and  fiaud,  oppose  llie  ilivim'  word,  as  St 
Clemens  Alexandrinns  says,  closinij;  their  ears  to  truth,  and  hiiudt'oidin;,' 
themselves  witii  their  vicis,  for  whom  coulcmpi  is  the  hest  icward.'  ()n(i(  n 
(fr  /(*,v  lii(f.,  p.  -IS.  (Jarcia  spent  nine  years  in  Peru,  dcNotin;;'  him-iclf  to 
the  study  of  l,hi\e  points:  the  histiuy  of  the   nati\es  hefore  tiie  arrival  of 


th 


le  Spaniards,  the  origin  of  the  natiM's,  an 


Ih 


i|iiestiiMi  a-^  to  w  iicl  I 


ajiosihs  preached  the  gospel  in  .Vmcrica.     <hi  his  iclnrii  to  S| 


null,  he  coil- 


til, 
till 

lllc 

tllr 

J>.ll't 

(l.r 

(  WCt 

AlIK 


tiinu. 


'd  to  w  rile  only  upon  the  second  topic,  leaving;  the  others  for  a  fiiliiro 


SPIRIT  or  IXQI'IRY. 


t  niv/ 
inti'rit'r 

lilitiiri'-. 

llttlMlllit 

was  tho 
1(1,  wlio 

Isiii,  ami 
(lli'iii;:.!! 
lu'ous   i.s 

II :  friiiii 
mpt  i>y 
Daii- 
rclaU's: 
ri'lK'iit- 

iiIh,  t'lllllV 

In  of  tlio 
liiitlm'sn 

H  (Iccciv- 
l,  as  St 
ill'iildiii^; 

nisclf  t>> 
nival  of 

I'lUT  '\W 

lie   I'oll- 
a  IllUll'iJ 


lisli  maxims  l)y  Avliich  any  given  pro])lem  may  be 
solved  is  no  more  fsatisfactory. 

Theories  in  themselves  are  good  things,  for  tliey 
lead  us  to  faets;  it  is  often  through  tlie  doubtful  or 
the  false  that  we  attain  the  truth;  as  Darwi?i  savs: 
"False  faets  are  highly  injurious  to  the  ]»rogress  of 
science,  for  they  often  long  endure;  but  false  views, 
if  sin)[)orted  by  some  evidence,  do  little  harm,  as 
every  one  takes  a  salutary  pleasure  in  j)roving  their 
i'alseness;  and  when  this  is  done,  one  path  towjirds 
error  is  closed,  and  tlie  truth  is  often  at  th(;  same 
time  opened."'^  B".t  the  value  of  inquiry  depends 
much  u[)on  th(.'  spirit  in  whicli  it  is  made,  and  tiiere- 
fore  it  is  that  the  manner  in  \vhich  most  of  the 
writers  who  have  sj>ecula,ted  on  the  origin  <>f  the 
Americans  have  conducted  their  researches,  is  grt'atly 
to  be  deplored.  Their  work  does  not  imjtress  one  as 
being  a  steadfast  striving  to  develop  unstable  postu- 
lates into  [)roven  facts,  but  rather  as  a  reckless  rus.i- 
ing,  regardless  of  all  obstacies,  to  a  preconceived  con- 
clusion. Tluy  do  not  ofl'er  a  theory  as  a  suggestion 
of  what  might  }»ossibly  be,  but  as  a  demonstration 
bounded  upon  an  unassailable  basis.  Kach  imagines 
that  he  has  hit  upon  the  truth,  the  whole  truth,  and 
nothing  but  the  truth.;  lu;  asserts  that  t\\o  .\/,tecs 
were  of  Ik'brew  descent  -that  is  settled;  to  prove 
this  he  clutcht's  at  the  lighti'st  straws  in  tlic  way  of 
analogies,  and  if  tlie  lads  obstinately  refusi'  to  lit  his 
tlieo:-',-,  then  -taut  p<s  jxxd'  /<'.s  faifs—ho.  war[is  them 
till  tliey  do  fit. 

I  hit  analogies,  eviMi  when  fairly  drawn,  are  by  no 
means  conchisi\'e  evidenci'.  So  nnich  depends  upon 
tlic  ciivironmiMit  of  a,  people,  that  a  similarity  in  that 
]»arti('ular  is  of  itself  sullieient  to  account  for  most  of 
the  resemblances  which  haxc  been  diseox cred  be- 
tween the  customs,  ivligion,  ai\d  traditions  of  the 
AnuM'icans,  jind  those  of  Old  World  nations." 

'  Ihsriiit  Iff  Mini,  vol.  ii,,  |i.  ;l(iS. 

^  Till'  valiu'  of  jiroof  by  aaalo^^y  1ms  liccii  (|iu'slioii('il  liy  many  t'liiiiifiit 


OlilGIX  OF  THE  AMERICAN'S. 


For  my  own  part  I  have  no  tlieory  upon  the  sub- 
ject—would liavo  no  theory.  The  })rol)leni  of  tlio 
orit^in  of  tlie  American  al)orit>ine8  is,  in  my  opinion, 
envel(j[)ed  in  as  much  obscurity  now  as  it  ever  was; 
and  when  I  consider  tlie  close  ])roxiinity  of  the  Uwrth- 
Avestern  and  ncn-th-eastern  e.vtremities  of  America  to 
Asia  and  Europe;  the  unthounht  of  and  fortuitous 
circumstances  that  may  at  any  tune  have  cast  any 
])eople  upon  the  American  co.-'sts;  the  mit^hty  con- 
vulsions that  may  have  chai.L;ed  the  wliole  face  of 
the  earth  during-  the  uncounted  years  that  man  may 
luive  dwelt  upon  its  surface;  and  lastly,  the  uncer- 
tainty, perhaj)s  I  might  say  improbability,  of  the 
descent  of  mankind  from  one  ])air; — when  1  thiidc  of 
all  these  things  it  seems  to  me  that  the  pco[)ling  of 
America  may  have  been  accomplished  in  so  many 
Avays  that  no  more  ho[)eless  task  could  be  conceived 
than  the  endeavor  to  discover  the  one  particular 
manner  i>f  it. 

in  the  following  resumd  I  wish  neither  to  tear 
down  nor  to  Ijuild  u|),  but  simply  to  give  an  account 
of  what  has  been  thought  and  wi'itten  upon  the  sub- 
ject, and  tt)  show,  with  as  little  criticism  as  possible, 
the  foundation  upon  which  each  theory  stands.     ()[' 

aiitliors.  nmnlioldt  wiit("<:  'On  nVst  pas  on  droit  ilo  supimspr  dcs  coiii- 
niiiiiiciitiiiii^  |iai'liiiit  oil  roll  troiivc,  clit'/  dcs  |i('U|il('s  h  dciiii  Ijiiiliaics,  lu 
ciiitc  dii  soicil,  oil  I'lisii^'i!  do  sacr'lici' di's  victiiiio  liuiiiaiiies.'  I'ms,  toiii. 
i.,  p.  '2'u.  'Tlu!  iiistaiici's  of  ciiMtoiiin,  iiiiMvly  ailiitiarv,  foiiiiiioii  to  (lit! 
iiilialiilaiits  of  Itolli  lu'iiiiHpliciVH,  aic,  iiidci'd,  no  few  and  so  ciiiiivocal,  that 
no  tlu'ory  coiict'iiiiiiK  tlie  population  of  tlu  Now  World  oiijilil  to  lie  toiiiKJcd 
upon  tlit'iii.'  Ah  ri';iards  ndiji'ioiis  rites,  il'e  liiuiiaii  mind,  excii  wlicii' its 
operations  appear  iiiohI  wild  and  eapiieimiH,  holds  a  course  so  i'e;4iilai'.  that 
ill  every  a;;'e  and  eoiiiitrv  the  diniiinion  of  paitieiihii'  passions  will  he  at- 
temled  with  similar  elleets.'  Itn'ii  r/^mi'.s-  llisl.  A  nitr.  ,\{\\.  i.,  p.  '2(t!t.  War. 
den  reniiiiks  tlmt  nations  Unowii  to  he  distinet,  to  have  had  no  inlei'eoiii's(> 
hii'ed  similar  enstoius  — these,  therefore,  ^row  fnnii  physical  and  iiioiai 
causes,  /{•■i/uir/ns,  p,  '_•(».").  'In  atteinptintr  to  trace  ndalions  hetweeii 
them  and  the  rest  of  niiinkiinl,  wo  cannot  expect  to  discover  proofs  of  their 
derivation  from  anv  particular  trihe  or  nation  of  the  <  lid  <  'onlineiit.'  I'ric/i- 
iir./'i  Xii/.  His/.  Man,  vol,  ii.,|i,  P.M.  'To  tell  an  iiic(iiiier  who  wishes  to 
deduce  one  po|ailation  frmii  anolher  that  certain  dislani  Irilies  a;^ree  with 
the  one  under  discussion  in  certain  pojnisof  rescmhlance,  is  as  irrelevant 
as  to  tell  a  lawyer  in  search  of  the  next  of  kin  to  a  client  deceased,  that 
tlioii^jh  vou  know  of  no  relations,  ymi  can  liiid  a  man  who  is  the  very  pic- 
ture of  him  in  piu'son     a  fact   >i 1  enough  in  il'^elf.  hat  not    to  the  [>ni- 

p  (se.'   Liilliidii's  Mitii  ami  Ins  Mi'iiuilitus,  p|i.  71   ■'•■ 


■■'54 


01 


wa,^ 


nicMiI 


n','c  I'l 

thai 

eiiihiil 


III 


ail 


DESCKNDANT.S  OF  XOAU. 


ub- 
tho 
ion, 
vas ; 
rth- 
;a  to 
tons 
any 
con- 
:',o  of 
may 
ncer- 
•    tho 
nk  of 
inj4'  of 
many 
•civod 
/icular 


.'C« ) 


tear 
unt 
1)- 
1.1. 


0   S\l 


ISSllMl 


,\,.s  cdin- 


hliaii'; 


U 

i,s,  tiini. 

II  to  llui 

ml.  tli;it 

liiinul'''! 

Iwlii'if  itH 

liilar,  that 

ill  he  at. 

,(».     Wiir. 

Iliii'iniV'''', 

111   i\i(iii>\ 

lll'tWfl'll 

\i-i  (it    tlicil- 


I'rirh- 
lies  to 

ith 


in'li'Viint 
I,  tl>i«t 


,.|IMM 

It'  vc 


tlic  I 


III!" 


the  comparative  valiio  of  the  opinions  tlio  reader 
mnst  1)0  his  own  jndge.  Of  the  vahio  of  this  dis- 
cussion of  the  subject  tlicre  is  tliis  to  be  said;  as  a 
<-uriositv,  s]iowin<jf  the  color  jjiven  to  mind  by  its  en- 
viroinncnt,  showini^  the  blind  and  almost  frcnzietr 
t'fibrts  of  different  men  of  different  ejutchs,  creeds, 
and  culture,  to  fathom  a  hithei'to  unfathomable  mys- 
tei'v,  this,  to<>vther  with  the  collateral  linht  thrown 
upon  the  subject  of  aboriginal  Anu'i'ica,  if  there  bo 
no  other  advantage  in  it,  will  amply  repay  the  in- 
vestiu'ation. 

The  earliest  writers  required  three  propositions 
to  be  taken  for  granted:"  First,  that  the  entire 
human  race  are  descended  from  one  original  ]>air, 
and  i'rom  Noah  through  Sliiem,  Ham,  and  Japheth ; 
second,  that  America  was  peo])led  from  one  of  three 
sourcts  -Asia,  Africa,  or  Europe;  thiril,  that  all 
knowledge  ai'ises  from  one  of  four  sources — knowl- 
edge pui'e  and  absolute,  from  a  knowledge  of  causes; 
opinion  more  or  less  uncertain;  divine  faith,  sure  and 
infallihle,  based  u|)t)n  the  holy  scriptures  as  intei'- 
])retiMl  by  the  Churi'h ;  human  faith,  dependent  upon 
the  statements  of  men.  The  fiist  of  these  four 
soui'ces  of  knowledge  throws  no  light  upon  the  sub- 


ject;    tl 


le 


third 


IS    e.pnUiy    useless 


hen 


since 


tl 


le 


scripturt's  are  silent  after  the  time  of  Noah,  though, 
as  we  shall  pri'sently  see,  huge  I'udeavors  have  heen 
made  to  make  them  speak;  as  Ibr  the  fourth,  JMiro- 
]>eaiis,  even  if  they  conjectured  the  possible  existences 
I  of  an  undiscovered  continent,  were  ci'rtain  that  it 
was  not    inhaliited,"   while   the  Americans   wei'e   eii- 

^  CiMlaiiily  niaiiy  <>f   llio  writcvH    must    liaxc  Iicimi  ('iliii'i-  fools  or  ilu- 
iMciitcil,  if  \M>  jiiil;,'!'  tlii'iu  liy  ihrir  work  ami  ar;^uim'iilH, 


>*  a 


Ornirii  (/,'  /ov  liii/.,  ]i|i.  7    I- 


'••  Wlicii  I  ir  ( lama  ('•.(aMi^lu'il  ilu'  ujuliiilar  form  of  tlic  carlli  liy  liis  voy- 
,','i' rouml  till' ( 'a|M' of  (i I    llo|p(',  in    1  I'.i?  S,  'ilic   iiolitical   roiiM'i|iu'm'rM 


a 


that  at  oiicf  ciiN 


iii'il  |i| 


III.'   I 


i|ial  ( iiiNcrniiicnt   in  ii   |iosilionol  '^\vu\ 


cmliarra^Mnicnt,      Its  trailitions  ami   polii'v  foi'lia>l<'  it   to  iiilinil   aiiv  oilirr 
llian  the  Hal   li^'iirc  of  tin'  carlli,  an  ri'vcalcil   in  llic  .'">iii|>tnri's. '     In   j.'ijo 


Ala;4:i'llan  ili-<('(t\ crcil  llic  Nirail  wliicli  now 


anil',  an<l  'licnrrforth 


oiiiuiN  OF  t:ii:  amehicaxs. 


tirely  iii^noi'ant  of  tlio  part  of  the  world  from  which 
they  K}»rang. 

The  first  of  tlie  three  propositions  mentioned 
above,  nauiely,  tliat  all  maidcind  are  descended  from 
one  original  ])air,  seems  to  have  been  taken  for 
j^ranted  by  almost  all  the  writers,  ancient  and  mod- 
ern, Avho  have  had  some  theory  to  sustain  respecting 
the  t)ri<,»'in  of  the  Americans.^"  The  question  of  the 
unity  of  the  human  race,  as  considered  without  bias 
by  modern  scieiititic  men,  remains,  however,  unde- 
termined; thougli  it  may  be  fairly  said  that  the  best 

tlio  tlioolojricjil  (l(i('triiit>  of  tlie  Ihilness  of  tlio  enrth  was  in-ptricvably  ovcr- 
llirowii.'  Jhiipir's  Ciiiijlirf,  |)|),  Ki.S-").  St  Aii^iustiii  atliriiifil  that  tlio 
world  licyond  tlu'  tropic  of  caiicor  wan  iiniiiliahitt'd.  'Ka  vcro  vi'tcruiu 
Hi'iiteutia,  iH'rs|ii('ua  atiiim  iiiiiicta,  vt,  ipsis  vidfl)atiir,  ratioiic  iiil<d)atur. 
Nam  vt  (|iii('c|U('  \V'/[o  ad  iiu'ridifiii  iiropius  ai'i'filit,  ita  noUs  ardoriliii.s 
iiia^is  I'xpositam  aiiiiMailiicrtcraiit,  id(|ue  adeo  vt'niiii  est,  vt  in  fadoiii 
ItaliiL^  liroiiiiicia  A|iuliaiii  l/i;^'iiria,  i^'  in  llo^<tra  IliM|iaiiia  lia'ticaiii  Caiita- 
l»ria  vs(|ii('  adoo  foriiciitiori'iii  iiota  ro  iict'at,  vt  |)i'r  ^rrailus  vi\diiiii  octo 
},'raiidt!  fri;;oriM  i*v:  a'stiis  discrinieii  Hit.'  Aroslit,  J)r  Xalrm  Xiiri  Orhi.i, 
fol.  '27.  '  l.aclaiitiuH  FiriniamiH,  and  St.  Austin,  wlio  striin;.;cly  jcarM 
at  as  ridicnIoiiH,  and  not  liiiid^in;;  lit  fur  a  Scrions  .Answer  tlic  Koolisli 
Opinion  of  Antipodes,  or  anotiier  Haliital>li!  World  licyoiid  the  l-".i(nalor: 
At  wliii'li,  liactantius  Dndlin;;,  says,  wliat,  I-'orsootli,  here  is  a  lini!  Opin- 
ion liroac'liM  indeed;  an  .\ntipodes!  Iiei;iii-dav  !  I'eopU-  wliosc  l''eet  tread 
with  ours,  and  walk  l'"ool  to  Foot  with  ns;  tlieir  Meads  downwards,  anil 
yet  drop  not  into  the  SkyI  There,  yes,  very  likely,  the  'I'rees  loaden  with 
l'"ruit  ^row  downwaids,  and  it  Uaius,  Hails,  and  Snows  upwards;  the  ttoofn 
and  Spires  of  Cities,  tops  of  Mountains,  jioint  at  tlio  Swy  lieneath  them, 
anil  the  Itivers  rcversM  topsi-turvy,  ready  to  llow  into  the  Air  out  of  their 
Channels.'  ()>/i7/ii/'.i  A  imriro,  pp.  (1-7.  The  aneients  helie\('ila  !ar;je  ])or- 
tion  of  the  mIoIpi'  to  Ik-  uuiidialiitahio  by  reason  of  oxeossivo  heat,  which 
must  have  ;;reatly  deterred  disnivery. 

'"  Touehiii;^  the  i|Mestioii  whether  the  Ainerieans  and  the  peonle  oi  tho 
old  world  are  of  eoinnion  ori;;in,  see:  Jlrii.smiir  i/r  Hiiitrlniiini,  ilint.  Nut. 
Cii'.,  toni.  i.,  pp.  1-HI;  Ti//iir\\  Aiin/iiKir,  p.  |(U;  ('hinijiro,  S/nrin  Aiit.  i/cl 
^fl^.'isil^ll,  lorn,  iv.,  ])|».  14  -M;  TortiiiniKn/n,  MniKin/.  Jii</.,  tom.  i.,  pp.  I-IU; 
Jiniiirc:,  in  Siii\  Mc.r.  (I'loi/.,  Iln/r/in,  "Jda  epoea,  toni.  iv.,  p.  .")l;  M'I'nt- 
Itilix  lir.ii'Krr/ir.i  (III  Allirr.,  pp.  17")  X;  Mnfiir's  Mr.r  list  il  llVrv,  p.  'JtUI; 
hiinii  inch's  I)i.sir/s,  vol,  i.,  jip.  (!(i-S(l;  J'rtscn/t's  .)/(,/•..  vol.  iii.,  |i,  HSil; 
Jlnii/fonrs  Aiinr.  Ai,fi<i.,  pp.  2:»7-l!t,  Xd,  ;i.")»,  4J(»-.'I5;  C/nirlini/.v, 
i|noleil  in  < 'iirnr'.i  Trni'.,  pp.  li)7-H;  h\iiitiiiiir's  Jlmr  t/ir  W'oihl  inis  I'm- 
jili'il.  p.  17,  et  sei|  ;  Cnufi's  I'nil,  Aiiur.,  p.  (il;  W'illiiiiiis  KiK/in'ri/  into 
Tnti/itniir,  < '/iini/irr,  .)f  ,fii/iii\  p.  l.'U;  ir^/.v«//'.v  I'n-liisl.  Mmi,  pp. 
(ill-ll,  IS,">-(!;  <'iir/i,  Ciirhin,  pt  i.,  p.  l(i;  ('/iiniii.\fii>,  in  J\ii/:i!ti(i'.s  I'm/nf/r, 
vol.  ii.,  pp.  4(l">-(i;  I'n'rliird's  Ursriirr/ir.t,  vol.  v,,  pp.  .')ll  (!;  Iliinilnililf, 
I'lir.i,  iinw.  i.,  pp.  '-'.*,  ,'U  IniMinieralile  other  speeulations  have  lieen  niado 
on  this  poinl.  Iiul  in  most  cases  li\  men  who  were  lint  poorlv  ipnililied  to  deal 
with  a  sniiject  reipiirin;;  not  only  learning.',  hut  a  determination  to  iuvesli- 
fTiitii  fairly  and  without  hias,  .\dair's  reasonin^r  in  this  eonneetion  will 
»nrve  III  illiHlrale:  'tlod  emjiloyed  si\  days,  in  creating  the  liea\ens,  this 
I'arlh,  and  the  innuineralile  species  of  crcaliues,  wherewith  it  is  so  amply 
funii.ilied.     'I'he  work.s  of  a  heiii;,',  iidiidlely  perfect,  must  entirely  luiswur 


file 

tion; 

"(he: 

i't  till 

heeiil 

Iiiali 

<ii\iM| 

]!iU 

iiilcrJ 

liath 

mill  jl 
<liaiis| 
«ll   II 

llloijc 
(lie  III 
Am  c 
J-rr-/\ 

II 

ho.'l, 
<iMr|    J 

soiiiii  r 

in;;  ciil 

•III  null 

whicjif 

'i'llUM. 

"I'll  (,l 

aciilc 
ricaii 


UNITY  0:t  DIVEKSITY  OF  OKKUX. 


tlirin, 

tlii'ir 

1m;(>  j»or- 

which 


1.1  tl\o 
I.  X'lt- 
„f.  ilil 
,.  \-M\ 

I..   -JltO; 

i..  :is'.i; 

rliriii.f, 
IIS  l'i»- 
rij  iiil*> 

tiithiildt, 
I'll  inailt' 
I  toili'ul 
I  iiivfsti- 
t'nm  will 

CUH,   tll'lH 

HO  ainiily 
V  iiiiHWcr 


•/;■ 


I 


of  tlio  arijutnent  is  on  tlie  sldo  of  tlioso  who  inaiiitaiii 
tlio  priiuitivo  diversity  of  iiuin.  It  liappuns  that 
those  who  arc  most  earnest  in  uplioldin*;-  the  hil)lifal 
account  of  the  creation,  and  conse(piently  the  unity 
of  man,  must,  to  be  consistent,  also  uplioUl  the  hib- 
lical  system  of  chronolony,  which  teaches  that  man 
has  not  existed  on  the  earth  for  more  tiiau  six  tliou- 
sand  years.  This  i.s  unfortunate,  since  it  is  evident 
that  the  hi^lier  we  beheve  the  anticpiity  of  man  to 
be,  the  easier  it  is  for  us  to  aihnit  the  unity  of  orii^du 
of  tlie  strongly  marked  varieties  that  now  exist." 

Tlie  lienor  of  peoi)linu^  America  has  fre(juently  been 
j.;iven  to  Noah  and  his  immediate  descendants.  iJut 
ex'en  were  we  sure  that  the  tradition  recorded  in  the 
Jiible  of  Noah's  stranijce  doinjj^s  is  accurate  in  every 
respect,  the  narrative  does  not  throw  any  detinite  li^lit 
upon  liis  subse(pient  ])roceedinL's,  and  we  nmst  invent 
Avoiiders  to  add  to  wonders  if  we  make  anvthins"'  more 
out  of  it.     The  subject  cannot  be  discussed  intelli- 

f!ii'  (li'siirn  "f  tlicni:  liciicc  tlicrc  could  ln>  no  iicrrssity  for  a  socoml  cn'ii- 
liiiii;  oi'tHiil's  rn-atin;;  iii:iii\'  ;iaii's  of  the  liiiinaii  racu  iliU'orinj^  troiii  rack 
oiliiM',  ami  liltcil  for  iliU'ciciit  cliniatcs:  licrau.sc,  thai  iiiiplics  iiiiiicrfci'tion, 
ill  till'  j;raiiil  mIii'iiic,  or  a  want  of  iiowor,  in  tin'  I'Ni'cntioii  of  it,  Had  lln'io 
lii'i'n  a  |iiicii,  or  later  fonnalicni  of  any  new  class  of  crcatnii's,  \\w\  nnist 
inalcrially  ilillfr  from  llmsc  of  the  six  da.\s  work;  for  it  is  inonisislcnt  with 
•lisinc  w  i>doni  to  make  a  vain,  or  unniMcssiirv  ii'iu'tition  of  the  ^ann'  act. 
Itat  tlic  American  Indians  neitlu'r  \arv  from  the  rest  of  mankind,  in  ih'ir 
liilernal  coirsirnclion,  nor  cMernal  a|i|icarancc,  cxceiil  in  colour;  wliicli,  as 
lialli  liien  shewn,  is  cilher  entirely  aecideiiliil,  or  artilicial.  .As  the  Mosnic 
tii'i'oiiiit  declares  a  coin|)lel  ion  oi  the  manilestation  of  ( iod's  inliiiite  wisihnii 
and  jiower  Ml  creation,  williin  that  space  ol  lime;  it  tidlows,  iliiit  the  In- 
dians have  liiieall\' descended  lioni  .Adam,  the  lirst,  and  tli(<  eie.it  iitnent  of 
all  the  human  species.'  Aimr.  Jm/.,  pp.  li-l'J.  'I'o  the  works  of  thoso 
iiiodern  scientists,  sneh  as  l.\ell,  Marwiii,  and  others,  who  have  treated  of 
the  niiilv  of  the  human  species  at  lar^zc,  1  need  not  refer  the  reader  here, 
.All  excellent    ri'siime  of  the   siiliject  will,   however,   ho  fouinl  in   /'«.v/( /'.« 

rn-iiisi.  /{iiirs,  pii.  :{.'):«-(>7. 

"  '  We  liiid  on  llie  earliest  Kirvpliaii  inonuineiits,' says  Sir  John  laih- 
hiH'k,  'some  of  which  are  certainly  as  ancieiil  as  "ildO  ii.  ( .,  two  hichi  ,\[^. 
lincl  types,  the  .\rah  on  llieea->l  and  west  of  !•'.'.:>  pi,  the  Neuro  on  Iho 
honlh.  These  distinct  types, still  predominate  in  l';:>  pt  and  the  iiei;,;hhoni- 
iii;;  countries.  Tims,  then,  says  ,Mr.  rooji',  in  this  immense  interval  we 
do  not  iiml  "the  least  i  han,ue  in  the  Ne;;io  or  the  .\riili;  nnd  excn  the  t.\  pe 
which  seems  to  he  intermediiile  hctwcen  them  is  \irtnallyas  unaltered, 
Tlio.si>  w  ho  consider  that  leii;,'lli  of  time  can  chan;:e  a  type  of  man,  will  do 
well  to  consider  the  fait  that  three  thoiisiind  yciiis  '/\\{>  no  ratio  mi  whii'h 
a  caliii  hit  10,1  could  he  founded,"  "  ( 'raw  fnrd,  also  says;  the  niill  ions  •  "of  ,\f. 
ricaii  Negroes  that  liavo  diuinj^  three  leiituries  heeii  Iriinsporled  to  the  .New 


10 


OUUnX  OF  THE  amkimcans. 


gcMitly,  but  I  will  nivo  some  of  tl'j  opinions  tliat  have 
been  held  on  the  subject. 

Noah's  ark,  says  UUoa,  gave  rise  to  a  number  of 
such  coustrui'tions;  and  the  experience  gained  dur- 
iug  the  patriarch's  aimless  voyage  eiid)oldened  his 
desi'eiidants  to  seek  strauge  lauds  in  the  same  man- 
ner. Driven  to  America  and  the  neighboring  islands 
by  winds  and  currents,  they  found  it  difficult  to  re- 
turn, and  so  remained  aiul  peo})led  the  land.  Ho 
thinks  the  custom  of  eating  raw  tish  at  the  present 
day  among  some  American  tribes,  was  ac(juired  during 
these  lonu'  sea  vovanes.  That  thev  came  bv  sea  is 
evident,  for  the  north,  if,  indeed,  the  continent  be  con- 
nected with  the  old  world,  nnist  I)e  impassable  by  rea- 
son of  intense  cold.'"  I'lloa,  although  lie  wt)uld  not 
for  a  moment  allow  that  there  could  have  been  more 
than  oiie  general  creation,  does  not  attempt  to  account 
lor  the  ])re.sence  of  strange  animals  and  ])lants  in 
America;  and  I  may  observe  here  that  this  diliiculty 
is  similarly  avoided  by  all  writers  of  his  class."     Les- 

AVorld  nitd  Its  islatiils,  aro  the  sninc  in  colour  ns  tho  jiroscnt  iii1ial>itaiifs  of 
llii' |i;ii('iil  coiiiitrv  ol  tlu'ir  fori-fatliiTs.  'I'lic  Cn'olc  S|iaiiiaiil.<,  wlio  liavo 
tor  at  least  as  Inn;,' a  tiiiic  licfii  NiMtlcd  in  tropical  America,  ue  as  fair  as 
the  |ieii|ile  of  Arra^'oii  ami  Amialnsia,  witii  the  same  variety  of  colour  in 
tlie  hair  anil  e>e  as  their  progenitors.  The  pure  l)utcU  Creole  coltmisis  of 
the  Caiie  of  (innil  Hope,  after  dwelling  two  centuri«'s  iimon^;  hIacU  failles, 
anil  vcllow  Hottentots,  do  mtt  diti'er  in  coliuir  from  the  people  (tf  Holland."  ' 
/'n-lli.sf.  Tiiiiis,  pp.  ."iS7-.S.  We  liiid  'upon  K;;Aptian  iMonuiuiMits,  mostly 
of  the  thirlecnih.  fourteenth,  and  tifteenth  centuries  hefore  the  Chrisliaii 
lira,  representations  of  individuals  ot  numerous  tuitions,  .African,  .Xsiatic, 
and  l'',niopcau,  ditl'erin;;  in  physical  characteristics  aw  widely  as  any  eiiinil 
numlicr  of  nations  of  the  present  a;j;e  that  could  he  f^roiiped  to;j;ether; 
ainouu'  thi'se  liciu;;  iH';;roes  of  the  triu'  Ni^'ritiau  stamp,  depicted  with  ti 
lidclity  as  to  cidor  and  features,  harilly  to  he  surpassed  liy  a  modern 
artist.  That  such  diversities  had  hcen  ]irodu<'(>d  hy  luitural  iiu'aiis  iii  tho 
interval  lietween  that  remote  a^'c  and  the  time  of  Noah,  prohaldy  m»  one 
\erseil  in  the  science  of  amitomy  ami  physiology  will  utuisidor  credihle.'' 
Fii.\/ir\  I'n- Ill's/.  Itinrs,  p.  ,'{,")7. 

I-  Xiifiiiii.s  Aiiiiririiiiiis,  ])p.  ,'t!ll-,">,  -It).')-?.  On  paries 'J,S(i-HI)4,  lie  hasan 
ary;ument,  hacked  hy  ;;colo;^ical  evidences,  to  show  that  America  is  tho 
(ddest   contilleiit. 

'•  'Were  wc  to  admit,'  say  some  ethnolo^'ists,  '  iv  unity  of  (U'iffin  of  such 
stroii;,dy-inarl\ed  xaricticsasihe  Ne;,'roaiid  I'liiropeaii,  diU'erin;,' as  they  do  in 
colour  and  hodily  cinistitutioii,  each  lilted  lor  distinct  climates,  and  exhihit- 
ini;soinc  maiUcil  peculiarities  in  their  osteolo;;ieal,  and  even  in  some  detailx 
of  cranial  and  ceieliral  coufiuinalion.  as  well  as  in  their  avera^'e  intellectual 
endow  iiieiils.  if,  in  spile  of  the  I'aci  that  all  these  attiihnles  ha\e  Ih'cii  faith- 
fully handed  do\\  n  unaltered  fur  huadrodtt  of  goncrations,  we  iiie  to  htdievu 


tli.'it 
liow 
that 

b.iill 


J.a 


N  ( » A 1 1'.s  I ) i:sc i:n  da nts . 


11 


tiiuts  (if 

II    llllVO 

fair  as 
lour  ill 
iiists  (if 
1  'atVri's, 
laml." ' 


II 


Kistly 

iristiaii 

Asiatic, 

(Miiial 

i;^ctlii'r; 

willi  il 

nm(lcrii 

IS  ill  tlio 

IK)   (IllU 

ivdiltle.*' 

luiHau 
111  is  till) 

(if  such 

ICY  ilo  ill 

.•xliiliit- 
■  dctails 
(.Uccliinl 
'(•II  faitli- 
II  lielicvu 


carlxtt  cannot  see  why  "Xoali  sliDuld  liavo  experi- 
enced any  «litficulty  in  reaeliinij;-  America  hy  sea,  when 
Solomon's  ships  made  voyaj^es  histin<»'  three  years.'"'* 
ViHaj^iitierre/''  on  the  contrary,  thinks  it  more 
]n'ol)ahk>  that  Xoah's  sons  came  to  America  hy 
land;  an  opinion  also  held  hy  Thompson,  who  he- 
lieves,  however,  that  tiie  continents  weie  not  dis- 
connected nntil  some  time  alter  the  Hood,  hy  which 
time  America  was  peo[)led  from  the  Old  World.""' 
( )rrio  remarks  that  many  have  supposed  that  Xoah, 
in  order  to  he  ahle  to  people  the  New  World  as  well 
as  the  ( )1(1,  nuist,  during'  his  tluve  hundred  and  tit'ty 
years  ot"  })ost-diluvian  lite,  have  hail  more  children 
than  are  mentioni'd  in  the  hihle;  hut  in  his  opinion 
there  was  no  necessity  for  more  pros^enitors,  since  (»ne 
woman  can  in  two  hundred  and  ti'U  years  het'ome  the 
ancestor  of  one  million  six  hundred  and  f'orty-st'ven 
thousand  and  eii>hty-six  ])ersons.  ili>  thinks  that  Ham 
Avas  the  father  of  the  .Vmerii'an  race."  Alontanus  con- 
sideis  ittjuite  in  accordance  with  Xoah's  character  and 
mission  that  he  should  have  attended  to  the  peoj)linn'  of 
the  world  during;'  his  loni;-  life."*  J^FiStraui^e  is  of 
opinion  that  Shem  and  his  children,  who  were  not 
amoui^-  the  hiiilders  of  liahel,  moved  gradually  east- 
ward, and  were,  furthei",  forced  in  that  direction  even 
to  America,  hy  the  progeny  of . I a|)heth.'''  We  read  in 
one  of  the  Ahlie  Domenecli's  works,-'"  that  ()|»hir,  «)ne 
of  Xoah's  descendants,  went  to  IV'ru  and  settled  there, 

lliaf,  in  llio  ('(iiiisc  (if  time,  llicv  liavc  all  divcri^cil  fniin  mic  ('iiiiiiiinii  slmk, 
liiiw  sliall  \vc  icnI-I  ilic  aruuiiii'iil  oi  tiic  traii^iiiiilaliniiisi,  win,  ciiiiIi'MiU 
lliat  all cliiscly  allied  N|ici'i('«,  (if  aiiiiiial>  and  |ilaiit-*  Ii.im'  in  like  iiiaiiiur 
h,iiiniLr  friiin  a  ((iniiiniii  |iari'iila;;(' .' '   Lihll'i  An/n/    nf  Man,  \i\<.    i;i;!- 1. 

1'  1,1  ■iiiirhiil,  II (st.  Sum-,   l-'rmiri',  lili.  i.,  caii,  iii. 

'■'  llisl.  ('nil'/.  //;.»,  |i|i.  'J.i-S. 

^'ruiii/i/i/'/i,  i;  Isl.'i.  'riiiini|isiin  calculates  the  H|ireadiiiL;  nf  Nnairs 
children  U|i  tn  llie  liiiie  nf  l'ele>;-,  when  llie  llilile  deilaie-<  llie  ('arlli  In  have 
lii'CM  di\iile(|.  lie  alMi  >liipw-,  that  this  di\  i^iini  liaii|iened  earlier  than  is 
;;('neiallv  «ii|i|i(iseil. 

"  llnid,  Siihifii,,,,  |i.  11,  el  se,,,  'r(iri|iieniada  also  liidieves  Hunt  to 
liave  lieen  the  father  uf  the  lare.    .\h)iiiini.  Iiiil.,  turn,  i.,  jiji.  '.'!   ,'{() 

'^  .V/.iuf  ir,,, •,/,/.  |i.  ;17.  M  • 

'•'  I.' i'slriiiiiii\  A  iirrii'iiii'i  mi  ilcir/.i. 

«» /A..,  c'.v,  \ol.    i,,  ji.  •-»)),     'Tlio   IVniviaii  lanj;iiaye,' wiiles    lllna,   'i.i 


12 


OKKilN  OF  THE  AMEUICANS. 


ruliiiiJ!"  those  who  went  with  liiiu.  8i,u'iie]!za  and  Sis- 
ter Allies  de  hi  Cruz,  conjectured  that  the  Americans 
were  descended  from  Nai)htuhim,  the  son  of  Mizraim 
and  i,n-andson  of  Ham,  whose  descendants  left  Egyjtt 
for  America  shortly  after  the  confusion  of  tonii^ues.'^* 
Pineda  thinks  the  same.^^  Chivigero  considers  it 
proven  by  the  native  Hood-mytiis  and  traditions  of 
ioreiLjn  origin  that  the  Americans  are  descendants  of 
Noah.  He  quotes  the  tradition  of  Votan,'^  who  is 
declared  to  li^ve  been  closely  connected  with  the 
Babel-builcgrs,  the  originator  of  that  enterprise  being 
his  uncle.^* 

Let  us  see,  now,  what  these  flood-myths  arc.  This 
I  may  say  first,  however;  some  of  tliem  are  doubt- 
less s[)uiious,  and  few  have  escaped  tlie  renovating 
touch  of  the  Spanish  priests  and  chroniclers,  who 
throughout  their  writings  seem  to  think  it  their 
bounden  duty  to  make  the  ideas  and  history  of  the 
New  World  corres})ond  to  those  of  the  Old.  And 
what  tlie  old  writers  have  added  t)r  invented,  the 
modern  writers  are,  in  most  cases,  ready  and  glad  to 
acce])t  as  genuine,  \vithout  d()ul)t  or  question.  "It  is 
impossible,"  savs  Viscount  Kinjjfsborouuh,  "when  I'ead- 
ing  what  Mexican  ^Mythulogy  I'ecords  of  the  war  in 
heaven,  and  of  the  fall  of  Zontemonipie  and  tlie  other 
rebellious  spirits;  of  the  creation  of  liglit  1)V  the  word 
of  Tonacatecutli,  and  of  tlie  division  of  the  waters; 
of  the  sin  of  Yztlacoliuh<|ui,  and  his  l)liudness  and 
nakedness;  of  the  temptation  of  Suchi([uei'al,  and  her 
disobedience  in  gathering  roses  from  a  tree,  and  the 
consequent  miseiy  and  disgrace  of  herself  and  all  her 
posterity, — not  to  recognise  Scriptural  .uiMlogies.  Hut 
the  ^[exican  tradition  of  the    Delude  is  that  which 


smiu'tliinp  like  tho  llolm-w,  and  Noiih's  toii;L,'iie  wiix  doulitless  lli'hrcw.' 
Xofii'id.s  .1  iiirrifiiiiiis,  )).  ,'{,S4. 

81  ('/(iriiirri),  StiinK  Aiit.  ilrl  ^fl•ssil'o,  toin,  iv.,  ]>.   17. 

^'^  III  Sar.    M(.i\  (Iniil.,   llii/rf/ii,  '-Mil  t''|MH'll,  loiil.  iii.,  p.  It  III. 

*'  Sco  Mil.  iii    of  tlii.s  worU,  p.  4.')(>,  ct  si'i|. 

"  Sfiiriii  Aiif.  till  Mrssirii,  toiii.  iv.,  p.  l."».  llcrciliii  y  .Siinniciito  follows 
Claviycro.  Scniioiim,  p.  84, 


I 


ABORK  ;IXAL  FLOOD-MYTHS. 


13 


to 
t  is 
eacl- 
•  ill 
her 
word 
tors ; 
and 
her 
the 
1  her 
But 
hic-h 


follo\v» 


bears  tlie  most  unequivocal  marks  of  having  been  de- 
rived :Voin  a  Hel)rew  source."" 

AVe  liave  seen  in  a  preceding  vohimc  how,  accord- 
ing to  the  connnon  ver^iiion  of  the  Mexican  Hood- 
niytli,  Coxcox  and  liis  wife  Xocliiquetzal  were  the 
(Mil y  human  beings  who  escaped  from  the  great  delude 
which  covered  the  face  of  the  earth  in  the  Age  of 
AVater.  How,  when  the  waters  went  down,  the  ai  k 
in  Avhich  they  had  saved  themselves — the  liollow 
trunk  of  a  bald  cypress — rested  upon  the  Peak  of  Cul- 
huacan ;  and  how  the  dumb  children  that  were  born 
t)  tlie  rescued  pair  were  taught  many  languages  by  a 
dove.  We  have  also  read  the  reputed  Tarasco 
legend  of  Tezpi,  which  so  closely  resembles  the  bib- 
lical legend  of  the  deluge  that  it  cannot  be  discussed 
as  a  native  tradition  at  all,  but  must  be  regarded  sini- 
]tly  as  the  invention  of  some  Spanish  writer  who 
thought  it  his  mission  to  show  that  the  Hebrew  tra- 
ditions were  famihar  to  the  Americans.**'  In  Guate- 
mala, among  the  ATiztecs,  and  in  Nicaragua  thei'e  were 
also  ti'aditioiis  of  great  and  destructive  deluges." 
The  Piipagos  tell  of  a  mighty  Hood  that  destroyed 
all  life  on  the  earth,  except  the  hero-god  Montezuma 
and  liis  friend  tlie  Coyote  who  had  foretold  the  del- 
uge. VjivAi  (»f  these  made  for  himself  an  ark,  and 
wlieii  tlie  waters  subsided  and  they  met  on  the  small 
]>atch  of  (by  land  that  first  a})[)eared,  Montezuma  dis- 
patched the  Coyote  four  tinu's  to  find  out  exactly  how 
the  sea  lay.'-'*  X'ery  similar  is  the  IMma  legend  which 
relates  how  the  prophet  who  would  not  heed  the  tluicu 
rei)eated  warniiii's  of  the    Ea<'le   was   destroved  bv  a 

«■'  }fi r.  .\i,/i</.,  vol.  vi.,  )i.  Ktl.  I'lii'^t,  Aiiir,:  Aiillij.,  iip.  Wl-X  tliiiiks 
tliiit  nil  ivniv  iiiiii!;!'  icmi'-^iMitiii;.;  a  iiintlici- aiul  cliilil  t'dUiid  in  ( 'iiiciiiiial  i, 
may  liavc  liccii  taken  In  Uiilain  liy  the  (i  recks  or  liomans,  who  knew  of  tlie 
IMoplieeies  eoiieerniii;,' the  \"iru'iii  iiml  Cliilil  .lesiis,  ami  tlienee  liiini;.'lit  to 
Aineriea.  See,  al>o.  eoneeniin;.'  leliu'ions  lielief,  l(a|itisiii,  eiieiiineision,  anil 
oilier  <'liiistiaii-like  rites  in  the  New  WorM:   7'//A/y'\  A  mihiiiir,  pp.  •J7i'-si); 

I'risrntl's  Ml. I.,  vol.   iii.,   ]ip.    ,S7,S-Sr);   Si/iiii)/rril)'/\s  Airll.,  Vol.    i.,   pp.    I7-1,S; 
M'Ciilldh'.s  Itrsriirr/ii:^-  III!  Aiinr.,  pp    111-411;   Lulnihi's  limiililn,  pp.  2ll5-(i. 
-"'  See  vol.  iii.,  pp.  (i(»-<»,  and  eomiiieiits  in  iieeoinpain  iii''  notes, 

«/'/,  pp.  :•.•-.-). 

«■'  /./.,  p.  7(i. 


u 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMEItlCAXS. 


flood,  and  how  Szeiikha,  tlie  son  of  the  Creator,  saved 
liiniself  by  floating  on  a  ball  of  i^uni  or  resin.^  Tho 
Mattoles  of  California  regard  Taylor  Peak  as  tlio 
]K)int  on  which  their  forefathers  took  refuge  from  a 
destructive  flood.*'  Other  Californian  tribes  liavo  a 
tradition  of  a  delusfe  from  which  the  Coyote,  with  his 
usual  good-fortune,  was  the  onlv  living  thing  that  es- 
cai)ed,  if  we  except  an  eagle  who  was  miraculously 
formed  from  a  single  feather  that  floated  on  the  face 
of  the  waters.''*  Lake  Tahoe  Avas  formed  by  a  flood 
which  destroyed  all  mankind  but  a  very  small  rem- 
nant.^*     The    Thlinkeets    relate    that    manv   i)ersons 

^         J- 

escaped  the  great  deluge  by  taking  refuge  in  a  great 
floating  building,  which,  when  the  waters  fell, 
grounded  upon  a  rock  and  was  split  in  twain.  From 
this  moment  men  spake  in  various  tongues,  for  there 
remained  in  one  fragment  of  tlie  divided  ark  those 
whose  descendants  sjjeak  tlie  Thiinkect  language,  and 
in  the  other  those  whose  descendants  emi)l()y  a  difler- 
ent  idiom.^'*  Tlie  Chipewyan  deluge  covered  all  the 
earth  except  tho  high  mountain- tof)s,  upon  which 
many  of  the  people  saved  themselves.'"  The  Isthmi- 
ans believed  that  the  world  was  peopled  by  a  man 
who  with  his  wife  and  children  escaped  the  great 
ilood.  The  Peruvians  liad  several  flood-myths.  One 
(if  them  relates  that  the  whole  face  of  the  earth  was 
clianged  by  a  great  deluge,  attended  by  an  extraor- 
dinary eclipse  of  the  sun  which  lasted  five  days.  All 
living  things  were  destroyed  exce}»t  t)ne  man,  a  shep- 
herd, with  his  family  and  flocks.  It  happened  in 
this  wise.  Some  time  before  the  flood  this  shepherd, 
while  tending  his  flock  of  llamas,  remarked  that  the 
animals  a[)peared  to  be  oppressed  with  sadness,  and 
that    they   passed    the   whole   night    in    attentively 


Wh 


J'  M.,  pp.  78-9. 
3"  /</.,  p,  8(). 

3«  /(/.,  )).  8<». 

^i  /'/..  p.   10.1. 

3*  Mackenzie's  Voyages,  p.  cxviii. 


».y 


rEUUVIAN  rLOOD-MVTIIS. 


15 


:hmi- 
inaii 
irrcat 
One 
I  was 
traor- 
All 
sliop- 
h\    in 
licrd, 
it  tho 
,s,  and 
itivoly 


watchini,'  the  course  of  the  stars.  Filled  with  amaze- 
ment, he  interroi»"ated  the  llamas  as  to  the  cause  of 
their  concern.  Directing  his  attention  to  a  group  ot* 
six  stars,  massed  closely  together,  they  answered  that 
(hat  was  a  sign  that  the  world  would  shortly  he  de- 
stroyed hy  a  deluge,  and  counseled  him,  it"  he  wished 
t;)  escape  the  universal  destruction,  to  take  refuge 
with  his  family  and  Hocks  on  the  top  of  a  neii'lihorini'' 
mountain.  Acting  upon  this  advice,  the  8he[)herd 
hastily  collected  his  llamas  and  children  and  ])roceed- 
ed  with  them  to  the  sunnnit  of  mount  Ancasmarca, 
where  a  crowd  of  other  animals  had  already  sought 
safety.  The  warninrif  had  not  come  a  moment  too 
soon,  for  scarcely  had  tliey  reached  the  mountain-top, 
when  the  sea  hurst  its  hounds  and  with  a  terrible 
roaring  rushed  over  the  land.  But  as  the  waters  rose 
higher  and  higher,  filling  the  valleys  and  covering  the 
]»lains,  behold,  the  mountain  of  refuge  rose  witli  it, 
iloating  upon  its  surface  like  a  ship  upon  the  waves. 
This  lasted  five  days,  during  which  time  the  sun  hid 
himself  and  tlie  earth  was  wrapj^ed  in  darkness.  On 
the  fifth  day  the  waters  began  to  subside,  arid  the 
stars  shone  out  on  the  desolate  world,  which  was 
eventually  re-peopled  by  the  descendants  of  the  shep- 
herd of  Ancasmarca. 

According  to  another  Peruvian  legend,  two 
brotliers  escaped  from  a  great  deluge  Avhich  over- 
whelmed the  world  in  nuich  the  same  manner,  by 
ascending  a  mountain  which  floated  ui)on  the  Hood, 
When  the  waters' had  retired,  they  found  themselves 
alone  in  tlie  world;  and  having  consumed  all  their 
])rovisions,  they  went  down  into  tlio  valleys  to  seek 
for  mare  food.  Wheth'n-  th(>y  were  successl'ul  in 
their  search,  the  trailition  does  not  say;  but  if  not, 
tlK'ir  surj)rise  nuist  indeed  have  been  agreeable  when 
on  returning  to  the  hut  which  they  had  built  on  the 
mountain,  they  found  food  ready  prepared  for  them 


by    unknown    hands.     Curious    to   1 


Icnow    wlio 


tl 


leir 


benefactor  could  be,  thev  took  counsel  to<jether  and 


m 


16 


OURJIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


finally  a^freed  that  one  should  hide  himself  in  tlic 
hut,  while  the  other  went  into  the  valley.  The 
hrother  who  remained  concealed  himself  carefully, 
and  his  patience  was  soon  rewarded  by  seeint^  two 
aras  with  the  faces  of  women,^®  who  immediately  set 
about  preparing  a  meal  of  bread  and  meats.  But  it 
was  not  lonijf  before  the  aras  became  aware  of  the 
presence  of  the  concealed  brother,  and  they  instantly 
essayed  tliL»ht;  but  the  man  seized  one  of  them,  and 
she  afterwards  became  his  wife.  By  her  he  had  six 
children,  three  sons  and  three  daui^hters,  from  whose 
union  sprany^  the  tribe  of  the  Canaris,  whose  descend- 
ants to  this  day  hold  the  ara  in  cfreat  veneration. ** 

"The  Peruvians  were  ac(|uainted  with  the  Dehiqo, 
and  believed  that  the  rainbow  was  the  siyii  that  the 
earth  would  nt^t  aij^ain  be  destroyed  by  water."  This 
somewhat  startling'  announcement  is  made  by  Lord 
Kingsboroun'h,  and  he  shows  that  there  can  be  no 
reasonable  doubt  on  the  subject  in  an  eminently  char- 
ficteristic  manner.  "This  is  plain,"  he  says,  "from 
the  s[)eech  which  ManL»o  Capac,  the  reputed  founder 
of  the  Peruvian  empire,  addressed  to  his  com- 
panions on  beholding  the  rainbow  rising  from  a 
hill;  Avhicli  is  thus  recorded  by  Balboa  in  the 
ninth  chapter  of  tlie  third  part  of  his  Miscellanea 
Antarctica:  'They  traveled  on  until  a  mountain,  at 
present  named  (Jiuanacauri,  ])i»^sented  itself  to  their 
view,  when  on  a  certain  moriiing,  they  beheld  the 
rainbow  rising  above  tlu.  nountain,  with  one  ex- 
tremity   resting    u[)on    it,    when    Manco    Ca|)ac    ex- 

35  'On  plutftt  deux  feinnips,  iinitiint  Ic  iioni  d'Aia.'  says  Rrasspur  do 
Boiirlxuir^;  I  i)rpfi'r,  liowi'vcr,  \\\v  ori^iiual  icadiiiir.  Tlie  Ara  is  a  kind  of 
l)arr(>(|uet.  ooimuoii  in  Soutli  America,  ami  so  i-illcd  lii'canse  it  ('(intinnaily 
rciieats  tiie  fry  nrn,  ma.  Iicin^s  half  bird,  lialf  woman,  are  as  likely  to 
iijiuro  in  sueii  a  legend  as  tiic  al>ov(?  as  not.  ISesides,  shortly  afterwards 
the  narrati\(!  speaks  of  '  les  deux  oiseaux,'  referrinj;  to  the  aras. 

36  Koi-  hoth  of  these  llood-uiyths  see:  Jirii.\\rnr  </c  JUiitrlitiimf,  in  Laiidn, 
lirlrtcioii,  ))!).  .\XN-xxxii.  Ilerrera.  Hisf.  (irii..  due.  v.,  lil).  lii.,  ca]!.  vi. , 
givoM  a  ualive  tradition  whieh  relates  that  lon;^  lieforo  the  time  of  the 
Tneas  tiiere  was  a  j;reii*  deluj;e,  from  which  some  of  the  natives  escaped  l>y 
lleeiii^  to  the  mouutai  io|(s.  The  UHiuutain  tribes  a.ssert,  liowevcr,  thai 
only  six  porsoii.s  escaped  this  Hood  in  a  balsa. 


iieH 

ieni 

bee] 

►Sj)il 

ins  J 

iar<| 

tezil 

Tall 

.1- 

3!4| 


THE  TOWER  OF  BADEL. 


17 


tllO 
The 
.illy, 

two 
f  set 
ut  it 
■  the 
[Uitly 
,  and 
id  six 
.vliose 
iceiid- 


30 


at  tlui 
This 
'  Lord 
be  no 
y  chav- 
<'tVoni 
oundcr 
coni- 
oni    a 
m   the 
;lhinea 
ain,  at 
theii- 
"Id  the 
one   ex- 
)ac    ex- 


■$n\sHPur  lit"; 
s  a  kiii'l  t'f 
•oiitiiHiivUv 

as  Wk^'b-  V 
ufti'i-Nvunls 

;',  in  Ldiiilc, 
ii.,  nil'.  VI., 
time  of  tlK' 
s  osi'iir*-''!  ''>' 
owevor,  tluil 


:o 


I 
I 


claimed  to  his  companions,  This  is  a  propitious  sign 
that  the  earth  will  not  he  aj^ain  destroyed  by  water.' 
....Proof  havinu:  been  attbrdod  in  the  passage 
quoted  from  tlie  History  of  Balboa,  that  the  Peru- 
vians were  ac(piainted  with  the  history  of  the  rain- 
bow, as  given  in  the  ninth  chapter  of  (Genesis,  it  may 
be  interesting  to  add,  that  according  to  the  acc;)iint 
of  an  anonymous  writer,  they  believed  the  rainbow 
was  not  only  a  passive  sign  that  the  earth  would  not 
be  destroyed  by  a  second  deluge,  but  an  active  in- 
struuu'ut  to  prevent  the  recurrence  of  such  a  catas- 
troplie:  the  latter  curious  notion  jiroceeded  upon  the 
assuiiiption  that  as  tlie  water  of  the  sea  (which,  like 
the  .lews,  they  believed  to  encircle  the  whole  earth) 
would  have  a  tendency  to  rise  after  excessive  falls  of 
rain,  so  the  pressure  of  the  extremities  of  the  rain- 
bow upon  its  surface  would  prevent  its  exceeding  its 
projicr  level. ""^ 

^biiiy  of  tliese  flood-myths  are  supplemented  with 
an  aci'ount  of  an  attempt  to  ]>rovide  against  a  second 
dehin'c,  bv  buiklinti'  a  tower  of  refu<»'e,  resemblini»" 
more  or  less  closely  the  bii)lical  legend  of  the  tower 
of  Pabcl.  Thus  a  Cholultec  legend  relates  that  all 
the  giants  who  inhabited  the  country,  save  seven, 
were  di'stroyed  by  a  great  flood,  and  adds  that  when 
the  waters  were  assuaged,  one  of  these  seven  began 
to  build  an  artificial  mountain.  Put  tlie  anger  (»f 
the  gods  was  aroused,  and  they  slew  many  oi'  the 
builders,  so  the  work  was  stopped.'"^  In  like;  man- 
ner, ill  the  Papago  legend  to  whicli  I  have  re- 
ferred. ?dontezunia,  after  he  and  the  (,*oyote  liad 
been  saved  from  tlie  flood,  so  incensed  the  Oreat 
S{)irit  hy  his  ingratitude  and  prt'sumption,  that  an 
insect  was  sent  flying  to  tlio  I'ast  to  Itiiiig  the  Span- 
iards, who,  when  they  came,  utterly  destroyed  !Mon- 
teziima.  After  the  deluge  spoken  of  in  the  Lake 
Talioe   myth,  the  few  who  escai)ed  built  up  a  great 

'"  K'ii'i<h(troiiijlis  .'ifi'.i:  Aiitiq.,  vol.  viii  ,  p.  'J5. 


3'*  So 


0     \!l|.      III. 


Vol.  V.    a 


1>.  (W. 


18 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AIMKRICANS. 


tower,  tlio  stroiin;'  niakiii.,  the  weak  do  tlic  work. 
This,  it  is  distinctly  stated,  tliey  did  that  they  iuii>lit 
liave  a  place  of  refuge  in  case  of  another  flood.  But 
the  (Ireat  Spii'it  was  filled  with  anger  at  their  pre- 
sumption, and  amidst  thunderint>s  and  liuhtninijfs, 
and  showers  of  molten  metal,  he  seized  the  op- 
pressors and  cast  them  into  a  cavern. ^"^ 

These  myths  have  led  many  writers  to  believe  that 
tlie  Americans  had  a  knowLJge  of  the  tower  of 
Babel,  while  some  think  that  they  are  the  direct 
descendants  of  certain  of  the  builders  of  that  tower, 
who,  alter  the  confusion  of  tony'ues,  wandered  over 
the  earth  until  they  reached  ^Vmerica.*" 

Many  of  the  tribes  had  traditions  through  wiiich 
they  claim  to  have  originally  come  from  various  direc- 
tions to  their  ultimate  settling-}>lace  in  America.  It 
^vill  be  readily  seen  that  such  traditions,  even  when 
genuine,  ;ire  far  too  vague  and  uncertain  to  be  of  any 
value  as  evidence  in  any  theory  of  origin.  To  eacli 
tribe  its  own  little  territory  Nvas  the  one  important 
point  in  the  universe;  they  had  no  concej)ti()n  of  tlu^ 
real  size  of  the  world;  most  of  them  su|)posed  that 
after  a  few  days'  jourmsy  the  traveler  could  if  he  chose 
jum|)  o(f  the  (n\)X,<i  of  the  earth  into  nothingness. 
What  tlieir  traditions  referred  to  as  a  'countrv  in  the 
far  east,'  would  probably  mean  it  j)rairie  two  hundred 
iniK>s  away  in  that  direction.  Nevertheless,  as  these 
traditions  have  been  thought  to  support  this  or  that 
theory,  it  will  be  well  to  briefly  review  them  here." 


s'  S(H'  viil.  iii,,  )>i).  77,  SO. 

<"  Acconliii;;'  to  I xtlilxocliitl,  tlio  Tulti'c  tni(litii)n  rolatcs  tlnit  iiftcr  tlio 
('(Mifiisidii  (if  tiiiijiiit'H  llic  M'vi'u  I'aiiiilii's  \vlii»  s|nik('  Uif  'I'ltltcc  lan;j;iia,:.;<'  set 
(lilt  fur  the  New  World,  wandering' (iiic  liiiiidri'il  and  fdur  vcaivs  oscr  lar;;(; 
extents  (if  land  and  water.      l'"inally  lliey  arrived  at    llucline  'I'lai'iillan   ill 

the  year   'diie  llint,'  li\t'  luiiidreil  aiitl  Iwcniy  years  after  tiie  II I.    Itrlii- 

ciiiiirs,  III  Kiiiifsliiiriiiiii/i's  Mix.  .liilii/.,  Vdl.  ix.,  p.  'A'2'2.  See  also  aiiollier 
ari'DiiIlt,  1>.  AM);  Hii/i(n'iii,  Croii.  .Mi,i\,  ]it  ii.,  li)).  ")  .S;  ft(.,  fi/iii,ii]).  Ill-'JT; 
]'r>f/i,i.  His/.  Aitf.  .lA./.toni.  i.,  iiji.  •->4.  H,a 'Jl-.'-l.-J;  M,„(fiit,(,  lli.^l.  F.rhs., 
Ji.  1  IT);  Hint.  If  Alllitf.,  \n  Soc.  t/'.r.  (.'ttii/.,  Itii/i/iii,  toill.  i.,  li. 'J.S  I ;  ./(ao'(V).s', 
Jlisi.  diiid.,  ({\\n\\.  I8.')7^  toiii.  ii.,  y\\.  '\'\A\\  Di/ajii/d'.i  Aii/n/.  Anin\,  p.  .'U; 
lhiiiil),i/i/f,  ]'iiis,  toil),  i.,  )iit.  II  1-1. "i;  I'ri'-rn/f'.s  Mrx.,  \o\.  iii.,  ii|i,  .'(SO  I; 
Ihivls"  Aiir.  Aiiiir.,  i>.  ;M  ;   'li/Zur's  Ami/iiKir,  n.  'J77.' 

*'  riiey  had  ulso,  us  wu  liuvo  noun  in  the  tliird  voluiiio,  a  great  niiuiy  eu- 


OKICIX  OF  THE  TOLTECS. 


10 


H'tilllt 

.f  tho 

1   thill, 

el  lose 

LTllL'SS. 


Ill 


10 


tl 

ndrrd 

those 

•  tliiit 


iftcr  t!io 


illlMII    III 

U.    It'hi- 

iiiiiil  licr 

,  Ill'-'T; 

I/,  i'.il's.. 


:<>; 


;tso 


Imiiy  I'U- 


Tho  tradition  of  tlio  Toltocs  rcn;'ardin_ijc  tlioir  travols 
hot'oro  tlioy  roachod  Huehuo  Thipalhui  ]ia.s  hoeii  tho 
tlioino  of  lU'U'h  .spooulatioii,  osjiooially  as  coniiootod 
with  thoir  dosootit  from  tlio  Ijahel  l)iiildors.  Ixtlil- 
xochitl  v.'rites  of  tliis  trachtioii  as  follows:  Thoy  say 
that  the  world  was  created  in  the  year  Co  'lee-patl, 

liinis  ideas  as  (o  tlio  \vay  in  wliicli  man  was  crcatcMl,  and  as  in  attfiniitinj,' 
t  1  |iiii\c  ilu'ir  tliciiiics  many  writers  are  apt  to  draw  a.ial(i;ii'N  in  iliis  par- 
ti<iiiar,  I  ;:ive  a  luiof  ri'sniiie  iif  file  t  rcatiini-inytiis  liere  for  tiie  reader's 
cinnenieiice:  Tlie  j^rossest  n)iiee|itii)ris  ut  tlie  mystery  ot  llic  lie;^iliniii;,' 
<il  man  are  tci  Ite  fiinnd  amnii;,'  tlie  nnlc  sava,i;es  of  tlie  imrili,  wIki,  Imu- 

cver,  as   tliey  arc  (jnitt iileiit,  in   many  iiistanees,  to  litdieve  that  tlieir 

earliest  ]trii;;(>nitor  was  a  ilni;  or  a  coyote,  seem  entitled  to  some  symiiatliy 
fiiiiii  tlu^  latest  school  of  iiHMJern  pliildsophy,  tliou;;li  it  is  true  that  their 
](rocess  of  dc\clopment  was  rather  alirnpt,  and  that  they  dicl  not  ivi|nir(' 
very  many  links  in  their  ihaiii  of  evidiitioii.  J$iit  as  we  ailvaiice  far- 
ther snnlli,  the  attempts  to  solvo  the  prolileiii  jfi'ow  less  simjilc  and  the 
direct  iiistrnniiMilality  of  the  j.'ods  is  rei|nired  for  the  formation  of  man. 
Till!  Aleuts  aserilie  tiieir  orij,'in  to  tho  iiitercoiirse  of  a  do;,'  ami  a  liitdi,  or, 
arcordin;,' to  aiMtlier  M'l'sioii,  of  a  hitch  ami  ii  certain  old  man  who  cami! 
froni  till'  north  to  visit  his  hrntc-hride.  !•  r  ini  tlieiii  upran^t  two  erealnres, 
male  and  female,  each  half  man,  half  fn\;  ami  fnnii  these  two  the  human 
race  is  docendcd.  Others  of  the  Aleuts  iielieve  that  their  canine  |iro^-eii- 
ilor  l"ell  from  heaven.  The  'I'lnneh  also  owe  their  ori^jiii  to  a  do^';  though 
they  helieve  that  ail  other  li\inj;-  creatnres  were  called  into  existence  hy  an 
immense  liird.  The 'I'hlinkcct  account  of  the  creation  certainly  iloes  not 
iidniit  of  much  ca\ilim,'  or  dispute  concerning'  its  clironolo;iy,  metliod,  or 
general  proltaliility,  since  it  nicridy  states  tliat  men  were  •'placed  on  the 
cartli,"  thmij^h  when,  or  how   or  l>y  whom,  it  does  not  presume  to  relati 


According'  to  the  'I'acnllv  cosmo^onv,  ii  innsU-rat   formed    t 


drv  land. 


which  aflerwards  liecanie  jieopled,  lliou;;h  whether  hy  the  a;;i'ney  of  that 
indiislrioiis  rodent  m-  not,  is  not  stated.      Oarwinism   is  reversed  hv  niaiiv 


of  the  \\  ashiii;L;tini  trihes.  who  Indd  that  animals  aiel  evei 


are  ilesceni 


led  f 


roni  man. 


Th 


1  some  ve'^elaiM 


liunian   essence 


froii 


1  w 


hich  the  Hist  Alll^ 


were  fori 1,  was  ori'^inally  contained  in  the  hodies  of  animals,  who  upon 

heiii;,' suddenly  stampeded  from  their  dwellii,  ■  <  iefl   thi'.  mvsierious  matter 


ver,  tli;'l  tliev  art 


lichiud  them      Some  of  the  .Mils  contend,  Iiom 

desccndiinls  of  a  shadowy  persoiia.iic   named    (/nawleaht   and 


thed 


irect 


Tlinndcr  llird.    The  Cliiiio'  k..  weri!  creat 


a    ^fi;^iiitii- 


i\  a  (  ovote,  w  ho,  lio\\e\ci,   dli 


lis  wori 


liaiUv  and  'lodiu'cd 


such    iiiiperlcct    s|ieciineiis  ol   hnmanilv, 


tliat  lint  f(U'  the  heiicliceiit  iiit"rveiili.i:!  ami  assistance  of  ii  spiiit  called 
liiiiiiam  the  ract!  must  have  enileil  as  soon  as  it  l.ej;aii.  Some  of  ilie  Wii'-li- 
iii,L:lon  trihes  (ni^inated  from  the  frau'ineiils  of  a  liu;,'e  l«aver.  which  wii-i 
slain  and  cut  in  pieces  liy  four  ;.;iants  at  the  rcqiievi  of  their  sister  who  wa  t 
piniii;,'  away  iur  some  lieaver-fat.  The  lirst  Shaslii  was  the  r.siill  of  a 
nnioii  hi'iweeii  till' d:iii-liter  of  the  (Ileal   Spirit   and   a  jji  i//lv  hear,     The 


t'ahrocs  helieve  that  t'liareva,  the  Old  .Man  .Vhove,  crealeil  tl 


the  lishes  and  lowe-  ,    iiiials,  and  lasll 
developed  from  (' 


rid.  th 


V  man, 


'I'lie  I'otovaiites  wcrt 


s.  Tlie  Hi;;  .Mail  oi  the  Mattoles  created  lirsl  the 
e.irlli,  hieak  and  naked,  and  ]ilaced  hut  one  man  upon  it;  »lieii,  on  ii  sud- 
den, in  the  midst  of  a  mi;.;lity  whiilw  in.i  and  thick  darkness,  liecovered  'lie 
desolate  ;4lohe  with  all  manlier  of  life  and  verdure.  One  of  the  mMle  of 
Sonthernralifornia  attrihntes  the  I'lealioii  of  man  and  the  world  to  two 
divine  heiii;;s.  'riie  l,os  .\n;;cles  trihes  helieve  their  one ''od  fjhiai  ar  I'loii^^hl 
forth  the  world  from  chaos,  set  it  upon  tiic  ►.luMilders  ofseveii  ;:'iiiits,  ji>mi 
jded  it  with  the  lower  foriiLs  of  aiiimul  life,  au.l  liiially  cixi"  iied  his  wuik 


20 


OllIGIN  or  THE  AMEUICANS. 


|i 


111 


aiul  tins  time  until  the  deluge  they  call  Atonatiuli, 
wliich  means  the  age  of  the  sun  of  water,  because 
the  world  was  destroyed  by  the  deluge.  It  is  found 
in  the  liistories  of  t)ie  Toltecs  that  tliis  age  and  first 
world,  as  they  term  it,  lasted  seven  hundred  and 
sixteen  years;  that  man  and  all  the  earth  were 
destroyed  by  great  showers  and  l)y  lightnings  from 
heaven,  so  that  nothing  remained,  and  the  most  loi'ty 
mountains  were  covered  up  and  submerged  to  the 
depth  of  eaxtohnolctltli,  or  fifteen  cubits;"  and  here 
they  add  other  fables  of  how  men  came  to  multiply 
again  from  the  few  who  escaped  the  destruction  in  a 

liy  cri'iitiiij;  u  man  and  a  ■woman  (nit  of  oartli.  Still  farther  soutli,  tlic  Co- 
cliiniis  liflicvc  in  a  sole  creator;  tlie  I'ericiiis  call  the  maker  of  all  tilings 
Niparaja,  ami  say  that  the  heavens  are  his<hvellin<j;-i)lace;  the  Sinaloas  pay 
reven'iice  to  N'iriseva  the  mother  of  \'airni»i,  the  lirst  man.  Accordiii;;  to 
tlie  Xavajos,  all  mankind  orii^inally  dwelt  nnder  the  earth,  in  almost  per- 
petual darlmcss,  nntil  they  were  re  lea.  '.'.i  hy  the  Moth-worm,  who  liored  his 
way  uji  to  the  surface.  'I'hri)u;;h  the  hole  thus  made  the  ]ieople  swarmid 
out  on  to  the  face  of  the  earth,  the  Navajos  takin;,'  the  lead.  Their  lirst 
act  was  to  manufacture  the  sun  and  the  moon,  and  with  the  li;;ht  canu- con- 
fusion of  t()U;;'ues.  The  (ireat  I'alher  and  Mother  of  the  Moiinis  created 
men  in  nine  races  from  all  manner  of  j(rime\iil  forms.  The  I'lmii  creator 
nuide  man  and  woman  from  a  lump  of  clay,  which  he  kneaded  with  the 
sweat  of  his  own  hody,  and  endowed  with  life  hy  lireathin;;;  upon  it.  Tlu; 
(treat  Spirit  of  tin-  I'apa^jos  maih;  lirst  the  earth  and  all  li\  in;j;  things,  and 
then  men  in  j;reat  num'oer.-  from  iiotter's  clay.  'J'he  Mi/tecs  ascrihe  their 
ori;,dn  to  the  act  of  the  t\,<>  nii;,'lity  f^iids,  the  male  I. ion  Snake  and  tlu! 
fennile  Tiiicr  Snake,  or  of  their  sons,  \N'ind  of  the  Nine  Snakes  and  Wind 
of  the  Nine  Caves.  The  Te/cucau  story  is  that  the  sun  cast  a  dart  into  tlie 
earth  at  a  certain  s|iot  in  the  land  of  Aculma.  l''rom  this  hole  issueil  a 
man  imperfci'tly  formed,  and  after  him  a  wonniu,  from  which  pair  mankind 
are  descended.  'I"he  Tlascaltccs  asserted  that  the  v.orld  was  the  ellecl  of 
chance,  while  the  heavens  had  always  existed.  'J'he  most,  commini  Mexi- 
can helief  was.  that  the  lirst  huuuin  liein;;s,  a  hoy  and  a  ^irl,  were  produced 
from  the  hlood-hespiiukled  fra;;ments  of  the  lioni-  procure(l  from  hades  hy 
the  si.xtcen  huudi'cd  falh  n  ;4ods  sprung;  from  the  llint-knif((  of  which  tho 
j;oddess  Cillaliciu'  had  heeu  delixcred.  .Vccordin;;  to  the  ( 'hinuilpopoca 
manuscript  the  creator  produced  his  work  in  succcssInc  epochs,  nnin  hein;; 
made  on  the  seventh  day  from  dust  lU'  aslu's.  In  (iuatem.ila  there  was  a 
helief  thai  the  parents  of  the  human  race  were  cieated  out  of  the  earth  hy 
the  t wo  youuj^cr  sous  of  the  divines  i'litherand  Mollier.  The  (^hiii'ln'' crea- 
tion was  a  very  huutilin^  all'air.  Three  times  ami  of  thret-  mateiials  was 
man  made  hcfore  his  makers  wtM'e  satislicd  with  their  work.  I'"irst  of  clay, 
hut  he  lackeil  iutelliHcnce;  next  oi  wood,  hut  he  was  shriveled  and  use- 
less; linally  of  yidlow  and  while  maize,  and  then  he  proved 't  he  u  nolihi 
work.      I''inir  uh'U  were  thus  made,  and  al'terwards  four  women. 

■<>!  'This  nice  au'reenu'iit  with  the  .Mosaic  account  of  the  hei;;lit  which 
the  waters  of  the  J)elu;.;e  attained  ahovc  the  summits  of  the  lii;;hrst,  monn- 
(ains  is  certainly  extraordinary;  since  we  read  in  the  twentieth  verse  of 
the  seventh  chapter  of  (lenesis:  "  i'iftmi  rnhils  ii/iirnr</  did  the  waters 
pre\ail,  and  tlu'  mmintains  woro  covorud.'' '  KiiKjslnin/iKjIi'.s  Mix.  Ak/ii/., 
vol,  viii,,  i>.  'J.">. 


t 


^5 


I 


TilADITlONS  OF  Qririi:::  OIIIGIN. 


21 


latiuli, 
ecauso 

found 
d  tirst 
d  and 
L  were 
s  iron  I 
st  loi'ty 

to  the 
d  hero 
iidtiply 
on  in  a 

1,  tlic  Vo- 
ill!  tliin^;s 
luiliias  imy 
I'onliii;;  to 
linost   |ii"r- 

;  MWiiniinl 
Tlu'ir  liivst 
,  ciimi'  fi'ii- 
iiis  I'li'att'il 
iiii  (Ti'iitor 
.1  witli  tlui 
n  it.  'I"li(^ 
liiii,iiH,  iind 
nil)C  tlii'ir 
kc  ami  tlid 
and  Wind 
111  iiitotlio 
la 
kind 


IsrtlU'i 


r  man 


Inon   Mi'\i- 
Im'i'd 


IH'IM 

liadfs  liy 
Iwliirli  till! 

Inialli«>l","''' 
Iniun  liciu;^ 

luMi'  was  IV 

V'  cartli  liy 

Jniilu"  I'lva- 

iM-iaU  wiiH 

,t  of  day, 

Id  and  nsf- 

I  111'  a  nolilii 

ilit  wliiili 
|»r>t  nioun- 
ll 


I   \('VS(' 


It 


11'   walt'iH 
I".  A  II III/., 


foptllpcfhicdli;  wliic'l;  word  very  nearly  siniiines  a 
closed  chest;  and  how,  ai'tur  multiplying,  the  men 
huilt  a  uiondi  of  g'ruat  height,  a. id  hy  this  is  meant 
a  very  liiL;h  tower,  in  which  to  take  refuge  Avhen  the 
Avorld  shoidd  ho  a  second  time  destroyed.  After  this 
thisir  tongue  hecame  confused,  and,  not  undersiaiul- 
ing  each  otlier,  they  went  to  different  j)arts  i>l'  tiie 
world.  The  Toltccs,  seven  in  munher,  with  their 
wives,  who  understood  each  other's  s[)oech,  after 
cro.ssii'n'  iifreat  lands  and  seas,  and  undergoing  many 
har(l.shi[)s,  linally  arrived  in  America,  which  they 
'oi  Hi'  to  he  a  good  land,  and  fit  for  habitation;  and 
thev  ^'  that  they  Witndei'ed  one  luuidred  and  four 
y>'ar.-  in  diiferent  ))arts  of  the  earth  before  they  ar- 
lived  at  lluelnie  Tiaj)allan,  which  they  did  in  tho 
year  Co  Tecpatl,  five  hundred  and  twenty  years — or 
five  agjs — after  tho  fi(H)d.''^ 

The  (^uichc5  traditions  speak  of  a  country  in  tho 
I'ai'  east,"  to  ivach  which  innneiise  tracts  of  land  and 
M'ater  nuist  be  crossed.  'I'here,  they  say,  they  lived  a 
(jiiiet  but  uncivilized  liCe,  paying  no  tribute,  and 
speaking  a  connnon  languago.  There  they  woishij)ed 
no  graven  images,  but  ohservinl  with  respect  the  rising 
stm  and  pouriul  !V>rth  their  invocations  to  the  morning 
stai'.  'i  he  p!  ill*  io.l  names  of  the  families  and  tril>i's 
at  (haf  tin^  w:a  ,  'I'epeu,  Olomaii,  Cohah,  Quenech, 
and  .\ha!  ■*■  Ailerwai'ds,  continue  the  traditions, 
lh(y  left  ih'.i!   niMiiitive  country  under  the  leadership 


ot    certain   ch 


d    f 


many   alter   a    long  joiirnev 


reached  a  place  called  Tida.  Where  this  Tida  was  i- 
uiiceitain.  but  lirasseiir  de  IJourbourg  |)laces  it  on  the 
'othei-  side  of  tile  sea,'  and  asserts  that  it  was  the 
region  from  which  tlie  wanderers  came,  from  time  to 


■<!    /,',■/, 


1  •iiiri'iii' 


Ml 


liiiitisliiirniiii/i's   Mi.r.  Aiili'i).,  Vol.  i\.,  ii|i.  ,'t'JI- 


"  "In  ori'  .1    loinlain,'  sa\>  lliaiscnr  dc  llonrlioiir;^;  Imt  lie  inii>l  citlicr 
'  in  Kii^jli^li  till' (liicnt.  Ilu'  I'liisl,  or  ninliailii  t  liini-idl 
I  («  is  V TV   |iroiu'  to  do     liccaiirx'   lie  at'tciward^  asM-rlH 
'«'  'ill'  I  lie  oiluT  side  of  the  sea,'  I'roni  wliicli  llic  (>iiit'lio 


iiii'iui  what 

wlliill.    liV  til.' 

Ili.il  'i'nla  is  tl 


w.iiidi'icis  lanii'  t'l  llii  iioilli-\\("»i  coast  of  Ainriica. 


•'  i 


rns.siiir  i 


A   lliiiirliiiiirif.  lli^t.  Sill,  t'ir.,  toni.  i,,  mi.  ItCi-ti. 


22 


OUItilN  OF  TIIK  AMERICANS. 


time,  tt)  tlio  iioi'tli- western  odjists  of  AinoiMca,  aiid 
theiiee  .southwards  to  Aiuiluuu' and  Central  America.  ' 
The  Vueatecs  are  said  to  luive  liad  a  tradition  that 
they  eanie  orij^inally  I'roin  tlie  far  east,  jiassinij^  throuiL;h 
the  sea,  wliii'h  (Jod  made  dry  for  them.*^  An  ( )kana- 
iian  mvth  rehites  tliat  thev  were  descended  from  a 
white  eouj)le  who  liad  been  sent  adrift  IVoin  an  island 
in  tlie  eastern  ocean,  and  wlio  floated  ashore  on  this 
land,  'Nvhich  has  yrown  larger  since  then.  Their  lonn' 
exjtosure  on  the  m  o.'Ui  hron/ed  them  to  the  ('t)lor  of 
which  their  descci  s  now  are/"     The  Chilians  as- 

sert that  their  anc.  i-s  came  fro.n  the  west.  'J'he 
Chei»ewyans  have  a  tradition  that  they  came  from  a 
ilistant  land,  where  a  hail  i)eoj>le  lived,  and  had  to 
cross  a.  lai'Lje  narrow  lake,  iilled  with  islan<ls,  where 
ice  and  snow  contiiuially  existed.'*'''  'IMie  Alu'oiKjuins 
preserve  a  tradition  of  a,  I'ori'inn  oi'iyin  and  a  sea  voy- 
aijfe.  lA)r  a  loni^"  time  they  offered  an  annual  thank - 
(►tferini;'  in  honor  of  their  happy  arrival  in  America.'"* 
Accordinn"  to  Careri,  tlie  Olmec  traditions  ri'late  that 
they  came  l>y  sea  from  the  east."' 


The   native  traditions  concerning"  the  sevi>ral  cul- 


tui 


e-lieroes    o 


f     Ai 


nerica. 


have 


lis.)     1 


)ei'n     ItroULi'iit 


forward    hy   a   few   writi>rs    to  show    that  American 


civili/ation    was    exoti-i    and     r.ot     mdi^'enous 


hut, 


thcun'h  tlu'se 


trad  it 


ions  arc  I'ar  mon^  woithv  of  seri- 


ous considerati(»n,  and  ])resent  a  far  moi'e  fascinating- 
lieK'  foi'  study  than  those!  MJiich  n'lati'  men-iy  to 
thi'  origin  or  travels  of   the  j)i'o|)le  themselves,  yi't, 


Ki,rani>'ely    enough. 


they 


seem 


to    1 


lave    exci 


ted    I 


ess 


comment  and  speculation  than  any  of  those  I'ar- 
fe(ched  and  trivial  analogies  with  which  all  oriL'in- 
theories  ahouiul. 


4 


*f'  Jil,  iMi.  U!"  S, 


4H  /; 


I 'ml, ill  mill.  Hist.   Yiir.,  )).  ITS;   Miiiiliniiis,  Xinnir  U'rnr/i/,  p.  lTiS, 


.\,h 


liWIi, 


I'l' 


-•s:  H. 


I>,    !!)0. 


I>(iiiiiii(c/i'\   /*(\i/7\,  Mil,   ii.,  ]!.    I;  Srfiiii)liTilfT.l   .\vc/i,  ,  \t<\.  i,  ]•,   I'.t. 
41  H\iri/iii,  liir/H'ir/iis,  \t'2\',\. 


AMEUir.w  (M'i/rri!F.  nr.itoKS. 


S3 


II,  and 
ovifii.  ' 
n  that 
\  rough 
)kana- 
IVdiu  a 

ishiiul 
HI  this 
ir  l()n,L>" 
oh)r  of 
[ins  as- 
.     The 
from  a 
liad  to 
,  whi'Vo 
ominins 
;oa  voy- 

tlian'k- 
nrrira/"" 
ito  that 


ral  ouU 
troun'iit 
uriican 
l>ut, 
of  si'i'i- 
•iiiatino- 
•rrlv    to 

•s,  vet, 
1(1  h'ss 
ist'    fai'- 

ori'jiii- 


i>.  •.'.'>s. 
i ,  1-.  I  a 


Althoujifli  hearii>uf  varions  nanu>s  and  a]>poarino'  in 
dillerunt  countries,  the  American  culture-heroes  all 
present  the  same  lyeneral  characteristics.  They  arc 
all  described  as  white,  hoarded  men,  generally  <"lad  in 
loniL,*"  rohes;  appeariuLif  suddenly  and  mysti'riously 
upon  the  scene  of  their  labors,  they  at  once  set  ahout 
improvinijf  the  peo|)le  hy  instructing'  them  in  uset'ul 
and  ornanu'utal  arts,  yiviiiijf  tluMU  laws,  exhortin'.;- 
them  to  jtractici'  hrotherly  low  and  other  Christian 
virtu(>s,  and  introvlucini:^  a  milder  and  hotter  form  of 
reliLcioii;  haviriij^  accompli. ''<'d  their  mission,  they 
disa|)jiear  as  mysteriously  and  unex|)ecte(lly  as  thi'V 
came;  and  linally,  they  are  apotheosized  and  heltl  in 
<;reat  revt'renct!  by  a  ii;-ratefid  ]>osterity.  in  such 
H'uiso  or  on  such  mission  di<l  (^uetzalcoatl  aj>pear  in 
("holula,  N'otan  iu  Chiapas,  ^Vi\epl>cocha  in  ( )a jaca, 
/amn;i,  and  Cukidi-an  with  his  nineteen  disci|»les, 
in  \iicataii,  (lucumat/  iu  ( JuatvMuala/'"'  X'iracocha  iu 
JVru.'''  Sume"^  and    I'aye-'l'ome''"' iu   Ura/il,  the  mys- 

^'^  Till'  ii'iiilcr  will  ici'dllccl  llml  (lie  wliii'v  of  ciU'li  of  llii'sc  Iiciih's  lias 
liccii  tolil  III  1i'ii;,m1i  iu  viil.  ill.  Ill'  tills  work. 

>'  Tilt'  li'i;i'iiii  Id'  \  irariu'liii,  or  'rirrviiai'iii'tiit,  as  lii'  is  siiini'tiini's  rallfil, 
anil  Ills  MUi'CNsKr,  is,  ari'iiiiliiiL;'  In  lli'iicia,  as  I'uljiiws:  '( 'uciilaii  laiiiliicn 
Ins  liiiliiis,  s('L,'iiii  111  liciii'ii  |iii|-  liailii'iiiii  ill'  siis  aiilr|iassailiis,  v  |iart'ri'  iini- 
MIS  caiilaii's,  i|iu'  I'll  Mil  aiiliuiirilail  isluiiU'iiiii  niiirlin  tii'iii|iii  sin  vcr  Snl,  y 
iiiii'  |nii'  Ins  Lrraiiili's  Miliis,  V  |)|i'^aiias  inu-  liaziaii  a  siis  ilinsrs,  salii'i  rl  Sol 
til'  la  lauiiiia  TiliraiM,  y  ili'  la  Isla.  i|iii'  cstil  en  rlla,  i|iii'  I's  on  rl  Collan,  y 
i|iit'  |iaii'ciii  Imi'^ii  |Mir  la  jiaili-  ili'  iiirilin  ilia  \  ii  in'ilni'  lilaiirn  ill'  ;iiaii  niri|iii, 
y  lit'  Ni'iii'iaiiila  |iit'st'iiiia,  i|iu'  fia  Ian  iimlt'iiisK,  nut'  liaxaiia  las  sii'iias, 
iit't'ia  Ins  \alli's,  y  siiviiiia  I'lii'iili's  ili'  las  pii'ilras,  al  i|Ual  yuv  sii  ;;iau  |in- 
iliT  llaiiiauaii:  l'riiifi|iiii  ilt-  Imlas  las  nisas  iiiailas.  y  |iailii'  ili'l  Snl,  |iiu'i|iii' 
<iin  SIT  a  Ins  linllllili's,  y  aililliali's,  y  |inr  SII  iiiaiin  li  '  \  inn  iinlalili'  lii'lirliiin, 

>  i|Ui'  nliiaiiiin  I'stas  intiiauillas,  I'm'  ilf   laiun  lia/ia  rl    Nmii',  y  ili'  laiiiiiin 

>  iia  ilaiiiln  nrili'ii  ili'  \  i<la  a  las  ;;i'iili'-,  lialijainin  inn  niiirlin  aiimi',  aiiiniii's- 
laililn  i|iii'  I'lli'^-si'ii  lilli'iins,  y  sc  ailias-.i'li  \  iins  ;|  ntlns,  al  iilial  liasia  Ins 
\llillins  lii'ili|ins  lie  Ins  lii;.;as  llailllluA  'rifi'lliiafiirlia,  \  fll  t'l  Cnllan  riiii- 
[lara,  y  I'li  niras  |iarli's  Ariiau:i,  y  i|Mi'  li'  lii/ii'inii  niuilins  Ti'iiiiilns,  \  luillns 
fll  t'ljns  a  sii  si'iiinjaiiia,  a  Ins  ijiialt's  sai  riliraiian.  hi/i'ii  laiiil>ii'u.  i|iii' 
jiassailns  al^iiiins  |ii'iii|ins  nM'inii  tli'/ir  li  siis  niinnri's,  i|iii>  |iaii'iii(  nlio 
liiailiii'  si'iiirjaiili'  al  it'lViiiln,  i|iii'  saiiana  Ins  I'lil't'iums,  ilaiia  \is(a  a  Ins 
ru'^;ns,  y  i|Ui'  fii  li  |u'niiiuria  ili'  Ins  ( '.n'la-i.  i|Ui'rii'niln  Inraiiu'iili'  a|u'iiir,iili', 

I  I  xii'lnll  llilK'.iiln  ill'  inillllas,  aii'ailas  las  luailns  ,il  I  ii'jn,  inilnrauiln  rl 
ilillinn  I'ailnr,  y  ijiii'  parrfiil  \  ll  I'lli'^n  ilfl  Cii'ln  ijiU'  Ins  i's|iailln  lailln, 
HUi'     fnll     ;;iaililt's     ;iiilns,    y     I'lailinl't's     li'     |M'iliau,    i|lli'     Ins     liiiia--si'     ilc 

II  |Ui'l    iii'li^in,    |Mii's    las    M'liia    aijiii'l  i'asii;^n   |iiii'   rl    iirrailn,    ijiii'   auiaii 

rnliicliiln,  y    i|i|i'    Iiu'mh   i'cssi'i   cI    flli'ud,    i|lli'iiauiin   aluilsalas    las    pii'illas,    V 

ii.\   ilia  SI'  M'li  i{iii'iiiailas.  \    laii   liiiianas,  i|Ui' aiiiii|ui'  maaili's  sn  li'uanlaii 

tniiin  rnivlin,  y  ili/i'll.  i|IU'  ills,!,,  alii  si-  till'  a  la  lliai',  V  I'llliaUilii  III  I'ila 
Hiilih'    sii    liiailln    li'liilliln    lilllna    liias    SI'    \  in,    |ini'    In    >|i|,il     Ir     Ijailiainn    \\. 


24 


OUKilN  OF  Tin:  AMEKICAXS. 


terior.s  aposdo  inoiitioned  by  Rowales,  in  Cliili,'"'"  and 
Bocliica  in  Cclnnil)ia."  Peruvian  legends  speak  of  a 
nation  of  <«iants  who  came  bv  sea,  \vay:ed  war  with 
the  natives,  and  erected  splendid  edifices,  the  ruins 
of  many  of  wliich  still  remain. ^^  Besides  these,  there 
are  numerous  va,ijfue  traditions  of  settlements  or  na- 
tions of  wliite  men,  who  lived  a[)art  from  the  other 
peoi)le  of  the  country,  and  w-ere  possessed  of  an  ad- 
vanced civilization. 

The  most  celebrated  of  the?e  are  Quetzalcoatl  and 
Yotan.     The  speculations  which  have  been  indulged 

rnroclia,  fjiio  (|uicre  ;!i'/ir  espnina  de  la  mar,  iiobrc  (luc  dosimcs  imtdA 
si;;riili(iit'i(tii,  y  (|iu'  ltu';,'ii  lo  hi/icritii  vii  'romjilo,  en  el  ]mclili>  dc  < 'aclia,  y 
al^iUiKis  ("astclliiims  solo  jior  sii  discursK  liaii  diclio,  ((ue  t'stc  di'iiia  do  scr 
al^'iiii  A|instiil:  ]ion>  I  is  mas  ciu'rdos  In  tiiMicii  por  vanidad,  iHiniiu'  cii  lodiis 
ostiiH  Ti'iiiplos  M'  sai  rit'u'aua  .li  tlciiioniii,  y  liasta  (|iu,'  los  ('asli'lliinns  ciitra- 
rmi  I'M  Ids  licyiins  did  I'inl,  no  fiic  o'ldii,  iii  prt'dicadit  el  saiitu  lliiannLdio, 
iii  vista  la  Saiitissima  scfial  do  la  Cni/.'  Hist.  Ucii.,  dot',  v.,  lili.  lii.,  cap, 
vi. ;  Arii.i/i(,  llinl.  (Ir  Ins  Viid.,  ]i.  S'J, 

''*  Siiiiii'  was  a  wliito  man  witli  a  tliick  lirard,  wlio  came  acniss  flic 
ocean  from  tin-  diiccliou  of  tiie  visiiii,'  sun.  He  had  |io\ver  omi'  the  ele- 
ments, and  eoidd  eonimand  the  tenijiest.  At  a  word  from  him  tiie  trees  of 
the  densest  forest,  receded  from  their  places  to  niaki^  a  path  for  liini,  the 
most  terocions  aninuils  eroncluMl  snhmissive  at  his  feet;  tiie  tieai  herons 
surface  of  lake  and  river  presented  a  solid  footin;,'  to  his  tread,  lie  tau.uht 
the  people  a;:ri<'nlture,  ami  t'  '  use  of  mai/e.  'V\w  Cahoclos,  a  Kra/iliun 
nation,  ri-fuseil  to  listen  to  his  divine  teachin;^s,  and  e\('n  souulit  to  kill 
him  with  their  arrows,  lint  he  turned  their  own  weapons  ai;iiin^t  them. 
'I'liii  persecuted  apostle  then  retired  to  the  hanks  of  a  river,  and  linally  left 
the  country  entirely.  'I"he  tradition  adds  that  the  prints  of  his  feet  anj 
still  to  he  seen  on  the  rocks  and  in  the  sand  of  the  toast.  Warden,  Hi- 
r/iiri'/iis,  p.  IS',). 

■'"  I'aye-tome  w;is  another  white  apostle.  Tlis  histiuy  so  clostdy  ro- 
senihles  that  of  .Sunn''  that  it  is  prohahle  they  ari?  the  same  person.    iJ. 

■'"'  'In  foruu'r  tiuu's,  as  they  (the  Chilians)  hail  heard  their  fathers  say, 
a  wonderful  man  hail  ciune  to  that  country,  wcarinj,'  a  louj;'  heard,  with 
^illle>.  auil  a  mantle  such  as  the  Indians  carry  on  then'  shoulders,  who  |iei- 
fiirmed   many  miracles,  cured  the  sick  with  water,  ciinsed  it  to  lain,  and 

■r  crops  and  y:iaiu  to  i^r.iw,  kindled  lire  at  a  hreatli,  and  wroii;.;lit  other 
iMiiivels,  liealinLf  at  once  tiie  sick,  and  ^i\  in;,^  si;;ht  to  the  hiind,'  iind  so  on. 
'NS'heiice  it  may  he  inferred  that  this  man  was  some  ajioslle  wlio>e  naiiK; 
they  do  not  know.'  li'iioted  from  itosales'  ineditcd  j/is/ori/  of  Chili,  in 
Kiii'ii'iiiriiiiiili'y  Mi.r.  .lii/ii/.,  vol.  vi.,  p.   (It). 

■i'  llocliica,  the  ;j;reat.  Ia\\-j.dver  of  the  .Mnyseas,  and  son  of  the  sun,  a 
white  man,  lieurded,  and  wearin;^  lon^r  rohes,  appeared  suddenly  ill  the 
iieople's  midst  while  they  were  dismitiii};  coucerniii;,' the  choice  of  a  kiiiL,'. 
lie  advised  llieni  to  appoint  lluiicanna,  which  they  immediattdy  did.  He 
it  was  who  iiivenled  tiie  calendar  and  rej^Milated  the  festivals,  .\fler  living; 
amoii^j;  the  Mnyscas  for  two  thousand  years,  he  vanished  on  a  sudden  near 
the  town  of  lliincii.  U'linlni,  It  ilnnliis,  p.  1S7;  K/iiiini,  Ciillnr-disrliiililc, 
torn,  v.,  p.  17  I,  ipnitiiiu'  S/rmismi's  Trnnls  in  Smtlli  Aiiivrifii,  vol   i.,  p.  H',17. 

■>'*  Tiiri/iiiiiiiii/ii,  Miiiiiir/.  Im/.,  loin,  i.,  p.  .'{."i;  Aais/tl,  lli.sl.  ib  Ids  Vud., 
li|i.  07  S;  Mdit/iiiiiis,  Xicuur  W'urild,  p.  13, 


CHRISTIANITY  IN  AMF.HICA. 


26 


i  ,•''■'  and 
ik  of  a 
ir  with 
i  ruins 
),  there 
or  na- 
l3  i)thor 
an  ad- 

iitl  and 
idulgod 

IK'S  nintlA 
I'  Ciicha,  y 
.Miiji  lie  ser 
If  I'll  lodiis 
uni>  eiitra- 
l'!iiaii,u;i-'lit>, 
).  lii.,  cap. 

a<'i(iss  the 
ir  till"  du- 
ll !■  troes  of 
r  limi,  fliij 

11M(  llCldUS 

lie  tairjit 

I  I'lia/iliiiii 

il   lo  kill 

-t     tllClll. 

iiially  U-ft 

feci,   alt! 

nhii,   Jii- 


10- 


iloscly 

1.   //. 

iJM'is  say, 

■anl,  willi 

\\  lid  ]ii'i- 

mill,  anil 

ij:lil  (illur 

mil  sii  on. 

iiix'  nanii! 

<'/iili,  iu 

till'  ^iin,  II 
il.\  ill  tiio 
nt'  a  kiiij;. 
.li.i.  Il<> 
tier  li\  in.L! 
iilili  II  ncai' 

I'l  .v/iif/l/i', 

i.,  p.  ;»',t7. 

A/v  YiiiL, 


i 

I 


in  rc^-ardin^-  tlie  identity  of  these  mysterious  pcrson- 
a^jes,  are  wild  in  the  extreme.  Thus  Quetzalcoatl  has 
been  identified  hy  some  with  St  Tlionias,  l)y  others 
Avith  the  ^[ossiah.  Carlos  de  8igUenza  y  f  Jono-ora"'^ 
and  Luis  Becerra  Tanco,'*  in  supi)ort  of  their  opinion 
that  lie  was  no  otlier  than  tlie  apostle,  allei;;e  that  the 
hero-i^od's  proper  name  Topiltzin  Quetzaleoatl  closely 
re.senil»l(js  in  sound  and  sitjfniHcation  that  of  'I'honias, 
surnaiued  l)idynuis;  for  to  in  the  Mexican  name,  is 
an  ahhreviation  of  Thomas,  to  which  pilciii,  moaning- 
'son'  or  'disciple,'  is  added;  while  the  meanin<4'  of 
(Quetzalcoatl  is  exactly  the  same  as  that  t)f  the  (Jreek 
name  ])i(ly!nus,  'a  twin,'  beinn'  compounded  of  t/uct- 
znf/i  a  plume  of  i^reen  leathers,  metaphorically  sit;ni- 
iyiny  anythinn"  ])reci()us,  and  cinif/,  a  serpent,  meta- 
jihorically  meaning-  one  of  two  twins.  IJuturini  tells 
us  that  he  ])ossessed  certain  historical  memoranda  con- 
cerniiiL;'  the  preaching  of  the  in'o.spel  in  America  hy 
the  '"glorious  api)stle'  St  Thomas.  Another  proof  in 
his  ]H)ssessi()ii  was  a  paintini^'  of  a  cross  which  he  dis- 
covered near  the  hill  of  TianL>'uiztei)etl,  which  cross 
was  ahout  a  cuhit  in  size  and  painted  hy  the  hands  of 
aiiL^els  a  heautii'ul  hlue  coK.r,  with  various  devices, 
amoiiL;"  which  weri>  live  white  halls  on  an  azure  shield, 
'without  douht  emhlems  of  the  live  ])recioiis  wounds 
of  our  Savior;'  and,  what  is  more  mai'vellous,  althouij^h 
this  relic  had  stood  in  an  exposed  position  from  the 
days  of  heathenism  up  to  the  time  when  it  was  dis- 
covt'red,  yet  the  inclemencies  of  the  weather  had  not 
heeii  ahle  to  allei-t  its  i^'or^'eoiis  hiu's  in  the  K'ast.  J  Jut 
this  is  not  all.  iJoturini  also  ])ossessed  a  jiaiiitiii';-  of 
another  cross,  which  was  drawn,  hy  means  of  a  ma- 
chine made  expressly  for  the  purpose,  out  of  an  inai*- 
ce.ssihje  cave  in  Lower  Mizteca,  where  it  had  heeii 
deposited  in  the  paL^an  times.  1  ts  hidinLi'-l>lace  was 
(lisco\ered  hy  angelic  music  whii-li  issued  from  the 
mouth  of  the  cave  on  every  \'vj!;i[  of  the  holy  apostle. 


M  in  a  work  t'litillcd  I'l 


ill  I  Oni'ilnifr 


CI  l',/i;i/i„/ i/i    M,j.,   .Mc\.    Ids:),  fol.    Tm. 


26 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMEUICANS. 


Besides  this,  the  saint  has  left  the  tracks  of  his  holy 
feet  in  many  parts  of  New  Spain.  There  is  also  a 
tradition  that  at  the  time  of  his  departure  he  left  a 
])rophecy  tliat  in  a  certain  year  his  sons  would  come 
from  the  east  to  preach  amonj''  the  natives;  which 
proi)hecy,  Boturini,  followinof  the  track  of  the  native 
calendars,  discovered  to  have  heen  'verified  to  the  let- 
ter.'"^ After  this  who  can  doubt  that  St  Thomas 
preached  the  gospel  in  America? 

Foremost— as  being  most  modern — among  those 
who  have  thought  it  possible  to  identify  Quetzalcoatl 
with  the  jMessiah,  stands  Lord  Kingsboroiigh,  a 
writer  and  enthusiast  of  whom  1  shall  speak  further 
wlien  I  come  to  the  suj)i)osed  Hebraic  origin  of  the 
Americans.  To  this  point  he  has  devoted  an  incredi- 
ble amount  of  labor  and  research,  to  give  any  ade- 
quate idea  of  which  would  require  at  least  more 
space  than  I  think,  as  a  question  of  fact,  it  deserves. 
In  the  first  place  it  is  founded  mainly  u])on  t)bscuro 
])assages  in  the  Prophet  and  other  parts  of  Holy 
Writ,  as  compared  with  the  eijually  ol)scure  meanings 
of  American  names,  religious  rites,  ancient  prophecies, 
conce[)tions  of  divinity,  etc.  Now,  the  day  is  past 
when  the  earnest  seeker  after  facts  need  be  eitiier 
afraid  or  ashamed  to  assert  that  he  cannot  accei)t 

f'l  lioturlni,  Catiiloqo,  in  Idea,  pp.  4.3,  50-2.  Altliouy;li  tlie  opinion  that 
(Jut't/iilcoiitl  WHS  St  'i'lionuiH,  'appears  to  ho,  ratlu;r  lia/ardons,  yi't  one  t-an- 
ni)t  help  Ix'inj,'  astonislieil  at  tlie  extent  of  the  rc^jions  tiaversi'il  hy  St. 
'I'honias;  it  is  trne  that  Home  writers  (h>  not  allow  of  his  havinfj;jro'ie  l>eyon<l 
Calaniita,  a  town  in  Inilia,  thesiteof  whifli  is  (lonhtfnl;  hnt  others  isscrt  tiiat 
he  went  as  far  as  Meliapour,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Ooroniamlcl,  ind  e>(Mi 
unto  Central  Anieriea.'  J>(>mfiiir/i's  Jtrsrr/.s,  vol.  i.,  p.  .50.  '  Apnd  laiaoha'  In- 
dos  in  Oct'iilenti  tradila  per  avos  vi.i;et  inenntria  S.  .\|)ostoli  Thonia',  ijuani 
rclinenta  transitu  ejus  ]ter  ilhis  plaj,'as,  enjnH  non  levia  extant  indicia;  prie- 
('i|iiie  cina'dain  seniita  in  illis  solitndinihtis  hactenns  perseverat,  in  i|na  non 
orilnr  tiiM'lia  nisi  valde  hnniilis  et  parvnla,  enin  nlriinii|in!  latus  herhescat 
ultra  niixluni;  eo  itinere  diennt  Apostolnni  ineessisse,  et  inde  profectnni  in 
Peruana  re;jna.  Apnd  Hrasilienses  (pu>i|ne  traditio  est,  ihi  pru'ilieasse. 
Apnd  alios  itarharos,  etiani  in  rej.(ionein  I'araLjuay  venisse,  ]iost(|uain  des- 
eendit  per  llnviuin  l;riia/.n,  delude  in  Parainini  per  Araeainiu,  nhi  tihserva- 
tnr  loens  in  (pio  sedit  defessns  Apostolus,  et  fertur  pra'(lixisse,  ut  a  uuijori- 
luis  accept nni  est,  ])ost  se  illne  advent nros  homines  ijni  posteris  eornm 
tinnnnliarent  lldem  veri  Dei,  (MuhI  non  leve  solatium  et  aniuM>s  facit  iios- 
tr.e  reli;;itMiis  pra'dicatorihns,  iuj;'eules  lahores  inter  illos  hurliaros  pro  dihi- 
tione  i'lcciesiie  perpetieutihns.'  Xiciriii!)vr(j,  llistoriw  Xuturtv,  lih.  xiv.^ 
ca]i.  exvii. 


.f 


it- 


lis  holy 
also  a 
)  left  a 
d  coiiio 
;  which 
!  native 
the  let- 
Thomas 

(r  those 
zalcoatl 
juoh,  a 
further 
1  of  the 
incredi- 
ny  ade- 
it  more 
[eserves. 
obscure 
.f  Holy 
leaniiiijfs 


)hecics, 
is  past 
either 
accept 

iiiioii  that 

t  one  rau- 

.s.'.l  hy  St. 

10  lu'voiul 
sscrt  that 
.<n(l  I'vcii 

liaiihic  lii- 
ia\  i|iiaiii 
ii'ia:  jira'- 

11  (|iia  iiim 
hcrlK'scat 

ifi'ctuiii  ill 
iraMlicasso. 
|iiaiii  <lt'H- 
>i  ohMi'Vva- 
t  a  iiiajori- 
ris  eoniiii 

facit  Hos- 
ts j)i'o  (lila- 

lih.    xiv.. 


VOTAX  THE  CULTUilE-HERO. 


27 


tlie  scriptures  as  an  infallible  authority  upon  the 
many  burning  questions  which  continually  thrust 
theiiiselves,  as  it  were,  upon  tlie  present  generation 
for  immediate  and  fsiir  consideration;  nor  need  his 
respect  for  traditions  and  opinions  long  held  sacred 
be  lessened  one  iota  by  such  an  assertion.  It  is 
needl»,'ss  to  state  that  the  analogies  which  Lord 
Kiiigsborough  tinds  in  America  in  support  of  his 
theory  are  based  upon  no  sounder  foundation. "'- 

Votan,  another  mysterious  personage,  closely  re- 
sembling Quetzalcoatl  in  many  points,  was  the  sup- 
])osed  founder  of  tlie  Maya  civilization.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  a  descendant  of  Noah  and  to  have  as- 
sisted at  the  building  of  the  Tower  of  Babel.  After 
the  confusion  of  tongues  he  led  a  portion  of  the  dis- 

s'  Followiiiji  arc  a  fow  jioints  of  Lord  Kiii^ishoronKh'.s  chihorato  nr<;;n- 
iiieiit:  'How  tnilv  snr|iiisiii,L:'  it  is  to  liml  that  tiie  Mexicans,  who  sctMii  to 
liavc  hcen  ((iiitc  niiacMuaiiitcd  witli  the  (h)ctriiics  of  tiic  iiiij;rati(tii  of  tlio 
soul  and  tiic  inclcnipsychosis,  siioiiid  have  liclii'ved  "n  the  iix'aniation  of 
\\h)  oiiii/  son  of  tlicir  sii|ircnie  <j;od  Tonacatccntle.  i"'or  Mexican  niythid- 
'W  spcaUiiii,'  of  no  otiicr  son  of  that  j^od  except  (^iiecah'oatle,  who  was 
lioni  of  ('iiiniahnan  tlie  \'ii';^iii  of  Tula,  without  connection  with  man, 
and  liy  his  liri'ath  alone,  (liy  which  may  lie  si^iiiilied  his  imri/ w  his  will, 
aunoiinccd  to  ( 'liiiiialinan  liy  word  of  mouth  of  the  celestial  niesscnjicr, 
>\lioin  lie  disjiatclicd  to  inforiii  lier  that  she  should  conceive  a  son,)  it  must 
he  )ircsiiiiicd  that  (^iiccahoatle  was  his  only  son.  <.)lher  ar;,'iiments  nii>;iit 
he  adduced  to  show,  that  the  Mexicans  helieved  that  t^uccaleoatle  was  hotli 
pid  ami  mail,  that  he  hail  jircvionsly  to  ids  incarnation  existed  from  all 
eternity,  that  he  had  created  hoth  the  world  and  man,  that  he  descended 
from  heaven  to  reform  tin-  world  hy  penance,  that  he  was  horn  with  the 
jicri'ect  use  of  reason,  that  he  preached  a  new  law,  and,  hein;r  kiiij;'  of  Tula, 


was  ciiicilii'd  for  tlic 


of  mankind,  as  is  ohsciirelv  insinuated  hv  the  in- 


t.rpretcr  of  the  N'atii'aii  <'oilcx,  plainly  declan'd  in  th(>  traditions  of  N'ueii- 
tan,  and  mysteriously  represented  in  the  .Mexican  iiaiiitinjis.'  If  tho 
jiromisc  of  tlie  an;;cl  (ialiiiel   to  the  \'ir^rin  Mary,     'i'lie   Holy  (lliost  shall 


come    iiiioii  thee,   ami  tiic  power  of  the    lli,i:hcst  slia 


overshadow 


th 


therefore  also  that  Imlv  (liinu' "  liicli  shall  lie  lioni  of  thee  shall  lii' called  ih 


Son  of  (iod     li 


d   in   the  lanu'iia;;!' of  ancient    prophecy,    'it   is  not 


iniprohahle  that   the  head  of  the  dragon  which  forms  the  crest  of  three  of 
the  female  liu'urcs(iii  one  of  (lie  Mexican  pieces  of  sciilpturel,  as  it  may  also 


ed  il  ilid  of  the  fourth  when  entire,  (if  it   lie  not  a  svmlxil  which 


('himalman  hoi  rowed  from  her  son's  ;/ro//<', )  was  intended  to  denote  that 
she  had  hcen  oveisliailnw  eel  liy  the  power  of  lluilzilopnchtii,  whose  device, 
as  we  are  informed  liv  Sahauiin  in  the  first  chapter  of  the  first  hook  of  liis 


ilistorv  of  New  Sill 


as  the  head  of  a  di 


iiu'on. 


1  iiii/slmrdiiii/i's 


.Uc 


Aiitii/..  vol.  \i.,  pp.  ."iilT-S.  See,  more  especially,  his  (daliorate  discussion 
of  (jhietzalcoatrs  ciiicili\ion  and  iileiitity  with  tlie  Messiah,  vol.  viii.,  jip. 
ri-,")!.  .\h  we  ha\i'  seen  in  a  |irecediuj.'  volume,  <ihietzalcoall  is  compared 
with  the  heathen  dciiics  of  the  old  world,  as  well  as  with  the  Messiah  of 
the  Christians,     Sec  \ol.  iii.,  chap.  vii. 


28 


ORIGIX  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


pcrscd  people  to  America.     There  lie  e.stabli.shed  the 
kingdoni  of  Xibulba  and  built  the  city  of  Paleiupie.'^ 

Let  us  turn  now  from  these  wild  speculations,  with 
which  volumes  niioht  be  filled,  but  which  are  practi- 
cally worthless,  to  the  special  theories  of  oris^in,  M'hich 
are,  however,  for  the  most  part,  scarcely  moi'o  satis- 
factory. 

Beii-innini^  with  eastern  Asia,  wo  find  that  tlio 
Americans,  or  in  some  instances  their  civilization  only, 
are  supposed  to  have  come  originally  from  China, 
Ja[)an,  India,  Tartary,  Polynesia.  Three  principal 
routes  are  i)roposed  by  which  they  may  have  come, 
namely:  Bering  Strait,  the  Aleutian  Islands,  and 
Pt)lynesia.  The  route  taken  by  no  means  de{)ends 
upon  the  original  habitat  of  the  emigrants;  thus  the 
])eople  of  India  may  have  emigrated  to  the  north  of 
Asia,  and  cr'jssed  Bering  Strait,  or  the  Chinese  may 
have  passed  from  one  to  the  other  of  the  Aleutian 
Islands  until  they  reached  the  western  continent. 
Bering  Strait  is,  however,  the  most  widely  advo- 
cated, and  perha})s  most  probable,  line  of  communica- 
tion. The  narrow  strait  would  scarcely  hinder  any 
migration  either  east  or  west,  especially  as  it  is  fre- 
(piently  frozen  over  in  winter.  At  all  events  it  is  cer- 
tain that  from  time  immemorial  constant  intercourse 
has  been  kept  uj)  between  the  natives  on  either  side 
of  the  strait;  indeed,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  they 
are  one  and  the  same  i)eo[)le.  Several  writers,  how- 
ever, favor  the  Aleutian  route."* 

c^  St'c  vol.  iii.,  p.  4.")0,  ct  scq. 

•■' 'I'lioiij^li  tlio  ]nvHUiii|ili(iii  inav  l>c  in  favor  of  coniniuiiicution  l)v  Rc- 
riiijf  Siriiil,  vi't  tlie  iilu'iionioiia  m  tlio  iiresciit  stale  of  our  kiio\vKMl<,'c>, 
favors  (111'  AiiMitiaii  route,  J.iit/unii'.s  ('oiiiji.  I'liil.,  p.  .'{St.  Tlie  Aleutian 
ari'liipi'la;,'o  is  'prolialily  the  main  route  by  wlileli  the  old  continent 
must  have  peopled  the  new.  IJelirin;.;'H  Straits,  tlioujili . .  .  .  tliey  were 
(louhtless  one  elianuel  of  eoinmunieation,  just  as  certainly  as  if  tlicir  place 
had  lieeii  o'cuiiieil  \\\  solid  laud,  were  yet,  in  all  liUeliliood,  only  ol  suhor- 

dinate  utilitv  lu  the  premises,  when  compared  with  tl  i  i         • 

i; .'   i...:.i.-..    i I.   .1 1.  '    !-■  ■  '.. 


le  more  accessioie  ant 


commoilious 


Itrid 


io    towards  the   soi 


III 


"I 


I  lllllXIUI  s 


p.  •- 


There  is  no  iuipndiahilily  that  the  early   Asiatics    reached    the  western 


sliores  o 


f  A 


nuM'ica 


tl 


'h  tl 


11^  Islands  ot   the 


icilic 


'I'lie   trace  of  tin 


progress  of  the  red  anil  partially  civilized  man  from  Oriental  Asia  was  left 


I 


DIFFUSION  OF  ANIMALS. 


29 


cl  the 

,  with 

)riicti- 

^vhioh 

satis- 

it   tho 
II  only, 
Chuia, 
inclpal 
conic, 
s,    and 
upends 
lus  the 
orth  of 
!se  may 
Jeutian 
itinent. 
advo- 
nunioa- 
er  any 
is  iVe- 
iis  cer- 
rcourse 
vv  side 
at  they 
rs,  how- 


[u()\vliHl<,'e, 
Ali'iitiiiu 
coiitimMit 
Itlit-y  wt'io 
llu'ir  iiliii'u 
(if  sul)t>r- 
■^sililf  and 

Wt'sti'Vll 

■ini'i'  tif  tlu! 


But  tliero  is  a  prohlem  which  the  possihillty  of 
neither  of  these  routes  will  help  to  solve:  How  did 
the  animals  reach  America?  It  is  not  to  be  sup- 
posed that  ferocious  heasts  and  venomous  reptiles 
were  lirou^-ht  over  hy  the  innni<jfrants,  nor  is  it  more 
prol»al>le  tliat  they  swam  across  the  ocean.  Of  course 
such  a  (piestion  is  raised  only  by  those  who  believe 
that  all  livinsTc  creatures  are  direct  descendants  of  the 
animals  saved  from  the  Hood  in  Noah's  ark;  but  such 
is  the  belief  of  the  great  majority  of  our  authors. 
The  easiest  way  to  account  for  this  diffusion  of  ani- 
mals is  to  believe  that  the  continents  were  at  one  time 
united,  though  this  is  also  asserted,  with  j^reat  show 
of  probability,  by  autliors  who  do  not  think  it  neces- 
sary to  lintl  a  solid  roadway  in  order  to  account  for 
the  presence  of  animals  in  Amei'ica,  or  even  to  be- 
lieve that  the  fauna  of  the  New  World  need  ever  in 
any  way  have  come  from  the  ( )ld  World.  Again, 
some  wi-iters  are  inclined  to  wonder  how  the  tro})ical 
animals  i'ound  in  America  could  have  reached  the  con- 
tinent via  the  polar  regit)ns,  and  find  it  necessary  to 
connect  America  and  Africa  to  account  for  this.'"' 

on  tlit'so  islaiid.s.  IVt'llsDii'.i  Anirr.  Ili'sf.,  pp.  OS-.*].  Tlie  first  discovories  wore 
iiiaili'  aloiij;  tlio  coast  and  from  island  to  island;  tlio  American  ininii^^n-ants 
wonlil  have  coino  liy  tlie  .Vloutiaii  Isles.  Itvusscnr  ilc  liiiitrhouni,  lli.sl.  \<it. 
Cir.,  toni.  i.,  1).  1(».  'l"o  I'onu'  l>y  AU'iilian  ishuuls  nrcsenfs  not  nearly  so 
jireat  a  ditlienlty  as  tin;  niijjjrations  anionj,'  I'aciiie  Islantls.  I'rcsroff's  Xfcr., 
vol.  iii.,  ]).  'M4.  linnii;,'ration  from  Asia  'appears  to  have  taken  jjlaco 
mostly  l)y  the  .Meutliian  islands.'  Siiiif/i's  Uiniuni  S/irrirx,  p.  'JUS. 

t*'  Some  of  the  early  writers  were  of  eoiirse  ij;'norant  of  the  exist enec  of  any 
strait  separatinjf  .Vn'crica  from  /isia;  thns  .\eosta — who  dares  not  assume, 
ill  opposition  to  the  llilile,  tliat  the  Hood  did  not  extend  to  Ameriea,  or  that 
a  new  creation  fooU  place  there  —accounts  for  the  j,'reat  variety  of  animals 
1»y  supposin;;  that  the  new  continent  is  in  close  proximity  to  if  not  actually 
connected  with  the  Old  World  at  its  northern  and  southern  ends,  and  that 
the  people  and  animals  saved  in  the  ark  spread  j^radually  hy  these  routes 
over  the  whole  land.  Ili.'it.  (/<■  /us  Yiid.,  pp.  ().S-7.'{,  Si';  West  inal  Ost 
Jndisr/nr  Liis/i/iir/,  jit  i.,  pp.  S-0,  See  also  Miiii/mixs,  Xiriiirr  ll'irrr/i/, 
]>n.  ;{S-fJ;  Ciiilfrinll,  Xr,rr  Will,  \).\;  Villaiiii/irrn;  llisl.  Ciiiiq.  ll-n, 
pp.  "Jd-S.  Clavi^ero  jiroiluccs  instances  to  show  that  u])heavals,  en^rulf- 
in<;s,  and  separations  of  laml  have  heen  ipiite  eoiumon,  and  thinks  that 
American  traditions  of  dc-tructions  refer  to  such  disasters.  lie  also  shows 
that  certain  animals  couhl  have  pas.sed  (udy  l>v  a  tropic,  others  oidy  hy 
an  arctic  road,  lie  accordin;;ly  supposes  that  .\nu'rica  was  formerly  eon- 
lio<'tcd  vitli  .Africa  at  the  latitude  of  the  ('a[ie  N'crde  islands,  with  Asiiv 
in  the  north,  ami  perhaps  with  Furope  hy  (ireenliunl.  SInviu  AnI.  ilil 
Mcisiiij,   torn,   iv, ,   pp.  "JT-M.     The  yreat  ohjeclion  to  ii  migration  by  way 


30 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


The  theory  that  America  was  peopled,  or,  at  least 
partly  peopled,  from  eastern  Asia,  is  certainly  more 
widely  advocated  than  any  other,  and,  in  my  opinion, 
is  moreover  based  upon  a  more  reasonable  and  loiu^ical 
foundation  than  any  other.  It  is  true,  the  Old 
World  may  have  been  originally  peopled  from  the 
New,  and  it  is  also  true  that  the  Americajis  may 
have  had  an  autochthonic  origin,  but,  if  we  must 
suppose  that  they  have  originated  on  another  conti- 
nent, then  it  is  to  Asia  +hat  we  must  first  look  for 
proofs  of  such  an  origin,  at  least  as  far  as  the  peo- 
ple of  north-western  America  are  concerned.  "It 
{i]>pears  most  evident  to  me,"  says  the  learned 
Humboldt,  "that  the  monuments,  methods  of  com- 
puting time,  systems  of  cosmogony,  and  many  myths 
of  America,  offer  strikini^  analosjies  with  the  ideas  of 
eastern  Asia— analogies  which  indicate  an  ancient 
connnunication,  and  are  not  simply  the  result  of  that 
uniform  condition  in  W'hich  all  nations  are  found  in 
the  dawn  of  civilization.""^  Prescotts  conclusions 
are,  first:  "That  the  coincidences  are  sufKciently 
strong  to  authorize  a  belief,  that  the  civilization  of 
Anahuac  was,  in  some  degree,  influenced  by  that  of 
Eastern  Asia.     And,  secondly,  that  the  discrepancies 

of  the  cold  latitude  of  Rerinj?  Strait,  says  a  writer  in  tlic  ITfsfnn'rnl  Mnqn- 
zinc,  vol.  i.,  I).  '28.'),  is  that  tropic  aiiiinuis  never  eoiihl  have  [)asse(l  that  way. 
He  ai)|)areMtly  rejeft.s  or  lias  never  iieard  of  tiie  tlieory  of  ehan;;e  in  zones. 
See  I'arlher,  eoncernin;,' joininjj  of  continents,  and  coninuinieation  hy  Bering 
Strait:  IWouli'ii,  Itcrhvrrhrti,  |ip.  '202,  '2"21;  lliuiilxililt,  E.raui.  Crit.,  toni. 
ii.,  p.  (!8,  et  se([.;  Siioirtlrii'/i  Ifist.  iV.  atnl  S.  Aiiirr.,  ]).  108;  Tiii/fni;  ill 
Ci(/.  Faniwr,  Sept.  1*2,  18(52;  I'ricsVs  Ainrr.  Aiitiif..  ]t]\  ()2-3.  82-.S;'  I'tifois, 
Mi\n':/iic,  p.  li)7;  Addir's  Am-r.  IikL,  jt.  '21!(.  Bradford  denies  enijiliat- 
ii'aliy  that  there  ever  was  any  connection  between  .America  and  .Asia.  '  It 
h.is  been  supposed,'  he  writes,  'that  a  vast  tract  of  land,  now  suhnier^^ed 
iKMieatii  the  waters  of  tlie  Patnlic  (Jcean,  once  connected  Asia  and  Anu'rica, 

The  arf^unicnt.s  in  favor  of  tiiis  opinion  are  ]iredicated  upon  tliat  |)ortioii 

of  tile  Scriptures,  relatiuj^  to  tlie  "division"  of  the  earth  in  tlic  days  of 
I'elei,',  whicli  is  thou,u;ht  to  intlicate  a  physical  division, — upon  the  ainil- 
o;^ics  hetweon  tlie  I'eruvians,  Mexicans  and  I'dlynesians. ..  .and  upon  the 
dilliculty  of  accoiintinji  in  any  other  manner  for  tlie  presence  of  some  kinds 
of  animals  in  America.'  After  del  lolishiii};  tiiesc  three  bases  of  o])inion, 
he  adds:  'this  conjectured  terrestrial  comninniciition  never  existed,  a  eon* 
elusion  substantiated,  in  some  measure,  i>y  ;;coIo,i,dcal  testimony.'  Aiiirr 
Aiitiij.,  pp.  '2'22-8.  Air  llradford's  arfrument,  in  aildition  to  beinj,' thou<iht- 
ful  and  in;,'enious,  is  supjiorted  by  facts,  and  will  aiiijdy  repay  a  perusal. 
^  Exam.  Crit.,  toin.  ii.,  i».  08. 


ASIA  AND  AMKURA. 


81 


A 

il  Mn(]n' 

liiit  way. 

'  '-i'' 

11  zones. 

■■M{ 

y  Beriii<j 

■'M 

it.,   toin. 

fm 

Uliir,    ill 

m 

I'liliiin, 

.» 

eiii|iliiit- 

M 

-iii.      'It 

'M 

iiiierjriMl 

:M 

\inorica 

m 

|i<)iti(iii 

•^ 

tliivs  of 

''« 

10  iiiial- 

'^W 

pon  tlio 

wt 

(!  kiiuls 

"S 

i]>iiiioii, 

,« 

11  eoii- 

M 

A  liter 

ja| 

lOllJjllt- 

■M 

iisal. 

"^E 

are  such  as  to  carry  back  tho  eoiiinumicatlon  to  a  very 
remote  period;  so  remote,  that  this  forei<>-u  inliueiico 
has  hceu  too  feeble  to  interfere  materially  with  the 
oTowth  of  what  may  be  re,i>'arded,  in  its  essential 
features,  as  a  peculiar  and  indiu'enous  civilization.""^ 
"If,  as  I  believe,"  writes  Dr  Wilson,  "the  continent 
was  ])e()pled  fi'oin  Asia,  it  was  necessarily  by  youn_o-(jr 
nations.  JBut  its  civilization  was  of  native  growth, 
and  so  was  far  youn^'er  than  that  of  Egypt.""*  That 
"immigration  was  continuous  for  ages  from  tho  east 
of  Asia,"  is  thought  by  Col.  Smith  to  be  "sufficiently 
indicated  by  the  })ressure  of  nations,  so  far  as  it  is 
known  in  America,  bein<>-  always  from  the  north-west 
coasts,  eastward  and  southward,  to  the  beginning  of 
the  thirteenth  century."''*  "That  America  was  peo- 
'lied  from  Asia,  the  cradle  of  the  human  race,  can  no 
•iiger  be  doubted,"  says  Dupaix;  "but  how  and 
when  they  came  is  a  problem  that  cannot  bo  solved."^" 
iMuigration  from  eastern  Asia,  of  which  there  can 
be  no  doubt,  only  "took  })lace,"  says  Tschudi,  "in 
the  latter  ])art  of  the  fifth  century  of  the  Christian 
era;    and  while   it   explains   m 


any 


facts  in  America 


which    long    perplexed    our    arclueologists,    it   by   no 
means  aids  us  in  determining  the  origin  of  our  earli- 


est 


poi 

.If'-,-; 


ulation. 


dv 


iltter  uuiKing  every  proper  allow- 


r  alk 


p.  418. 
1).  (il"). 


'••^  l'rrl,i.,t.  Mn 

•''■'  Ihiiiiiiii  Sjiirirs,  ]i.  '2'iS. 


71  /: 


i/ird.,  \).  'JS. 
liitii/.,  ]).   '24.     America  was  ])roli:il>ly  lirst  iteojiloil   from 


Asia.  liu(   llii!  meiiiorv  of  tliut  anciuiit   iiii'nalio 


osl. 


\sia  wa.-*  ut- 


ti'ily  uiiliiiown  to  tlic  aiiciiMit  Mexicans.     'Die  orit^inal  seats  of  tlie  ("iiidii- 


nieis  were 


as  tliev  tiionyiit,  not  far  to  tiie  north 


<t. 


Tl 


ceil  Aztla 


II 


not  ill  a  remote  cinintrv,  Imt  near  .Miciioacan.  < In II n /in,  in  .1  / 


K:h, 


Ti-'nisiirl.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  ITiS-i),  174.  'riiert' are  stron;f  resemhlances  in  all  lliiiiu.i 
with  .Asiatic  nations;  less  in  lan-.'naj.'e  than  other  respeets,  Imt  more  wiili 
Asia  than  with  any  other  part  of  the  world.  Aiiatoinical  reseinhlaii-e.s 
jioint  tiie  same  way.  ('tirlinjnl  Esjiinn.ifi,  lli.il.  Mix.,  tom.  i.,  ]ip.  I!t(i-'J(IH. 
I'iie  .Americans  most  prol)al>ly  came  from  .Asia  soon  after  the  dispersion  and 
coiifnsion  of  tongues;  lint  there  has  lieen  found  no  clear  notice  ainoiif^ 
tiiem  of  .\sia.  or  of  tiieir  passage  to  this  coiUinent.  Nor  in  .Asia  of  any 
sMcli  migration.  'I'lie  .Mexican  histories  do  not  prohahly  go  so  far  liacU. 
\'tiniins,  S'ntirid  ilr  In  t'ni.,  toin.  i.,  ]ip.7--.'{.  If  a  congregation  of  tweho 
represeiilatives  from  Malacca,  ("liina,  tla])aii,  Mongidia,  Sandwich  islands, 


Cliili,    rcrii.    Ilra/ii.  Chickasaws,  Coinanchcs,  \c 


were  dressei 


i\  aliK 


e,  or 


nndre.'-.scd  and  unshaven,  tho  most  skilliul  unatomist  could  not  from  their 


32 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICAN'S. 


ance,"  says  Gallatin,  "  I  cannot  see  any  possible  rea- 
son that  sliould  have  prevented  those,  who  after  the 
dispersion  of  mankind  moved  t(  wards  the  east  and 
northeast,  from  having-  reached  the  extremities  of 
Asia,  and  passed  over  to  America,  within  live  hun- 
dred years  after  the  Hood.  However  small  may 
have  been  the  number  of  those  first  emiii^rants,  an 
equal  number  <^f  years  would  have  been  more  than 
sufficient  to  occui)y,  in  their  own  way,  every  part  of 
America."''^  There  are,  however,  writers  who  find 
grave  objections  to  an  Asiatic  origin,  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  absence  of  the  horse,  the  "paucity  and 
the  poverty  of  the  lactiferous  animals,  and  tlie  conse- 
quent absence  of  pastoral  nations  in  the  New  World." 


appeavaiicn  sppavatc  tlioiu.  Foiifriiiir's  Ifmr  the  Wnrhl  was  Prnp/ril,  ])]>. 
147-0,  'J4-4-").  'I'Ih'  ]i  Millie  (if  .\sia  sceiii  to  liavt'  lii'cii  tlic  (iiilv  iiicii  wlui 
cimlil  ti'acli  the  Mexicans  and  Peruvians  lo  inalvo  Inoii/e,  aii(\  (■mild  not 
leach  them  to  smelt  iuid  work  ii'on,  oiie  thousand  or  one  thousand  Tno 
lMindve(l  years  liefor(!  the  Siianish  ('oni|U('st.  Ti/inr's  J't .srarc/irs,  ]i,  v'O',). 
It  is  almost  iiroved  tliat  Ion;;  hefore  ('(dnniliiis,  Northern  India,  China. 
Corea,  and  'larlarv,  had  eommunieation  with  Anieiiea.  C/idfi iiiilin'iiin/, 
Lrtfrr  mir  A  nlnir.t,  |i.  87.  -See  also:  S/iiit/i,si)iiiiiii  Ript.,  IStid,  )i,  ,'{4."); 
i'ri/tiif,  llisf.  Ant.  MJ.,  t(nn.  i.,  ji.  20;  ]tr<i.isiiir  ifc  Hoiivhtiiini,  lliit.  Xnf. 
Cir,,  torn,  i .,  p]).  "ilCl;  S/di/ihoii'h  \in:,  vol.  i.,  p.  I'.X);  drKji/'s  ('mil.  I'rni- 
r/r'.s',  vol.  ii.,  pii.  'J."iO-l ;  Miir/ii's  ]'(iiir.  I.s/.,  jip.  4'J(l-7;  SiiIiiI-AiikhiI,  Vnji- 
(ii/iS,  p,  'JITi;  .ifii/fr-ririni,  I'li'ris  ilr  Ik  (Irutf.,  (om.  vi.,  ]ip.  'JllO,  '_'!)•")-(!; 
Wdi'iii'ii.  Ii'ri'/irrc/irs,  pp.  ll,S-,'{(r  Mtiri/rriiiir's  /'nn/nss  of  ..I  inn:,  vol.  i., 
p.  "24;  Mii/ifriiiif'iin/t,  Jlrjiri),  (om.  i.,  p.  '-'.'id;  hm/i/r,  in  fni/.  A/}'.  />'•,''/., 
lS(»i»,  p.  .V.tO;  U'/ii/iii/irr.^  A^.i.s/,11,  pp.  •J7S-S.-i;  I'rirfiiinrs  Kilt.  Hist.  Mi(,\ 
vol.  ii.,  p,  .")l'.);  Mitr/ti//,  hi  Aniii:  Aiilii/.  Sm'.,  Tninniirt.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  ;•)'_*.')- 
',V1;  I'it/iii'.'i  Triirr/.i,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ',\\\;  Lul/inin's  .Mini  iiuil  liis  .Mi'jrnlioii.'i, 
]i.  \'22\  Sinn/is'iii,  in  ifi.it.  Miuj..  vol.  v,,  p.  '1\',\.  U<ilnrtsoii\s  Hist.  Anirr., 
vol.  i.,  pp.  'JSO-l;  Siiitiri/ni's  Hist.  X.  unit  S.  Aiiin:,  ji.  •2W;  S/niffitn's 
Miiiniil-lliiihlrrs,  MS.;  Ilnii/fon/'.t  A iihi:  Antiq.,  pp.  '2()S,  'Ji.'i-Ki,  V.il,  /'iff.- 
rrimi's  llmis  itf  MiiH,  in  V.  S.  K.t:  /•.'.<•..  vol.  ix.,  pp  ■iS7  S;  Cnmr'.s  Tru"., 
]ip.  'JOll-l.'l;  hiniicifi/'.t  I'rnlitililc  Orii/in;  /hiris"  hinriirni/  iif  .\nr  Kiiij.; 
Ilillirilil,  in  Siiiith.iiiiilnn  Rr/it.,  IH(i(i,  p.  ,'{!U.  Ilerrera  ar^'ued  tint  as  tluur. 
were  no  niilixcs  in  .\i>i''!i.a  wf  a  color  similar  to  tl'  ise  of  the  politer  natiens 
of  l'",urope,  lliey  must  he  of  Asiatic  ori^MU;  tlnit  it  is  unreasouahle  ti;  slip- 
]iose  (hem  fo  have  lieen  driven  thither  liy  stress  of  weatiier;  that  the  ini- 
tives  for  a  Ion;;  tiun-  had  ao  kin;;,  therefor(!  no  histori(i;;rapher,  therefore 
they  .ire  nut  f;i  he  lielieved  in  (his  stat'inent,  or  in  any  other.  'i'Jie  clear 
eoiieiiisions  drawn  from  thesis  iiointed  ar;L;umeiits  is,  that  tiie  Indian  raci- 
descended  from  men  who  reached  ,\merica  hy  the  iiearnoss  of  the  laiiil. 
'Vasi  DIMS  veriHimilmeiite  se  concjiiye  i|ni>  la  i^ciieracion,  y  pohiiiiioii  de 
los  Indios,  ha  pro('t>dido  de  liomhres  (pie  passaron  a  las  Indias  Ocideiil- 
ales,  por  la  \e/indad  de  la  tierra,  y  ;<e  fn'  iciii  esleiidieiido  poco  a  poco;' 
hut  from  whence  they  came,  or  liv  whut  rout»;  the  royal  historiographer 
oU'ei.  ,11  conieelure.  Ifisl.  (I'ni.,  dee.  i,.  li!i.  i,,  caii,  vi, 
'•'  .linn:  Elkno.  Sue,  Tritnmd't.,  vol.  i.,  p.  17. •. 


THEORY  OF  ORIGIN  FROM  CHINESE. 


88 


il)le  rea- 
at'tor  tlie 
oast  aiul 
iiities  of 
ive  liun- 
all  may 
rants,  ail 
ore  than 
V  part  of 
\\\o  tiiul 
inoipal  of 
icity  and 
lie  t'onse- 
^  AVorld." 


Proplnl,  pp. 
iilv  men  wliii 
n(\  ciiulil  mit 
liiiusand  tl\u 
r//''.v,  p.  'I'Y.y 
\\k\\;\,  Cliiii:), 
t/nnilirimii/, 
Stid.  p.  :i4."); 
l/i.^t.  \<if. 
I'li/ii.  I'fiii- 
III  1 1 II  I,  Villi- 

IW,  •.'<»."»-(•); 
(/•. ,  vol.  i., 

A  If.  n,pt., 
Hist.  }l,i,'. 
i..  pp.  ;v-'.">- 

Miijrnliinis, 
ist.  Aiiirr,, 
Siriittiiii's 
l.tJ,  I'lH- 

rrr'n  Tl'ii"., 

Xi  ir  Kii'i. ; 
i;  I  as  tlicp.-. 
ilii'  Illllii'iH 
Mr  t'.i  .■^llp- 
lial  lilt"  im- 
r,  llicri'fiiic 
'I'lio  dear 
iidiaii  rail! 
if  the  laiul. 
iiililariiiii  il(! 
as  ( trident  • 


Ii 


lien   a  ]iii('ii; 
tiiii(Pj,n'apln.r 


For,  adds  a  writer  in  tlie  Quarterhj  Revictr,  "wo  can 
liardlv  .sin)i)oso  that  any  of  the  pastoral  hordes  of 
Tartars  woiiUl  enii,i>-rato  across  the  strait  of  Behrinn^ 
or  tin;  Alentian  Islands  witliout  carrying'  with  t^>eni 
a  supiilv  of  those  cattle  on  which  their  whole  suh- 
sisteiK'e  depended. "^^ 

The  theory  that  western  America  was  orig-inally 
]>e(»]th'(l  hy  the  Chinese,  or  at  least  tluit  the  greater 
])art  of  the  New  World  civilization  may  he  attrihuted 
to  this  people,  is  founded  mainly  on  a  })assan"e  in  the 
work  <il'  the  Chinese  historian  Li  yan  tcheoii,  who 
lived  at  the  coniniencemeiit  of  the  seventh  century  of 
our  ei'a.  In  this  ])assai;e  it  is  stated  that  a  Chinese 
<'Xpe(lition  discoNend  a.  country  lyinj^'  twenty  thons;ind 
//  to  thi;  east  of  Tahan,  which  was  called  Fusany.'* 
Talian  is  o'enerally  supposed  to  he  Kamchatka,  and 
Fusaii.;'  the  north-west  coast  of  America,  California, 
or  Mt:\ico.  As  so  much  depeiuls  ujxm  what  Li  van 
tcheou  has  said  ahout  the  mysterious  country,  it  will 
he  wrll  to  ^'ive  liis  account  in  fu.ll;  as  translated  hy 
Ivla]iri'th,  it  is  as  follows:  in  the  tirst  t»f  the  years 
I/""";/  :7""i',  ill  the  j'ei'^'ii  of  Fi  ti  of  the  dynasty  of 
Thsi.  a  c/ni  iiK'ii  (huddh.ist  ]>riest),  nanu'd  Hoei  chin, 
arrivt'(i  at  Kini^-  ti-hciai  from  the  country  of  Fusan^'; 

"'^  (Jiiiir.'n-/)/  Itrrinr,  vol.  x\i.,  jip.  ,Tll-.".  The  (■oniiiniiiii-atioii  Itetweeii 
Aiuiluiae  ami  tlie  Asiatic  edatineiit  was  piei'ely  the  emitact  of  smiie  few 
isiilated  .\siaties  wiiii  had  lost  their  way,  ami  from  whom  the  Mi'xicaiis 
ilrew  some  iioiioiisof  seiem-e,  astrology,  and  some  eosmov'onic  traditions; 
and  these  A-iaties  diil  not  felnrn  home,  t'/tcru/itr,  .]h  .n'ljur,  pp.  T)',),  .">()-S; 
Viiillrl-I:  -I hii\  \\\  C'liiriiiii/,  liuiiiin  Aiiiir.,  i>p.  .S7-',t;  Fus.-nii,  .]li.n'i/iii\  pp. 
l'J(l-l;    J)i\iiiirrii/ir  I'fni  ir,  vol.  xi,,  p.  (UT;   /.nfiiiii/,   I'lii/mirs,  p.   l.'i.'t. 

'*  l)e;;iii;;nes  writes:  '  |,es  Cliinois  ont  piiietri'  dans  les  pa,\  s  tres(''|oit;ni  s 
(III  cot.'  lie  I'orieiit;  j'ai  examim''  lenr  me-nres,  el  eiles  in"ont  eondnit  Mms 
les  cotes  di'  la  Califoniie;  j'ai  conelii  de  lii  cpi'ih  aveieiit  connn  IWni.riijuu 
I'an -l.-i.S  .1.  ('.'  lie  also  attrilmles  rernvian  eivili/a'inn  to  the  ('liineve. 
Jii'/rrrlr  i  snr  /r.i  .Wiriifii/inii.i  i/is  Cliiiiuis  ilii  roli-  ilf  i"Aiiiini'!,t,  in  Mi- 
niiin'rs  i/r  /' Ai'iii/riiiir  i/is  I iiscri/ifiniis',  toni.  xvii.  I'aiiiM'V,  in  ISIl,  at- 
tempted i.i  |iro,o  that  the  province  of  p'oiisan;,' was  >le\ieo.  hiiiiiriinli'H 
prsrrfs.  \,\.  i.,  |i.  ,".1,  'hi  Cliiiie-e  hisinrv  we  lind  descriptions  of  a  vast 
coiiiilr>  .i.il.Mt  le  to  the  eastward  across  the  i^reat  ocean,  which,  from  tlio 
di'scripli'Ci  ;4i\t'n,  mnst  he  I'alifornia  and  Mexiio.'  Tni/Ziii;  in  <'ii/.  {•'iniinr. 
Sept,  I'J,  I  I'-,  'l/histoire  posti'rieiire  des  Chinois  doiine  t'l  peiisi'r  iiiTiU 
ont  eitii  iliel'ois  (les  llottes  ipii  .n!  pii  passer  an  Mcxiipie  par  les  i'hilliii- 
piiies."  /'  'V,  PiKrinirs,  p.  I!i,  in  Aii/i'i.  Mix.,  toni,  i.,  dis.  i, 
VnL,  V.    a 


31 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


of  tills  Liiid;  he  says:  Fusanj^  is  situated  twenty 
tliousaiid  //'"'  to  the  east  of  the  country  of  Tahan,  and 
an  eijual  distance  to  tlie  east  of  Ciiina.  In  tliis  phice 
are  many  trees  called  /nsitii;/,'"''  whose  leaves  reseni- 
l)le  those  of  the  Thontitj  (Bignonia  tonient«)sa),  and 
the  tirst  sprouts  those  of  the  haniboo.  These  serve 
the  people  of  the  country  for  food.  The  fruit  is  red 
and  slnqjcd  like  a  jiear.  The  hark  is  prepared  in  the 
same  manner  as  hem]),  and  manufactured  into  cloth 
and  flowered  stuffs.  The  wood  serves  for  the  con- 
struction of  houses,  for  in  this  country  there  are 
neither  towns  nor  walled  hahitations.  The  inhabit- 
ants have  a  system  of  writiniir  and  make  paper  from 
the  hark  of  tlie  fusang.  They  possess  neither  arms 
nor  troojis  and  they  never  wage  war.  At.  'ording  to 
the  laws  of  the  kingdom,  there  are  two  prisons,  oi'.e 
in  the  north,  the  other  in  the  south;  those  who 
have  committed  trifling  faults  are  sent  to  the  latter, 
those  guilty  of  graver  crimes  to  the  former,  and  de- 
tained there  until  hy  mitigation  of  their  sentence  tlioy 
are  removed  to  the  south."  The  male  and  frimale 
i)risoiiei-s  are  allowed  tt)  marrv  with  each  other  and 
their  children  are  sokl  as  slaves,  the  hovs  when  they 
ai'e  eight  years  of  age,  the  girls  when  they  are  nine. 
The  prisoners  never  go  forth  from  their  jail  alive. 
When  a  man  of  su])erior  mark  ct)nnnits  a  crime,  the 

'■'  A  Cliini'sc  li  is  iiltont  niit>  tliiid  of  a  mile. 

'•i  '  Fail  siiiiti.  II  cliiiniis  ot  st'lini  In  |>ri)ii(iiiciiitii>n  jnpotiiiiso  Faiifn  .sv)/-, 
est  I'arlti'issi'iUi  <|Ui' nous  iiiiiiinitiiis  /li/ii.\<'iis  rirsii  r/n'uni.si.'i  ^  K/nnnit/i,  7i'('. 
r/irrr/ii  .■i  mir  ff  jiiti/s  (ic  /•'mi  Saiiif,  ill  Aniirrl/is  Ainid/fi  t/is  luff.,  ISItl, 
loin.  11.,  ji,  .'>."»,  nolo.  Others  siiipposo  tlic  fiisniij;  to  bo  llif  nia^Mii  y,  iiml, 
iiiilci'il,  it  \viis  nscii  for  niui'li  llic  same  |uir|iosis.  I(  wi.s,  liowcvoi',  most. 
IM'ohalily,  tlic  innllH'riy;  fii-sa/i,  llic  .laiiancNC  ciiiiivaltMit  for  llic  ('liiiici-o 
l'ii<iiiiti,  Wwv^  coniiioiiiKli'il  iti  /ii,  to  aid,  ami  xi./i,  flio  niiiUiciTV,  a  iri'o 
wliicii  alioiniils  ill  a  wilil  stale  in  tlit'  |u'ovinci'  of  Vi-sho,  and  wliicli  lias 
licen  <'nlli\alt'il  liy  royal  loininaiid  in  otlici-  )iailH  of  ,jM|iMn,  wlicrc,  as  tlio 
icadi'V  will  prc^ontly  sec,  lMi>an,L,'  was  iiinlialily  Miir.atcd.  Mr  ItrooUs, 
.lapancsc  ('oiismI  in  San  iMiincisco,  also  tells  me  timt  I'li  San^;  is  a  name 
used  ill  (  liiiiese  |ioeli'y  to  mean  •lapan.  In  .la|iau  it  is  also  IIiiih  nsed,  and 
also  Used  ill  tiade  'iiaiks,  as  'lirst  ([iiality  of  I'u  Si'.ay  isilk  ('(U'ooiis,"  mean- 
ini,'  >lanaiiese  coeooiiH. 

"'  I  ftdlow  Deyni^iies  in  tills  seiilenee;  Klaprotli  lias  it :  't'enx(|ni  |ieuv- 
ent  recevoir  leiir  jiiace  sunt  eii\oyi''s  ii  la  pi'emii'ie  (loeridiouale).  eeiix  an 
eiiiitniire  auM|iiels  on  ne  vent  pas  I'lieeordei'  soul  ili'teniiM  dans  la  prison  dii 
iiord.'   llic/icrv/u-ii,  \\i  Auiorl/ta  Amiithn  dcs  i'aj/.,  ISHi,  tiU.i.  li.,  p.  .V). 


# 


1    twenty 
hau,  and 
lii.s  place 
^  rcsem- 
'«a),  and 
-'su  sorvo 
it  i.s  red 
d  ill  tlio 
ito  clotli 
tlio  eon- 
lere  ai'o 
inlialiit- 
lor  from 
er  ariihs 
dinnj-  to 
U118,  one 
>se  who 
a  latter, 
and  de- 
co  they 

/';niiile 
ler  and 
n  they 
nine, 
alive. 

le,  the 


•"Ih,  li'r, 

i.s;ti, 

iilid, 
•I'.    Iliiist 


hi 


IIIICX) 


II     lll'C 

in't'li  lias 


lit 


MM    llu! 
lOlllxS. 


Ill     IIIIIIIK 


In 


lll;i 


illoiiii. 


|i  pt'liv- 
'ii\  iiil 
["^Ml  (III 
I))'), 


t::i:  corNTiiv  of  fusang. 


85 


peojile  assemhlo  in  t^n'eat  lunnhers,  scat  themselves 
i)jip,)site  tlie  criminal,  who  is  placed  in  a  ditch,  par- 
take i>t"  a  l)anquet,  and  take  leave  of  the  condemned 
])erson  as  of  one  who  is  abont  to  die.  Cinders  are 
then  heapcMl  about  the  iloonied  man.  For  slight 
iaults,  tlie  criminal  alone  is  [amished,  but  for  a  i>reat 
crime  his  children  and  n'nmdcliildren  suffer  with  him; 
in  some  extraordinary  cases  his  sin  is  visited  upon  his 
descendants  to  the  seventh  ovneration. 

The  name  of  the  kini^"  of  this  country  is  Yit  klii; 
the  nobles  of  the  first  rank  are  called  Toui  lou;  those 
of  the  sect)nd,  'little'  Toui  lou;  and  those  of  the 
third,  Na  tu  cha.  When  the  kinjjf  goes  out,  he  is 
accomj)anied  by  tainb(;urs  and  horns.  He  changes 
the  color  of  his  di'ess  at  certain  times;  in  the  years 
ol'  the  cycle  kid  and  //,  it  is  blue;  in  the  years  j»h;/ 
and  ti'iH/,  it  is  red;  in  the  years  od  and  li,  it  is  yel- 
low; in  tlie  years  kcitf/  and  sin,  it  is  white;  and 
lastly,  in  those  years  which  have  the  characters  jiii 
ant!  ki>Hi'i,  it  is  black. 

The  cattle  ha\e  long  horns,  and  carry  burdens,  some 
as  nnich  as  one  hundred  and  twenty  Cniinese  })ounds. 
N'chicles,  111  this  country,  are  drawn  by  oxen,  lu)rses, 
or  tleer.  The  di'cr  are  raised  in  the  same  manner 
tliat  cattle  are  raised  in  China,  and  cheese  is  made 
from  the  milk  of  thtf  females.'"  A  kind  of  red  pear 
is  found  there  which  is  good  at  all  sea.sons  of  the 
vi'ar.  (Jrape-vines  ire  also  plentiful.''''  Tlirri^  is  no 
iron,  but  cop[)er  is  met  with.  (!old  and  silvci-  are 
not  vahuMl.  ConinicnH^  is  free,  and  the  people  are 
not  given  to  haggling  about  prices. 

This  is  the  manner  of  their  marria<jfes:     When  a 

■»  |)(';,'ui^'n('M  (riinsl;iti's:  'il  luiliitiintsi  dlbvent.  «1i'm  IiuIicm  ('..imiic  I'li 
Climc,  el  ils  cii  lircnl  dii  lnMino.' 

'■'  'II  y  n  (Ijiiis  r((ri.niiiiil  V-i  limn  tlmn.  l)t';jiii;rii,.s  nyniit  (l('<'iiin|ms(''  Ii! 
?n(it  lii'iii  III':,  Irinliiil:  "mi  y  Inuivc  mii"  ;,'niiiili'  i|iiiintill''  ilc  ■^'lavt'UJH  ct  ilc 
|i("'iliiw."  ('i'|iciiilinil  Ic  mill  limn  mhi!  iic  Hi^iiiilio  jaiimiH  (/,',(i/,'(^/,  (•'cmI  lit 
iiom  lies  Junes  el  unties  i's|i('C(s  ilc  luscaiix  ili-  niiiiais,  ilont  nii  sc  scit  |iiiiii- 
faiiv  lies  unites,  TIkio  est  en  ellel  Ic  num  dc  |a  |ieclu',  iiiais  le  inut  eiiiii- 
|i(ise  liiDu  1,111  siKiiitic  I'll  ehiniiis  la  vi^jne,'  Kfn/mtfli,  Uniinr/irs,  in  A''-»<- 
vdlvnAHmtUndcn  Vuy.,  IS.'tl,  loin,  li.,  pii.  TiT  8, 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


r 
I 


man  wishes  to  wed  a  girl,  he  erects  his  cabin  just 
lioforo  tlie  clonr  of  hers.  Every  mornin*^  and  eveninn' 
]io  ■waters  and  weeds  tlie  ground,  and  this  lie  con- 
tinues to  do  tor  a  whole  year.  If  by  the  end  of  tliat 
time  the  girl  has  not  given  her  consent  to  their 
union,  his  suit  is  lost  and  he  moves  away;  but  if  she 
is  willing,  he  marries  her.  The  marriage  ceremony 
is  almost  the  same  as  tliat  ol)served  in  (Jliina.  ( )n 
the  death  of  their  father  or  mother,  children  fast  i'or 
seven  days;  grandparents  are  mourned  for  by  a  fast 
of  five  days,  and  other  relations  by  a  fast  of  three 
days'  duration.  Images  of  the  spirits  of  the  dead"'^ 
are  ])laced  on  a  kind  of  pedestal,  and  pi'ayed  to  morn- 
ing and  evening."'     Mourning  garments  are  ni^t  worn. 

The  king  does  not  meddle  with  atl'airs  of  govei'ii- 
ment  imtil  he  has  been  three  years  uj)on  the  throne. 

In  former  times  the  religion  of  Buddha  was  un- 
known in  this  country,  but  in  the  fourth  of  the  years 
/"  mill;/,  in  the  reign  of  liiao  wou  ti  of  the  Soung 
dyuMsty  (a.  n.  4r)S),  tive  j)i  kJiicon  or  missionaries, 
from  the  countiy  Ki  pin,  went  to  Fusang  and  there 
diffused  the  Buddhist  faith.  They  cnrried  with  them 
sacred  books  and  images,  they  introduced  the  ritual, 
and  inculcated  monastic  habits  of  life.  By  these 
means  they  changed  the  manners  of  the  ])eo])le. 

Such  is  the  account  given  by  the  historian  Li  yjin 
tcheou  of  the  mysterious  land.  Klaproth,  in  his  cri- 
ti([ue  on  Deguignes'  tlieory  that  Amerii'a  was  known 
to  the  Chinese,  uses  the  distances  given  by  the  monk 
IToei  chin  to  show  that  Fusang,  where  the  laws  and 
institutions  of  Buddha  were  introduced,  was  .lapan, 
and  that  Tahaii,  situated  to  the  west  of  the  Vinland 
f  Asia,  as   ilumboKIt  a])tly  calls  Fusang,**'^  was  not 


o 


m  '1 


CM  imiiu't's  I 


I.'s  K 


iI»rM 


Xc;  /'/., 


V 


50. 


**'  '  l>i't;\iij,ni('s  triidiiit:  '  I'ciitliiul  Icur.s  prii'i'tw  iln  (>x|i«Ht>iit  riiiiMu'o  ill 
ili''fiinl.'  lit'  tcxtc  |iail('  (Ic  vhiii  oii  p'liics  ct.  noli  iiiis  'Ii'h  amcs  dis  <!('' 
fuiilM.'  II,. 

'^i  '("est  niM>  aiiiilonii'  ('iiriciisc  iiu'dnVt'  If  jhivm  h  vi^ncM  il(>  l''(iiisan; 
(IWiiu'riciiic  cliiimisc  ilr  l>cj,nii;^n('s)  avi'c  Ir  N'iiilanil  di's  )nrinii'rrs  ili't'ini 
vcili'H  Hraiiilinavt'M  siir  It.'n  cOU'm  orioiitalt'M  ile  r.Uiii'iiiiiU'."  Kuniii.  Cril. 
tiiiM.  ii.,  ]>.  (I.'l,  ludo. 


I 


nilNESK  KXPEDITION  TO  AMERICA. 


37 


bill  just 
evening" 
]io  con- 

of  that 
to  tlu'ir 
it  if  hIiu 
jreiiioiiy 
iia.     Oil 

fast  ior 
)y  a  fast 
of  throe 
e  (load'''' 
to  inoni- 
ot  worn. 

govern - 
:  tliroiie. 
was  iiii- 
lie  years 
e  Sounn' 
■ioiiai'ies, 
lul  tliero 

th  them 
10  ritual, 

y    these 

le.  ^ 
Li  yaii 
his  eri- 
knowu 

e  monk 

aws  and 
lai)an, 

Viidand 

was  not 


lies  (li's  (Ic- 

|(>  l''i>us;\n;; 
li'irs  (Kcoll- 
[mil,   Cril,, 


Xanu']iatk:i  hut  the  island  of  Tarakai,  wron^-ly 
named  on  our  mai)s,  Sai^dialion.  The  eireumstaneo 
tliat  tlu'i'e  were  n-nipe-vines  and  liorses  in  the  discov- 
eit'd  country  is  alone  sufHeient,  he  says,  to  show  that 
it  was  not  situated  on  the  Amerioan  continent,  since 
hoth  (hose  ohjects  were  L''iveu  to  the  New  A\'orld 
hy  the  S[)aniards.  M.  Chiuhil  also  contradicts  J)e- 
j^-iii^'ues'  theory.  "  De^'uij^Mies'  pa{)er,"  hi!  writes  to 
one  of  his  confreres  in  Paris,  "ju'oves  nothing';  hy  a 
similar  course  of  roasonini;-  it  mi^'ht  he  shown  that  the 
Chinese  reached  France,  Italy,  or  l\)land."^' 

Certain  allusions  to  a  (Chinese  colony,  made  hy 
!^^arco  I'olo  and  Gtnizalo  .^leiidoza,  led  I  lorn,  Forster, 
and  otht>r  writers  to  suppose  that  the  Chinese,  driven 
iVom  their  country  hy  the  Tartars  about  the  year 
1-170,  embarked  to  the  number  of  one  hundred  thou- 
sand ill  a  ih'ot  of  one  thousand  vessels,  and  havin*^' 
arrived  on  the;  coast  of  America,  there  Ibumled  the 
]\[o.\ican  empire.  As  Warden  justly  remarks,  how- 
ever, it  is  not  ))robable  that  an  event  of  such  import- 
ani'o  would  be  [)assed  over  in  silence  by  the  ( 'hinese 
historians,  who  rendered  a  circumstantial  account  of 
the  dcstitictioii  of  their  ileet  by  the  Tartars  about  the 
yoai'  l'J7>S  (»f  our  era,  as  well  as  of  the  redui.-tion  of 
their  country  by  the  same  jjeojde.*^* 

Tho  strongest  pi-oof  ui»oii  which  the  ( 'hinese  theory 
I'csts,  is  th;it  of  physij'al  resemblance,  which,  on  the 
oxti'cme  north-wc'.tern  coast  of  America,  is  certainly 
Very  Strom.;'.*''''      1  think  there  can  be   iu>  doubt  of  the 

M  .V,,,,,..  Jniir.  Asitifitjiir,  IS.TJ,  J).  IV.\'\  (iiKilcd  liy  II imiliulilt,  ExKin. 
Cril.,  Iiiiii.  ii,,  |m,  (i,*i-(!. 

^'   Wiinliii,    hrr/in-rlir^;  ]i.    l'j;l. 

'■•'^  It  is  ciioii;;!!  (i)  IiidU  lit  III)  Aleut  to  n'('n;;iii/('  tlu'  Moii;,'iil.  Wrdiiijrl, 
in  Xiiiinlli-s  AtiKiilr.s  (Ir.s  ]'(>;/.,  1S.");{,  tuni.  cxxwii..  |i.  L'l.'t.  'Tlic  rcsi'iii- 
liliiiiri'  lictuccii  iiintli-wcst  niiist  Imliaiis  ninl  ('liiiicM-  is  nitlirr  rcniiirk- 
iildi'.'  Ilrnii.i'  llii^iiiiiifi  ill  I!,  ('ill.,  Ms,  •!  Iiiivi-  l('|n'illt'illv  seen  ill-tilliccs, 
li.illi  iiicii  and  woiiii'ii.  wliK  in  Snii  Enini'lsco  cimiIiI  iciilily  he  inistakcii 
fur  CliiiK'si'  llicir  almoiiil-sliiiin'il  cyi's,  li^lit  ('iniiplcxinii  ami  Ion;,' liraidcil 
Idack  liair  ^'iviii^  tlicm  a  niiiilMd  similarity. ...  An  •  Niicricnci'  of  nearly 
nine  years  amoiin;  the  eoast  Irilies,  wiili  a  close  oli.servation  ami  study 
of  tlicir  eliaraeterislics,  lias  led  me  to  tlie  eonelusioii  tlial  llie>e  iiorllieiii 
Irilies  I  it.  Cid.  and  siirroumlin^'  re;.'ion)  are  tlie  only  evidence  of  any 
exodus  from  the  Asiatic  shore  v'ver  hu\in},'    reuched    our   horder.s.'  Tui}- 


38 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


])re.sonce  of  Mongol  Mood  in  the  veins  of  chc  in- 
li;i!)it;ints  of  that  region,  though  it  is  prohahly  Tartar 
or  Japanese  rather  than  Cliinese.  Indeed,  when  wo 
considei'  that  the  distance  across  l^erinij  Strait  is  all 
that  intervenes  between  the  two  continents,  that  this 
is  at  times  completely  frozen  over,  thus  practically 
coimectiii'jf  America  an<l  Asia,  and  that,  hoth  hy  sea 
and  hy  ice,  the  inhahitants  on  both  sides  of  the  strait 
are  known  to  have  had  communication  with  each 
other  from  time  immemorial,  a  lack  of  resemblance, 
phvsical   and   otherwise,  would   be  far  more   stranire 

/")•.  ill  Cnl.  Farwrr,  July  25,  18fi2.  Oraiit,  Orrnn  to  Ornnii,  p.  304, 
s.ivs  tliiit  tlio  Cliiin'sc  ami  Indians  rt'seinl'  inic  aiidtliiM'  wi  iinuii  lliat 
wt'i'i'  it  nut  I'lir  tli(!  unt'iii'  and  dress  tlicy  wnnlil  lie  ditii<'u!t  tn  iliNtiii;,nii?-li. 
'The  I'acilic  Indian  is  .Miin;;iiliaii  in  si/.c  ami  ('iiiii|il('\iiin,  in  tlic  .sliapi; 
of  tli(>  faic,  and  the  cyi's,'  and  lie  wants  many  of  tlic  manly  cliaracti'iistics 
nf  the  llaslcni  Indians.  Mort'Jct,  I  i>,i/ii;/i',  loni.  i.,  [i.  MS,  says  of  tlio 
N'ucatan  Indians,  'Icur  tciiit  ciiivn''  ot  (jnelciin'fois  jaunaln!  ]piTsi'nti'  nii 
rnsi'iuUio  dc  carai'li'ii's  i|iii  i'a|i|ii'o('lu>  siiiLinlii'ifini'iit  Iciir  race  dc  cclle 
dt's  triliiis  d'orinini'  mon;^ok'.'  'J'liis  jioinl  of  physical  n'scinlilaiici'  is, 
liowcvci',  denied  iiy  several  writers;  (liiis  KneelamI,  Wmidrrs,  p.  b',\,  says 
that  tiion^^h  Americans  have  j^'eiierally  Iieen  acceptetl  as  Mongolians,  yet 
if  placed  side  hy  side  with  Chinese,  hardly  any  resemhlaiice  will  he 
fonml  in  ])liysical  character,  except  in  the  ticneral  eontiair  of  their  fai'es 
and  in  their  slrai;L;lit  lilacU  hair;  their  mental  characteristics  are  en- 
liridy  opposite.  Adair  writes:  'Some  have  siipiiosed  the  .Vmericans  to  he 
desci'iided  from  the  I'liinrsr:  hnt  neither  their  reli;^ion,  laws,  cnslonis,  \c., 
a^ree  in  tin'  least  with  those  <if  the  Chinese:  which  sMtliciently  proves  that 
they  are  not  of  that  line.'  lie  i^nes  on  to  say  that  distance,  lacU  of  inaii- 
lime  skill,  etc.,  all  disprove  the  theory.  He  also  pMiiarks  that  ihe  prevail- 
\\\[X  winds  lilow  with  little  variatiini  from  east  to  west,  and  therefore  jnnks 
c(Mild  not  have  lieen  driven  ashore.  Aunr.  hid.,  jij:.  l'2  l,'{.  'Could  we 
hope  that  the  monnmeiils  of  Central  and  South  .America  miju'ht  attract  the 
attcMlioii  and  excite  the  interest  of  more  .\mericaii  scholars  than  hitherti>. 
the  theory  of  iIk'  Mimyol  ori;,'iii  of  the  lied-meii  wonlil  soon  he  nnnihereil 
amoii!,'  exploded  hypotheses,  Xull  (iiiif  (!//(/</(iii's  liidlij.  Hitrrs,  p.  iSS. 
'MM.  Spix  et  Martins  out  remanine  la  ressenihlaiice  extracndinaire  (ini 
exisie  eiiire  la  physionomie  des  colons  Cliinois  et  celle  des  Indieiis.  I, a 
li^'iire  des  ( 'hinois  est,  il  est  \rai,  pins  ]>etite.  lis  out  le  front  plus  lar^e, 
les  levies  plus  tines,  el  en  ^^I'lii'ial  les  (raits  |iliis  dtdicals  et  ]ilns  doiix  ijue 
cenx  des  sanva,:j('s  de  r.\niciii|ne.  CepemlanI,  en  coiisidi'rant  la  conforma- 
tion de  lenr  tete,  ijiii  n'est  p.is  (dilon;rne,  mais  an.i;'nlaii'e,  et  pinlol  pointing 
leiir  crane  larue,  les  sinus  fronlanx  proemiuents.  le  front  lias,  les  os  des 
join's  iri's  saillauls,  leiirs  yeiix  pelils  et  olilicjues,  le  ne/  proportiiuinelle- 
meiit  pi'til  el  epali'.  le  |ieu  de  polls  pirnissaiit  lenr  meiiton  el  li>s  antics 
liarlics<ln  corps,  leiir  clie\(dure  iiioins  lonuiie  el  plate,  la  conleur  ji'iiuatre 
oil  cniM'i'c  de  lenr  peiin,  on  relroiiM;  les  trails  physiciiies  communs  aiix 
deiix  races.'  Wurilni,  Hrr/irrr/ii  s.  |).  l.'it,  'I'lie  Aniericaiis  certainly  ap- 
proai'h  llie  .Mon^^rols  and  Malays  in  Home  respects,  liiil  not  in  the  essential 
parts  of  ci'iinium.  hair,  and  laolile.  If  we  re;4ard  tlieiii  as  a  Mon;j;ol  hiancli, 
wi'iiiiist   suppose  that   the  slow  action  of  cllniale   has  clian;,'ed    them   thus 


inalci'i.'i 


lunilier  of  ceiilnriiH.    Mal/i  ■llriiii,  J'irci.s  dv.  lit   (1 


loin.  VI.,  p.  'JS.t. 


".'/• 


die  in- 
Tartar 
hen  wo 
t  is  all 
lat  this 
cticallv 
by  sea 
le  strait 
h  each 
il)lance, 
strange 

,1,    p.    304, 

llllU'll    tllilt 

,istinji\iish. 

tlic  sliupt! 

ractt'iistii's 

ays  (if  tlio 

ll'siMlfl'    Ull 
rt'    (If    ('('lie 

ildanci'  is, 
]i.  5;t,  says 
I'dliaiis,  yot 
(•('  will  Ito 
llicir  faces 
arc  cii- 
icaiis  to  t((! 

itdlllS,    l*V('., 

|ini\cs  tliat 
|k  (if  mari- 
llic  prcvail- 
•fuic  iiiiil<s 
'Coiilil  \\(! 
ittrait  tlio 
III  liillici'to, 
iiiiiiilici'cd 
ISS. 


V- 


iiiairc  (im 


llllCIIS.        I.il 

iliis  lai't;c, 

>  llllllX    IIIU: 


iiifiin 


■||  |iointiu>, 

Cs   (IS   (Ics 

krliiimicllc- 


l( 


s  aiitrcH 


h-  ji'iiiiatn! 

lllllllis   MUX 

Itaiiily  a])- 
I'ssciilial 
rol  liiaiicli, 
flii'iii   thus 


MONGOLIAN  ANALOCIKS. 


89 


than  its  presence.  Tn  spite  of  what  may  he  said  to 
the  I'ontrary,  there  can  be  no  doul)t  that  the  ^[on^'o- 
han  type  L>rows  less  and  less  distinct  as  we  ^^o  sonth 
from  Alaska,  thouij^h,  once  grant  the  Mongols  a  foot- 
ing on  the  continent,  and  the  influence  of  their  religion, 
langn.iges,  or  customs  may,  for  all  we  know,  have  ex- 
tended even  to  Cape  Horn. 

Analogies  have  been  found,  or  thought  to  exist, 
between  the  languages  of  several  of  the  American 
tribes,  and  that  of  the  Chinese.  But  it  is  to  Mexico, 
( 'entral  .Vnierica,  and,  as  M'e  shall  hereafter  see,  to 
]\'ru,  that  we  must  look  for  these  linguistic  afhiiities, 
iuid  not  to  tlie  north-western  coasts,  wlu're  we  should 
natui'ally  ex{)ect  to  find  them  most  evident.**"  The 
similarity  between  the  Otomi  and  Chinese  has  been 
remarked   by  sevei'al   writers."     A  few  customs  are 

*•''  'riii>  will  lie  licst  slidwii  liyrcfcrTiii;;  tii  Warden's  coiniiarisdii  (if  Anier- 
icaii.  t'jiiiiese,  aiiil  'I'arliii' Wdiils,  llirlurtlics,  |i|i.  |-J,"i-(i.  '1  lie  llaiiialis,  are 
said,  lldwevcr,  to  have  used  words  klldwii  In  llie  Cliiiicsc.  Imnis'  Ji'i  uiiiiiis' 
ill  11.  ('ill.,  MS,  .Mr  Taylor  writes:  'The  ('liiiu'sc  aeeeiit  can  lie  traced 
tlirdii;:lidiit  the  Indian  (Oi.L'^zcr)  lan;,'iia,uc,'  and  illustrates  liis  asscrtidU 
with  a  ioni|iaiMti\('  vocaliiilary  (if  liidijin  and  Chinese,  Cnl.  I'livmn; 
Sept,  VI.  l>ti"J,  I'lie  Chineso  in  California  'are  known  to  lie  aide  to  coii- 
veiNc    with   llieni  (the    Indians)   in  their   res|(ective   lan;,'inij;('s.'l   ('rmiisr'.i 


III! 1 1 


\\i 


;ti. 


(lian 
JA,r, 


liirhrrrlu-f,    \\\).    l'J7-!',   fiives   ji   Ida;;  list  of   these    resen 


ilso  .1/ 


7" 


/• 


'■;(    .1/ 


toiii,    ii..    II.  ;i01;   /'iY.trn/t\i 


■■.    vol.   iii.,   |i.  .'V.ICi;    Fii/iis,   h'/iu/is  lll.^t.    siir  /r.i   <'iriii.'iii/ii)n.f,    toni 
|i|i.    ;!sil  I.       .Mdlina    fdund    (in    Chili?)    inscri|iti(ins   resemldiu},'   Chi 


nesc.     M'(  iilliih'.t   Jii.'iiiur/i 


|i.    171 


lid 


iiiiilarily   lietweeii    the  lan;,'na,i,'e  of    the    Siitihe/   of    I 
Chiiu'si'.    .\i,iiri(iii.r    l'iii/iii/i\i  ini.r  Jni/r.t  (Inii/iii/ii/is.    toni.    i,, 
ciled    liy    ll'iin/rii,    liir/,,rr/ir.i,   p.    I'Jl,      The    last    mentioned   aulhor   als.i 
(|aot(s  a  lon,u  list  of  •malouies  lietween   the  writleu   laiiunauc  of  the  ciii- 


dssn    tdUMil   some 
.oiiisiana,  and  tiie 
let.   xviii. 


iies(<  an  I    the    ''estiir( 


iM:.;iia,i;e  of    the    northern    Indian 


Ironi  a  letter 
11(1 


Mrilteii  hy  Wni  Diniliartd  the  l'hildsd|ihiial  Socicly  of  i'liihidclphla,  a 
(iliniicals  thereon.  Ivrlnrrlir.s.  |i.  ITU.  (If  Ihevaliieof  these  phif  '  ' 
Jirdiifs  the  reader  may  jnd.^e   liy  the   follow  in-    tail'  sani|i' 


Illogical 


unuii;  and  the  Nam 


dWC-SIC 


li 


he   (  liilK 
iilL;iiaL;e   fi'im 


I  leir  little  mtercdiirse  with  the   laiidiieiiiis  is  ilic  least  coriiii 'ed,  term  a 


siimi'rn -h. 


The  f 


t-w,t\  the    la'ter   call    (heir   t 


rmer  deiidmiiiate   omc  s|ieci('s  nf   t! 


oiiacco.   siidiisasNau. 


Tl 

sireiiuih  df  ceitain  simiiaritirsnf  winds.  Inn  \'ai 


(in 


Tl 


•  ea,   siion 


le  sii|i|id-~iiidn  of  .\siatic  derivation  is  assnmed   lis  Smith    Marl 


.,   II    •-'!  I. 
on  (111  the 


)iarii,il  mi-rat iiiiiH.  .Mn/d  -llrn.i.  I' 


er  remarUs,  iIu'm'  pimc  (inly 


/(■  /ii  (!i inf.,  tdiii.  vi 


nil. 


•Olitl 


whdie,  nidic  aiiaidLries  (etynml.l  ha\c  liccii   foii'iid  with  the  idioms  of  Asia 
lan  ol  an\dtlicr(|iiarter.     I!nt  their  anidinil  is  i 


ic  d|i|id^ite  ('III 


K  lllsii 


oil  iii('oiisi(h'raliic  to  lialaiico 


m  inferred  hy  a  total  dis^imil.iritv  of  strii 


\y  .•tltli.      Ilarldii,  Sm-  I 


el  lire 


/' 


es  a  c(im|iarali\('  vocali- 


nlarlv  to  sh.nv  that  .\si:ilic  liaces  have  lieeii  discdvcifd  in   ihe  lan"na"-es  .if 
.Sdiiihas\\..llasNdrtli  .\h:erica,     i.alham,  Mun  miil  l/i.s  .\l  iirn/nnl-i,  u.  \s:> 


40 


OIIKJIN  or  THE  AMEIIICAXS. 


mentionotl  as  beiiiii'  common  to  both  Chinese  and 
Anierican.s,  but  they  show  absohitely  nothing,  and 
are  scarcely  worth  recounting.  For  instance,  Bos- 
su,  speaking  of  the  Natcbt^z,  says,  "they  never 
l)are  their  finger  nails,  and  it  is  well  known 
tbat  in  China  long  nails  on  the  right  hand  are 
a  mark  of  nobility."'*'^  "It  appears  plainly"  tt) 
]\[r  Carver  "that  a  great  similarity  between  tlie 
Indian  and  Cbinese  is  conspicuous  in  that  ])articu- 
lar  custom  of  shaving  or  ])lucking  off  the  hair,  and 
leaving  only  a  small  tuft  on  the  crown  of  the 
liead."'^'''  ^r.  du  Pratz  has  "good  grounds  to  believe" 
that  the  IMexicans  came  originally  I'rom  Cliina  or 
Japan,  especially  when  he  considers  "their  reserved 
and  uncomnumicative  disposition,  which  to  tbis  day 
})revails  among  the  peo})le  of  the  eastern  ])arts  ot 
Asia."™     Architectural  analogy  tbeiv  is  none."^ 

Tlie  mythological  evidence  ujion  wliich  tbis  and 
other  east- Asiatic  theories  of  origin  rest,  is  tbe  simi- 
larity between  tlie  n»oi"e  advanced  religions  of  Anier- 
iea  and  Jbiddhism,  Itumboldt  thinks  he  see^  bi  the 
snake  cut  in  i)ieces  the  famous  serjient  Kaliya  or  Ka- 
linaga,  ct)n(piered  by  Vishnu,  when  he  took  tlrj  form 

lias  jiroofs  tliiit  'llio  KaiiiHkadalc,  tlic  Koriak,  tlio  Aino-.Tnpancso,  nml  tlic 
Kdi'iMii  ai'i'  the  Asiatic  laiij;iia;,'('s  most  liivc  those  of  Aiucrii'a.'  'Dans 
(|iiatru-vin.L,'l-trois  laii^ut's  aiiu'rifaiiics  cxainiiu'cs  ]iai'  MM.  I'aiton  vt 
\'ati'i',  on  t'li  a  ii'i'oiiiiii  ouviniii  rent  soixaiilc-dix  iloiit.  Ics  laiiiics  scin- 
lili'iii  ("'tiv  It's  nitMiu's;  (!t  il  est  fa<'ii('  ilc  sc  foiixaiiicrc  (|iu'  cciic  aiialo;;it' 
n'l'st  pas  ai'i'iili'iitcllc,  <|u\'lli'  no  ri'imsc  i)aN  sini|il('nu'iil  siir  i'lianiinMit'  imi- 
tative, on  snr  ci'ltc  ('';^alili'  dc  confoi'malion  dans  Irs  orjiani's,  cjiii  vciid- 
](;('>i|iu'  iiK'nlii|ii('s  Ics  premiers  sons  artii'nlcs  par  Ics  cnlMns.  Suv  cent 
soixaiil('-di\  mots  <|ui  ont  dcs  rapports  cntrc  cux,  il  v  en  a  tiois  rin(|nii'm(s 
i|ui  rapprilcnt  Ic  manti'lion,  h<  tnnuoiisc,  Ic  nion^ol  ct  Ic  sanioji'dc  ct  d(Mi\ 
(•iiii|iiii'iiirs  (|tii  lappi'licnt  Ic'M  lau;i;iM's  ('('lti(|U('  ct  tsclioinlc.  Ic  liasinu',  Ic 
CDpIc  cl  h- conuo,"  lliimhiildl ,  I'/zcv,  'oni.  i.,  pp. 'JT-S.  i'licliard.  A'*//,  llisl. 
Mini,  \(d.  ii.,  pp.  oPJ-IU,  tliiidcs  tliat  tin-  Olonii  moiiosyllaliii  lanjiini;;!' 
may  licloni;  to  Cliiiicsc  and  linlo-t 'liincsc  idioms;  l)ut  Latliam,  \'iiriil\rs  nf 
.\f((ii,  p.  ^OS.  donlits  its  isolation  fioni  other  .Vnu-rican  tonjiiics,  and  thiid<s 
that  il  is  cither  anap'olic  or  imperfectly  a"",lnlinate. 

"■^  \i)iirriiii,f.  ]'(ii/iiiirs  fiiix  /titles  Uixi((€ii/iilis,  loui.  i.,  letti'u  xviii.  Cited 
liv  W'linlni,  Uifliirrliis,  p.  I'Jl. 

w  Triii\,  p.  '1\\\. 

•'"  llisf.  of  /.Diiim'inin ,  London  1771. 

"I  Spcakin;:  of  the  inins  of  Cential  America,  Stephens  says:  'if  their 
(thi'  Chinese)  ancient  architectni-e  is  the  same  with  their  modern,  it  liear> 
no  rcscnihlaiu'e  wluitever  to  these  unknown  ruins.'  (.'nit.  Aiiirr.,  vol.  ii.,  p. 
4\\H. 


icso  and 
iiig,  and 
ce,  BoH- 
y   never 
known 
land    are 
liiily"  to 
•ecu    the 
particu- 
liiir,   and 
of    tlie 
believe" 
Cliiiui  or 
reserved 
til  is  day 
])arts   ot 
,e.'-'^ 
this  and 
the  simi- 
t'  Anier- 
L'rs  Ml  the 
a  or  Ka- 
th ':  I'orni 

u'so,  and  the 

iiii.'      'I)aiis 

liiirtdn   »'t, 

aciiu's  t*iMii- 

■itr  aiuilo;;it' 

iiriiiKiiii'  iiiii • 

<|lli   ii'iul- 

iN.     Siir  t'l'iit 

s  ciiiiiiiii'iiics 

ji'dc.    Ct    (1»MI\ 

|(>  haMiiif,  If 
.\„l.  Ill's/. 

hii  laii!^iia;;t' 
'(iriiiU.s  (//' 

s,  anil  thinks 


will. 


Citiil 


ia\>:  'if  llu'if 
(li'rii.  it  Ix'iii^ 
.,  vol.  ii.,  1'. 


BUDDHISM  IN  THE  NEW  WORLD. 


41 


of  Krishna,  and  in  the  ^texiean  Tonatiuh,  the  Hindu 
Krishna,  sung  of  in  the  Bhagavata-Purana.^'^  Count 
Stolherg,'-'^  is  of  oi)inion  that  the  two  great  religious 
sects  of'^India,  the  worshipers  of  Vishnu  and  those  of 
Siva,  have  spread  over  America,  and  that  the  Peru- 
vian cult  is  that  of  Vishnu  when  he  ai)pears  in  the 
form  of  Krishna,  or  the  sun,  while  the  sanguinary  re- 
ligion o{'  the  Mexicans  is  analogous  to  that  of  Siva, 
iirthe  charat'ter  of  the  Stygian  Jnpiter.  The  wife  of 
Siva,  the  hlack  goddess  Kali  or  Bhavani,  syndiol  of 
death  and  destruction,  wears,  according  to  Hindu 
statues  and  j)ictures,  a  necklace  of  human  skulls. 
The  Vedas  ordain  human  sacrilices  in  her  honor.  The 
ancient  cult  of  Kali,  continues  Hund)oldt,  presents, 
without  douht,  a  marked  resemhlance  to  that  of  Mict- 
l.inciliuatl,  the  ]\[exlcan  goddess  of  hell;  "hut  in 
studving  the  history  of  the  peoples  of  Anahuac,  one 
is  tempted  to  regtird  these  coincidences  as  })urely  ac- 
cidental. One  is  not  justified  in  sup[>osing  that  there 
must  have  heen  communication  hetween  all  semi  har- 
hai'ous  nations  who  worship  the  sun,  or  oft'er  up  hu- 
man  l)em<»'8  in  sacririce. 

^-  IffiJii'in/if/,  ]'iir.\\  toiii.  i.,  ]).  '2;i(>.  S|toakiii;.;  of  tlio  Pojjol  Vuh,  Vinl- 
li'l-li'-l hie  says:  '("crtaiiis  passaLrcs  (1(>  co  livrt^  mil  avcc  los  liistoircs  Ir'to- 
1  |!U's  lit!  riiiilt'  iiiR'  siiiLriilii'it'  aiialoLtit'.'  In  ('ImriKni,  I'liims  Amir.,  \t.  •!(). 
St'c  alsK,  llrii.s.sriif  (/r  liiiiirhiiiini,  (,hiiifrr  Li't/ris,  ]i|i.  •J12-1.1,  •JH(!— I'J. 

■'i  (!'  ^(/lir/ilf  ilrr  llliijii,,!  Jr.su  Cliri.sli,  toiii.  i.,  p.  4-<i.  l^uotcd  in 
Uiniihnlill,   Viii'.f,  toin.  i..  p.  -.")(i, 

9'  I ■///■.<,  toiii.  !.,   ]».  'J.")7.     'J'si'lmdi,   avrain,  wrilcs:  'As  anion;,'  (lie  I'last 
Indians,  an  niidi'linccl  liciny;,    Mraiiiali,  tin-  diviiiily  in  nfiicial,  was  sliai' 
owod  forth  in   tlic  Trinuirti,  or  a-^ 


<;od 


iliidiT  thli'c  tonus,  w/.. 


II 


ill. 


Vl.shi 


id   Si 


ini:  so  also  the   Siiprcini'  McinLr  was  vfiicia 


it(<d 


iinioii;,'  \\h'. 


Indians  of  Mi'sico,  nudor  tlic  thri'f  forms  of  llo,  lliiit.:i7ii/)iir//i.  and  Tin- 


In 


wlio  fonu  'd  the  Mi'NJcau  'rriiiinr 


ti. 


Tl 


ic  altiilintcs  and  wirshiii  o 


.f  tin 


Mi'xican  ;i(Mld('ss  Mictaniliiiall  nicsirvc  lln'  most  perfect  analo-v  «  ii 


ill  tl> 


ol  till'  sanruiiiarv  and   iniplaealili 


Kal 


I ;  as  ill)   eiinallv  t  he   le/eml 


till 


iMe\ii'ail  ili\  iiiily 'i'eayaniii|ni  with  the  foriiildahle  lUiavaiii;  hotli  these  In- 
dian deil  ies  were  wives  of  Si\a-l!udra.      Not  less  siirprisin;,'  is  the  iharae- 


teri-^tie  likeness  wlliih  exi 


■<ts  h 


th 


jia;. 


as  ot    India   and  the 


ei- 


callis   of  Mevieo,    while  the   idols  of  liotli   leninles   oiler   a    siniilitiide   in 
]iliysioL:iiiiniy  and  posture  wliiili  eaniiot  escape  tlie  (d)sei\ation  of  any  one 


who  lias  lieeil  l 


n  hill 


1  countries. 


■|'l 


llialOLTV  is   ohservci 


1   heh 


the  oriental  'rriniiirli  and  that  of  I'eiii;  thus  Con  corresponds  to   llraiii 


I'achacaiiiac  to  N'isliiiii,  and  lliiiracoelia  to  Sivi 


riie  I 


ernvians  never  i 


hired 


to  erect  a  teniple  to  their  ineHahle  tlod,  whom  they 
other  divinities;  a  reiiiarUalile  circumstance,  which 
coiidiiet  amoii^  a  part  of  the  iiiluihilants  of  India  as  to  Itrainah,  who  is  tin 


whom  thev  never  confounded  with 
I'lninds  us  of  similar 


42 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


11 


Hainboldt,  who  inclines  .stn)ni,^ly  toward  tlio  belief 
that  tliere  has  been  connnuni('atit)n  between  America 
and  southern  Asia,  is  at  a  loss  to  account  for  the 
total  absence  on  the  former  continent  of  the  phallic 
symbols  which  play  such  an  important  part  in  the 
worship  of  India."^  But  he  remarks  that  M.  Lan- 
jjl'les''"  observes  that  in  India  the  V((lchiinm,  or 
votaries  of  YishnUj  have  a  horror  of  the  emblem  of 
the  productive  force,  adored  in  the  temples  of  Siva 
and  his  wife  Bhavani,  i^'oddess  of  abundance.  "^lay 
not  we  su[)pose,"  he  adds,  "that  among  the  Budd- 

Etcruiil,  tlio  al>str!ict  Ciod.  Eiiiially  will  tlic  study  of  wnrsliij)  in  tlio  two 
lii'mis|)lion's  siiow  iiitiinato  ('(niiii'i'tioii  hctwci'ii  tin,'  I'xi.sti'iici'  aii<l  aftrilditcs 
of  tli(!  i/cni(/(i.si.'i  (female  !servaiit«  of  tiie  (ioil.s)  and  the  I'eruviau  virgins  of 
the  Sun. 

All  these  eonsiderations,  and  many  others,  which  from  want  of  spare 
wo  must  o.nit,  evidently  ])r()ve  tliat  the  ;,'realer  iiart  of  the  Asiatie  relij,'itni.s, 
such  as  tiiat  of  /•'(),  in  ("hiini,  of  Jlui/i//iii,  in  .lapan,  of  StitiiiiiniKi-Ciii/diii, 
i;i  India,  the  /,'n/('//.vMM>f  Thiliet,  the  doctrine  of  Jhr/nilafsr/u'inniiiii  nu\i)U'^ 
the  Mouudls  and  Calnmcs;  as  well  as  the  worslii|)  of  Qintzitlfoutl,  in  Mex- 
i.'o,  and  ol  Mitnijd-Vitjnir,  in  Pern,  are  hut  so  many  liranclies  of  the  samo 
trunk;  wliose  root  the  lai>ors  df  archa'olojj;y  and  moilern  jdiilosophy  have 
not  liecn  able  to  determine  with  certainty,  notwitlistandinj^  all  the  di.scns- 
sion,  |icrseverance,  sa;,'acity,  and  lioldnessof  iiyiiotiiesis,  ammifi  tlic  learned 
nuMi  wiio  have  heen  occupied  in  invi'sti;;atinjj;  the  snhject.'  After  reumrk- 
'u\)i  upon  the  marvelous  analo^'y  between  ("hristianity  and  ISnddhism  as 
f.iund  to  exist  liy  the  first  missionaries  to  Thihet,  he  j^oes  on:  'Not  less, 
however,  was  the  surprise  of  the  llrst  S])anish  ecclesiastics,  who  found,  on 
i-ea<'liin^c  Mexico,  a  priesthood  as  re;,'nlarly  oruaui/eil  as  that  of  the  most 
civili/ed  countiies.  ("lothi'd  with  a  j)o\verlnl  and  etleetive  authority  \thi<h 
ixleniled  its  arms  to  nnin  in  every  condition  and  in  all  the  staj^es  of  lii.s 
life,  the  Mexican  ]iriests  were  mediators  between  nmn  and  the  Dixinity; 
thi'y  brou;,dit  the  newly  born  infants  into  tin;  roli^^ions  society,  tln-y  di- 
rected their  trainiui;  and  e(lncation,  they  determined  the  entrance  ot  the 
youu^;  men  into  tln^  service  of  the  State,  they  consecrated  marria^je  by 
their  blessin'j;,  they  ('(uuforted  the  sick  and  assisted  the  dyin;^.'  I""iually, 
Tsciiudi  linils  it  necessary  to  'insist  on  this  ]ioint,  that  t^uet/alcoatl  and 
Mantto  Capac  were  both  missionaries  of  tlie  worsiiip  of  Itramah  or  Mndilha, 
and  ju-obably  of  diU'erent  sects.'  J'miriiui  Aii/ir/.,  iip.  17--().  DonuMiech, 
Jirscr/s,  v(d.  i.,  ji.  .")'J,  has  this  passa^'c,  nearly  word  for  word  the  same  an 
Tschudi,  but  does  not  mention  the  latter  author's  nanu^.  'J'here  is  'a  re- 
markai  'e  rescnililauce  between  tht^  reli;;ion  of  tiu^  Aztecs  and  tlu!  Muddiiism 
of  the  ( 'l.incse.'  dciiZ/rniiiti's  .}f(ii/itziiii\  *\\\n\{'i\  in  Wii.shihiidtii  Sldiuhinl, 
Oct.  HI),  ISi'il).  In  (^>uet/aleoatl  nniy  be  recoj,'nizcd  out?  of  the  austere  her- 
mits of  the  (<an;,fes,  and  the  custom  of  laceratinj^  the  body,  practiced  by 
so  many  tribes,  has  its  counterpart  amonj;  the  Hindoos.  Priest's  Aiiirr.  An- 
ti'j.,  p.  -11.  t^uet/aleoatl,  like  liuddha,  jtreaehed  a^ij^aiuHt  linnnm  sacriliee. 
Hiiinhitlilt,  I'lirs,  t(nn.  i.,  p.  -Cm. 

'■>■>  'II  est  tres-remar(iuablc>  aussi  que  ])armi  les  liieroijjlyphes  mei^icains 
on  ne  tleconvre  absolnment  rien  <|ui  aunoiu'e  le  symboie  de  la  f(n-ce  },'encra- 
trice,  on  le  culte  du  /imiinii,  ipii  est  rcpandu  <lans  Tlnde  et  iiarnd  toutcs 
les  nations  (pii  mit '  ,i  des  rajiports  avec  les  Iliudon.v.'  I'ucs,  U>m.  i.,  p.  '21>). 


Uii 


li  ''hrirlir.s  Asiiitiqin's,  tom.  !.,  p.  "215, 


PHALLIC  RELICS. 


48 


ho  belief 
Aineru'.a 
for  tlie 
)  j)liiiUic 
t  ill  the 

;^^.  Lan- 

uam,  or 
iihlem  of 
i  of  Siva 
"May 
e  Budd- 

I  in  llic  two 
iidattriliiiti's 
111  virgins  of 

lint  of  spiico 
tic  religions, 
ii)iii)-(  'itiUiiii, 
iiiiiiii  among 
lilt/,  in  Mcx- 
of  till'  saint! 
oso])liy  liavo 
1  the  (liscus- 
r  the  learned 
fter  reniark- 
inildliisni  as 
'Not  less, 
found,  on 


>f  tl 


le  most 


liority  ^* 
ft  ages  o 


hieli 
f  liis 


10   I)i\iiiity; 

|ty,    tliev  lii- 

aiiee  ot  tlio 


Juarriage 


•y 


d 


'     Filially, 

il.'oatl 

>r  lliiildlia, 

Donieiieeh, 
me  same  as 
jeic  is  'a  re- 
le  Kiidiiliisni 
1/  S.'ini 
laiistere  liei 
lirai'lii'iM 


iiirr. 


'lilVil, 

li 
I  l.v 


Ian  sacrinee. 


Is  nujxicaiiis 
lorce  gi'mra- 

laniii  touli's 

II, 


1.,  p. 


;<;>. 


liists  exiled  t')  the  north-east  of  Asia,  tliero  was  also 
a  sect  that  rejected  the  phallic  cult,  and  that  it  is 
this  piiritied  iUiddhisni  of  which  we  find  some  sli^dit 
traces  anioni;'  the  American  i)eo})les."'"'^  I  think  F 
have  succeeded  in  showing,  however,  in  a  previous 
volume  that  very  distinct  traces  of  phallic  worship 
have  been  foiuid  in  America."^  An  ornament  hear- 
ing some  i'escnd)lance  to  an  elephant's  trunk,  i'ound 
on  some  of  the  ruined  buildings  and  in)ages  in 
America,  eliiefly  at  Uxmal,  has  been  thought  by 
some  writers  to  support  the  theory  of  a  south-Asiatic 
origin.  Others  have  thought  that  this  hook  repre- 
sents the  elongated  snout  of  the  tapir,  an  animal 
common  in  Central  America,  and  held  sacred  in  some 
])arts.  The  resemblance  to  either  trunk  or  snout  can 
be  traced,  however,  t)idy  with  the  aid  of  a  very  lively 
imagination,  and  the  ])oint  seems  to  me  nnwortliy  of 
serious  discussion.'"-*     The   same   must   be  said  of  at- 

'"  I'liis.  toni.  i.,  ]).  '_'7i). 

'•'■' .See  Vol.  ill.,  ji.  ."idl,  et  se<i. ;  .see  also  linmsrur  dc  Duurbounj,  Qiuitrc 


H)l-S. 


•'■'  See  vol.  iv..  |i.  Kl.t,  for  <'iit  of  this  oriiiiinent.  'D'ahord  j'ai  (''tt'  frajipu 
(le  la  ii'^seiiililaiice  (iirollVent  ccs  et  ranges  ligiires  des  edilices  niayas  avee 
la  tete  de  rilcphaiit.  Cct  aii|ieiidiee,  ]ilace  eiitre  deux  yeiix,  et  depassant 
la  Imuelie  de  ]iii'si|no  toute  sa  loiigeiir,  iiTa  seiiilile  lie  ])ouvoir  etre  autre 
eliiise  i|ue  liiiiage  de  hi  troinpe  d'lin   iirohoseidieii,  ear  le  mii^eaii  eliariiii  et 


h.iillaut   ilii  ta|iir  nest   pas  de  eeltt 
lacs  ii 


.)• 


'ililices  piai 
.Vlllli;)li(|lle 
iieiit  la  facull,'  (Telever  aiiisj 


111  oiiserve  aiissi  (|ue  les 


rilst  des  aiitres  riiines  oU'reiit,  aiix  <jiiat'e  coins,  trois  tetes 
irm.'cs  de  tronipcs  tonriices  en  Tair;  or,   le  tapir   ii"a  iiiille- 


s:Mi  iiiiiscau  allonn'e 


i'tte  d 


criiicre  consKiera 


Th 


not  tli< 


tioii  nie  seaihle  (h'li.sive."    Widiliik,   I'oi/.  I'itl.,  p.  7 1 

uliglitcst  gniiiiid   for  supjtosiiig  that  the  Mexicans  or   I'eriiviaiis  were  ac- 

<|:iaiiili'd    wiili    any    jiortioii   of   the    liiiuloo    mythology 


h\it 


knowledge   or    even    one   species   of    animal    )p<'iuliar    to    the   Old  ( 
neiii,  and  not   found  in  ,\iiierira.   would,  it'   di-iinctly  proved,    fun 


the!;- 
iiiui- 


coiiviucing  argument  ol    a  cnmmuuicalion  ha\ 


a'^es   net  ween   the 


>le  of  till'   t 


talceil    place    m    tnniier 


wo    neinisiineii" 


we   caiiiio 


I    hut    tl 


that 


Ilk 


C1IC--S  til  the  he.iil  of  a  rhinoceros,  in   the  thirtv-si\th   pa'.:c  of 


Mexican  painting  prcscrvt'.l   in   the  collect  iiui  of  Sir  Tl 


the  li 
]iaiiitiu,:. 


Irunk   re-cnililing  that   of  an  eh'phant. 


iiodh 

plhcr   Mexi 


lid  llir  fact,  recnided  hv  Simon,  that  wh.it  resenihlcd  the  rih  of 


I  camel  (la  cnslill.i  de  nil  caiiiello)  was  kept  for  many 


lu'ld 


III  great  re\ei-eucc,  in  one 


f  th 


d 


le  provinces  ol   Imgola,     iire  deserving 

'On  eroit  re- 
groups reiire- 


of  attention.   Kiiois'ianiiiiili's  Mx.   Ajih'i/.,  vol.   viii,,  [     _. 

eoiiuiijlie,  dans    le  inasipie  dii  sacrirK'ateiir  (in  (uie  of  tjie 

HiMiled   in  (he   I'mli-.r  Jluriiiiinii>i)  la  troinpe  d'liii  iMcphant  on  de  iiuel'iiiu; 

jiacliyderine  (pii  syii  rappidche  par  la  eon;iguia!ioii  de  la  tete,  inaisdont 

I  I  ni;'i  'lioire  s;i;M'iieure  est  gariiie  de  dents  inci.sives.      I.e  groin  du  tapir  m' 

liroloiigc  sans  doiite  nn  jieu  jilus  ijne  le  iiiuseuu  de  iios  coi'hmis;  ma!s  11  \  ji 


u 


OIIICIN  OF  TIIF-  AMKUICANS. 


tcini)ts  to  traoo  tlic  ni;niiuI-l)uil(K'rs  to  I  rindiistan,™ 
not  liocaiise  coiuniuiiifutioii  hctwci'ii  America  and 
.s;)iitlicru  Aisia  is  inipoHsiUlo,  but  hecausc  sonu'tliiui^ 
luoiv  is  iieetled  to  base  a  theory  of  sucli  couinuinica- 
tion  upon  than  the  bare  tact  that  there  were  moiuuls 
ill  or.e  countiy  and  mounds  in  the  otiier. 

It  is  very  jtositively  assertetl  l)y  several  autliors 
tliat  tlie  civilization  of  Peru  was  of  ]\[onL>-olian  origin."" 
It  is  not,  liowever,  supposed  to  liave  been  brouglit 
from  the  north-western  coasts  of  America,  or  to  liave 
come  to  this  continent  by  any  of  tlie  more  practica- 
ble routes  of  oonununlcatit)n,  such  as  IJerinu;'  Strait 
or  the  Aleutian  Islands.  In  this  instance  the  in- 
troduction of  foreiiifu  culture  was  the  result  of  disas- 
trous  accident. 

In  the  thirteenth  century,  the  ^NFonool  cmporor, 
Tvublai  Khan,  sent  a  formidable  armament  against 
.Ja])aii.  The  expedition  faik'd,  and  the  rieet  was  scat- 
tered by  a  violent  temi)est.  Some  of  (he  shij)s,  it  is 
said,  were  cast  ii'pou  the  coast  of  IV'ru,  and  their  crews 
are  sup[)osed  to  have  founded  the  niinhty  innpire  of 
the  Incas,  conquered  three  centuries  later  by  Pizarro. 
]\[r  John  Uankiuii;',  Avho  leads  the  van  of  theorists  in 
tliis  direction,  has  written  a  goodly  volume  u})on  this 

liiiMi  loin  do  co  '^vo\n  du  t;ii)ir  ii  l:v  tvoiiiiK"  fij^'uiro  ilaiis  Iv  f'm/r.r  Borr/itDii's. 
Ia's  lu'iiplos  irA/tlan,  iiiin'inairos  d'Asic,  avoii'iit-ils  coiiscrvi'  (Hii'li|ii('s  iio- 
tiiiiis  va;iii's  siir  It's  i''lt'|iliaiis,  on,  cc  (|iii  iiio  |iai(>it  hicii  iikmms  pioliahlf, 
li'urs  tiaililiiiiis  iciiioiitiiii'iit-i'lli's  jiisiiu'a  l\''ii(ii|iu'  oil  rAiii('ri(|Ui'  c'loit 
o'.icoio  ;m'U|)1i'1'  dc  (■<'s  aiiiuiaux  .ui>:aiili'Miiu's,  doiit  Ics  sinu'lcttt's  pi'trirus 
SI'  trouvciit  iMifoiiis  dans  Ics  tonaiiis  iiianu'UX,  sur  k'  dos  mt-iiu'  dcs  Ctir- 
dillt'ios  iiicxifuiii'sV  IViil-i'trt-  aiissi  cxiste-t-il,  dans  la  iiartic  iioid-oiicst 
du  nouveau  roiitiiicMit,  dans  dcs  contn'cs  (nii  u'ont  cic  visitccs  iii  par 
Ileal  lie,  iii  jiar  Maekciisio,  ni  par  Lewis,  iin  paidiyderiiie  iiieoiiiiii,  i|ui,  par 
la  eoiilinuialioii  de  sa  troiiipe.  tieiit  lo  iiiilou  eiitie  reU'plianl  et  le  tai  ''•  ' 
II itiiiliiildt,  I'lifs,  torn,  i.,  I'p.  '2.") I  5. 

'""  S/iiirrs  UbsrrniliiHis  iiii  Mintiiirx  of  I)r  Z<'f/('niiti>iii,  in  .1///'  / 
Sor.,    Trinisarf.,   April,    1851;  Atindcr,   in  Anirr.  Aiitiq.   Sue,    Tn„      ■I'l., 
vid.  i..  pp.    mm;  •2(u. 

""  111  this,  as  in  all  other  tlieories,  lnit  little  distinction  is  made  lielwceii 
the  introiliu'lioii  of  foreij,'n  eiiltnre,  and  the  aitnal  ori.u'in  of  the  people.  It 
would  lie  alisnril,  however,  to  suppose  that  a  fcM'  ships"  crews,  almost,  if 
not  (inite,  without  women,  cast  accidentally  ashore  in  Peru  in  the  thirteenth 
century,  should  in  the  fifteenth  lie  found  tii  have  increased  to  a  mighty  na- 
tion, possessed  of  a  civilization  ijiiite  advanced,  yet  ri'semlilin;,' that  of  their 
mother  eouiitiy  so  sliyhtly  as  to  ad'ord  only  the  most  faint  and  far-fetched 
iiiuiloiiies. 


MONGOL  (CIVILIZATION  IN  rLIJU. 


45 


.liistan/"" 
;ru-;i  iind 
(nm'tliini^ 
lunun'u'ii- 

0  mounds 

1  authors 
I  orio-i,,.'"' 
I  l)n)U^lit 
)r  to  have 
;  practioa- 
nir  Strait 
c  the  in- 
t  of  disas- 

cuiporor, 

lit  against 

5  was  scat- 

Kliips,  it  is 

heir  crows 

empire  of 
)V  Pizarro. 
heorists  m 


upon 


this 


'i:r  liiirff  1(1)1  IIS. 

It'  (|U('ll|IU'S   llil- 

lidins  ]iriili:ilili', 
iiu't'kiih'  I'tiiil 
Irltcs  IM'tl-ilirs 
icnie  <lt's  ("iir- 
■ti(>  niinl-iiiu'sl 
isiti'i's  iii  liiti- 
cimiii,  <nii  ''•■ii' 
111  I't  I'  I.. 

.1///' 
K-   'J' 

made  lictw       i 

tin'  l)('(l|ll('.       Ii 

I'Ws,   iilniost.  it 
I  tin'  tliirtt'fiilli 
ki  a  iiii^ility  iM 
L'tliat  lit'  tlifir 
liul  far-fctcliiMl 


suhiect,  which  ct'rtainlv,  if  read  hv  itself,  on^-lit  to 
convini'O  the  reader  as  satisfactorily  that  America  was 
settled  hy  ]\[ono()ls,  as  KiiijjfshorouLi^h's  work  that  it 
was  reached  hy  the  Jews,  t)r  Jones'  arL,nnaeiit  that 
the  Tyrians  had  a  hand  in  its  civilization. 

That  a  AFonnol  tleet  was  sent  a,^-ainst  Ja})an,^  and 
that  it  was  dispersed  hy  a  storm,  is  matter  of  his-^ 
torv,  though  historians  ditl'er  as  to  the  maimer  of 
occurrence  and  date  of  the  event;  hut  that  any  of 
the  (i'<tress(>d  'ships  were  driven  u)>on  the  coast  of 
]\tu  can  he  hut  mere  conjecture,  since  no  news  of 
such  an  arrival  ever  reai  lied  Asia.,  and,  what  is 
more  important,  no  record  of  the  deliverance  of 
their  fathers,  no  memories  of  tlu>  old  uiother-country 
from  which  tluy  had  heen  cut  ofi'  so  suddenly,  seem- 
ingly no  knowledi^i',  even,  of  Asia,  were  preserved  hy 
the  Peruvians.  (Jranted  that  the  crews  of  the 
wrecked  s;,ij)s  were  hut  a  handful  compared  with  the 
ahori'^'nn!  jiopulation  tluy  came  amon:n",  that  they 
only  taught  what  they  knew  and  did  not  })eople  the 
countiy,  still,  the  sole  foundation  of  the  theory  is 
fornnil  of  analoi;"ous  customs  and  ])hysical  appearance, 
showiiin'  that  their  intiuence  and  infusion  of  hlood 
must  have  heen  very  widt'ly  extended.  If,  when  they 
arrived,  they  found  the  natives  in  a  sava^'o  condition, 
as  has  heen  stated,  this  influence  must,  indeed,  have 


teen    a  I 


)erva(lin<» 


aiu 


1   it 


is   ridiculous   to   suppose 


that    the   Monyol   father  imparted  to  his  children  a 

knowledn'e  of  the  arts  a'.id  customs  of  Asia,  without 

•essiiiu^  u)H)n  their  minds   the  story  of  his  siiij)- 

w  reck   and  the   history  of  his  native  country,  ahout 


wli'   II  a. 


11  M 


on,i>'ols  are  so  ])recise 


i'>it  our  theorists  scorn  to  assij^n  the  ])arts  of  teach- 
ers to  the  wrecked  ^[ono'olians.  Immediately  after 
their  arrival  they  i;ave  kings  to  the  country,  and  es- 
tahlished  law  Kanking  narrates  the  iiersonal  his- 
tory and  expK)its  of  all  these  kings,  or  Incas,  and 
even  goes  so  far  as  to  give  a  steel-engraved  })ortrait 
of  each;  hut  then  he  also  gives  a  "description  of  two 


46 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


livlni^  unicorns  in  Africa."  The  name  of  the  first 
Inca  was  Mani^o,  or  Manci%  which,  says  Kankini'',  was 
also  tlio  name  of  tlie  brother  and  ])re(Lces:^or  of  Kuhlai 
Klian,  he  who  sent  out  the  expedition  against  Japan. 
The  first  Tnca  of  Peru,  he  behoves  was  tlie  son  of 
Kublai  Klian,  and  refers  the  reader  to  liis  "portrait 
of  Manco  Capac,'"'^  that  he  may  conijiare  it  with  tlie 
description  of  Kublai,"  o-iven  by  Marco  Polo.  The 
wife  of  Manco  Capac  was  named  (Joya  ISIama  Oelhi 
Huaco;  she  was  also  called  ]\[amanu-hic,  "as  the 
motlier  of  her  relations  and  subjects."  ]*urchas  men- 
tions a  (jueen  in  the  country  of  Shci'omoyula  whose 
name  was  Manchika.™  Thus,  ])uttint^'  two  and  two 
toii^ether,  llankins^  arrives  at  the  condiisidn  that  "the 
names  of  MauL^o  and  his  wife  are  s.)  like  tliose  in 
jMonu^olia,  that  we  may  fairly  presume  tliem  to  be  the 
same."*"* 

Let  us  now  briefly  review  some  other  analojjfies  dis- 
covered by  this  writer.  The  natives  of  South  Amer- 
ica liad  little  or  no  beard,  the  JVCons^ols  had  also  little 
hair  on  the  face.  The  IJatu,  or  head-divss  of  tlie  In- 
cas  had  the  ai>pearance  of  a  t>'ai'land,  tlu;  front  bcitiij^ 
dc3corated  with  a  flesh-coloi'cd  tuft  oi'  tassel,  and  that 
of  the  hereditary  prince  beiui,'"  yellow;  it  was  sur- 
mounted by  twc  feathers  taken  from  a  sacred  bird. 
Here  aL,^ain  we  arc  referred  to  the  ])ortraits  of  the  in- 
cas  and  to  those  of  'I'anierlani!  and  'l\'hanL(hir,  two 
Asiatic  pi'inces,  "both  descen(K>d  from  (Jeni^his  Khan." 
The  simlarity  between  the  head-dresses,  is,  we  are 
told,  "striking,  if  allowance  be  made  Ibr  thedifiiculty 
the  Incas  would  exjU'rience  in  jU'ocurinu;' suitable  mus- 
lin for  tlu!  turban."  Tlie  |thimt's  art;  supposed  to  be 
in  snuie  way  connt'cted  with  the  saci'cd  owl  of  the 
Moni4(»ls,  and  y^dlow  is  th.3  color  of  the  imj)erial  lamily 

"'■■' Miilico  '(iftcrwiinN  received  from  liis  siilijerH  tlu' title  of  "('ii|mi'," 
vliicli  nu'iiiiH  sole  r.iiiiieiKi'.  spleiiiliil,  rieii  in  virtue."  li  mkiiiti's  llisl.  h'r- 
K  iirr/i'S,  |),  .")(!.  lleeiti'M  fur  lllis,  (liirrllu.ssn  <lr  hi  I'li/ii,  liiioix  i.,  ('llil|i. 
,\.\vi.,  II  Work  (111  wliieii  lie  relies  for  most  of  his  iiifoniiiil  ion. 

'"■'  .1  rrldlliiii  iif  tirii  li'ii.ssr  ri/vs/zrAv  Innniili.s,  mil  af  Sili(  I'ia  to  Caldl/, 
i"ve..  in   I'lin-hii'i  his  I'i/iiri'nir.s;  vol,  iil.,  p.  71IH, 

'«<  liunkiiiij's  Hint  licnam;'  \i,  \\\\.  !<  1-2. 


PEIM/VIAN  AND  ASIATIC  ANALO(iIKS. 


47 


the  first 
kiiiijf,  w.is 
:)fKul)lai 
;t  Japiin. 
ic  son  of 
"])ortrait 
with  the 
jIo.  Tho 
ma  Oelhi 

"as  tho 
-hasmon- 
iila  wlioso 

and  two 
tliat  "tho 
>  tlioso  in 

to  bo  tho 

lojj^ios  (lis- 
itii  Anu'v- 
iilso  httlo 
of  tho  In- 
lont  hoini;' 
and  that 


Avas 


'!•('( 


snr 


I  l)ird. 
)ftlio  In- 
liLi'hir,  two 


IS 


Khni 


s.  we  aro 


(II 


rtlculty 


ihio  mus- 


<('( 


ha 


1   to  ht 

ol'  th( 

I  I'iunih 


if  "('ii|mi', 
lif's    His/.    Hi 


iMilv  I.,  cliap 


nn  to  Catiiii, 


in    Cliina.     Tho  snn  was  hold  an   os])ecial   ohjoct  of 
adoration,  as  it  "Jias  l)oon  tho  poouhar  i^od  of  tlio  Mo- 
guls,  from  tho  oarHost    timot,."     Tho    JVruvians   re- 
garded Pachaeamac  as  tho  Soverei_i;'n  Croat(-)r;  Camao- 
llya  was  the  name  of  a   Hituhi  ^-oddess;  Jiaijlli  w;is 
thi;  harden  of  every  verso  of  tho  sonos  composed  in 
j)raise  of  the  Snn  and  the   Incas.      "Ooii;^,  (Jlionois' 
anc'ostor,  at  one  year  of  a,_i;o,  miracnlonsly  prononnoud 
tho    word  vMlah'  Allah  I   whicli    was   tho    immodiato 
work  of  (lod,  who  was  jtloased  that  his  name  shonld 
ho   i>loriHod    hy  tho   mouth  of  this  tender   infant."^"^ 
1'hus  ^Ir  liankino"  thinks  "it  is  hii^hly  [)roi)aliit!  that 
this  {JinijUi)  is  tlui  same  as  tho  woU-known   llallAw- 
jah."     Uesomhlaneos  are  i'ound   to  exist  hetwoen  tho 
JVriivian  fi;ast  of  the  sun,  and  other  similar  Asiatii; 
I'estivals.      \\\  J?ei'U,  huntei's  foi'nied  a  circlo  round  tho 
<|uariv,  in  tin;  country  of  ( Joni^his  they  did  the  same. 
'J'he  organization  of  t!ie  army   was  nnich  tho  same  in 
]Vi'u  as  in  the  country  of  tho   Ivhans;  tho  wea])ons 
and  musit-al  instruments  were  also  very  similar,     in 
the   city  of  Cu/co,  not    far  iVom  the   hill   where  the 
citadel  sto(Kl,   \\as  ;i  portion    ol"    land  called   co/cam- 
■jxtfd,    which    none   were   j»ermiLted    to   cultivate    t!X- 
ee|it    tht)se   of  I'oyal   hlood.      At   certain    seasons    tho 
Incas  turned  up  tho  sod  lu-ro,  amid   much    rejoiein<4' 


a:i(l   manv  cereinouh's. 


fi'eat 


<ti\al    I 


IS   solem- 


ni/ed  every  yeai',"'  in   all  tlu'  cities  of  ('I 
d;iv  that  tho  sun  enters  tin;  liftei-nth  deur 


i.iia,  o 


l'(>    Ol 


n    (lu 
.\(|ua- 

rius.      The  emperor,  accordinn'  to  the  custom  of  tht, 
ancient  founders  of  tho  (,'hinese  monarch 


se 


m 


so 


lemri 


maime 


r  to  I 


,L;'<»es  hini- 
>|oul;'1i  a  lew  ;  id^'es  ol' 


land.      Twelve  illustrious  persi>ns  attend  and   |>iounI 
In  l\'i"U\ian  as   in    ( 'hinese  architi'ct- 


alter 


luni. 


nre,  It  is  notici'ahlo  that  ureat  care  is  taken  t 
the 


o  render 


Jt)ints  hetweeii  the  stones  as    nearly  imju'rcopti- 


'"■' (,)iin((  ,1  liy  I!llllkil|.r,   /^'^^   A'- 


Imiliir.  /// 


iri/  iif  till'  Turks,  M<ii/hIs,  mii/  Tnr/, 


siiirrfir.i,   |(.  jM.'l,  fmm   Aim!  (lliaxi    I'.a- 


Hisl.  I 


""*  1 1 'I  lliililr,  h'lii/ 


iirs.  Ml 


II. 


lisiifir/ivK,  |i.  I',l7-S, 


>/'  C/iiiiii,   Vdl.    i.,  |i.   •.'7,-|.      (^>u(itc,l   liy  llaiiUiii;,', 


"^m 


■m 


OKKilX  OF  THK  AMEUICAXS. 


l)lo  as  j)Ois.sil)lo.  A  siuiilurity  is  ulso  said  to  exist  ])C- 
twueii  tlic  docoraticjiis  on  the  ])alaces  of  the  Jncas 
and  those  of  the  Khans.  The  cycle  of  sixty  yeai's 
vas  ill  use  anions"  most  of  tlie  nations  of  eastern 
Asia,,  and  anions'  the  ^Tii3\scas  of  tlie  elevated  j)lains 
of  13on'(jta.  The  (/Ktpii,  or  knotted  reckoning"  cord 
was  in  use  in  ]?eru,  as  in  Cliina.  Some  other  anal- 
oL^-ies  miuht  he  cited,  l»ut  these  are  sulKcient  to  show 
u[)on  Avliat  foundation  this  theory  I'ests.  1  may  men- 
tion here  that  the  Incas  })ossessed  a  cross  of  Hue  mar- 
hie,  or  jasper,  highly  polished,  and  all  of  one  jiiece. 
It  was  three  fourths  of  an  ell  in  length  and  three 
fing-ei's  in  ihickness,  and  was  kej)t  in  a  saci'ed  cham- 
hor  oi'  the  i)alace  and  held  in  great  veneration.  The 
S[)aniar(ls  enriched  this  s-ross  with  gold  and  jewels 
and  ])laced  it  in  the  cathedral  at  t'uzco;  had  it  been 
of  })lain  wood  they  would  })rohal»ly  have  huiMit  it  with 
curses  on  the  enihlem  of  'devil-worshiji.'  To  acount 
for  this  discoNery,  Mr  Rankin;'-  savs:  There  were  manv 
Nestorians  in  the  thirteenth  century  in  the  service  of 
tlu'  ^longols.  The  con(|ueror  of  (he  king  of  eastern 
Ijenn'al,  A.  1).  J*J7i*,  was  a,  ( 'hristian.  The  ^Mongols, 
who  were  deists,  treate(l  all  I'eJigions  with  res])ect,  till 
they  hecame  .MohamuKtlans.  it  is  very  i)r(»I»ai)l(!  that 
a  jtart  of  the  militaiy  sent  to  con(|uei'  Japan,  were 
commanded  \)\  Nestoriaii  olliceis.  The  mother  of  the 
(jlrand  Khan  ^^angu,  who  was  ln'other  to  l\uhlai,  and 
])ossil»ly  uncK;  to  Manco  ("apac,  I  Ik;  fii'st  Inca,  was  a 
( 'hrlstian,  and  had  in  her  service  William  JJouchiei'. 
a  goldsmith,  and  iJasilicus,  the  son  of  an  JMiglishmaM 
horn  in  llungary.  It  is  thi'rel'oi'e  highlv  [)rohaM' 
that  this  ci'oss  accompanied  Manco  ('apac.'"' 

I'"  <'i)iiccrniii>,' llic  Miiii;.,'iiliaii  i)ri;,'iii  of  llic  I'criniim.H,  wo:  Udnklinj^ 
Hist.  Ui'.si'iiir/n.s.  AIniipst  iill  iitlicr  wiilcrM  wliii  liiivc  Imiclinl  on  this  n'.ili- 
jci't,  ui'c  iiidclitcil  to  Mr  I'aiikin^'  for  llicir  iiifoitaiilioii  mid  ideas.  Sio 
ti\s{)  Ihiiit/in/id,  Krniii.  fV//.,  loin,  ii.,  p.  (IT,  el  m'i|.;  Mii//c-llniii,  I'n  ■'^ 
f/i  Ik  iitiitj.,  toni.  vi.,  |>|i.  'J',i;t  I,  I'lirslrrs  Vm/nifr  Itmonl  l/ir  H'oc'''. 
(lioliiis  lliinlis  lliat  till-  I'diiNians  imist  lie  distinct  from  otiu'i'  .Xincriran 
)iro|d(',  since  lliev  are  so  acnie,  and  lielie\e-<  tliein,  tlierefore,  to  ^c 
desi'eniled  from  tlie  ('liiiM>|.,  Wrecks  of  Cliiiiese  Junius  have  lieen  ftuiiil 
on  llie  ciuiMt.  Itolh  adore  the  sim,  and  call  the  Kin;;  tlie  'son  of  i'>i<' 
sail.'     I'.i'lh    Use    hiero;;Iy[i|iics    wiiiih    are    read    from    ahove    doNNiiwaiU. 


rEIlT^VIAN  GIANTS. 


49 


)  exist  l^e- 
tl\e    Incas 
xty   years 
[){'  eastoni 
ted   [)laiiis 
uiing"  cord 
itlier  anal- 
ut  to  show 
may  nien- 
if  Hue  mar- 
one  piece, 
aiul  three 
n-cd  ehain- 
ition.     The 
atid  jewels 
luid  it  he^'ii 
init  it  with 
To  ac'.-oimt 
)  were  many 
je  service  ol 
of  viisteru 
>  Mon.H'ols, 
;espeet,  till 
.])al)U!  that 
aiian,  were 
.ther  of  the 
\uhlai,  ait'l 
lira,  was  ;i 
1  (OiU'hier, 
Miu'lishinaii 
V    probaM' 

107 

sec;  Uiiiil:ii>',i'^ 

■l,,.,!  (HI  lliis  s'lii- 

mill  'uU'Hr*.     S'l' 

„/lr-l'.rini,  /''•'; 

innf    III''    11'"'''' 

oiluT  Aiui'nciui 

tlii'irl'iiir.    t»    "' 

iiiivc  liiM'll  fiiiinl 

llic     'hum    tlf    I'"' 

a'    iliiwiiwu!!- 


-IT 


1  liave  stated  above  that  the  Peruvians  preserved 
ro  n;-(»rd  of  liavin,L>-  come  originally  irom  China. 
'I'hey  had  a  tradition,  however,  concerning  certain 
i'oreigners  who  came  l)y  sea  to  their  country,  which 
mav  ho  worth  repeating;  Carcilasso  do  la  Vega 
givVs  this  tradition  as  ho  himself  heard  it  in  Peru.^ 
Tiny  allirni,  h<  ays,  in  all  Peru,  that  certain  giants 
(■.imc  hv-  sea  to  the  cai)e  now  called  8t  Helen's,  in 
large  harks  made  of  rushes.  These  giants  were  so 
enormously  tall  that  ordinary  men  reached  no  higher 
than  their  knees,  their  long,  disheveled  hair  covered 


.M:iiiio  CaiKic  wjiH  a  rhiiiiiiiiiiii  wlio  f;iive  tlie><c  Ht'ttlrrs  a  fiovcrnniciit 
tdiiiiiltil  on  llif  Cliiiii'so  syxli'iu.  Miiiilmnis,  Niiniir  W'turld,  \\\\.  W'lW. 
I>t'  I.iict,  rc|ilviii,vc  to  tlu'sc  ar;,nmi('iils,  coiisiilci's  tliiit  tlic  iiciitcncss  of 
lli(^  l'inu\iaiiN  (lot's  not  ii|i|)roiuli  that  of  tin-  CliiiiL'SL'.  Nowlu'reiii  I'orii 
l.avc  (lie  ciniiiinj;  and  aiti>lic  works  of  Cliiuoi!  artiliicis  ln'cii  seen. 
'J'lic  ('liiiicM>  junks  wiTL'  too  frail  to  withstand  a  storm  tliat  conld  drivii 
Ihcni  a<ross  till'  I'arilic.  And  if  tin;  vovap' wcvi!  inli'nli(Mialtlii'y  would 
have  son.u'lit  nearer  land  tlian  the  I'oasts  of  Mexico  or  I'eiu.  'I'Ik'  i-('li;;ioii 
of  llie  two  counlrirs  dillers  materially;  so  does  tlieir  writing'.  Mant'o  t'ii- 
]iai'  was  a  native  Peruvian  who  ruled  four  iiundretl  years  l)efori!  the  (■omin;^ 
of  liie  Siianiards,  Xnriis  drlii.i,  in  fi/.,  ]>]>.  'X]-[.  Sir  Croiiise,  in  his  Xa/- 
■iiikI  W'.itHli  iif  Ciilifitnnii,  p.  '-'S,  et  seii.,  is  nmre  positivi^  on  tiiis  suh- 
ji'ct  llian  any  writer  I  Iiave  yet  encountered.  I  am  at  a  loss  to  kimw  why 
l!iis  --hoiiid  lie,  lu'cause  I  have  hefore  me  \\w  works  thai  he  ((Uisnlied,  and 
I  cerlaiiily  lind  iioliiin;,'  to  warrant  his  very  slron;;  a-serlions.  I  t|Uolo  a 
f.'W  passaui's  fi-oin  his  wdik.  'The  invest iLial ions  of  eihnolo-ists  and  plii- 
Inloi^ists  w  ho  have  >ludieil  the  Hindoo,  ( 'hinese,  and  da {lanesc  annals  durini^ 
the  |iresenl  cenlury,  tnnc  lirouuriit  to  li^hl  such  a  chain  of  evidence  as  to 
place  heyond  ilouhl  that  ihe  ininiliilanl- of  Mexico  and  ( 'alifornia,  di>co\ - 
ered  hy  ihe  Spaniards,  were  of  Mon;,'olian  oriLiin.'  Hindoo,  Chinese,  and 
.lap.ine^e  annals  all  auree  th.il  tin;  lleel  of  Kulilai  Khan,  son  of  (ien;,diis 
Kliin,  was  w  recked  on  the  coast  of  .\merica.  'Theic  are  proofs  clear  and 
(1  I  lain,  that  .Maii;;i)  Cinac,  the  founder  of  the  I'eiin  iaii  nation,  was  the  s(Mi 
il  Knlijiii  Khan. ..  .and  that  the  ancestors  of  .Monle/nma,  of  .Mexico,  wle) 
Wire  from  .\>sani,  arri\i'd  ahout  the  sann'  time.  . . .  I'.Ncry  cusioin  of  tins 
.Mixican>,  descrihetl  hy  theirSpanish  compierors,  ]iro\es  their  Asiatic  ori;,'in. 
...The  siran;^!'  hiero/lypiiics  fmind  in  so  many  |ilaces  in  Mexico,  ami 
frmn  California  I'l  Canada,  are  all  of  .Mon;:olian  ori;:in'. . . . '  Ihnnholdt, 
many  years  (i;;ii,  i'(ni  jeclured  that  these  hieroL;l\  phics  were  of 'I'arlar  ori;,'iu. 
It  is  now  posiii\cl\  known  that  they  are.  .  .  .The  armor  hi'lon;,dn;j;  to  ^lon- 
t"/uma,  which  was  ol'tained  hy  Corle/.and  is  now  in  tUi'  museum  at  Mil- 
diid.  is  know  n  to  he  of  Asiatic  inannfactm'c,  and  to  have  helon;^ed  lo  oan 
of  Kuhlai  Klian"s  ;jt'nerals.'  It  is  unnecessiuy  to  multiplv  unotations,  or 
to  further  criticise  a  work  so  jrrossly  misleailin;:.  The  fidlowin-  nnii|ue 
:i><eilion  is  a  fair  spei'imen  of  Sir  Cronise's  \auaiies  w  h.'n  tn'adin;,' on  nn- 
familiai';4'ronml:  '  "  .\lta,"  ihe  prelix  w  liicli  di^tin;;nishe>  I'lMin-  from  Lower 
California,  isaword  of  Mon;'iilian  ori;,nn,  siuiiifyinj,'  "eold."'  'I'he  imisl 
'Uperlicial  knowled;;!'  of  Spanish  or  of  the  lii-imv  of  Cnlifoniia,  wouM 
ha\e  lol  1  Mr  Croni>e  ihal  'alia'  simply  means  'hi;;li,'  or  '  upper,'  ami  that 
the  name  was  applied  to  what  was  originally  tei'ined  'New'  Cjilifoniiii,  ill 
t  oiiiia  I;  lia 'li  111  lo  'liaja'or  'Lowi'f'  California. 
Vol,,  V,    4 


60 


OKKilN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


tlie.r  shoulders;  tlicir  eyes  were  as  big  as  saucers, 
and  tlic  other  parts  of  tlieir  bodies  were  of  corre- 
spondingly colossal  projiortions.  'I'hey  were  beard- 
less; some  of  tlieni  were  naked,  others  were  clothed 
in  the  skins  of  wild  l)easts;  there  were  no  women 
with  them.  Having  landed  at  the  ca])e,  they  estab- 
lished tliemselves  at  a  sjiot  in  the  desert,  and  dug 
deep  wells  in  the  rock,  which  at  this  day  continue  to 
attbrd  excellent  water.  They  lived  by  ra})ine,  and 
soon  desolated  the  whole  country.  Their  a})petites 
and  gluttony  were  sucli  that  it  is  said  one  of  them 
would  eat  as  nuicli  as  fifty  orilinary  })ers()ns.  Tliey 
massacred  the  men  of  the  neighboring  jnirts  without 
mercy,  and  killed  the  women  by  their  brutal  viola- 
tions. At  last,  after  having  for  a  long  time  tyran- 
nized over  the  country  and  connnitted  all  manner  of 
enormities,  they  were  suddenly  destroyed  by  fire  from 
heaven,  and  an  angel  armed  with  a  Haniing  sword. 
As  an  eternal  monument  of  divine  vengeance,  their 
bones  remained  unconsumed,  and  may  be  seen  at  the 
])iesent  day.  As  for  the  rest,  it  is  not  known  from 
what  ])lace  they  came,  nor  by  what  route  they  ar- 
rived.^»« 

There  is  also  a  native  account  of  the  arrival  of 
Ma'ico  Capac,  in  which  he  figures  simply  a  culture- 
hero.  The  story  closely  resembles  those  told  of  the 
appearance  and  acts  of  tlie  apostles  Tuknlcan,  Wixe- 
pecocha,  and  otliers,  and  need  not  be  re[)eated  here.'"* 

""^TIiIh  relation,  snys  I{iuikinjr,  'lum  iiatiiinlly  cikhi;,'!!  Ih-imi  (•(insidcivil 
hy  Itolici'tHoii  tiiiil  others  a«  a  riilii'tiloiis  t'alili",  iiini  aii\'  reinler  wniilil  lie 
iiieliiieil  to  treat,  it  aw  nueli,  vvere  it  not  aceouiileil  lor  liy  tlie  invasinn  of 
•lajian,  ami  tiie  very  nunieroUM  anil  er.nvinein;;  jiroot'.s  of  the  iilentilv  of  the 
.Mon^;ols  and  tlie  Ineas.'  ///>/.  Jirsiinr/ifs,  |i.  ."i,").  lie  thiiilvH  that  tlie 
;^ianlH  \\ei'e  tlu>  M(iii;^'oliaii  iiivaihM's,  nioiiiKeil  iijioii  the  el(>|iliiiiilH  wliiili 
tiiey  ltroii;;lit  with  them.  'The  elephanls,'  he  says,  'would,  no  (loul)t,  he 
defended  hy  their  usual  armor  on  such  an  e.xiraordinarv  oeeusioii,  and  the 
spaee  for  the  eyes  would  apiieiir  iiioiislrous.  The  remark  ahuut  the  lieards, 
\'e.,  shows  that  the  man  and  the  ide|iliaiit  were  etuisideied  asone  person,  It 
is  a  new  and  enrioiis  fo/io  eilition  of  the  Cen'iinrs  and  l.a)iilha';  and  we  eiiii- 
not  wonder  that,  on  siieh  a  iio\(d  oeeasion,  I'aia.'  St.  Helen's  »iid  not  jiri)- 
tinee  iin  .\meriean  Theseus.'   /(/. ,  |i|i,  Mi. 

""•See  liaiikuit/n  Hint,  lli.'tcdri/ii.t,  ji.  atl,  el  se(|.;  ]Vitri/iii,  Itrchrrcfitis, 
lip.  187-U. 


THE  CHINESE  FROM  PERU. 


51 


;    saucers, 

of  corre- 
re  beard- 
e  clothed 
lo  A-(Miieii 
ley  estab- 

aiid  dw^ 
Mitiuue  to 
,})ine,  and 

appetites 
3  of  tliein 
lis.  They 
ts  witliout 
ital  viola- 
lue  tyraii- 
nianner  of 
Y  fire  from 
no-  sword, 
nice,  their 
eeii  at  the 
lowii  from 

they  ar- 

arrival  of 
a  eulture- 
ihl  of  tlie 
II,  Wixe- 

,ed  here.i"" 


^Ir  C'liarles  Wok'ott  Brooks,  Jai)aneso  consul  in 
San  Fraiu-isi'o,  a  most  learned  gentleman,  and  espe- 
cially Avell  versed  in  (Oriental  lore,  has  kindly  j)re- 
sented  me  with  a  MS.  prepared  by  himself,  in  whith 
are  condensed  the  results  of  twenty-five  years'  .study 
of  the  history  of  the  eastern  Asiatic  nations,  and 
their  possii)le  communication  with  American  conti- 
nent."" He  recoi^qiizes  many  striking  analogies  he- 
tween  the  Chinese  and  the  Peruvians,  but  arrives  at 
a  conclusion  respecting  the  relation  between  the  two 
nations,  the  exact  rever.se  of  that  dis('u.s.sed  in  the 
preceding  jiaragraphs.  His  theory  is  that  the  Chi- 
nese came  originally  from  IVu'u,  and  not  the  Peruvi- 
ans from  China.  He  uses,  to  support  his  argument, 
many  of  tlie  re.>emi»lances  in  customs,  etc.,  of  which 
Ranking  and  othei,-  liave  availed  themselves  to  prove 
ill  exactly  ojtposite  theory,  and  adds  that,  as  in  those 
early  tinu's  the  passage  of  the  I'acific  could  only 
have  been  made  under  tlie  most  favorable  circum- 
stances and  with  tlie  assistance  of  fair  winds,  it 
Mould  be  ini])ossil»k',  owing  to  the  action  of  the  SE. 
and  XE.  trade-winds  for  such  a  pa.s.sagc  to  have  been 
made,  either  intciitioiially  or  accidentally^  from  China 
to  IVru,  wliile  on  the  otlusr  hand,  if  a  hirge  craft 
were  placed  hcforc  the  wind  and  .sot  adrift  from  the 
Peruvian  coast,  there  is  a,  strong  jiroliahility  that  it 
would  drive  straight  on  to  the  southern  coast  of 
China.'" 


n  roiisi(loiT(l 
Icr  woiilil  lif 
■  iiivnsioii  (if 
('III it V  1)1'  tlic 
IvH  ilial  the 
iliiiiils  wliidi 
no  (Idiilil,  lie 
sidii,  and  llio 
lit  llic  iicaids, 

ll«   IMTSOll.       It 

iiikI  wc  can- 
liil  not.  inii- 

II,  Uirhrrc/ixs, 


A  Japant^st'  origin  or  at  least  a  strong  infusion  of 
.lapanesc  hlood,  has  bei'U  attributed  to  tlie  trilu's  of 
the  nortli-wcst  coasts.  There  is  nothing  inijirobahle 
in  this;  indeed,  there  is  every  reason  to  lu'lieve  that 
on  various  o(,'casions  small  ]»arties  of  .lajtanest)  have 
reached   tiie    American   continent,  have   niiirried  the 

""y >/•/(//,■)  lif  l/ic  Jii/iiiiicsr  Ji'iiri;  niiif  thvir  lultifioii  In  the  Amirii'ini 
Ciiiifiiinif,  Ms. 

'I' Sec  rc|M(it  (if  a  Iccdiic  read  li.v  ( 'liailcs  Wdlcult  UionkM  licfoic  tlm 
<]alif(iiiiia  Acadciiiv  (if  Si  iciicc  in  Ihn/,/  A/(u  Culijuniiu,  May  4,  15175; 
.^(J/i  trnnnscit  Ei-inimj  Itiilhtiii,  tuxww  date. 


UllRlIN  OF  THE  AMEKICAXS. 


II       ii 


il 


AVDinon  of  the  countiy,  and  necessarily  left  the  im- 
jiress  of  tlieir  ideas  and  jjliysical  peculiarities  upon 
(heir  descendants.  Probably  these  visits  Avere  all, 
Avithout  exce})tion,  accidental;  but  that  they  have  oc- 
(lirred  in  gveiit  numbers  is  certain.  There  have  been 
a  s^i-reat  many  instances  of  Japanese  junks  di'ifting" 
iip(.)n  the  American  coast,  many  of  them  after  liav- 
\:\<j;  floated  helplessly  about  for  many  months.  Mr 
ih'ooks  n'ives  foi'ty-one  particular  instances  of  such 
wrecks,  beoinninn'  in  1782,  twenty-eight  of  which 
(late  since  1850."'^  ^^i^lj  twelve  of  the  whole  num- 
l)er  Avere  desei-tcd.  In  a  majority  of  cases  the  sur- 
vivors remained  ])ermanently  at  the  i)lace  where  the 
waves  had  l)r()ught  them.  There  is  no  record  in 
existence  of  a  Japanese  woman  having-  been  saved 
■iV.)m  a  wreck.  A  great  many  Ja])anese  words  are  to 
lie  found  in  the  Chinook  jargon,  but  in  all  cases  ab- 
breviated, as  if  coming  from  a  foreign  source,  while 
the  construction  of  the  two  languages  is  dissimilar."^ 
The  reasons  ibr  the  presence  of  Japanese  and  tlie  ab- 
sence of  (Chinese  junks  are  simj>le.  There  is  a  cur- 
rent of  cold  water  setting  from  the  Arcti'*  ocean  south 
.dong  the  east  coast  of  Asia,  which  dri\es  all  the  Chi- 
nese wrecks  south.  The  Kuro  8iwo,  or  'black  stream,' 
commonly  known  as  the  Japan  current,  runs  north- 
wards ])ast  ilie  eastern  coast  of  the  Jaj)an  islands, 
tlu'U  cur\es  round  to  the  east  and  south,  swee[)ing  the 
whole   west  coast  of  North  America,   a  l)ranch,   or 


''11'; 

i   I 


"'-'  Sec  I'l'iuirt  of  iiii|M'r  siilmiitti'il  liy  ^^^  Hrooks  to  llio  Ciilifoiiiiii  Acil- 
ciiiy  III'  Scii'iici's,  ill  ,s'<//(  Frmici.sfii  Ki'iiiimi  I'titllilln,  Mincli  '2,  IS7.">.  In 
iIiIm  n'lMirl  the  dciiiilM  ami  iliilo  of  carli  wicrk  arc  j^ixcii.  'I'lic  atitliur  of  tliu 
KiiuT  assmvs  nil'  tlial  lie  lias  ircords  of  omt  iinc  IhuhIiimI  mkIi  ilisanliTs. 
livi'i'y  ciiic  of  tlii'^t'  wrecks,  when  exaniiiied,  iiniM'd  to  lie  .Ia|ianosc,  ami 
ihit,  line  ("liincsc.  Sec  iiIhii  Irvim/s  linn  mr  I  lie's  .It/rcii.,  ji.  4-7;  Sinilli'i 
Ihiiiiini  S/irriis,  |i.  'J.'J'.t;  Jidi/infriiil,  in  .Xniirillis  uiniintr.s  (/cv  It///.,  lS'2'i, 
t  nil.  wiii.,  pii.  'JlS-i);  Aiitlrrsnii,  ill  l/isf.  Mmj.,  vul.  vii.,  Pit.  80-1;  /,(^v.^r- 
ji.is,  lliijit  ('ill.,  |i|i.  '!.")-(!. 

'I'  Ih.  L'lril's  X'l/.,  vol.  ii.,  ii|i. 'JU)-7.  '  I/oolviiiK  "»iily  at  liic'yor//(.s' ami 
endiii;L;s  (if  llie  words,  their  nii;i  ,.,;■!  •iiniiiils  when  nttcred,  we  could  not 
liMl  milice  tlie  sliikiii;;-  siiiiiliirilN ,  in  these  respects,  lictween  the  ]iiopcr 
II, lilies  as  found  on  tiie  hia|i  of  •laiuin,  ami  many  of  the  iianies  ;ii\eii  to 
pi, ices,  rivers,  etc,  in  this  counlry.  (America.)  Uinhnrll,  in  Hist.  Maij., 
n.  .s.,  vol.  iii.,  p,  1 II, 


JAl'ANKSi:  WIJECKS  ON  TIIK  AMKlilCAX  COAST. 


the  iin- 
es  upon 
vera  all, 
havo  oc- 
ivc  l)ceii 
driltiii*^- 
ter  hav- 

hs.   :sii- 

of  such 
f   -whith 
)le  lunn- 
the  sur- 
hcro  the 
ecord    in 
n    saved 
Is  are  to 
,'ases  al)- 
ce,  while 
siniihir."'^ 
I  the  ah- 
a  cur- 
iiii  south 
the  Chi- 
stivaui,' 
north- 
ishuuls, 
)in,t;'  the 
inch,    or 


iniia  AtM'l- 

1S7.">.     In 

itlmiof  (lie 

ilisilstlTs. 

imi'so,  iniil 
•JT;  S, III  Ill's 

I  -.//.,  i.v2:t, 

fnniis  iiinl 

Cdulil    lint 

till'  inniicr 
;ii\('n  ti) 
lis/.   Mi'j., 


■i 


ed'lv,  UKiviuL;'  towards  tlio  Saiidwicli  Ishuids.  A 
(h-ittiiiL;'  wreck  wuukl  l»e  carried  towards  tlie  American 
c(.ast  at  an  averajj^e  rate  of  ten  miles  a  day  hy  this 
cuii'ent.  To  explain  the  frequent  occui'rence  <^»f  these 
wrecks  ^fr  Brooks  lefers  to  an  old  Jajianese  law. 
Ahout  the  year  1080,  the  Japanese  jn'overnniei.r 
adojited  its  deliherate  policy  of  .exclusion  of  forei<>-ners 
and  seclusion  of  its  own  people.  To  keep  the  lattt  r 
from  visitiuu^  foreign  countries,  and  to  coniiiie  their 
voyai^'cs  to  smooth  water  antl  the  coastiiiL;'  trade,  a  law 
was  passed  orderini;'  all  junks  to  he  huilt  with  open 
sterns  and  larL;-e  s(juare  rudders  unfit  to  stand  any 
luavv  sea.  The  January  monsot)ns  from  the  nortli- 
east  are  apt  io  hlow  any  unlucky  coaster  which  hap- 
]»ens  to  he  out  sti'ain'ht  into  the  Kuro  Siwo,  the  hu^e 
rudders  are  soon  waslied  away,  anrl  the  vessels,  falliii'.;' 
iiito  tile  trou^'h  of  the  sea,  roll  their  masts  overheard. 
I^N'eiy  January  there  are  mnnliers  (tf  these  disasters 
of  which  no  record  is  ke[>t.  .Vlxait  one  third  of  these 
Vessels,  it  seems,  dril't  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  the 
remainder  to  North  Amei'ica,  wliere  tliey  scatter  alon^' 
the  coast  from  Alaska  to  California.  How  many 
years  this  has  heeii  m'oinj^  on  can  only  he  left  to  con- 
jecture. 'I'lu'  information  n'iveii  hy  AFr  Ijrooks  is  (.f 
,L;reat  value,  owini;-  to  his  thorough  actjuaintance  with 
the  suhject,  the  intelligent  study  of  which  has  luun 
a  lahor  of  lo\e  with  him  for  so  many  yeai's.  .And  his 
theory  with  regard  to  the  .Japanese  carries  all  the 
moi'e  weight,  in  my  opinion,  in  tliat  he  does  not  at- 
teui|»t  to  ac<'ount  tor  the  similaritii-s  that  exist  li(,'tween 
that  pi'ople  and  the  .\mericaiis  hy  an  immi;.;i'ation  »  u 
masse,  hut  hy  a  constant  infusion  of  .Japanese  hlood 
and  customs  through  a  serii's  of  years,  siillicieiit  to 
mo  lify  the  original  stock,  whereNci-  that  came  from. 
I  ha\e  already  statt'tl  that  traces  of  the  .lapane>e 
lan'.^uan'e  liavi'  heeii  Ihund  aiuonn'  the  coast  trihes. 
There  is  also  some   physical   resemhlance.'"     A'iollet- 

J"  'I'licic   well'   in_  Ciilil'ciniiii  nt    tlic  lime  nf  llic  Ciiiniiicst.  liiiliiMis  of 
viiiiMii,  riuos,  .siimi- of  tlic  .)a)iiiiu'.M'  t,viie,    I'dl/ijn,  IL.^t.   Ca/.,  .MS.,   tmii. 


J 


54 


OrJGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


Ic-Duc  points  out  some  striking  reseniLlaiiocs  l^etween 
the  temples  of  Japan  and  Central  America."'  It  is 
asserted  that  the  jjoople  of  Ja})an  had  a  knowledge  of 
the  Amcriean  continent  and  that  it  was  marked  down 
on  their  maps.  Montanus  tells  us  that  three  shi})- 
captains  named  Henrik  Corneliszoon,  Schaep,  and 
Wilhehn  Byleveld,  were  taken  prisoners  hy  the  Jap- 
anese and  carried  to  Jeddo,  where  they  were  shown  a 
sea  chart,  on  which  America  was  drawn  as  a  mcnrnt- 
ainous  country  adjoining  Tartary  on  the  north.""  Of 
course  the  natives  have  the  usual  tradition  that  stran- 
gers came  amonij  them  lon<>-  before  the  advent  of  the 
Europeans."'' 

The  theory  that  America,  or  at  least  the  nortli- 
western  part  of  it,  was  peopled  by  the  'Tartars'  or 
tribes  of  north-western  Asia,  is  supported  l)y  many 
jiuthors.  There  certainly  ii  no  reason  why  they 
should  not  have  crossed  Bering  Strait  from  Asia, 
the  passage  is  easy  enough ;  nor  is  there  any  reason 
why  they  should  not  have  crossed  by  the  same  route 
to  Asia,  and  peopled  the  noi'th-western  part  of  that 
continent.  The  customs,  manner  of  life,  and  phys- 
ical a})pearanct!  of  the  natives  on  both  sides  of  the 
stiaits  are  almost  identical,  as  a  multitude  of  wit- 
nesses testify,  and  it  seems  absurd  to  argue  the  ques- 
tion from  any  point.  Of  course,  Bering  Strait  may 
]\i\\c  served  to  admit  other  nations  besides  the  ])eople 
inhabiting  its  shores  into  America,  and  in  such  cases 
there  is  more  room  for  discussion."*' 


i.,  p.  3;  Vullrji),  linnin.  Ciih,  ATS.,  ]).  fi.  Tlif  Alciitiini  Islamlors  resciiihle 
till'  .lii|)niu's(?  in  Viiiious  irs]K'i'ts.  Sini/itnin's  .V(*/.,  vul,  ii.,  |i.  "J'J.S.  I'licst, 
Aiiin:  Aii/ii/.,  p.  'ill,  tliiiiks  tliat  (jhictziilciiall  may  lie  loytirded  us  u  Jap- 
iiiH'st',  as  (•(iniiiurativi'ly  wliitc  ami  licaidiMl. 

"'  liitriiiliictiiiii  to  ('/iiiniiiy,   liitiiii.s  Aniiv.,  jip.  'iS-.'U. 

"fi  Mriiirr  Wvnrhl,  ii.  ;«».  ' 

in  /,,„v/'.v  X,il.,  vol.  li.,  ]i.  '217. 

'"*  Si'c:  AiiiiH^rr,  Prom,  ni  Aiiirr.,  turn,  ii.,  \>y.  ItO()-4;  A/imfrr,  in  Amir. 
All/ill.  Sor.,  i'rilllxKcf.,  vol.  1.,  ]i]>.  'Jll'l  1,  Jt.'tS  I'J;  Maiildinis,  Xiriiirr 
Winrhl,  jii).  .'IS— I'J;  I'n'f.sr.s-  Amir.  Anlii/.,  pp.  "iS-!);  IlillijiuiiH  dr.  iniil 
Cii.sf.,  \o\.  lii.,  pp. -I-Kt;  h'iiliir/.-ii)ii\i  ///.s7.  .b/zc/.,  vol.  i.,  ]ip.  1277  HI ;  I'iiiiir'^ 
Triirch,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  ;}7-S;  diKjr.s  us'iir  Snrrnj,  \\.  Kl'J;  lliimniii'h'.s  I>isirl.'< 


\ol.    1 


•; 


irfij.   Jh.sriiiir.s',   in  An/ii/.    Mr.v.,  fom.   i.,  div.   i. 


Jliim(joli/t,  J:\s.^<(i  I'lJ.,  lom.  i.,  pp.  7'.KS0;  A</air'.s  Amir,   liii/.,  pp.  I'J-i;} 


I.   -tri; 


THE   EGYI'TfAN  THEOKY 


65 


1  between 
'5  It  is 
ledge  of 
ed  down 
ee  ship- 
lep,  and 
tlie  Jap- 
shown  a 
I  niount- 
W  Of 
at  strau- 
iit  of  the 

le  north- 
.rtars'  or 
by  many 
by    they 
)in  Asia, 
ly  reason 
me  route 
t  of  that 
id  phys- 
s  of  the 
of  wit- 
lie  ques- 
jrait  may 
lie  peo[)le 
ch  cases 


•rs  ivs('ml)lo 
lv.'S.  I'lii-st, 
];il  as  ii  Jaii- 


••r,  in  Aiiicr. 
Ills,  yirnirr 
\is  Cn:  (iiiil 
SI ;  Viijili'^ 
[/I's  lli'.scr/s, 
i.,   11.   -I."); 

I,  w-  iii-i:t. 


:M 


We  may  now  consider  that  theory  which  supposes 
the  civilized  i)eoples  of  America  to  be  of  Egy[>tiau 
origin,  or,  at  least,  to  have  derived  their  arts  and  cult- 
ure from  Egypt.  This  supposition  is  based  mainly 
on  cei'tain  analogies  which  have  been  thought  to 
exist  between  the  architecture,  hieroglyphics,  meth- 
ods of  conii)uting  time,  and,  to  a  less  extent,  cus- 
toms, of  tlie  two  countries.  Few  of  these  analogies 
will,  however,  bear  close  investigation,  and  even 
wliere  they  will,  they  can  hardly  be  said  to  prove 
anything.  I  tind  no  writer  who  goes  so  far  as  to 
athrm  that  the  New  World  "was  actually  peopled 
from  Egyi)t;  we  shall,  therefore,  have  to  regard 
this  merely  as  a  culture-theory,  the  original  intro- 
duction of  human  life  into  the  continent  in  no  way 
depending  uj)on  its  truth  or  fallacy. 

The  architectural  feature  which  has  attracted  most 
attention  is  the  p^'ramid,  which  to  some  writers  is  of 
it.self  conclusive  ])roof  of  an  Egyptian  origin.  The 
j)oints  of  resemblance,  as  given  by  those  in  favor  of 
this  thoorv,  arc;  worth  studying.  Garcia  v  Cubas 
claims  the  following  analogies  between  Teotihuacan 
and  the  Egyi)tian  })yramids:  the  site  chosen  is  the 
;i  same;  the  structures  are  oriented  ^vith  slight  varia- 
tion; the  line  through  the  centre  of  the  })yramiils  is 
ill  the  'astronomical  meridian;'  the  construction  in 
grades  and  ste])s  is  tlu>  uime;  in  both  cases  the  larger 
])yramids  are  dedicated  to  the  sun;  the  Nile  has  a 
'valley  of  the  dea<l,'  as  at  Teotihuacan  there  is  a 
'street  of  the  dead;'    some  monuments  of  each   class 

Xiiriiifii's-   EfiDilifrs  Jiji  Liiiiif  mill   Wafn;   pi).  215-10;     ThnithiihU,    ]'iirs. 


tiiiii.    I.,    |i 


]'(ilii;    Crltn'  Ai 


n 


>rro//:iriiii 


I/.    \i\).    1. "),')-( lit,   citud   in 
tnni.  vi.,   )i.   \'\{\ 


litniisiiii  s 


II iiiiil)iilill,    I'lirs,    foni.    i.,   ]i.    17.">;    Liltihirr,    Vifciim 
Wiirilrii,  Uiclinrliis,  |i|i.  "Jdl-'J;  .liis/iili/ii's  Tim  Vu/fai/rs;    /('/// 
.irrrii/iiins  nil  C/iiiiiiti-,   UiH\i  Aiitii/.  ii/'  Aiinr.;  /.r/Ii/.mijiifl,  Jii/, 
Kiiiil.sli,riiii>i/i\s  Mi.r.  Aiitlii.,   vol.  ix".,   yy.    '.V.Yl  W,  -l.")0;  Foxlir'.i  J'nl/i.st, 


01,. 


iifiiiiirs,  m 


|i|i.  IWI-");    I'li/iii  ifs  i'inr;   I 


\, 


r  ]'iii/.;    Sfii//i/'s   / Ill/it 


J,''Siiirr/,,.s\  ('iirrir\i  Trnr.,  pp.   IST-'.tO,  'JdS-llt;   Fmitiiiiu'x  Umr  tlir  ]\'t,r/if 
I'Vf.v  I'lii/i/iff,  |)|i.  '241  Ti;   Lii.i  ('iisii.f.    Ill's/.  A/iii/iii/iiini,    ciiii.  ciix.,   (luulcd 


in    l\iiiii\liiinnujli\s   Mix.   Ant 


.1/ 
MniKlli 


Pli.  i;»-l(»»:  Miif/i'-ll. 


11/. 


I 


vol.  viii.,   |)|).   ;{!tS-il;    Diliijirlil'.'i  Ah/h/. 


ill'  A 


I  ( 


'1111,1.,   loin.    VI.,  |i|i 


!t,S-l: 


-V. 


n  Aiifii/.  Mi.i'.,  toni,  i.,  div.  !.,  (i.  (iO;  Jlii/li/ii'n  Cusniwj.,  \\.  D-l 


uriiitiii  6'  luiinbUn  in  i  «c.,  p.  171 


50 


OKIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


liave  the  nature  of  fortifications;  the  smaller  mounds 
arc  of  the  same  nature  and  for  the  same  purpose; 
l)oth  pyramids  have  a  small  mound  joined  to  one  of 
their  faces;  the  openinj^s  discovered  in  the  IVi'amid 
of  the  Moon  are  also  found  in  some  Egy})tian  ]>yra- 
mids;  the  interior  arrangement  of  the  pyramids  is 
aiudogous."" 

,,  The  two  great  pyramids  of  Teotihuacan,  dedi- 
cated to  the  sun  and  moon,  are  surroun<lcd  hy 
several  hundreds  of  small  pyramids.  ])t'lalield 
remaj'ks  that  the  pyramids  of  Gizeh,  in  Egy])t, 
are  also  surrounded  by  smaller  edifices  in  regu- 
lar order,  and  closely  correspond  in  arrangement  to 
those  of  Teotihuacan.^^  The  construction  of  tliese 
two  pyramids  recalls  to  Mr  Ranking's  mind  that  of 
"one  of  the  Egyptian  pyramids  of  Sakhara,  Avhich 
has  si.'C  stories;  and  which,  according  to  l\)cock,  is  a 
mass  of  pehhles  and  yellow  mortar,  covered  on  the 
outside  with  rough  stones."^-^  In  some  few  instances 
human  I'emains  have  been  found  in  American  pyra- 
mids, though  never  in  such  a  ])osition  as  to  convey 
the  idea  that  the  structure  had  been  l)uilt  expressly 
for  their  reception,  as  was  the  case  in  Egy])t.  It  is 
but  fair  to  add,  however,  that  no  pyramid  has  yet 
been  opened  to  its  centre,  or,  indeed,  in  any  way 
})i'operly  explored  as  to  its  interior,  and  that  a  great 
many  of  them  are  known  to  have  interior  gallei-it's  and 
])assages,  though  these  were  not  used  as  se])uh'hres. 
In  one  instance,  at  (\)pan,  a  vault  was  discoveivd  in 
the  side  of  a  ji^'ramidal  structure;  on  the  floor,  and  iu 
two  small  niches,  were  a  mimber  of  red  eartlien-ware 
vessels,  containing  human  Ijones  packed  in  lime;  scat- 
teretl  about  were  shells,  cave  stalactites,  and  stono 
knives;  three  lieads  wei'e  also  found,  one  (»f  them 
";ij)[)arently  rejiresenting  death,  its  eyes  being  nearly 
shut,  and  the  lower  features  distorted;   the  back  et' 


il!*  Eiistnin  (h'  im   Eslidlio  riintpririttivo, 
1-"  I I'liijidirs  Aiili'i.  Aiiiir.,  \\.  ."iT. 
'^'  liditkiinjs  Ill's/.  Il'si  Krc/ns,  p,  3,"){5. 


jr  inountls 
;  pm'i>()se; 
I  to  one  of 
3  Pyramid 
tian  ]>yra- 
y  ram  ids  in 

can,  dc'di- 
lunded     I'V 

])."lafierd 
in  Ko-yiit, 
',  in  rc'gu- 
i<»-cmcnt  to 
m  of  tliuse 
ind  tliat  of 
lara,  Avhich 
i*ocock,  is  a 
red  on  the 
w  instances 
rican  ])yi'a- 

to  convey 

t  expressly 
yi)t.  It  is 
lid  lias  yet 
II  any  way 
hat  a  uTcat 
alK'ries  and 

so])ulchres. 
ill 


lscovere( 


1 


loor,  ami  m 
lirthen-waic 

li 


mc 


S( 


at- 

id    stoiio 

tlu'iu 

[einijf  nearly 


ai 


lie   oi 


h 


bac 


k  ut 


E(;yptiax  and  ameiucax  rvRA^riDS. 


67 


:he  head  symmetrically  perforated  hy  holes;  the 
^vhole  of  most  ex(|nisite  workmanship,  and  cut  ()r 
cast  from  a  tine  stone  co\'ered  with  green  enamel."^'" 
In  the  great  pyramid  of  Cholnla,  also,  an  excavation 
made  in  huildnig  the  Puehla  road,  ^vhich  cut  off  u 
corner  of  the  lower  terrace,  not  only  disclosed  to 
view  the  interior  construction  of  the  pyramid,  Init 
also  laid  hare  a  tomi)  containing  two  skeletons  and 
two  idols  of  hasalt,  a  collection  of  pottery,  and  other 
relics.  The  sepulchre  was  square,  with  stone  walls, 
supported  with  cypress  heams.  The  diiiiensii.ns  are 
not  given,  hut  no  traces  of  any  outlet  were  found. ^-'^ 
There  are,  hesides,  traditions  among  the  natives  of 
the  existence  of  interior  galleries  and  apartments  of 
great  extent  witliin  this  mound.  Thus  we  see  that 
in  som(!  instances  the  dead  were  deposited  in  l»yra- 
mids,  though  there  is  not  sufficient  evidence  to  show- 
that  these  structures  were  originally  huilt  for  this 
}»ur|)ose. 

Herodotus  tells  us  that  in  his  time  the  great  pyra- 

122  Sec  v(il.  iv.,  j)|).  8S,  O.VO,  for  further  (li'srrii>ti(in,  also  ]>laii  of  ("opMii 
niius,  \).  sn,  f,ii-  Incatiou  of  vimlt.  .loiics,  roimiii'iitin;,'  on  tlii'  aUovt-,  re- 
marks: 'Tliis  last  si'iitcnce  liriii;;s  tis  to  a  sjn'ciiiicii  of  (iciii  ciin'iax  in;;-,  llii; 
most  aiuiciit  of  all  tlii'  autiiuu'  works  of  Art.  Not  only  is  i  lie  ilcatli  "Cliain- 
licr''  iili'iitical  uitti  that  of  f'lj;'.viit,  hut  also  the  very  way  of  rt'ailiiii;;  it  vl/., 
lirst,  Ity  asrciidiii;,'  the  |iyramiclal  liase,  and  then  descemlin;^,  and  so  enler- 
iaj;'  the  Se|inichrel  'I'liis  could  not  he  aeeidi'ntal,  llie  Imilders  of  tiiat 
p>ramidai  Se|iniehre  must  have  had  a  know  led^^v  of  l'",;;y|it.'  ///v/.  Am'. 
Aiiirr..  |)|i.  ll(!-17.  Ste|ihens,  who  in  his  lirst  volume  of  travels  in  Cen- 
tral America,  p.  Ill,  descrilies  this  vault,  writes  in  vol.  ii.,  |i|i.  t;{'.)-K):  ''I'iio 
jivramids  of  hj,'yiit  are  known  to  liavc  interior  chanil  .   i       i    . 

their  other  uses,  to  have  l)een   intended 


mil  usei 


(Ainer 


can  ]ivram 

rl 


ids 


on 


til 


e  ciinlrarv,  are  ot  solid  I'arlli  am 


sepu 


anil 
Icliics 
d  >I. 


.hat. 
Th 


N. 


interior  cliamoers   have  ever  been  discoverei 


il, 


am 


Mr 


lones  I 


riticises  .Mr  Steiihens  verv  sevi'i' 


|irohalpi,\'   none  exist. 


tion,  hut  it  is  cnsloiiiarv  with  Mr  .li 


ly  tor  this  apjiari'ul  eontradic- 


to  tilt  hiindlvat  wliah 


,l,st 


rucl.s 


his  theories.      Stejiliens  douhtless  refers  in   tliis   |ias-.a,i:c  to  such  cliMmliers 


ould   lead  one  to  sujij'tse  that  the  jty 


raniiil  was 


omit  as  a  t 


oUeii  o 


their  |ii<'scme.     J,(iwenstern   is  very  ]iositi\e  that   tlie    MeNU'an 


was  no 


I    intended   f 


or  sep'ili 


hral 


I' 


.lA 


of  the  same  opinicui;   'i|iielli  de;;!i   I''.;:!/)  eraili 


iXr/lir,  |). 


■J71.     (h 


niucro  IS 


MoNicani  massiccj;  ouesti  servi\ano  di  hasi  a' loro  Saiiliiari;  iMielli  di 


v: 


o  jilll  \  noli;  i|llelll 


I' 


K 


S/iiriii  Ant.   ill  I  .1/, 


toin.  n. 


the  o'.jicr  h;ind,  writer 


I'l' 


',1  '-'(1. 


I'oM 


'i'here  are  those  who,  in  the  truncated  |i\iami 


er,  oil 


see  evidences  of  Ku'V|itiaii  origin.     The  ]iyraniiils,  \\\<v  \\v  leni|.le-iiionnd.s, 
were  used   for  se|iulchres,    hut   here  the  analo-v  ends.'    I'li-llist.    Itmis, 


is: 

i-.'.i  S. 


ce  vol.  1\'. 


171. 


68 


OIUGIX  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


I 


:|ll'lh 

'ill; 


|jii| 


;-'''i'l! 


iiiid  of  Cliodps  was  coatt'd  witli  polisliod  stone,  in 
«ucli  a  manner  as  to  present  a  smooth  surface  on  all 
its  sides  from  tlie  base  to  the  top;  in  the  up[)er  part 
of  the  pyramid  of  Cephren  the  casing-stones  have 
remained  in  their  places  to  the  present  day.  No 
American  [tyramid  witli  smooth  sides  has  as  yet  been 
discovered,  and  of  this  fact  those  who  reject  the 
E_iL>y[)tian  theory  have  not  failed  to  avail  themselves.^'"* 
It  is  nevertheless  probable  that  many  of  the  Amer- 
ican i)yraraids  had  originally  smooth  sides,  though,  at 
the  i)resent  day,  time  and  the  growth  of  dense  tropical 
vegetation  have  rendered  the  very  shape  of  the  struc- 
tures scarcely  recognizable.^^'  It  is  further  objected 
that  while  the  American  pyramids  exhibit  various 
forms,  all  are  truncated,  and  were  erected  merely  to 
serve  as  foundations  for  other  buildings,  those  of 
Egypt  are  of  uniform  shape,  "rising  and  diminishing 
until  they  come  to  a  point,"^""'  and  are  not  known  to 
have  ever  served  as  a  base  for  tei.M})le  or  palace.  1 1 
is,  however,  not  certain,  judging  from  facts  visible  at 
the  present  day,  that  all  the  Egyptian  pyramids  did 
rise  to  a  point.  Again,  it  is  almost  certain  that  the 
American  pyramid  was  not  always  used  as  a  founda- 
tion for  a  su[)erimposed  luiilding,  but  that  it  was  fre- 
(juently  com[)lete  in  itself.  In  many  of  the  ruined 
cities  of  Yucatan  one  or  more  ])yramids  have  been 
fV)un(l  upon  the  sunnnit  of  which  no  traces  of  any 
building  could  bo  discovei'ed,  although  u})on  the  pyra- 
mids by  which  these  were  sui'rounded  portions  of 
superimposed  edifices  still  remained.  There  is,  also, 
some  reason  to  believe  that  perfect  pyramids  wen- 
constructed  in  America.  As  has  been  seen  in  the 
preceding  volume,  Waldeck  found  near  Palen(|ue  two 
])yramids,  which  he  describes  as  having  been  at  the 
tiuiO  in  a  state  of  perfect  preservation,  scpiare  at  the 
base,   })ointed  at   the  t(»p,  and  thirty-one  feet  high, 

•'•iJ  S/,'/>/i<'iis'  Cent.  A  Din:,  vol.  ii.,  ji.  440. 

'•'''  The  ivadiT  ciiii  rompan!  the  varimiM  accoaiits  of  ])vrainiilal  striu'turcs 
glvoii  ill  vol.  iv.  on  tliis  imiiit.     See  licailin^;  '  iiyrainicl,"  in  Index. 
'''■  Slrjthciia'  t'cul.  Aiiur.,  vol.  ii.,  ji.  -WVJ. 


^ 


ARCHITECTURAL  ANALOGIES. 


69 


stono,  ill 

•face  oil  all 

.ip[)er  part 

ones    have 

day.     No 

s  yet  been 

reject    the 

)iii.selves.^'"* 

the  Anier- 

thou^h,  at 

ise  tro})ical 

'  the  striK'- 

!r  objected 

At  various 

merely  to 

,    those    of 

[iiiiiuishiuiL*' 

,  known  to 

lalace.      1 t 

visible  at 

•am ids  did 

1  that  the 

a  founda- 

it  was  fre- 

he  ruined 

lave  been 

es  of  any 

the  pyra- 

>ortions  of 

e  is,  also, 

lids  were 

oen  in  the 

em|ue  two 

Den  at  the 

ire  at  the 

feet  high, 


idal  structures 
iilc.v. 


their  sides  forniin,L>'  ecpiilateral  triangles.  Delafield"'' 
remarks  that  a  simple  mound  wouM  tirst  suggest  the 
l)yramid,  and  that  from  this  the  more  finished  and 
pciinaiient  structure  would  grow;  which  is  true 
enough.  But  if  we  are  to  believe,  as  is  stated,  that 
the  American  pyramids  grew  from  such  beginnings 
as  tlie  Mississip[)i  mounds,  then  what  reason  can  there 
be  in  coniiiaring  the  pyramids  of  Teotihuacan  with 
thnse  of  (Jizeh  in  Egypt.  For  if  the  Egyi)tian  colo- 
nists, at  the  time  of  their  emigration  to  America,  had 
advanced  no  further  toward  the  perfect  pyramid  than 
tlie  moiuid-building  stage,  would  it  not  be  the  merest 
coincidence  if  tlie  finished  pyramidal  structures  in  one 
country,  the  result  of  centuries  of  imi)rovenient, 
gliDuld  resemble  those  of  the  other  country  in  any  but 
the  most  general  features?  Finally,  i)yramidal  edi- 
fices were  conunon  in  Asia  as  well  as  in  Northern 
Afiica,  and  it  may  be  said  that  the  American  pyra- 
mids nre  as  much  like  the  former  as  they  are  like  the 
latter.'-" 

In  its  general  features,  American  architecture  does 
not  oiler  any  strong  resemblances  to  the  Egyptian. 
sTlie  uphoklers  of  the  tlieoiy  find  traces  of  the  latter 
])t'ople  in  certain  round  ct)hnnns  found  at  Uxmal, 
]\[itla,  Queniada,  and  other  })laces;  in  the  general  mas- 
siveness  of  the  structures;  and  in  the  fact  that  the 
vermilion  (\ye  on  many  of  the  ruins  was  a  favorite 
coh)r  ill    Egvjit.'-'     Humboldt,  speaking  of  a  ruined 

'•'  .1  iil/'ij.  Amir.,  y.  .5(5. 

'-'■'  lliiiiilxilili  iH'vii'us  the  iioiiits  of  ri'si'iuliliiin'o  und  enmns  to  the  con- 
clusion lli.it  tlu'.v  iiU'onl  no  foundation  ujion  wliicli  to  liasc  a  llu'ory  of 
l".;.'y|ilian  orij^in.  I'ms.  toni.  !..  |i|i.  r_MI-t.  ''I'liorc  is  niudi  in  the  siia|i(',  jiro- 
|iiiil  ions  and  scnl|itnrcs  of  liiis  pyramid  (Xodiicalco)  to  connect  itsaicliitects 
with  the  I'.^yiPtians.'  Minirr's  .)/- ,c.  iis  It  W'lis,  |).  IS().  Iliadfoid  liiids  that 
some  'of  tile  l".;,'y|itian  jiyrainids,  and  linise  wliicli  witli  sonu'  reason  it  has 
heeii  sn|i|Miseil  are  tin'  most  ancient,  are  |(recis(dy  similar  to  tiu"  Mexican 
'I'cdcalli.'     lint  he  only  sees  I".My|itiaii  /runs  in  this;  he  shows  that  similar 


nvramidai  strucinres  inive  lieen  found  in  yrry  nnuiy  paits  of  the  world;  ami 
lie  lielicNcs  the  Americans  to  inive  (ni;;iinited  fioni  many  smirees  ami  stocks. 
See  Aiiirr.  Aii/ii/.,  ]t.4'I'.). 

I "'  See  vol.  iv.,  chap.  v..  vii..  and  \.     (^>uotin^f  from  Molina.  His/,  f/i/'/i, 

<"in.  i tes,  p.   IC.!),  M'CuUoh  writes:   'iictwcen  the  hills  of  Mendo/a  and 

l.a  I'linta.  ujion  a  low  rani^c  of  hills,  is  a  pillar  of  stone  one  hnndreil  and 
litly  I'ect  hinli,  and  twelve  in  diameter.'     '  This,' he  adds,  'very  much  re- 


■t 
i 

\ 

GO 


OrJGIX  or  THE  A^.'^rJCANS. 


structure  at  ^fltln,  .says:  '"'tho  distribution  of  t]\v 
ai)artiiu'iits  of  tiii.s  siuL'ular  cdiHco,  boars  a  strikiiin' 
aualo'>'V  to  NViiut  has  bvsou  rcniark<;(l  in  tlio  luoiui- 
incuts  of  Upper  Egypt,  drawn  l)y  ^[.  Deuou,  and 
the  savans  who  compose  the  institute  of  Cairo.'"' 

Between  American  and  Ei^yptian  sc'ul})tui'e,  there 
is,  at  fii'st  sight,  a  very  sti'iking  generai  i-esendilanee. 
'J'his,  however,  almost  entirely  disappears  upon  cIom' 
examination  and  coinj)arison.  JBotli  peo})les  re[»i'i'- 
senti'd  the  human  ligure  in  })rotile,  the  Kgv}>tians  in- 
variably, the  Americans  generally;  in  the  sculpture' 
of  both,  nmcli  the  same  attitudes  of  tin  IkkIv  predian- 
inate,  and  these  are  but  awkwardlv  desiniK'd ;  ther>' 
is  a  general  resemblance  between  the  lofty  head- 
dresses woi'ii  bv  the  vai'ious  figures,  thounh  in  dftail 
there   is   little  agreement.'''^     These  are  the  points  oT 

iiiiiiils  lis  111"  till' |iill;n' imd  ciliclisks  of  iiiii'ipiit  Iv^yjit.'  Hr.-^rarr/h  ■\,  ]•]•.  171  ■-'. 
.luiit's,  llisf.  Aiir.  Aiinr..  lip,  r_''_'-H,  is  very  coiiliilciit  iiImiuI  till' (ilifii>k.  11 
asUs:  'What  arc  tin"  <  Hiclisks  nf  I'lu'vpt?  Aic  tlicy  uot  si|iiaif  ((iliiiiiiis  I'l 
lilt' t'ariliiy  of  Sculiitiiii''.'  Ami  of  what  form  arc  ihc  isoiati'il  foliiiiiiis at  ( '• 
)ia:i '.'  Arc  they  not  si|iiar(',  ami  for  the  same  iiiir|Misi' of  facility  in  Si'm1|i1iii 
with  which  I  hoy  arc  covered,  ami  wilii  \vorUiiiaii.slii|(  "as  line  as  that  i 
l'.;,'\  111  ;'.  .  .  .The  colmnns  of  ("o|iaii  slaml  (h'lachcil  ami  solitaiv,  ih 
OUclisks  of  M'jyjit  lio  the  same,  ami  iii:'''  :;vc  siniare  (or  foiir-sliicil)  aihl 
ccvercil  wilii  Ihc  CI  I  of  the  Sciil|ilnr.  'I'hc  aiialo.uy  of  liciii;^' ilcrivcil  finni 
liie  Nile  is  perfect,  for  in  wiiat  other  Itnins  Init  those  of  ]'.;;>  pi,  nvA 
Ancient  America,  is  the  si|iiare  scnlpdivcil  ('ulniiin  lo  he  fonml'.'" 

'•'I  J'J.\.\-iii  I'll/.,  loni.  !.,  p.  '_'(■).").  NotwilletamiiiiLi' certain  points  of  icsciu- 
'ijance  ,  says  I'rescott,  'the  l'iilen(|iie  iiicliilecl  lire  has  lillh'  to  icmiii'l  i; 
of  the  Duyplian,  oi-  of  the  (Irientai.  It  i~.  iiiilceil,  imu'c  eonformaiile.  i;i 
the  iierpemliciilar  i'c\,iiion  of  the  walls  the  nuitleiale  size  of  tlu'  stom -, 
anil  ilii'  j:eneral  ariaiejeineiit  of  the  posts,  to  the  l'.iiio,icaii.  It  niiisi  'u 
ailiiiitteii.  lio\>ever,  to  lia\i!  ii  I'haractcr  of  oriir  nality  jicciiliai'  to  itsrli.' 
Mi.i\,  vol.  iii  ,  pp.   HIT  s, 

"'There  is  a  pi. id'  showiii;:'  an  A/t'c  priestess  in  HclalicM's  .l„r; 
Auirr.  i>.  (11,  which,  if  corrccilv  ilraw  n,  certainly  pri^sents  a  he,  l-dii  ■ 
sirikiii:;ly  I'l-yptiau.     The  same  iiii;.:ht  aiimist  he  said   of  a  cut    in     ol.  i,. 

of  (his  Work,  p.  ."ilij,  mill,  indeed,  of  .severiil  other  cuts  in  the  san liiiii' 

.Mr  Stephens,  I'rnf.  .l/;/cr,,  vol.  ii..  |i.  411,  jiives,  foi'  the  sake  ><(  c  iiip:;i!- 
so.i,  a  plate  represent  iiijj;  (wo  M|ieciiiieiiM  of  I'lvyptian  si'iilpiuri' ;  n  ^  i'|m  i 
(lie  side  of  the  '^reat  iiionnnient  at  Thehes  known  as  tlu-  N'ocal  .\  r'niii"  i, 
ami  (In- other  from  the  top  of  (lie  fallen  ohelisk  alCariiac.  '1  ihi  k.',  In 
writes,  '  liy  ciiiiijiMri.soii  w  i(h  (he  eii;;raviiiu's  hcforc  presen(cil.  it  will  '•.■ 
found  that  there  is  no  n'scmhliuice  whatever.  If  there  he  anv  at  all  sdi'. 
in;,',  it  is  only  that  the  liunrcs  are  in  prolile,  and  this  is  ei|iia'l\  line  of  .1 
;:;ooil  sculpture  in  has  relief."  i'e  happens,  liowcver,  here,  to  have  sclei  I  1 
two  l'",';yplian  f.nlijei  Is  which  almost  llnd  their  connterparls  in  .\meii.i 
i'l  the  iirecedin;,'  voliinie  of  this  work,  p.  'A'Xi,  is  ^^ivcn  a  cut  of  what  • 
called  llie  'lahlet  of  the  cross'  at  l'aleni|ne.  In  lliis  we  see  a  cross,  a:id 
pci-clied  upon  it  a  hird,  to  which  lor  to  the  crossi  two  hniiian  lijrnre-  in  pM- 
iilc,  apparciids  priests,  arc  makiii;;  an  oU'riin;.,      In   Mr  Stephens"  icpio- 


ai 


ti 
o 


i 


scrLPTi'iM-:  AND  iiir.KocLvriircs. 


(51 


ion  of  tliL' 
;i  strikiiiH" 
the  inoiiu- 
leiioii,  and 
lin..'^"' 
turo,  tliorc 
semltlaiK'c. 
upon  cloM' 
»k'.s  ropro- 
y'ptian.s  in- 

>    SCulptlll't.' 

ly  ])rL'iloni- 
iicd;  there 
ot'ty  lu'ad- 
1    ill   (li'talt 

lO    points   (it 

r7(..>.  j.i;.  171  •-'. 
lie  (iliclislv.  Ill' 
nc  ctilmuns  t'nr 
niliiinnsiil  <  'o- 
l\  ill  Si'Ml|ilMri' 
line  ;is  lliiil  nf 
Miiitarv,  ill'' 
'(ini--iil('ci)  iiii'l 
iji'i-ivcil  t'liiiii 


It    l■'.^'M't. 


■  1 


lints  (it  ri'-ciii- 

til  rciiiiii'l   :: 

Imit'di'iiiMlilc.  i:i 

il'  till'  stmii -, 

It    liiil>l    ''.■ 

llliMI'    til    it^r',!.' 


■A     \u.     i-.lli 
■111      ill        111      1' 

ami'  •   iliilii' 
ut   r  ■iii|i;ui 
lull' ;  II   I' 


111!     .1 

•Mill"  I. 


I    tl 


It     will    '.1' 

|i\   at    all  -tri\- 

l\   liiir  111'  ,,'l 

-I,..  1   '1 

ill    AiiK'ii' ,1 

|lll    111'    wliiii    > 

;i    ri'ii.s,   aM'l 


liasi'   M 


analo^'v  and  tlu'v  are  sufnciontly  ])ronur.('nt  to  account 
for  till'  idea  of  rcsuiublaiicc  wliicli  lias  been  so  often 
and  so  stren^'ly  expressed.  But  while  sculpture  in 
Eu'V'pt  is  for  the  most  ]tart  in  Intao'lio,  in  America  it 
is  ii-ii,ill\'  in  i'eliet'.  In  the  former  country,  the  laces 
are  e\[iiessioiiless,  always  of  the  same  tyi»e,  and, 
thoiiL;h  executed  in  protile,  the  I'ull  eye  is  })laced  on 
tile  side  of  the  liead;  in  the  Xew  Woiid,  on  the  con- 
trary, wf  nieit  with  many  types  of  countenance,  soi  n^ 
of  \\  hieli  are  hy  no  moans  lacking'  in  expression. 

If  till  re  Were'  any  liojie  of  evidence  that  the  civ- 
ili/.i'd  iieo|il('s  of  Ameriea  ^\^vrc  deseeiidants,  or  de- 
ri\id  any  of  t!ioir  culrure  from  the  ancient  Kyyjitians, 
"sve  iiii'^ht  surely  lo.ik  tbi'  Mirh  pi'oof  in  their  hiero- 
glyphics. \v{  We  look  in  \ain.  To  the  nio.st  expert 
deci[ijicr.'r  of  K^yjKiati  liierou'lyi'hics,  tlie  inscri|t- 
tions  ;tt  I'.tkiiijUe  are  a  hlank  and  unreadahle  mys- 
tery, and  lluy  will  pi  rhajis  ever  '•eiua.iu  so. 


l;rj 


■Biitatiiiii  fi'iiiii  tlio  Viicil  >fi'iniiiiii  vc  (iinl  iiliiiKst  llu*  smiio  tliiii'j'.  the  dif- 
fcl'i'lirt'^  lii'ill^,  timt  ill>ti'ilil  nf  Mil  <frii;;i>i<'lllt'il  I, ill  ill  crnss,  we  lia\r  liclc  il 
etiir  rtt,iiii)i\.\ii.  Ill-  jiii/i/,n/i(/it;  that  ili-li'ail  nf  nlic    liiiil    lliiTc    ni'l'    t«n,   lint 

on  llu'rrn->  hut  iiiiiiU'c'iatcly  iih.ivc  il;  ami  that  llm  li;;iii'cs,  tliiiii;^li  in  pi'n- 


Hh'  ami  linhiiiiM-  tlic  saiiii.'  ;.ft'iM'iiil   imsiliniis,  arc  iln 


il  ill  a  (lit 


I'll'lll    IIKIll- 


1^1  111. 


Ml'.,  aiiil  an-  aiinai'i'ii;  l>  hiiiliii;,'  iIm^  cinss  with  the  Iniiis  iii>itail  ni'  ma 
nil  nH'clili;.;- tn  it;  in  Mf  Sti'iiht'ii-*'  iTprcsciitatiKii  finiii  thi'  nhclisk  nf  Car- 
liai',  Imum'mt,  a  [iriiwi  i^t  ex  ii'i.-iitl.v  iiiakiu-  an  nirfriim'  tn  a  laruv  hinl 
Jul  lic'il  iijiiiii  an  altar,  ivwil  lifT.-.  a;iaiii,  tlii-  liiimaii  ii  ..ii'cs  nri'iipy  t!n'.-aiiii' 
]>ii-iiiiiii.  'I'lii'  liii'iiiL'iyiihM,  thiMi'.ih  the  rliiir.icu'r.s  an-  nf  coni'si'  ilill'i'ii'iit, 
liii  .  it  will  he  iHdiri'il,  <li«|iiw»'i!  ii|inii  llio  Hinnii  ill  ii.iich  till'  Miiiif  iiuiiiiicr. 


'J 


llniili-»|>lt'   (•  lit    Stf|.!ii'||H"    I'i'iif.    Ann 


\i>\.     II 


ilCNii'ilii'd    nil 


:t.i 


ITini'si'iiis  the  talilct  nil  ihi'  h.'irU  wall  nf  tlic.iltar,  niMi  Nn.  ;t,  at  I'alt'iniiM'. 
lii'i(>  arc  iwn  jiricMs  clad   in  all  the  clalmialc  in«i-iiia  "f  tlni<- 


n;!iii'.  >lalii 


liiiu'  line   nil   cillicj;  xirlc  nf  a   talile 
.1 


e.   111-   allar,    iii^mii    w 


hii'i 


I  arc 


eii'itcil  twi.  liatniiM.  crnsM-il  in  siicli  a  inaiiner  as  tn  fnini  a  r,-"/-  ilifus.inln, 
II    1  -iiii|iiiiiin';-  a  liiijeniis  iiuislv.     Tn  thi ;  cnililciii  ilicv  are  each  iimkiii>'  an 


111;. 


'-'  llelalicl'l,   it   is  true,  (lisccrns  a  di'^tiiict   aiiahyN' 
'is  nf  I''.  A  111  ami  .\iiiiMi 'a.     .\ml  the  evidence  li 


lii'tWicii    the   lilclii- 
ddilcc-    is   alisiird 


'  llicin',.dy|iliic  wriiinns,'  lie  says,  'are  necessarily  of  three  1. 


•iii'iie,   liunrative,  ami  hvinlmliial,'     lie  then 


Kiml  >, 
ine?.    nil    tn    sllnW    at 


Icii'ilh.  thil!  hnth  in  F.-V|it  illnl  ill  .\liierica  ail  liiree  nf  |he>c  ,'«-,st 


jVi  IV  ii>cil;    hence,  the  rcseinhla'ice.    Aiifnj.  .ly 


I'll.    I'. 


elll:- 


.1      inniiii- 


il>-<'llt    |ii 


111    i'al.'iii|llc  iiii'sciitelit  di's  iiiscriiitinl  s  liii''rir.lv|iliii|ues  niii   lie  i 

t    .....^^   .Cil'. I..  .    1.:  •..   ...1...  1 1.1' : •I'l'l         ■>..',  I 


dii 


IS  ilillel'er  1 


Ics  1 


iii'inj:ly|ilics  lie  I  am  iciine 


I'll 


i/'n,//i;i.c,   |i,   .'17,      Jinnai'd  |ilniina'.lC(M  an  illscii|il.nu  fnlllld  at  (ira\'e  ( 'reeU 

It  1  he  l.yhiiiii,  h',„inui-l,\s  /liv  i>s,\,,\.  i.,  |i,i.  Ijl-I'.'.     Savs  M'Cnllnh:  ' 'I'he 


\f;i,.,   •if/.'n  I7i/i 


ri'i 


l'..:Vlit,  I 


'  linticc  ill  thiH  iila^e,  as  M.  itcnmi  in  the  |il;i!e-.  In  li 


liis  -iM'ii  the  ciijiy  111   s  line  li;;iiic:.  taken  I'rniii  i!ic 


ll'lls      |C 


Iti.iu  liirri>,;l\|iliic!v.s,  which  havo  cvury  aii[ioiuuia'o  wf  a  uimiiar  dc 


lilli 


lUiii 


IF' 


J 


ORICIX  OF  THE  AMEUICANS. 

KoscinMiinccs  have  boon  found  Ix'twcen  the  oal- 
cncl;ir  systems  of  Eijfyiit  and  Anieric-ji,  Uasud  cliictly 
upon  tlie  lenLjtli  and  di\ision  of  tlii>  year,  and  tlu! 
ntiniI)or  of  intercalary  and  conipK'nientary  day-^. 
This,  however,  is  too  len^-tliy  a  ->id)joct  to  l)e  fully 
discussed  liere.  In  a  pi'cvious  volume  1  lia\('  n'ivcu 
a  full  account  of  the  American  systems,  and  nuisf 
perforce  leave  it  to  the  reader  to  compai'e  them  with 
the  K^y[»tian  system. '■'^' 

this  ^Tcxii'aii  ainiisciiiciit  <ir  ccroiuony.     Tlio  similarity  of  di'vicp  will  Iw 
licst  M'cn,  liy  coiiiiiariii^'  llio  j)lnt('  j^'ivcii  liy  ('liivi^^cni.  witli  tiic  (ixiii.  |ilair 
tif   Dciioirs  Atlas,  <)v:('.'     R'sraifhrs  mi  Aiiirr.,   ))|i.    I7<'-1.       Priest.    Akki. 
Aiifii].,  \t.  V2'2.  ;;ivcs  a  (■(•mparaliv^-  taMo  of  Lvl'ian  cliaraitcrs.  ami  otlici-. 
wliii'li  lie  afliriiiH  t(i  have  ln'cii  fiiiiiuJ  at   <>t(iiinii.  nr  I*ali'iii|iu':  the  win. I, 
stati'iiiciit  is,  howcvor,  tmi  ajiiii-ry]ihal  to  lie  Murliiy  nf  tuithiT  iiotifc.     Si  c 
almi.  ii  hmj,'  letter  fnmi    I'rof.   Iialiiiesiiue  tn  < 'iiaiiipullinn,    'mi  the  (iraiiiiii 
Systems  (if  Aiiieriea    .iiid  the  (ily|ilis(if  Otuliim,   or    i'aleiKiiie,  in   ('enliiil 
Aineriea.'  in    li/.,  \)\>.   i'J.'{  0.      'J'iie  liieni;,'i\  |»hi<  s  of   l'aleiii|ne  and  'I'ula  in 
eiinrau'e  the  idea  that  fliev  were  fmimled  liv  an  MjiViitiaii  iiiliin\'.   Jikii-i'- 
Jl/.sf.'(;ii(if.,  ]}.  J<».  ' 


iniaiil,  ijnoted   hy  Pelalieid.  we  read:     '1    have  al 
eiij:Mi/ed   ill  your   meimtir  on   the  di\isiiiii  nf  time  anion;;    ihe  Mexin 


111  a  letter  l>v  .rmiiaid 


lei'KUiii/.eii    Ml    >iiiir    iiieiiioii    on    iiic   iinisnui    m    nine    uiiiimi;^     i  lie    .>ie.\ir,ii 

nations,    eoni|iar('d    with  those  of  Asia,  some  very  strikin;,'  analn/ies    lu' 

tweeii    tlie   'i'oltc hanieti'is  and   institntii)::s  oliserveil  on    the    hanks  n 

the  Nile.  Anion;;  liie^e  <uialo;^ies  there  is  one  wiii<  li  is  worthy  of  atii  ii 
tion.  It  is  the  Use  of  the  \  ,i;;iie  year  of  three  liiindred  and  sixty  (i\  e  dii\- 
eomjiiKi'il  of  ei|iial  nioiil  lis.  and  of  live  cDmiilementary  ii.i>  s.  i'(|nally  eiii 
)iloye(l  .It  'I'liehes  and  .Mexico,  a  distame  of  three  thousand  iea;;nes.  It  !■ 
true  lli.il  llie  l'",;.'y|itiaiis  had  no  iiiieicaiation,  while  the  Mexicans  iniii 
c, dated  ihiileen  daxs  every  lifty-tw"  years.  Still  faitlu'r:  intercalation  \\;i- 
liroscrilieil  in  l'',;u'y|it,  (u  such  a  jioint  iliat  the  l<in;i's  swore,  on  ilieir  aci  i - 
sioll.  lie\er  to  |iermit  it  to  he  I'lnploycd  /liirin;;  iheir  rei;iii.  Notw  illislaihi 
in;,' this  diU'eience,  we  liiid  a  very  striking  iiyreeinent  in  llie  len;,'tli  -f  tin 
duration  of  the  nolar  year.  In  realit\.  tin  intercalation  of  tiie  Mexi'.i! 
lieinX  thiileeii  days  on  each  v\<U  ol  lift,  two  years,  comes  to  the  s.m 
tliiii;/iis  (hat  of  the  .luliaii  caleii'^'o',  whidi  is  one  day  in  I'onr  years,  m.! 
cinise(|iieiitl>  hiiiiiiiis<'s  the  duration   of  the    s  ■  ,ir  to   lie   ih/ce   hiindicd 


coiiseijueni  ly  hii|i|ioses  iiic   oiiraiioii    i»i    iiic    \i.n  to    in'    in/ce    iiiimiico    ,i 
bi.xtN   tisedaSM,  nix  hoiirx.      Saw  Hiieli  w;«s    the   I' ii;/tli    of  the   year  aiiin 
(he  Kx 'jiliaiiM,  since  flic  nofliic  |Kfiod  ^<fj  n*  on'f  one  thoitsaiid  four  Ini 
di'ed  ami  -ixty  Hohir  yea/s,  mid  (rtM-  ^lioii.sariH   (<,'.if   hniidrid  nm]   sixty  ■ 
\ii;/ue  vears;  whicli  was,  in  som/'  .sorf.  Mie  intefcalatioii  of  a  whole  yc.i- 
llu're  hundred  and  w\enly  Hvc.^mvs  e*»-/y  one  thoii-.ind  four  hiindi''! 
sixfy  vears.     'I"he  property  of  l*he  .sidliic  jM'rii«l     that  of  liiiii;.'iii;.f  ha' - 
>;(iasoiu  Mini  fell'.  aU  to  tin'  ►•Hme  p'  int  of  the  v/^ir.  after  liaMii?  niiidi   i 

'..141^ I ...  i  .1    >  II i^        .    I... 


ims.s  ««)<  iTssively  (hroiij^h  fvery  poinl 
w'liii  I'  .'fused  the  inferi  iiliiK'/'n  in   lie 
naiii'     '  the  K;(yj>liiins  for  foreij^n  iiet. 
the    ^aJw♦   "rfiir    year   )^    fliri'i)   liniidrid 


iiiidoKMedly   one  III   the 

I,    1)11    [{':■-■   than    Ihe  !■ 

Mow  it  is  rem  irKidili 

iiiel   sixi '.  Dm'   d.iv.- 


I«>r        l«ni       ^n       IIIIK-f;      iiiMr'if«'l        nifi      «|  a  i    .      iiti        ini>.-«.  ■        t. 

H  loplid  "      <    tioiis  SO  diHVY/'rif,  Hiid  ixrliaps  ..<»ill  more  icniofi  m  iti.    i 
of  c  'i.in  ill  till    r /<o;/rapliictil   dislaiice.  relates  to  a    ii   il 

iiiiui  1     ■!<<1  lieloii;is  (.11  idiarly  to  Ihe  Kxypfian«         'J'he  l.o  i  ■ 

ii^Kl/Tcir;#i'i»in   \\yy  itw  Mexican   i    4  fliirtei'ii  di(v.s  «vpry  cycle,  tlia*   i- 
iiw   of    J   y^-jtf'  '  titf^f   hundred   mni  I'tsiyiUv  t\i\y»  iiitcJ  a  i|iiaiii' 
*  ^W  i\m  lit'  'firm  rMl<^  Wi-ruwi'ii  frim'  i\w  Ktt.vi'tiumi,  iiT  tiuit    ' 


Tin:  riKENiriAN  TiironY. 


C3 


n    the  I'lil- 

V,  and  lli>-! 
tary  »l:iy^. 
to  Ik!  iuUy 
have  ^ivfii 
,  and  ninst 
I  tliciii  with 


f  (U>vic(<  will  1"' 

the  (Ixiii-  I'li"'' 

I'rii'st,   .l/c" 

•tcvs,  ami  "lli't-^. 

•iiiiuc:  till'  ^^1'"'" 

her  iidtift'.     ^> ' 

■oil  till'  (iriii'lm 
luiuc,  ill  J'l'iilial 
iliu-  and  'I'lilii  111- 
,'(.l((iiy.   Jiiui-i" 

„h       I   liavf  al'" 
,!!•;   ilu'  Mfviiii" 
in;;-  aiialii/ifs   1"- 
loll    till'    l'aiil<-  "I 
,itli>  of  aliiiv 
sixt\   li\i'  'la\^ 
\  s.  iMiiiallv  fill' 
Icaj^'iu's.     It  i-^ 
M.xiiaiiK  iiili'i- 
Icn'alatioii  \\;i- 
oii  ilirir  at'ii - 
Nutw  ii'  -tail'': 
l,.n-ili    •»'  ll"' 
,f  llic  Mf\i'  I' 
,cs   to   till'   f-'"' 
I'.mr  year-,   in' 
,'0  lm'inli'<l  .ml 
ill,'  yar  ain"' ' 
.-i-aii'il  fiiiii'  li"' 
,1  rfiul  sixty 
a  wiiolr  yi  .1 
four  limidi'  'I 
ii-iii'.'iKff  ''"'  ' 
a\iiiL'  iiia'li  I 
If  J  till'  1'  ■' 
tlian   tlif  I' 

^  I'ciii  irU.i'il' 

.lav>,       >    1" 
not',    ii 
.   I 

Til.'   I.K  I 

yell',   that    I 
mil   a  (|"'""' 
i.ii«,  ift  Uiut 


111 


III 


Of  course  a  similarity  of  cnstoins  lias  to  1)0  foniid 
to  s\ii)i)ort  this  theory,  as  in  the  case  of  others. 
( 'oiisenuentlv  oiir  attention  is  drawn  to  eTniialinnient, 
circunieision,  and  the  division  of  tlu;  ])eo|»le  into 
castes,  which  is  not  (|uite  true  of  the  Americans; 
some  resemhlaiKH;  is  tound,  moreover,  hetweeii  the 
ivlioiens  of  KLrvjit  and  America,  for  instance,  ci'rtain 
animals  were  hi'ld  sacred  in  hoth  countries;  hut  all 
such  analo'^ies  are  far  too  slender  to  he  worth  any- 
thiiiL;'  as  evidence;  there  is  scarcely  one  of  them  that 
would  not  a))|)lv  to  several  other  nations  ecjually  as 
Well  as  to  the  l\n\  [»tiiins. 

Turniniif  now  to  Wc>stern  Asia,  wo  find  tlu^  honor 
(/  tirst  settliiiL;-  Anu'rica  i;-iven  to  the  adventurous 
I*h<eniciar         The  sailors  of  Cartha_<j;'o  are  also  su[)- 


t 


liail  a  I'ntiiiiion  on^in.'  An//'/.  Anirr.,  pti.  'vJ-S.  't)ii  tlic  •_'(')11i.  of  Kcli- 
riiarv,  till'  Mi'xiraii  <iiitm\  Iicj^Iiih,  wliich  was  tiiflnalfil  I'loni  llic 
tiiiic  of  Nalioiiiissor,  scNfii  liiinilicil  aiiil  i'  'ty-scNcii  years  liclori'  t'iiii-.|, 
hoiinsi'  llic  K/yi'iian  jprii'-itH  cdiiforinaliiy  In  tlicir  astnuioiiiii'al  oh- 
nci'v  .ilioiis  lia'l  lisi'it  till'  Ix'^^iiiiiili;;  of  llicil'  inoiitli  '/'(.//(  aiui  tlic  coiii- 
liiciiccaiciit  "f  iJM'ir  viir  at  noon  on  tlial  ilay;  this  was  \(  rilii'il  Ky  llic 
Ali'iiilian  of  \  Icxanii' i.i,  wliirli  was  crcricil  tlwri'  cciidiiii -.  afirr  iliat 
r|iM  li.  Ilcii'  it  lias  lii'cii  ronliiulcil  llicrc  coiilil  exist  no  ilonlit  of  tin' 
ciinforniilv  of  (lie  Mexican  willi  llie  r.;^\|itiaii  calcmiar,  for  altlioii;;li  llie 
latter  a-st;,'neil  luehe  iiioiitlis  "I  lllirtv  ilays  cacji  to  the  year  ami  acjiieil 
Ji\<-  (lays  hewiih's,  in  older  thai  the  circle  of  three  hiimlred  and  sixty-liM' 
(lays  xlioiifd  rccomMience  from  tic  same  iioint;  yet,  iiotw  itli^taiidiiij,'  the 
deviation  from  the  J'!;.'\  ptian  mode  u  the  ilMision  of  the  moiiilis  and  days, 
lliey  yet  mainlaiiieil  that  the  Mexican  ini  iliod  was  eonformalde  thereto, 

on  111 lint    of  the  Mijici'.ulded   h^e   da,\s;   with   this  only  diU'erenee,    that 

upon  the^c  the  /\nieri< mm  att.(>liile<l  to  no  hiisiness,  and  tlierefoie  termeil 

tla'iii    NcMionlcnii  <>t   iiselcHs,    *liereH"  the   l"'.>r\  ptiaiis  cclclirated.  diiriiiL;; 

tliat  e[MM||,  the  festival  of  the   hiith  ol   llieii    ^•ods,  as  attested  liy  IMiilaicJi 

'!■■    I'Vidc,  ami  Osiride       I'pon   the  other  hand   it    i^  asserted,  that   tlion;,'l( 

till'  \<i'\icans  diH<  led  I'roin  llie  l''.L'yptiaiis  hy  ili\  iilinu;  their  year  into  ci;ilit- 

Mil   r/w<nths,  \ct.  iis  tiny  lallcd   the  month    Mextii    Moon,  tiny  liiiist   have 

f   rtiiffit  adoptc'l   the   lunar  miitith,  a;,'iicalile  to  the  r'.;.',\  ptiaii    nietlioil  of 

' !i\idiii;,'  the  yeiir  into  iw»>l\e  monilisof  thirty  days;  Init    to  support   this 

ii-.--crtioii  ini  attci.(i»t  Ims  lieen  made  to  ascerlain  the  cause  w  li\  tlii--  leethod 

\a-  laid  asidi'.     'file  analojiy  lictweeii  the  Mexican  and   tin    I'yyptian  cal- 

ciiilai~i    llins  asHiimcil  to  lie  nndenialile.      Mesidi's  w  li.il    has  liecii  heic  in. 

'loilmcil,  tin-  same  is  attempted  to  he  proved  iii  iniiiiy  ollo-i  -lorKs  which  I 

I  I--S  over  to  avoid  prollNifx'   iiml  therefore  only  mention  i         'hey  may  ho 

toiiiid  ill   Rotnriiii,  in    / ..    idea  del    rniverso.  hy  the  ahhi   .         I  dieii/u  do 

llcrvas,  piililishcd  ill  the  Italian  lan}.'iia;i(',  ill  I  "lav  i;^ero'N  di---cilations,  ami 

I  letter  addressed  to  him  liv  IJcrvas,  which   he  added   to  the  end  of  lii.-i 

-   I    volnimv'    C'l/iri'i'f'    Tfiiho,   in    /I'/n'.v   Ihwrn'/iliun,   pp.    ItCi  ,"i,     See 

ll>i„ilii'/i//,   \'"'f.   toll)     I  ,   pp.   ;i4l,  ;UN;  I'/iiriiiini,   Shin'ii   Aiif    iht 

1/  »3iio,  tmu   iv  ,  p,  vt,   Sfiilh  flriiii,  rr&tn  Ui  In  O'lwj.,  torn    \i.,  p.  'JOS. 


t 


liiiil 


••k- .' 


1    !: 


-•i:/l   '  i 


III 


III 


lif    I  I 

III'! 

.J 
"■ill 


'iillHi 

illi     Tl     " 

I 
I 


(U 


OUICIN  OF  TIIK  AMKRUANS. 


])()so(l  l>y  some  wi'lters  to  liavo  first  reaclit'd  tliu  New 
AVorlil,  l)iit  ;is  tlio  (jx])l()it.s  of  coldiiy  Jind  inotlKT- 
t'oiiiitiT  ;ii'i'  s|)t)koii  of  l)y  most  Avi'itui's  in  the  same' 
l.roatli,  it  will  bo  tlio  simplest  |»lun  to  oombitio  the 
two  tliroi-ics  luTo.  TIk-'V  arc  l)asc(l  u})ou  the  lame  of 
llu'se  ])e(»j»lo  as  coloiii/ino-  navi^'ators  more  than  u])oii 
any  ai'tual  rosomhlancos  that  have  boon  foiiiul  to  exist 
between  them  and  the  ^Vnu'i-ieans.  It  is  argued  that 
their  ships  sailed  beyond  tl;e  Pillars  of  IliTcules  to 
the  ('anaiy  Islands,  and  that  such  advtinturons  ex- 
|)loi'ers  havinnf  reached  that  ])oint  would  bo  sui'o  to 
seek  I'arthei'.  The  I'ecords  of  their  voyau'es  and  cer- 
tain ])assaL;es  in  the  woi'ks  of  several  of  the  writers 
of  aiiti(|nity  ai'e  su])])osed  to  show  that  the  ancients 
knew   of  a    land   lyin.n'  in  the    far  west.^^ 

The  I 'ho'nieians  were  employi'd  about  a  thousand 
years  before   the   ("hristian    era,  by  Solomon,   kin^'  of 
the  .lews,  and  lliram,  kinn"  of  Tyre,  to  na\in'ate  tlu'ir 
lleets    to   njihii'    and    'J'arshish.     They    returneil,    by 
way  of  Ihi'  Mi'ditcjri'anoan,  to  the  ])ort  of  .loppa,  after 
a    three-years'   voya<4'e,   laden    with    gold,   silvei',  ])i"e- 
(ions  stones,  i\()iy,  ci^dar,  apes,  and  ])eacocks.      Sev- 
eral authoi's  ha\t'  believed  that  they  had  two  distinct 
lleets,  one  of  which  went  to  the  lan.d  since  known  as 
America,   and    tlu'  other  to    India.      ]luet,  bishop  of 
Axraiiehes,''''   and  other   authors,  are  ])ersuade(l   that 
()phir   was    the    modern    Sofala,    situated    about   1.' I 
S.  lab,  and   that  Tarshish  comjirisi'd   all    (he  western 
coast  of  Africa  and   Spain,  but  |)ar(icularly  the  jiart 
l\'in!^'    about     the    mouth    o\'   the  inetis    or    (Juadal 
ijuiNir.     Accoi'dim;-   to  Arius  ^b>ntanus,  ( ienebrardu^, 
\'alal>le,    and    other   writers,    ()phir  is   the   island    o|' 
ilispaniola.      It    is  said    that.    ( 'hristojdier  ('ohimbii^ 
was     induced    to    adopt,    this   idea     by    the    inunen^i 
caverns  which    he   found  there,   iVom    which   he  sup 
posed    that    Solomon    must    have   obtained  his  o'old. 

I 'I  I  follow,  I'liii'lly,    M.  Wiirilcn's  ri'smiK'  of  tlicsi'  aiioiints,  as  licii ;; 
I  111'  lullr^l  aiiil  cii'an'Mt.   Uvrlirrrlu a,  \\.   1(1(1,  i-t   .simj. 
I'll  lli.st.  i/ii  t'ljiiiiiurci,  cap.  \iii. 


V(»va(;f.s  or  tifi;  riKKNiciAxs. 


G5 


thu  Now 
motln.'!'- 
tlio  saiiu.' 
il)iiu'  the 
e  lame  of 
iian  uj)t)n 
cl  to  exist 
4iu'(l  that 
■rculcs  to 
iirous  ox- 
u  sure  to 
and  cor- 
[V  writers 
;   atu'icllts 

thousand 

1,  i<iiin'  (»r 

oato  tht'ir 
miic'tl,  hy 
>]i|»a,  al'toi' 

'ver,   ]>1\'- 

\S.       Sov- 

)  distim't 
aitiwu  as 
hisho|)  *il 
ided  that 
hniit    "J  I 

0  NVl  stlTll 

the  jiart 

Ouadal 

ohrarihi-. 

ishiud    I'i 

( 'tihiiiihii- 

imiiioiiM' 

1  ho   sup 
his  _t;(il(l. 

lis,  as  ln'ii  ;: 


]'o-t(l  and  othoi-s  liavo  ])oht'\i(l  (hat  (lie  land  of 
Ojihii'  was  I'orii.'"'  Iloi'ii'''  claiins  that  the  Ph(o- 
inciaiis  luado  throe  I'oiiiarkahlo  Novan'os  to  Ainorica; 
the  lirst,  uiidor  the  difoctioii  of  .\tlas,  son  ol"  Nep- 
tune; the  se^'ond,  when  thi'V  wei'o  ih'iven  \)\  a  toni- 
]»fst  iViiiii  (he  coast  ^A'  vVtVioa  to  the  most  I'lMuoto 
jiarts  111"  the  Atlantii'  oeoaii,  and  arrived  at  a  lai-L;e 
island  to  the  west  of  Lihva ;  and  the  third,  in  the 
time  (if  Solomon,  when  the  'IVrians  wont  to  Ojihir 
to  >cok  foi'  ,L;old.  Aeoordiiii;'  to  those  who  hclicxt^ 
thai  there  were  (Wo  distinct  Hoots,  that  of  Solomon 
and  that  of  lliram,  the  lirst  set  out  from  Kzion^ehor, 
sailed  down  tlu'  Ived  Sea,  doul)led  Cape  C'omorin, 
and  went  to  Taprohan  (( 'evlon),  or  some  other  jtart 
of  India;  (his  voyai^'o  occupit'd  one  year.  The  other 
ilet'(  |iassod  throU'^h  (hi'  Meiiitorranoan,  sto])j>inn'  at 
the  \arions  por(s  aionn'  (Ik;  coasts  of  iMirope  and 
.Africa,  and  linally,  passing'  out  through  (ho  straits 
of  (Jades,  continued  its  AoyaLje  as  far  as  America, 
and  returned  after  throe  years  to  its  .startino-i)|;u-e, 
laden  with  ,L;old. 

'"' Ai'iKl.i  rciiii|i,in's  tlic  ;,'iil,l  (if  ( t]iliir  Willi  tli;i1  of  Iiis|inMioIa.      llcni- 
1i'|-I:iui>   llu'  ii|iiiiiiiii   tliiil    'i'iiisliisli  iiinl  <  >|iliir  ;iit' ili>l:iiil  iiiiii^iiiMl y  |i1m(i'h 

.Mill  imi  ilistiiici  (• mil'-.,  Iiiil  iiiiii^iiii's  ilinii  III  111- Miiiii'ulicrc  ill  tlu'  liiisi, 

lii.lii'-.  '('ill-  Miilciii  ill  Oiiriiiiili  iMiUiw  hnliti  iiiiiiiii  ill  luic  ( (ccidi  iii:ili 
0|,liir  fiii»,.  i'\isiiiii,.||i,  iliiid  <M|iiil  est,  i|iii>ii  inl  iiiiNii'iiiii  I'lTii  null  nisi 
iiiliiiiid  ciiviiiiii  iiiiii  Inilia  Oiinitiili  \  Siiiiiiiini  r(';4;inn('  ciiiiui-alii  SmIu- 
nioiii.i  rlii>is  |ii'iuciiiii!  |)(p(ciiii', '  I),  Xiin  tl,-/iis,  |i.  ;tti.  Opliir  i.s  Mi|i- 
|iiis,',l  1,1  l,,'  in  Indiii  or  Afiiia.  Ilnh, ,  Ismi's  Hisl.  Aimr..  Mil.  i.,  p,  7. 
<  ri)\M'.  r,/,/.  .!//((/■.,  |i.  (m,  (iiiisiilcis  (III'  iiKili.iliiliiy  (if  (>iiliir  iiiiil  'I'ai-- 
.sliisji  lii'iiiM  ,111  ilic  west  ciiasldf  Aniciii'a,  'I'lic  I'lni'iiiciiKi  'lif,/,ii;  iw  Df,,,- 
Nvhiili  iiiraiis,  ill  (licir  aiificiil  lan^iia-c,  tin-  W'stmi  i;,iiiilri/,  was  Mcxicii 
and  Cciilral  Ainciica,  the  land  tif  ;iold."  Ftni>ii,,n\  ll,,,rlli,  \\',,ilil  imx  I'l'i,. 
pi'il.  [Ill,  'J,".;!  (ill.  (Ill  11,  It'iL',  lie  says  tlnil  llic  licsi  aiitlioiiiics,  N'oliicv,  llu- 
rliaii,  Miihaj  lis,  and  r'tn^lcr,  sii|i|i(isc  0|diir  (n  Iiunc  Ik-cii  sitiialiii  im  the 
I'l'ii'iii  'iiill'  'I'lu'  I'lici'iiiciaii  Opliiiwas  ll.ivU.  fm-  ( 'nliiniluis  tliiiii;;lit 
llial  he  I'liiilil  trarc  (lie  fiiiiiaccs  in  \\liirli  llicoold  luid  |„.,'ii  ivrmcl,  r,fr- 
'■;/•'.>•  Triti\,  |i.  III'J.  Kiimshur.Mi'ili,  .l/.,r.  J,l^7,  \i.|.  \i.,  |.|..  \s\  ."i,  nni- 
siiliTs  the  |Misiiiuii  of  (ipliir,  liiit  is  iiiidrciilcd  as  to  its  jHi.itiiin.  I'.ns. 
II'.  ^/   iiiul  (is/  liiiliailiii-  I. list, 1,1,1,  |>|.  ■". -s,  disa;.'it'ciii;;  wild  \  alaMiis  ami 

sir|iliaiiiis,  can  jlnd  im  n'scniMaiirr  t.>it|i|iir  in  llavli  i.r  I'.'iii,  and ics 

I  p  III.'  .•iincliiMnii  that  (tpliii    lay  s„mi,'«  ii.'iv  m  ih,'  OM  Wuijd,  nmsl   likely 
*      I'I   'Ik'   '•'•"sI    iMiJics.     'I'liis   scciiis  I.,*  Ii,'  a  i<la-iaiisin  of  Amsta.     Sec  also 

f't/////-/.r//,   .V,  ((•(■   \\',li,  |i.  ;t,     MiitnilioMi.   /•;,/..,;(,  i'ril.,  tniii.  ii.,  iip.   Id  :., 
disiiiNsi's  the  |iiisitiiiii  (if  0|iliii-  i«  NCia.iia.     I'iricda,   I  h   l!,hiis  Siilnniiiiii  s'. 
^      lii'lii'vcs  (l|.|iir  In   have   ln'cn    Aincrii.i       U      ■!•  n.  Huh,  i;hf  s   ii    HKI      Sii' 
also  1,1.,  |i|i.  hid  7. 


Ik  It, 


IIIIII'  I,'  iiliiim  .1  iH'iUfii 


Vol.  V. 


»,<•>•«/«, 


111 


1.  II,,  cap.  \  1..  Ml..  \  III. 


!  1 


'■:Ti'l    , 


iri! 


-  j 

1;; 

|:. 

L 

1"  * 

66 


OIIIGIX  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


The  Pcn'iJ/fs  of  Hnnno,  a  Carthaginian  navigator 
of  niu'ortain  date,  contains  an  account  of  a  voyage 
Avlncli  lie  made  bevond  tlie  Pillars  of  Hercules,  Avith 
a  Heet  of  sixty  ships  and  thirty  thousand  men,  for 
tac  purjHJse  of  founding  the  Lihy-Phcrnician  towns. 
He  relates  that  setting  out  from  Gadcs,  he  sailed 
southwards.  The  first  city  lie  founded  was  Thumia- 
terion,^^**  near  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  })rohal)ly  in 
the  rieighborhood  of  Marmora.  He  then  dovd)le(l 
the  ])rom()ntory  of  JSoloeis,^^'  which  Kennel  considers 
to  be  th(j  same  as  Cape  Cantin,  l)ut  other  connueiita- 
tors  to  be  the  same  as  Cape  Blanco,  in  3;)"  N.  lati- 
tude. A  little  to  tlie  south  of  this  promontory  tivo 
more  cities  were  founded.  After  i)assing  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Lixus,  supposed  by  ilennel  to  be  the 
modern  St  Cyprian,  he  sailed  for  two  days  along  a 
desolate  coast,  and  on  tlie  third  day  <.>nteivd  a  gulf  in 
wliich  was  situated  a  small  island,  Avhich  lie  named 
Kerne,  and  colonizctl.  After  continuing  his  voyage 
for  some  days,  and  meeting  with  various  atlventures, 
he  returned  to  Kerne,  whence  he  once  more  directed 
his  Course  southward,  and  sailed  along  the  coast  for 
twelve  days.  Two  days  n.oie  he  spent  in  doubling 
a  cape,  and  five  more  in  sailing  about  a  large  gulf 
He  then  continued  his  voyage  for  a  few  days,  and 
was  finallv  obliged  to  return  from  want  of  provisions. 
The  authenticity  of  the  J\'riphis  has  been  doubted 
by  many  critics,  but  it  apjiears  jirobable  from  the 
testimony  of  several  ancient  authors  that  the  voyage 
was  actually  ]H>rformed.  Jhit  be  the  account  true 
or  false,  I  certainlv  can  discover  in  it  no  ground  for 
believing  that  Hanno  did  more  than  coast  along  the 
western  shore  of  .\frii'a,  sailing  perhaps  as  far  south 
as  Sierra  Leone."'* 

'^^  'Siir  Ic  vi\])  Molliilmt,  jiii  pied  diKincl  on  ii  liAti  cnsuiti'  Ic  vii-iix  Tun- 
gor'  f)(i.\.sf/iii,  cited  liv  Wiinlcn,  L'- i/inr/irs,  u.  1(17,  luttf  S. 

1^"  'l-u  Clip  Spiirtd,  i|iii  11)11111^  IVxtroinitu  oiTidciitiilo  dii  di'tniit.'  Ii  . 
noti'  0. 

'♦"The  (ircck  icxt  (»f  llic  /^T/////^v  is  iniiitcd  in  Ifinfsiiii'i  (,'rii()rii/i/ii'i 
vcti'i'tn  S<'rij)liinii  (Jiari  Miuuns.     It  was  hImi  imliliNlicd  liy  I'alcinicr,  \\\\\\ 


fi 


f 


.Ji 


m 


VOYAGES  OF  THE  PIKENICIANS. 


67 


11  navi<»"ator 

if  a  V()3'ai:;t' 

rcules,  witli 

id  men,  for 

c'iaii  towns. 

■i,  J 10  sailed 

as  Thuiiiia- 

probahly  in 

en    doubled 

el  considers 

ooHinieTita- 

3:r^  N.  luti- 

loiitory  five 

the  inoiitli 

to  1)0   the 

ITS   alcjiiq"  a 

xl  a  g'uU'  in 

he  named 

his  voyage 

adventures, 

>re  (lirected 

o  coast  for 

1  douhlini;' 

aryo  milf. 

days,  and 

n'ovisioiis. 

1   diiuhtcd 

from   the 

lie  voyan'f 

oimt  true 

ground  I'oi 

alono-  till' 

I'ar  south 


li'  \i('UX  'l"an 
1  ih'tioit.'   /. 

'■'alciiiu'i',  w  iili 


Diodorus  Siculus  rehites  that  tho  Phoenicians  dis- 
covered a  large  island  in  tho  Atlantic  Ocean,  beyond 
the  Pillars  oT  Hercules,  several  days'  journey  from 
the  coast  of  Africa.  This  ishind  abounded  in  all 
manner  of  riches.  Tho  soil  was  exceedingly  fertile; 
the  scenery  was  diversified  by  rivers,  mountains,  and 
forests.  It  was  tho  custom  of  tlie  inhabitants  to 
retire  during  tho  summer  to  magnificent  country 
liousi's,  which  stood  in  the  midst  of  l)eautiful  gardens. 
Fish  and  game  were  found  in  great  abundance.  Tho 
climate  was  delicious,  and  tho  trees  bore  fruit  at  all 
seasons  of  tho  yoar.  The  Ph(jenicians  discovered  this 
fortunate  island  by  accident,  being  driven  on  its  coast 
by  contrary  winds.  On  their  return  they  gave  glow- 
ino-  accounts  of  its  beautv  and  fertility,  and  tho 
Tvrians,  who  were  also  noted  sailors,  desired  to  colo- 
nize it.  l)ut  tho  senate  of  Carthage  opposed  their 
]>lan,  eitlior  through  jealousy,  and  a  wish  to  keep  any 
commercial  benefit  that  might  bo  derived  from  it  for 
tlitiiischos,  or,  as  Diodorus  relates,  because  thev 
\\islied  to  use  it  as  a  place  of  refuge  in  case  of  ne- 
cessity. 

Several  authors,  says  Warden,  have  believed  that 
tliis  island  was  America,  among  others,  If  net,  bishop 
dl'  Avranclus.  "The  statement  of  Diodorus,"  ho 
writes,  "that  those  who  disrovored  this  island  wore 
cast  upon  its  shores  by  a  tempest,  is  worthy  of  atten- 
tiiin;  as  tlu~  east  wind  blows  almost  continually  iii 
tlii  toi-rid  zone,  it  might  moU  happen  that  ('artlia- 
■^iiiian  vessels,  surprised  by  this  wind,  should  be 
cii'ricd  against  their  \\\\\  to  tlu'  western  i--lands," 
Aristotle  tells  the  ^aiue  story,  llonu'i',  IMutarch, 
;iiid  other  anciout  writers,  mention  islands  situated  in 
the  Atlantic,  svvoml  thousand  stadia  from  the  Pilltrs 

;in  I'lij^lish  tivoislntion  ami  many  imtps  Svo.,  Kniul.  IT'.*"-  Many  ifinaiku 
iij'"ii  HanuiiK  \iiya;;p  (Ut'  iiiudo  liy  ( 'iini]i(iinim<'.H,  Aiiliiiuiiltni  Mun/iiint 
'i'  !ii  liipiilildvii  iff  i'iiiftioii.  Maili'itI  17.")();  li(m;4iiin\ lilt',  Mrmoinn  il,', 
/Widi/iiiiirdfH  Iii.in'ifttioii^.  (oni,  xwi.,  .\x\iii. ;  (iosMclin,  liir.'ii  n/irssiir  In 
(!•  'iijriipliir  ilr.i  .[lui'iis.  Itcii'icll,  i/roiini/ilii/  iif  lli  ri't/(i/n\.  vol,  ii.,  i)|», 
Hni  i;t,  Hvii.;  and  lifi'icu,  iii.veo-c/Hv  oil  l/ii-  Aiirt\nl  Sn/iuns  uf  A/run, 
Mil    i.,  |iji,  VJ-2  M\. 


G8 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMEKICANS. 


of  Hercules,  Init  such  occounts  are  too  vague  and 
mythical  to  prove  tliat  they  knew  of  any  land  wcNt 
of  tlie  (yanary  Islands.  ()f  course  they  surmised 
that  there  was  land  heyond  the  farthest  limits  of 
their  discoveiy;  they  saw  that  the  sea  stretched 
smoothly  away  to  the  horizon,  uncut  hv  their  clumsv 
l)i'()ws,  no  matter  how  far  they  went;  they  peopled 
tlie  Sea  of  Darkness  with  terrois,  hut  thev  hazarded 
.ill  mannt'r  of  oiiesses  at  the  nature  of  the  treasuix; 
which  those  ten'ors  jjj'uarded.  Is  it  not  foolish  ti 
iuv.  lit  a  meaninjjj  and  a  I'uhilhnent  to  tit  the  vaouo 
surmises  of  these  ancient  minds?  Are  we  to  helievc 
that  Seiic'ca  w;is  inspired  by  a  sj)ii'it  of  ]U"o])hecy  he- 
r;)use   we  read    these  lines  in  the  second  act  of   his 

"  N'ciiiciit  ;iiiiiis 
Sn'iMila  sciis,  i|iul)us  ()('c:iniis 
\  miciiIm   rcniTii   l,i\t't,   ct   iii^viis 
I'iitt'.il    tclliis,   'riiftys(|ii('"'   imvds 
Octi'i^Mt   iirlx's;  iicc  isit  tt'iris 
L  Itiiiiii  'i'liiilo." 

<  )r  tliat  Silemis  knew  of  the  continent  of  Ameriia 
hei-ause  ^Ehamis  makes  him  tell  Midas,  the  J'hrv- 
'^ian,  that  there  was  anotlier  continent  besides  Eu- 
rope,', Asia,  and  Africa^  A  continent  whose  inhahit- 
aiits  are  larger  and  \'\\v  loiio-er  than  ordinary  people, 
and  have  diiferent  laws  and  customs.  ,^V  countrv 
where  o'old  and  siher  are  so  ])lentiful  that  they  aiv 
esteemed  no  more  than  we  esteem  iron.  Are  we  ti 
suppose  that  St  Clement  had  visited  America  wluii 
he  wrote,  in  his  cehd)rated  epistle  to  the  Corinthiaih 
that  thi're  were  otiier  worlds  heyond  tlie  oceiiii. 
Mi^ht  we  not  as  well  ai\n'ue  that  Anie:ica  was  ci  r- 
litinly  ui>f  known  to  the  ancients,  or  Ta^dtus  woidil 
never  h;:\e  written:  "Trans  Sueones  al'.ud  nuirr, 
pii^rum  M  '  pi'ope  immotum  ejus  ciui>;i  cludi^uie  tn 
r.uiiin.  oi-hem  hinc  fidi-s."  Would  the  theol^x^i' al 
view  of  th(!  flat  structure  of  the  earth  have  ii'aiiM  ' 
'  i<'dence  for  a  moment,  had  antipodes  l»eeu  discii\ 
eriid  and  believed  in  { 

'*'  '  *!■   Tilth ij-iijiti:. 


VOTAN-S  TRAVELS. 


GO 


laud  wol 
y    sumiisL'il 
it    liiuitH  ot 
a   stretched 
heir  cluiusy 
ley   peo{)U:(l 
uy  liazarckil 
:he  treasuR! 
t   foolish   t'l 
t  the  va.n'uu 
re  to  helievi; 
)roj)hecy  hc- 
1  act  oi"   hi.-j 


of  Anieri<;i 

,,  tlie  Phry- 

heskles  Eu- 

lose  inhahit- 

iiiary  peoplv, 

A  country 

hat  they  tuv 

Are  Nve  t' 

uierica.  \vlu'ii 

('oruithiaih 


le    ocean 


tl 

•ica.  was  cci 
a.'itus  Nvoiil 


alau 


I 


Ui:ir»' 


\ulivUie   b 


tl 


\ooi-»';'i' 


uive  ii'aUH 


I  »oi 


,«U    (l\SCn\- 


Tile  mysterious  traveler,  Yotaii,  is  oiico  more  uiade 
to  do  service  for  tlie  theorist  liere.  Ju  his  somewhat 
douhtful  uianuscript,  ciititled  "Proof  that  1  am  a 
Seipeiit."  N'dtau  asserts  that  he  is  a  descendant  of 
Imox,  (if  tlie  rac(^  ef  Chan,  and  derives  his  origin 
from  Chivini.  "lie  states  that  he  conducted  seven 
families  from  A'aliun  Votan  to  this  eoutinent  and  as- 
signed lands  to  them;  that  he  is  the  third  of  the  A^o- 
taiis:  tliat,  having  determined  to  ti'avel  until  he 
arri\('d  at  the  root  of  heaven,  in  order  to  discover  his 
relations  the  (,'ulel)ras  (Ser[)ents),  and  make  himscdf 
known  to  them,  lie  made  four  vo\'a'j'es  to  (,'liivim  ;'^'"' 
tliat  he  arrived  in  Spain,  and  that  he  went  to  Ronu'; 
that  he  saw  the  gi-eat  house  of  (!od  huilding;'*''  that 
he  went  hy  tin;  road  whi(di  his  hri'thren  the  (Adehras 
had  hored;  that  he  marked  it,  and  that  he  passed  hy 
the  house's  of  the  thirteen  Culehras.  lie  rulati's 
that  in  returning  fi'om  one  of  his  \()yages,  ho  found 
Beven  other  families  of  the  Tzetjuil  nation,  who  had 

"-'  '  Wliicli  is  (>\|ir('ss(Ml  hy  repeat  in;,'  four  timon  fniin  Vjilmn-Votan  r-i 
Valuiii-Cliiviin,  fnmi  \'aluiii(;|iiviin  to  \'aliiin-\'otan.'  Ciiliirrn,  Tctlin, 
ill  Hill's  III  srriiiHiiii.  II.  \\\.  '  \  aliiiii-X  (ilaii,  mi  Terie  do  \'(itaii,  serait 
Biiixaiit  Onlofie/ I'ile  ile  Ciilia.  Mais  dans  iiioii  dernier  voya;;e,  en  eon- 
touriiaiit  les  nioiita;,Mies  i|iii  enviroiinent  le  jilateaii  eleve  oil  est  sitae  Cii'- 
l/r(7-A'i'// de  I  hiaiias.  j'ai  visiti'  de  ;:randes  mines  (|iii  |Mirtent  le  noiii  de 
V'ilinii-]'iiliiii,  a  deux  lieiies  environ  dii  \illa;^('  de  '/'in/n'yrn,  sitlli'  a  7  i.  d  • 
jfaidad-lieal.  et  oil  Nin'ie/  de  la  Veija  dit  avoir  encore  troini',  en  Id'.K!.  !(  s 
-,*faiiiilles  dii  noiii  de  \'olaii.'   llrn.isi'iir  ilc  lUnirliuiirij,  I'li/iu/  ]'ii/i,  |).  Iwwiii. 

'4      '"  llrassciir's  aecoMiit.  wliieliis,  lie  savs,  taken   frm rtain   |)re-er\(',l 

tra -'iiieiils  of  ((rdone/'  Hi.sf.    ilrl   ('ir/n,   (lilleis  at    this   ]ioiiil;   it   read.-:   'il 
lllla  a  \'alniii('iu\iiii.  d'oii  il  passa  ii  la  ;;raiide  \ilie,  ciii   il  \it  la  niaisou  d  ( 


70 


orjGix  OF  THE  a:meuicans. 


joined  tlic  fii'st  iiiliahitants,  and  recognized  in  tlieiii 
the  same  origin  as  Jiis  own,  that  i.s,  of  the  Cnlehras. 
He  speaks  of  tlie  })laoe  wliere  they  hnilt  their  tirst 
town,  Avliifli,  from  its  fonnders,  received  tlie  name  of 
'rze(|nil;  he  aliirms  tlie  haviii;^  taught  them  refine- 
ment of  manners  in  tlie  use  of  tlie  tal)le,  tahle-cloth, 
tlishes,  basins,  cups,  and  napkins;  tliat,  in  return  for 
these,  they  taught  liim  the  knowledge  of  God  and 
of  liis  worsliip;  his  fii'st  ideas  of  a  king  and  ohedi- 
ence  to  liim;  and  tliat  lie  was  chosen  captain  of  all 
these  united  families.""* 

Cabrera  sup})oses  Cliivim  to  be  tlio  same  as  Hivini 
or  (Jivim,  which  was  the  name  of  the  country  I'roni 
which  the  Hivites,  descendants  of  Heth,  son  of 
Canaan,  were  ex])elle(l  by  the  Philistines  some  yeais 
befoi'o  the  departure  of  the  Hebrews  from  Egypt. 
Some  of  these  settled  about  the  base  of  ^Mount  Her- 
mon,  and  to  them  belonged  Cadnuis  and  his  wife 
]T;ii-monia.  Jt  is  probably  owing  to  the  fable  of 
their  transformation  into  snakes,  relatctl  by  Ovid  in 
his  ^Ietamor[)hoses,  that  the  word  (Jivim  in  the 
I^htLMiician  laniruan'o  siijfiiities  a  snake.'*^     Tripoli  ot' 


^^^  Cfihrrrii,    Tcd/rn,   in   Riii'.t  Drurriitfliiu,  \t.  31.      I   liiivo  fidlnwcd  (n- 
bri'iii's  acciiiiiit  iK'Ciuise,   mifurliiiiiilcly,  Onloiii'z'  work   is  not  to  lio  luul. 
lini-isi'iir  <^'ivi's  ii  fuller  iicfiiiiiit  of  Viitiin's  advi'iitiircs  tliaii  ("ahrcra,  Imt 
lie  protc.ssi'.s  to  ilraw  lii.s  iufoririation  from  fra^uiciits  of  Ordoricz' writiii;.;-. 
iiiid  it,  is  iiiiiKissililc  to  tell  wlictliur  his  extra  iiil'oniialioii  is  tlie  result  nf 
Ills  own  iuiaiiination  or  of  tiial,  of  his  cM|ually  eiitliusiastie  ori;,'iiial.     'I'lic 
l.-arued  .\lil)e  relates  that   the  men  with  wiiom  N'otan  conversed  eoneerniiiu 
the  tower  of   Mahel,  assured  him  '<|Ueeet  ediliee  elait   le  liiu  oil  Dieu  a\,iil 
donni'  ii  ehaipie  famille  un  lani^na/c  iiarticulier.      II  allirme  (|u'^  sou  retoiir 
di'  la  villi'  (In  temiile  de   Dieu,  il  retourna  une  premii're  el  line  seeoiide  fni^ 
!i  examiner  t  uis  les  sontei'rains  par  oil  il  a\ail  dejii  pas^e.  et  les  si;;iies  c|'  i 
s'y  troiixaient.      11  dit  <|u'on   le  lit  passer  par  un  ehemin  souterrain  ipii  tr.i 
versait  la  terre  et  se  terminait  ii  la  racine  du  eiel.     A  Te^^ard  de  eelle  i  ir 
e  lusiani'e,  il  ajoute  iiue  ee  ehemin   n'('tait  autre  (|triin  trou  de  serpent  o;i 
il  enira  parce  ipi  "il  etait  iin  ser|ieiit.'  I'upul  Vitli,  [i.  Ixxxix,     See  farllur, 
enieei  iiiuj^  \'olan'    I'lirlin/d/  K.s/iinouc,  llis/.    .lA'.i'.,  tom.  i.,  ]).   \i>');  Jnm- 
;v;.v,    Hint,    limit.,   ]>.  'JOS;  C/d n'l/rni,  Sfurin   Ant.   iht  Missim,  tom.  i.,  I'll 
l."i()-l;  lliitiiriiii,  Iilrii,  ]».  llo;  l.ci^ji,  Xii'(trifi/ii(i,  p.  4;   '/'■■<c/iui //".•<  I'mtri-'i 
Aiili'/.,  pj).   Il-lo;    I'n'ist'.i  ..linri:  Aiitii/.,   )ip.  'JIS-'.);    I!ri(.s.srnr  tic   Jlin 
liDiinj,  Hint.  Xitt.  Cii'.,   tom.   i.,  pp.  4H -."),  (!S-7ti;  ]>(iiii''iii'rli\s  hi.'^rrt.i,   \'i\. 
i .,  pp.  It)  7.     'I'his  last   is  inendy  a  literal  eojiy  of  'I'schudi,  to  wlioMi,  \\ii\'.- 
ever,  no  credit  is  j;iven. 

'<">  'Ordofn'z  tire  iin  ar;,Mimeiit  du  mot  r/u'rhii,  (pril  ecrit  anssi  fi/r,,.. 
jionr  rappider  le  c'/ /(•///(  du  pa>s  des  Ili'vc'cns  de  la  Palestine,  d'oii  il  i,i:: 
.s.)rtir  les  aiicctres  lie  N'otan.     Uuiis  hi  hinyue  t/.endale,  tjui   etait  cellc  'l^ 


4 


t 
I 


^ 


il  in  tliciii 

Culel)ras. 

their  tirst 

10  name  of 

em  refine- 

,al)lo-el()th, 

return  fur 

:'  (Jod  and 

and  ()l)edi- 

)tain  of  all 

}  as  Hivini 
nntry  from 
til,  «on  of 
some  yeai's 
om  E_!^vi»t. 
[onnt  llei- 
d  his  wifr 
10  fahle  of 
hy  Ovid  in 
im    in 


th 


Tripol 


ll    ol 


followi'il   (' 
it    to  lie   li:i 


Cnl 


ihrcra,  Iml 


liincz  \vntm;:~ 


IS 


tl 


ic  result  III 


(iri;;ili;il.       I  In' 
■-(■ll  (•((lU'eriiinj 


1)11 


I) 


leii  snail 


u  il  Hdii  retiMir 


|ne  seeiiiiile  tui- 
Ics  sillies  i|'.i 
lenaiii  i|iii  tra- 
il! (It:  celle  eli- 
de sei'|ieiit  o;i 


fiirlli 


]).   Km; 

•'),    tiMll. 


,1c   11 


Ih 


Id  whom,  Illic- 


it   ilUSSl 

pie,  il'dii  1 
(■tail  eel 


1  fait 


THE  TZENDAL  TUADITIONS. 


71 


Syria,  a  town  In  the  kinL,^dom  of  Tyre,  wa.s  anciently 

called  Chiviui.      "Under  this  «ui»})osition,  Avhen  Vo- 

tan  says  he  is  Culehra,   because    he    is    Chivim,    ho 

;    clearly  shows,  that  he  is  a  lli\  ite  ori<j;inally  of  Tripoli 

ill  Syria,    wliich   he   calls  Vahnii    Chivim,   where  ho 

landed,  in  his  voyages   to  the   old   continent.      Ifero 

.    tlieii,  we  have  his   assertion,    I   am  Culebra,  because 

r  I    am   Chivim,   i)roved    true,  by  a   demonstration  as 

:0  evident,  as  if  ho  had  said,    I  am  a  llivite,  native  of 

if  Trij)oli  in  Syria,  which  is  Yalum  Chivim,  the  port  of 

■4   my  viiyML^cs  to  the  old  continent,  and  beloni;in^  to  a 

i    nation  famous   l()r   havinj^-  })roduced   such  a   hei'o  as 

;     Cadnms,  who,  by  his  valour  and  exploits,  was  worthy 

of  beini^'  cluinL,^ed  into  a  Culebra  (snake)  and  placed 

amoui^  the  gods;  whoso  worsliij),  for  the  glory  of  my 

nation  and  race,  I  teach  to  the  seven  families  of  the 

Tze(piiles,  that  1  found,  on  returning  from  one  of  my 

voyages,  united  to  the  seven  families,  inhabitants  of 

\     the    American   continent,   whom    I    conducted    from 

A'ahun  \'otan,  and  distributed  lands  among  them."'^" 

'I'he  most  enthusiastic  sui)j)orter  of  the  Pluenician, 


or 


T 


NTian,  tiieory,  is 


^[r  ( 


jieorii'o  Jones. 


T\ 


lis  u'entle 


th 


man  has  dovoted  the  whole  of  a  goodly  volume  to 
tl;e  subject,  in  which  he  not  only  susta'iis,  but  con-^ 
clusively  j)roves,  to  his  own  satisfaction,  whatever 
proposition  he  pleases.  It  is  of  no  use  to  tjuestion, 
lu'  diMiiolislifs  by  anticipation  all  })ossibh'  objections; 
he  "will  yield  to  none,"  ho  says,  "in  the  coiisi'ieii- 
tious  beli«.'f  in  the  truth  of  the  startling  projiositions, 
and  the  conse([ueiit  historic  coiu'hisions."  Tlie  sum 
ol'  these  ])ropositions  and  conclusions  is  this:  thtit 
after  the  taking  of  the  Tyriaii  capital  by  Ale\;inder, 


livi-e  a 


ttril 


me  a 


V..t 


III. 


1  raeiiie  dit  inii 


it  (•/,( 


i  si;;iiilic  /i((frii\  (III  !//ii/)  i|iii  vinit  dire  aniiadille.'  J 


]Miiirrail  el  re  i 


■hlh 


iijitil  I'li/i 


liiile. 
'I'lidrn,  ill    li 


I'li.ssi  iir ((!'  hull rhdiini 


I  <iii  I 


/,///., 


Ih 


'rsm/ili'iii 


11]).  47-.");?.    It 
d 


seems  tliat  t!i 


las  ser\eii  as  an  excuse  tiir 


Mll>|i(isi'd  I'lueiiieiaii  deseciit  iif  |ln'  Aiiierieaiis  1 

(lie  t\iaiiiiy  tlieir  iiiii(|Ueriirs  exereisi'd   ii\er  tliem.      'Cursed   lie  Caiiaai 
lid  Niiali.    'A  si'i-saiit  iif  ser\aiils  shall  lie  tie  unto  liis  lucllireii.'     Mii 


laiiiis  s-iys   that  it   is  a   mistake  tn  term   the    I'll 


L'aiiaaii,  I'tir  tliey  are  a  Sei 


<i'llleiaiis   descfudallt 


iiitu'  iieiiplo 


I  tninr 


Wccrdd,  11.  '1. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


1 1^  1^ 


M 


1.4 


2.0 


1.6 


P% 


V] 


/J 


f>^ 


^ 


% 


/ 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIR.N  Y    )4S«0 

(716)  •79-4503 


# 


iV 


\\ 


;.<•    jS 


o^ 


<-     #?  ^    ///// 


f/. 


i 


OllKUN  OF  TUE  AMIMIKANS. 


B.C.  .Tn2,  a  remnant  of  tlio  inhabitants  csr.ipud  In' 
si'a  to  the  Fortunate  Islands,  and  thence  to  Anidicii, 
The  author  does  not  preti'nd  tluit  tliey  liad  any  posi- 
tive l()ri!k»io\vlediL(o  of  the  existence  of  a  western 
<'ontinent;  tlioui^h  he  believes  "that  from  their 
knowlfdL^^  of  astronomy,  thev  mav  have  hiid  (he 
su]n>osition  that  such  miucht  he  the  case,  fr  >m  the 
then  known  j^lohular  chaiaeter  of  the  earth."  Ihit 
they  were  mainly  indehted  for  the  success  of  their 
voya<>e  to  the  favoiinijf  east  winds  which  hore  them, 
in  the  s|)ace  of  a  nionth  straight  to  the  coast  of 
Florida.'"  "There  ari'ived  in  joyous  ijhulness,  and 
welcomed  hy  all  the  ijifts  of  nature, — like  an  heir 
^uddtMJ   fortune,  uncertain  wherj  to   rest,  —the 


to  a 

TyriaJis  left  the  shore  of  Florida  and  ceasted  tin;  _t;ulf 
of  Nlexico,  and  so  around  th(!  ptMiinsula  of  Yucatan 
and  into  the  Bay  of  Ifonduras;  they  thence  ascended 
a  river  of  shelter  and  safely,  and  al)ov(>  tlu^  rapids  of 
hich  they  selected  the  site  of  their  first  city,  now 
'cuj)ied  hy  the  ruins,  altars,  idols,  and  walls  of 
'opan!" 

The  more  effectually  to  presiTve  the  secret  of  their 
discoveiy  and  phu-e  of  refuse,  they  suhscMpiently 
tlestroyed    their   j^allcys  and    passed   a,    law  that    no 


w 

0( 

( 


others  should  he  huilt.  At  least,  this  is  Mr  .lones' 
helit'f — a  helief  which,  to  hini,  makes  the  cause  "in- 
stantly ap]>arent"  why  the  new-found  continent  was 
for  so  many  centuries  unknown  to  Asiatics  or  Kuro- 


I  leans. 


t     IS     pOSSl 


hie.  h 


lowever,   the  same  ingenious 


author  thinks,  that,  ujion  a  final  lau^lin^•,  they  burned 


'"'  'Till-  vtvciii!,'  (Jiilli'VK,  witli  '*t\\U  iin<l  "iiiN,  mikI  mIwmvm  lirfurc  tlic  run- 


stiiiil   l'".:i-t-\\'iiiil  Mini  Minvnfil  Nv.iM'  ciiricnt.  wnii 


M 


I. 


Iiv  .1.1 


iluiiii''  till'  iii;;lit,  witliiiiit  llii'  I 


'i'iiiii{ili>.ii  ii'ii  null's  nil 


iiiw CIS.  si\  null's  iin  Imur, 


iiiiil,  ri|inillv  iliviilin;;  tlic  t wrnly-finir  liniirs,  wdiiIiI  nwikf  ii  run  nf  1*1.' 
iiiilcM  piT  il;i\  .  Nanliciil  |iiti  >fs  will  slmw  lluit  in  (lie  ii1m>\c  I'lilciilnli'in 
till' piiwiT  III'  till- 'riiii|i'\S'iiii|s  |/,  c.  till'  l'".iist-\\'ini|s|  lire  mn/i  rmh  i/.  Tin' 
liistiiiii'i'  fi'iini  'I'l'iii'ilH'i'  III  I'Miiriilii  is  nlinnl  ;i,'l(»i(  mill's,  wliiili  hy  tin'  I'mi'- 
jiMiic  iliitii  tlii'V  wniil  1  tniM'i'sc  ill  Hi'vciitci'ii  mill  n  i|n,ii'lt'r  liii.vs.  'I'lir  N'ny- 
ii^jt'  iiiiiN'  llii'ii'i'iiii'  wiili  siifrly  III'  Mjiiil  to  liiivi'  lii'i'ii  iiri'iiiii|ilislii'i|  ilniiii;{ 
iin  cntn'c  iiinntli,  iiinl  tliMt,  ri)iisi'.|ni>iii|y  ihi-  liisi  iMiiiliii;^' nf  a  liriiinli  nf 
till*  linniiin  family  in  Ani'ii'iil  Amrrira  wnnlil  In-  in  tin-  last  iinintli  <<< 
.Vnliiinn,  tiiiri'  liiimli'i'il  ami  I  liiit  v-two  M'ai's  lii'fmi'  (lie  t'lirisiian    I'.ia.' 


MIt  JONT.S'  ItKASONINC. 


78 


d  by 
.irira. 
posi- 
sterii 
tlu'ir 

I    tltc 

But 

tlu'ir 

ln'IM, 

st    of 

and 

lu'ir 

— tho 

}  sjfulf 

(•■•itaii 

iidcd 

ids  of 

now 

Is    of 


OIK'S 

ill- 
was 
iiiro- 
nious 
inu'd 


('  CUM- 
li's  ail 

liiiiir, 
I'    l!i.' 

■I'll.' 

flllC- 

\My- 

liiriii;! 

Iicll     111 

iitli   III' 
.lii.' 


ilit'ir  slii|>s  as  a  sacritice  to  A[>ollo,  "and  liaviiii^ 
made  that  sacritico  to  AjjoHo,  laiiatical  zeal  may  liave 
led  tlit'in  to  ahlior  tliu  future  use  of  means,  wliicli,  as 
ii  tifratoful  oH'erinuf,  liad  beun  <'ivcn  in  tlicir  dcitv. 
Til 'iico  may  l)u  traced  the  ynuhial  loss  of  nautical 
juactice,  on  an  enlarged  scale;  and  tin;  lireat  conti- 
in'iit  now  [)ossessed  hy  them,  would  also  <liininish  l>y 


(lct;'rees  tho 


ossc 
uses 


.1. 


of  naviiiatioii. 
d 


'U8 


ones    inneniousiy    makes    use   ot    the    siini 


f  th 


ilarit 


les 


which  hav(!  heeii  thoiiij^ht  to  exist  iK'tweeii  the  Amer- 
ican and  l^^nyptian  pyramids,  anil  architecture  i;-eii- 
crallv,  to  ]>rove  his  'Pvriaii  the(»rv.  The  wneral 
character  of  tho  American  architecture  is  undonht- 
cilly  Knyptian,  ho  ari^ues;  hut  tho  n'seiiililaiice  is 
not  close  onoii^h  in  detail  to  allow  of  its  heino- 
nctually  the  \vork  of  Kiicyptiaii  hands;  the  ancient 
cities  of  America  wt^ro  therefore  huilt  hy  a  |teo|tl(' 
who  had  a  hni>irl('<J<ic  of  FiLfyptian  architecture,  and 
ciiioved  constant  intercourse  with  that  nation.  I  hit 
>i)iiie  of  tho  ruins  are  (Jreek  in  styk' ;  the  mysterious 
people  must  also  liavi!  Iu'en  familiar  with  (ireek 
.irchitecture.  NN'hero  shall  we  find  such  a  jieople^ 
The  <'ap  exactly  tits  tho  Tyrians,  says  Mr  Jones,  let 


tliem    wear    it.      rnfortunatelv,    h 


owe\er 


M 


r  Jones 


iiiaimfactures  the  caj)  himself  and    knows  the  exact 
>i/e  of  the  head  he  wishes  to  place  it  on.      lie  next 


j4'oes  o 


II  t 


o  l)rove 


almost  to  demonstration   (hat  (!n 


cian  artists  wi>re  authors  of  the  sculpture,  Tyrians 
I  lie  architects  of  the  entiri^  edilli'es,  wliih'  th(»se 
of  I'i^ypt  Were  aiitliors  of  tlu;  architectural  hases." 
The  tortoise;  is  found  sculptured  on  some  of  the  ruins 


Ml. I 


"■'ll    wciiiiil  lie  iiiiiiiwsihli'  to  ni\(>  lii-rc  llic  cnlin' ex  iiiftnc  willi  wliiili 


iiin'-(  >ii|i|i(irls  h\*  llii'iiiy 


SiiU'ir)'  it  III  SUV  lliiit   till'  ana! 


Ill' ail- 


ii'CH  arc  fiir-frirlu'il  in  ilic  cxtii  iiic,  ainl  lliiil   lii»  |iiriiii^i's  iiif  let  a  ^ri'cal 
'Xli'iil  ;:iiiMnili'il  ii|Mih  crrtain  \ayni'  ntlcianrcsnf  l-aiali  llic  |iiM|iiii'l.      Hit 


iiiiliiiiiiiilril    ilK^iinaliHiii,  xM'ii'   it    lr»H  HliiinL.'l\    niaikri 


\\<v\\  iill'i'ii-'iM'  a  111  I  nnri'Miialiif  In  llmsc  « liu  ilisji;:ni'  w  illi   liis  ii|iiiiiiiii^; 
it   i»,  il    i-t  •"iiniiiy  linlitTMiiM.      !  raniml    lirllrr  csiiicss  my  iipinii>ii  nf  lli 


I k  lliaii  li\  n^<ill 


III 


if  till'  ili>tin"iii-lit'il  Ann  riniiiisli  jtr  MiiUi'i'; 


'I •an/  iiliiii 
ll 


Wcrlli  soil  ilir  in   l.iiiniiin  |si;i  cixi'liii'iu'iic  Scliiiri  rinr-i  I'.n;.'- 


Iill|lll'l'^<,    dl'lll'^ri'    .liina->,    il 

A, III  nLiiiiixi'liv  Cni lii/t'ii 


ilir    I' 


I'liii'lilc   ilc"  alien   Aiiicriiii   M'in 


«■ 


74 


OKUilN  OF  TllK  A.MKUiCANS. 


iit  l^xiiiiil;  it  was  jiVso  staiuiUMl  u]»<»n  tlic  ('dins  of 
(iii'fian  Tliohus  and  yK^iiia.  From  thin  (act  it  is 
hrotiLjht  liomu  at  unou  to  tliu  Tyriaiis,  lKn*ausu  tlio 
IMHi'iiiciau  cliiof  Cadmus,  wlio  louiidcd  'riiehcs,  and 
introdiUH'd  letters  into  Cireece,  without  doul>t  se- 
lected tlie  symiujls  of  his  native  land  to  represent 
the  coin  of  his  new  city.     The  tortoise  is,  therefore, 


a  I  vrian  einhlem 


1)K 


119 


The  A;nerican  ruins  in  some  places  hear  inscrip- 
tions written  in  vermilion  j>aint;  the  Tvrians  were 
«u;lehrate<l  for  a  purple  «lye.  Carved  i>ems  have  l)«'cn 
I'ound    in    American    tomhs;    the    'J'yrians    were    also 


aci 


uainted  with  nem-carvin;^.  The  door-posts  and 
pillars  of  Solomon's  temple  were  s(piare;''"  sipiaro 
ohelisks  and  cohinms  may  also  he  found  at  PaleiKpie. 
J  hit    it    is    useless    to    multiply   «jUotati«)ns;  the    ah- 


sun 


lity  of 


sui'h  reasonnii>:  is 


hh 


izoned  ui)on 


o 


f  It. 


1> 


the  f 


ice 


\\ 


At  Dii^f^hton,  on  the  hay  of  Narrayanset,  is,  or 
as,  an  inscription  cut  in  the  rock,  which  has  hi-en 
conlidcntly  asserted  to  he  Ph(rnician.  ('oj>ii's  (»f  this 
inscription  have  heen  frequeiitly  made,  hul  they  dilfer 
so  mateiiMlly  that  no  two  of  them  wouUl  appear  to 
he  intended  for  the  same  desiirn."^' 


i<«  ./r<//.'.s'  hist.   Aiir.  Aiiifi:,  ji|>.   U5S-7 


\('t'(ii'tliii;{  to  .Ml'  iloiiuH,  SoIiiiiiou'h  tL>ui|ilt>  wiiM  littilt  liy  Tyriati  wmk- 


IllCli. 


'"'  (Jclii'lin  iilliniiM  I'lilliiiMiiiMlifitllv 


'i|iii>  ccttc  iMNi'ri|ilioii  viciit  tl'iir 


river  liHil  i'\|iii'n(1u  nuinfuii  inoiiilc,  |H»iir  ciinliiiiu'r  wr*  iilci's  wiir  l'iiri;^iiu' 
ill's  |ii'ii|ili's,  ct  iiiir  I'liii  y  viiil,  i/'tiiif  iiitiiiii  rr  iru/iiitr,  nil  luiiiimiM'iit 
plii'iiirii'ii,  nil  talilfiiii  i|iii,  Hiir  Ic  ili'vaiil,  ili'.sj;;n<<  niii>  alliiiiicc  ciilif  it-s 
|icn|i|i"<  iinii'i'iraiiiM  ct  la  niilimi  (>li'anp'rt>,  iiiriMiiil,  jiar  ilc^  inilsihi  nun/, 
il'mi  |ia\s  rirlif  ft  iiiiliiMlrit'iix." '     llniiilinlill,  linwi'vcr.  ciMMinriitiii;.' ii|iiin 


ll 


MS,  \vnli"»: 


ill'   I 
li-tti 


iinntiin 


■  I' 
l:i\ 


II  cxaniiiic  avn*  Hoiii  Ii'm  i|iiati'i' iIi's^<iiin  ilr  la  laiiiiMiM'  |iu'i'ii 


l.iiin  il'y  iri'ininnilir  nn  arrMii;^)'inriit  h\  nii'liiiinc  ilc 


res  Mim|ili's  on  tic  farai'li'i'i's  Nyllaliii|iii>s,  jc  ii  y  mmh  i|u  iiii  iIchsih  a 
|i('inc  I'itanriii',  ct  aiialii;;'nc  t'l  ccnx  i|ni'  I'nii  a  Ironvi's  niir  Ics  loriicrs 
ill-  la  Niirwi'y^c'  l//>.v,  toni.  i.,  pp.  IS!-'.*.  ''I'lic  liiHtnry  «>f  tlii'^  iiiMiiip- 
tiiiii  is  Hcaircly  snrpasm>i|,  in  tlic  interest  it  lias  escitcil.  or  ilie  iinvri 
phases  it  lias  e\liiltitei|  at  NiieecsHivc  I'ltoelis  of  tlieorelieal  speciiialion,  li\ 
aiiv  ri'iilsiiiian,  l''.il;;ill)iiie,  or  Nilotic  riilille.  When  llie  taste  of  Aliieiieall 
aiiti>|Marics  ini'liiieil  towarils  I'lnenieian  relies,  llic  |lii;litoii  inseriplimi  enn 
fiiiiiieil  III  their  opinions;  ami  with  chaii^in;.'  tastes  it  has  prnveil  ei|uallN 
oinpliant.  In  ITH.'t  the  lii'v.  K/ra  Stiles,  M.  !>..  I<resii|ent  of  N  ale  tuj- 
le;.'!'.  when  preai'liiti;;  licl'ore  the  lioxcnior  ami  State  of  I 'oiiiieriiriil,  up- 
pcah'il  to  the  JMglitoii  Hock,  ^'tuvuii,  iiH  he  k'lic\eil,  in  the  old  runic  or 


INSCKIIJKI)  TAIILKTS. 


75 


Ills  of 

it  is 

io  the 

s,  and 

>t      SL'- 

roscnt 
rot'oio, 

iirtcriit- 
s  wore 
e  luHii 
•u  alsi) 
ts  Jiml 

leiHiuo. 
lie  ill>- 
lio  t'aeo 

,   i>^,  «»»" 

IS    lulMl 

1'  this 
H'ar  to 


liaii  wttrk- 
ncnt  tl'iir- 

IlliiUIIIIII'Ilt 

tiiln'  U* 

.s  illl   iilil'll. 

Mill;;  ii|i<iu 
•  iiM'  |iii'ni' 

r|rii|lli'  lit' 

(li'soin  i'l 
[•s  nirliriH 
is  iii>>rriii- 

Jlllf     lUlVll 

Aiiirrii'im 
||iti<ill  toll 
I'll  i(|llltllv 

[Viilo  t'.il- 

•lirllt,   III'- 

i'linif  or 


In  (lu;  mountains  whidi  extend  from  tlie  villau;e 
(if  rruana  in  Soutii  Amuiica  to  the  weft  hank  of 
th(>  ('aura,  in  7^  hit.,  Father  Uamon  liueno  found  a 
hiock  of  u^ranite  on  which  were  cut  several  groups  of 
(liaiactei's,  in  which  lluml>oKlt  sees  some  rcsuni- 
hlance  to  the  Phienician,  though  he  douhts  tliat  the 
wnitliy  i>riest  whose  copy  he  saw  performed  his  work 
very  carefully."'* 

'{'he  inscrihed  stone  discovered  at  Crave  Creek 
Mound  has  excited  much  comment,  and  has  done 
ixciHent  service,  if  we  jud>i^e  hy  the  numher  of 
theories  it  has  been  held  to  elucidate.  Of  the 
twiiity-two  characters  which  are  confessedly  alpha- 
hetic,  inscrihi'd  upon  this  stone,  ten  are  saitl  to  cor- 
respond, with  ]neneral  exactness,  with  the  IMueiiician, 
fifteen    with    the    Celtiheric,    fourteen    with    the   old 

riiMiiii'ian  cliaracfcr  ami  Iaiij;iia;;i':  in  jiroof  that  llic  IiiiliaiM  wcro  (if  llio 
ai'i'iii'si'il  si'fil  of  Canaan,  anil  smti*  tii  lie  (lis|i!ari'il  atul  ruiitt'il  nut  by  tint 
l'.iiiii|praii  ilcsi'i'iiiiaiitM  iif  laiilict !. . .  .Sii  rarlv  as  Iti.Sit  I>r.  Danlortli  I'Xi-- 
I'lilnl  wliat  lir  rliaiarlci'i/ril  as  "a  faitlifnl  ami  arciiratc  ri'iursciitatiiin  of 
till'  iiis('i'j|itii)n "  nil  |li),'litnn  Knck.  hi  171-  tiic  t'cicliraliMl  Dr.  ('nttnii 
MiilliiT  iirni'iircil  ili'aw  in;;s  nf  tlit-  sanif,  ami  traiismiitcil  tiinii  tn  tlu>  Set-- 

litaiX   nf   llic    linyal    SncirtV  nf    Lnliiliill,   wIlll   a    ilrsi'|-i|i|  inll,  |ilililcil   ill  llif 

i'/ii/iiMti/i/niii/  Triiii.iiiitiinis  for  17ll,  rcfciiin;;  tn  it  as  "an  iiis('ri|itinii  in 
wliiili  an-  scM'ii  nr  (■i''lit   lines,  aliniit  seven  nr  i'i''ii(   feet   luii'',  ami  aliniil  a 


fixii  wiile,  each  nf  tlieiii  en;;i'aveii  willi  iiiiai'eniiiitalii<>  ehararter- 


>t  /i/,, 


.11   /, 


iiiiirii    cliiiriiili  I 


In    I7.'«l,    l>i'.    Isaae  (ineiiwiMMl,    llnjlisiaii    I'rn- 


fc's^nr  at   t'aiiilitiil;,'e,  New  l''.ii;;laml,  eniiimiiiiirateil  tn  tlie  Sncietv  nf  Aiiti- 
i|iiai'ies  nf  Lniiilnn  a  iliiiwiii;;  nf  tlie  same  iiisi'i'i|)tinii,  aecnmiiaiiieil  willi  a 
i|>linli  wliieii  |ii'n\es  tlie  threat  care  with  wliirli  liis  en|iy  wan  eseriiteil 


1. 1    ITliS,    Mr.    Sleiiliell    Sewall,    l'rnfex-.ni'  nf   (liielilal    l,ail;;lia 


at   <  aiii- 


iiiiil;;e,  New  l',ii;;laml,  tnnk  u  earefiil  in|i\,  liie  si/e  nf  llie  nii;^iiial,  ami 
ill  |iii>iii'il  it  in  tlie  .Miiseiini  of  llai'\aril  CniMTsiiy;  ami  a  traiiMiipt  nf 
till-,  was  I'm  wai'ileil  tn  tlie  llnval  Sneiely  nf  l.iimlnii,  >i\  _\eais  liiici',  iiy 
Mr.  •lames  Wiiillirn|t.    Ilnilisiaii   l*rnfe»nr  nf    .Maliiematies.      In   i7Mi  the 

lie\.    .Miiliael    LnrI,     l).l>.,    nlie   nf    tlie    \'ii  e-l're-.ii|eills    nf   the    SniielN    nf 


Ami 


if  l.nmlmi 


l.ili'il    illiixtratinlis,    liefnre 


a;:aili   hrnui^lil    the  siilije 


it,  with   all   its  ai'i'iimii- 


that 


eariieil    sneleiN  ;   ami    <  nlnlle 


Vail 


elli'V  Illl- 


ill  riiink   In  |ii'o\e  that   the  iiisn'i|>linn 


W  i 


neither    I'llieliii'iail   llnl     I'lllli 


li:it  Silteriaii.  Suhsei|nentlv,  Jinl;:)'  Wintlirn|is  exeenteil  a  iliawin;;  in 
\'S'>;  ami  a;;ain  wo  have  otliers  hy  Jinl;,'!'  Itaylies  ami  Mr.  .Insejih  Inmil- 
ill:;  ill  I7li*>.  hy  Ml'.  Jnli  liai'iliier  ill  lsl'_';  ami  linally,  in  is.'tii,  li\  a  t'nm- 
mi^^imi  ai>|iniiileil  hy  the  Ithmle  Islainl  llislnrieal  Sneirtv,  ami  inminiini- 
laleil  In  the  .\iil ii|miries  nf  ( 'n|ienhap'ii  \\itli  elalmrate  ileseriplinns:  whirli 
•  Inly  a|i|iear  in  their  Aiitiiiiiilntrs  Ann  rirmnr,  in  |irniif  nf  imvi'l  ami  \eiy 


reiiiarkalile   ileilmlinns 

l'll/(l,  nil's    Trill/.,    |l.  •_'((. 


Wil.sDii'n    I'nUist,    Mm 


|i|i.    •I((;i-,'t.      Sei\    al-n 


II  est  asse/.  reiiiari|nahh>  i|ne,  siir  sept  eariieteres,  amnn  lie  s'y 
liMilve  ri'lu'le  |ill|sieiirs  fnis.'  I'llis,  Inlil.  i.,  |'li,  l.S.'l-l,  with  eilt  nf  (lail  nf 
ill->ri'ijitinii. 


7G 


OUIOIN  OF  THE  AMEKICANS. 


Britlsli,  Aii^lo  Saxon  or  Bardie,  five  witli  the  old 
northcni,  or  lluiiic  itrojier,  four  with  the  Etrus- 
can, six  with  tho  ancient  (JalHc,  four  with  tho 
ancient  Greek,  and  seven  with  tlie  old  Erse."' 
An  inscrihed  monument  su[>posed  to  ]»e  Plmni- 
cian  was  discovered  by  one  Jt)a(|uin  de  Costa,  on  his 
estate  in  New  Granada,  some  time  since,'"*  'I'lie 
cross,  the  ser[)ent,  and  the  various  other  symlols 
found  amoni''  the  American  ruins,  have  all  l)een  re 
Li^arded  l>y  (htferent  authors  as  tending;*  to  conHiin  the 
J^lKeniciaii  theory;  chieHy  because  similar  emhlems 
liave  been  found  in  Eiifvpt,  and  the  Phccniciaiis  are 
known  to  have  been  familiar  with  Egyptian  arts  and 
ideas.''"'^  Mel,|i,^ar,  who  thinks  there  can  be  no  doult 
that  the  PlKenicians  built  Palenque,  su)>|)o.scs  the 
s!)-call('d  PaleiKiue  medal'""  to  re[)resent  llercidcs  in 
the  Garden  of  the  Hes|)erides,  attacked  by  tho 
drai^oii.  Two  thousand  three  hundred  years  before 
the  worship  of  Hei'cules  was  known  in  (Jreece,  it 
obtained  in  Pluenicia.  whither  it  was  brought  iVom 
Ejfvpt,  where  it  had  flourished  for  over  seventeen 
thousand  years.'" 

1'''  Sec  Sr/ioii/iriiff,  in  Amrv.  Fffnw. ,'^nr.,  Trnnmrf.,  vol.  !.,  pp.  HSCi-'C, 
for  lull  iH'i'iiiiiit  (if  this  Mtmic,  with  cul.s.  Sih-  also  }ntsoii'.s  l'ri/ii.\f.  Mmi, 
\)\\.  4(IS,  el  Hci|, 

'''<  l''i)r  lliis  stiitt'iiKMit  \  liiivc  only  ntnvspiiitcr  iiiitliorlty,  liowcvcr.  'nic 
"Ain('riUa,"t'in  in  lto;;i»tji,  Ncu  (lianaila,  ci'scliicni-ncM.lonnnil,  kiin(li;;t  cine 
Entilriknnu  an.  ilic  so  scltsani  ist.  <las  sic  ilcr  n('stiiti;;iin;;'  licdarf,  clir  man 
ill!' (ilMiilicn  sclMMilu'n  kann.  l>on  .loaiininMlt' Costa  soil  danacli  ;  af  oiin'Oi 
sciiii'i'  (iiiliT  )>in  stcint'i'nrs  MunnnH'iit  futilcckt  lialicn,  ilas  \on  cincr 
kiciurn  Colonic  IMnini/icr  aus  Siilonia  ini  .lalirc  {)  oiler  10  ilcr  Itc^^icini:;^ 
liiranus,  cincs  Zcit^cnosscn  Salomons,  nn;:'cfalii'  zdui  .lalirliiinilcitc  \or 
«lcr  cliristliclicn  Acra  crriclitct  wnnlc.  I>cr  lHock  \m'.  cine  Inscliiil't  m>ii 
iiclit  l.inicn,  ilic  in  sclioncn  Itnclistalicn,  alter  oline  'rrcnnnn;^  ilcr  Wioto 
oiler  l'nneta*ion  ^'eselirielien  siml.  In  iler  l'elierset/un}r  soil  <lie  lusrluitt. 
licsa;,'en,  ilass  jent!  Manner  iles  Lamles  Canarien  sieli  ini  llafcn  .\|iion;:a- 
lier  (Mav-.Xknlial)  ein^rliiU'tcn  nml  naeli  /\\olfinonati;,'er  l''alirt  \nn  ilcni 
l.anilc  l'",;;vpten  (Afrika)  ilureli  Striininn^en  fort;.'efiilirt,  in  <ina.\ai|nil  in 
I'crii  lanilelen.  I>er  stein  soil,  wie  cs  heisst,  ilic  N'amen  tier  IteiM'iidi  ii 
lra,i.'eii.'   Iliniiliiivij  li'/nriii,  (»rt.  "Jl,  1H7M.     See  farther,  eonecrnin;,'  insiiip- 

tions!      Tiii'iiiinilililil,     .Mniiiliil.     fill/.,     toni.     i.,     p.     'i'.t;     S/rnftini'.s     Mnllnil- 
Jtili/Jirs.  MS.,  p.   l;»;    /'/•/- s7',,  .I,//,,',   .infill.,  p.    I'JI. 

1^'  See  partii'iilarly  Mlijiir,  in  N'c'.  MiX.  (iimf.,  I'nlrlin,  'Jila  I'poea, 
toni.   iii.,  p.    II'J,   et  si'i|.;  anil  .fnm.s'  Hist.   Am-.  Annr.,  p.    l.'ij,  el  sei|., 


/;  ilil 


\«,  Sv 


A, 


.f  tl 


pp.  is.-i-d. 

IIS  work.  M 


IIS. 


Mlijiir,  in  Sur.  Mi.r,  (.''««/.,  JJuliliii,  '.Ma  t'poea,  loin,  iii.,  pji.  110-11. 


m- 


THE  CAKTIIA(;iNIAX   TIIF.OUY. 


77 


tlio  «>l»l 

Ktrus- 

•ith    the 

Phd'ni- 
i\,  on  bis 
.»•'■*     The 
syml.ols 
heon  re 
urtrin  the 
i-mhlc'ins 
ciiuits  iue 
I  arts  iuul 
no  douht 
posts   the 
LM'i'uU's  in 
I    hy    the 
urs  hci'on^ 
(Jreeee,   it 
lu-ht  Iron  I 
suvcnteen 


„  YY>.  380 -07. 
I'n/ii-il.  Mini, 

wcvcr.       nif 

larf,  flu-  iiiK" 
ell  ; Mif  I'iiicm 
IllH  voii  ciiuT 
,.!•  l!<';;ifniii;jC 
liuiHlfrti-  vor 
Inscliiil'l  vitu 
,o  ,l,.v  Wi.vlo 

(lif    IllMlllil't 

ilVii  Aiiioii;:'*- 
Uiil  villi  ili'iii 
[cuiiviniiiil  i» 

liiiiiiH'  iiisiiip- 


Miiiii 


I,   'Jtla  ('•iiiii'ii, 
l.'iJ,  ft  x'H  ; 


1.11.  110-11. 


(Jarci'a  quotes  a  numhur  of  aiialos^ies,  jj^ivinij;',  aftir 
liis  t"a.shion,  the  ohjuctions  to  each  l)y  the  Sj>aniai<ls, 
Tlie  l)uilclers  of  the  Cential  Anitiican  cities,  lie  says, 
are  rej)orted  by  tradition  to  have  been  of  lair  coni- 
]»le\ion  and  bearded.  The  Carthaginians,  in  coininon 
with  tlie  Indians,  practiced  lunnan  sacriHtcs  to  a 
^reat  extent;  tliey  wc^rshiped  fire  and  water,  adopted 


of  th 


ds  wli 


th 


tlie  names 

drank  to  exces.s,  telei>raplie{l  l>y  means  ol  tires, 
decked  tliemselves  in  all  their  finery  on  jU'oini;-  to  war, 
liuisoned  their  arrows,  offered  peace  before  beuinniiiL'' 
Icittie,  used  drums,  shouted  in  battle,  were  similar  in 
.stratayems  and  exerci.sed  ^reat  cruelty  to  the  van- 
(jiiished.  The  objections  are  that  the  lanmiiin'e  of 
llu'  Indi.ins  is  not  corrupt  (.'arthayinian ;  that  they 
have  many  lani^uaufcs,  and  could  not  have  spruiii^ 
from  any  one  nation;  Satan  prompted  the  Indians 
to  learn  various  lamjcuaiifes  in  onU-r  to  pievt;nt  the 
extension  of  the  true  faith.  But  why  are  the  Ind 
iaiis  beardless  if  they  descended  from  the  (artha- 
'•inians?  Their  beards  have  been  lost  by  the  action 
Ill"  the  climate  as  the  Africans  were  chan,:;c'd  in  color. 
Then  why  do  they  not  lose  their  hair  as  well,  and 
why  do  not  the  Spaniards  lose  their  beard  t  'fhey 
ni.iv  in  time.  And  .so  he  <joes  on  throuijh  pa<>e  after 
jianv 


1.58 


The  theory  that  the  Americans  are  of  .Jewish 
ilescent  has  been  discussed  more  minutely  and  at 
greater  length  than  any  other.      Its  advocates,  or  at 

''■^St'c  fjirtluT.  cmiccniiiij;  IMniMiiriaii  ami  < 'arilia;;iiiiaii  llirmii's:  7''>/•• 
■/i"iiiiii/it,  Miiiiiiri/.  lull.,  tmii.  i.,  |i|i   '1S~'.\,  •.'.i.'i;  llill  i  .iniii/.  Aimr;  Ml/- 

[I'lr,  ill  Siii\  .1/  ,iv  (liinj.,  Hull  till,  "Jiia  ('imca,  Inlll.  iii.,  |i.  Ill;  l.ixriirhnt, 
llixt,  Siiiii;  Frniirr;  /hillif,  Ji  iiis  hiiiii/.,  |i|i.  .'),  .S;  Jiiliijiiins  <'ir.  ilinl 
'"■•it.,  Vol.  iii.,  |i|t.  H— 1;  hitiiii  III  ill's  I)i\ir/s,  vol.  i.,  |iii.  ',1  I'l;  liijui's 
I'nirils,  \i>l.  ii.,  |i|i.  •11-50;  ,S/irliliiii,  iu  Aiii.  Aiitii/.  Sor.,  Trini.Miit „  \<tl.  i., 
|i|i.  Hill)  S;  l.iziiiiii,  lliviiviiniiirin,  in  f.iiiii/ii,  h'lliiriiiii.  |i.  ,'1.">I;  l.ii;l,  .\ /<•• 
■  n-iiiimi,  |i|i.  1(1,  'JOH;  l\itiiiiili/'.s  I'niliiililr  Orii/hi;  lUililii'iii's  .(,/<■.  Aiini:, 
|'|i  171-1.  'J(H».  '20';  /hi  I'liitt,  Hill.  I.iiiiisiiiiii-.  loin.  iii..  pii  7"i  SO;  t'/iii- 
I'  iiihiiiiiiil,  1,1  lln  iiii.r  .liifiiir.s;  \>.  H7;  S/rnlfnii's  Mniiin/-  /linlili  rs.  MS; 
>  iirrir's  Trill'.,  |i|i.  IHH.  I'.tl  'J;  Moiitiunm,  Siiiiiir  Wnnlil,  y\\.  I(i-'_''J,  '1', -X; 
h<  f'li.slii,  I'lT-CiiliiiiihnUi  Iti.sr.  Alliil'.,  |>.  xiv.;  It'i/ii.t  Aiiliiiniis,  ill  l\iiiil.s- 
ii'iiviij/i'i  M  X.  Aiitiij.,  vol.  i.\.,  Jt.  lOj  liciiu  Aiim:,  toiii.  i.,  ji.  ."I,   Funif, 


78 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMEUICAXS. 


least  those  of  tliom  •wlio  have  iiiado  oriLjiniil  iv- 
suaivlios,  are  comparatively  tew;  lait  the  extent  of 
their  investigations  and  the  multitude  of  parallelisms 
they  adduce  in  support  »>f  their  hypothesis,  exceed 
by  far  anythiuji^  we  have  yet  encountered. 

Of  the  earlier  writers  on  this  subject,  Garcia  is 
the  most  voluminous.  Of  modern  theorists  Lord 
Kin!]fsl)orou«^h  stands  preeminently  first,  as  far  as 
bulky  volumes  are  concerned,  thouj^h  Adair,  who 
devotes  half  of  a  thick  quarto  to  the  subject,  is  by 
no  means  second  to  him  in  enthusiasm — or  rather 
fanaticism — and  wild  speculation.  Mrs  Simon's  vol- 
ume, thoui^h  pretentious  enough  to  be  original,  is 
neither  m<»re  nor  less  than  a  re-hash  of  Kinj»sl)or- 
ough's  lal)ors. 

Garcia,"*  who  affirms  that  he  devoted  more  atten- 
tion to  this  subject  than  to  all  the  rest  of  his  work,*** 
deals  with  the  Hebrew  theory  by  the  same  sys- 
tematic arrangement  of  '<»pinit>ns,'  'solutions,'  't»b- 
jections,'  'replies,'  etc.,  that  is  found  all  through  his 
book.  A  condensed  resume  of  his  argument  will  be 
necessary. 

Tlie  opinion  that  the  Americans  are  descended 
from  the  ten  lost  tribes  of  Israel,  he  says,  is  com- 
monly received  by  the  unlettered  multitude,  but  iK)t 
by  the  learned;  there  are,  however,  some  excepti<jns 
to  this  rule.  The  main  support  of  the  opinion  is 
found  in  the  fourth  book  of  Esdras,  according  to 
which  these  tribes,  having  been  carried  into  ca[)tivity 
by  fSnlmanassar,  separated  from  the  other  tribes  and 
went  into  a  new  region,  where  man  had  never  vet 

Di/irnur.1,  in  Avtiq.  Mrr.,  torn,  i.,  div.  i..  pp.  43-4:  IIV.v/  nnr  tit  I/irli.irfnr 
J.iiHtiiui't,  p.  4;  lh-iiki''ii  Aliiiri'i.  liiiirn,  pp.  '2()-'J;  (riiiTia  Orrnii  itr  tn-i 
Jill/.',  ])y.  41  77.  19'_'-'-';t!»;  I'n'isrn  Aiiirr.  Antiij.,  pit.  -2^}-],  im  4;  Aihur'i 
Aiiirr.  liiiL,  p.  1(5;  Kiinislioritiiifli'n  iUr.r.  Antiq.,  vol.  viii.  p.  84;  Fuatfiiia's 
Jloir  fhf   Wodd  van  J'roj>(iit,'\\]>.  2.')4-«l. 

1''  (hiiini  tie  lo.t  Iiid.,  pp.  7".»-128. 

"w  ■  \u  liico  jjniniU'  dilipMiciii  ni  averipuir  osta  vcrilnil,  v  pnpiloalinnnr, 
<|U('  lie  traltajado  inax  i-n  olio,  miic  <<ii  Id  iiiic  CNcrivii  i>ii  tixla  la  Oiira;  i  ani 
<l('  III  <|ii(>  a<'«>rca  <lo  OHtn  lio  liallailn,  ]ii)niii'(>  tali>N  fuiulaiiHMito.s  al  <>(liti<'iii, 
i  niai|iiiiia  du  vhUi  tMjiituiiciii,  i  opiiiiuii,  iiiiu  piieilaii  iiiui  ItiiMi  Hufrir  nti  pcmi.' 
Jd.,  p.  71). 


|1." 


TEX  LOST  TRIIIES  OF  ISRAEL. 


79 


lived,  tliron<,'h  whitli  tlioy  journoycd  for  a  year  and 
ii  half,  until  tlu-y  caino  to  a  land  wliiili  tiifv  callod 
Arsareth,  whcro  they  settled  and  have  dwelt  ever 
since. 

The  most  difficult  que.stion  is:  how  did  thoy  lyet 
to  America?  to  which  the  most  rea.sonahle  an.swer 
seems  to  he,  that  they  fj^radually  cro-ssed  northern 
Asia  until  thev  came  to  the  straits  of  Anian/''  o>er 
wiiich  they  j)assed  into  the  land  of  Anian,  whence 
tiiey  journeyed  .southward  hy  land  throuiifh  New 
^Toxieo  into  ALexico  and  Peru.""  That  they  were 
al)le  to  make  such  a  lonuf  journey  is  amply  attested 
l»y  parallel  undcrtakinijfs,  of  which  we  have  historical 
proof.  It  is  argued  that  they  would  not  travel  so  far 
and  throuufh  so  manv  inhahited  countries  witliout 
fiudinuf  a  restiui^-place;  hut  we  read  in  the  Scriptures 
that  when  they  left  the  country  of  the  Medt's, 
whither  they  had  heen  carried  hy  *Salnianassar,  they 
determined  to  journey  heycMul  all  the  j^-entile  nations 
until  they  came  to  an  uninhahited  land.  It  is  true 
s(>m(>  learneil  men  assert  that  they  are  still  to  ho 
fnuml  in  the  citii-s  of  the  Medes,  hut  a  statement 
thiit  disamves  with  the  hook  of  Esdras  is  unworthy 
of  helief;  though  of  course  stune  of  them  may  have 
rtiiiained;  hesidcs,  nnist  not  Mexico  he  included 
ill  tile  direct  declaration  of  CJod  that  ho  would 
scatter  the  Jews  over  all  the  earth?  The  opinion 
that  the  Americans  are  of  ITehrew  orijjfin  is  further 
supported  hy  similarities  in  character,  dress,  reliL;i<Mi, 
]»hysical  ]>eculiarities,  condition,  and  customs.  The 
Americans    are    at    heart  cowardly,  and    ao  are   the 


"■''  Anian  wns  flic  nanio  pivon  to  tlu»  strnit  whicli  wna  snppoRcil  to  liif 
lictwocn  Asia  iinti  Anii'iicii,  and  whirii,  afti-r  its  ai'tnai  diMcovcry,  wan 
iiiiiiM'd  IliM-iu)^  Strait.  Tliu  iiiikiiowii  nurthorii  rt>);ii>nH  of  Aniorica  wero 
aUii  <'aliod  Anian. 

'"* 'I'iio  worthy  Fatlicr'n  p'ogmphipnl  kno\vlcdj?o  was  sonx-wiiat  vanuc; 
llms  in  tlu>  nt'xt  Hi'ction  lii<  writcM:  'Taniliion  imdicron  ir  Iuh  dici!  Trilins 
•lisdf  la  Ticrra,  t\\w  tlict'  EHdras,  i\  la  t'liina. . . .  He  la  China  pudirntn  ir 
)iiiiMar  II  la  Tiorra  d<>  Nuova-Kxpafta,  para  donde  no  (>s  niiii  larj^'a  la  navc- 
;.'a(iiin,  vinicndo  por  ol  Kstrt'cho,  o  Canal,  i\\w  t'Hth  cnfre  la  China,  i  cl 
lUino  dc  .Vniiian,  i  de  ijuiviru.'  Oinjcn  i/t  /««  Intl.,  p.  81. 


m 


OIJKHN  OF  TlIK  A.Mi:i:i(  ANS. 


Ji'Wh;  tlio  lii.t(»rv<>r  Imth  iiatioiiH  jirovts  tlii.s."''^^'  Tlir 
Jl'Ws  did  not  lu'liovo  in  tin;  mi  rack's  of  Cliiist,  and 
lor  tlit'ir  uiikcliof  were  Houttert'd  over  the  laie  of  tlu' 
earth,  and  dispised  of  all  men;  in  liki'  maniiei-  the 
pi-opli!  of  the  New  World  did  not,  readily  reeeixc  the 
true  I'aitli  a.s  preaehed  Ity  Christ's  catholie  disciples, 
and  are  therefore  j)erseeuted  and  heinjL^  ia|»idly  ex- 
terminated. Another  analogy  presents  itself  in  tiic; 
iiijuratitiule  of  the  Jews  for  the  many  lilessinL;s  and 
s|>e<'ial  favors  bestowed  on  them  hy  (mkI,  and  the 
ingratitude  shown  by  the  Americans  in  nturn  fic- 
tile L,M-eat  kindness  of  the  Spaniards.  Uoth  Jews 
and  .Xnicricans  are  noted  for  their  want  of  ehaiity 
and  kindness  to  the  poor,  sick,  antl  unlbrtuiiJite;  both 
are  natmaiiv  uiven  to  idolatry;  manv  cnst»»ins  are 
common  to  both,  such  as  raisin<j^  the  hands  to  heaven 
whf'n  makini^  a  solenm  atlirmation,  calling  all  near 
relatives  brothers,  showing;  s^ieat  respect  and  hu- 
mility before'  superiors,  buryin<i^  their  dead  on  hills 
and  hi^h  places  without  the  city,  tearing'  their  cloth 
ini;'  on  the  reception  of  bad  tidings,  yivini^-  a  kiss  on 
the  cheek  as  a  token  of  peace,  celebrating'  a  victory 
with  son-^.s  und  tlances,  eastiny'  out  of  the  place  of 
woisliip  M'omen  who  are  barren,  drowniniif  do^s  in  a 
well,  practicing'  crucifixion.  IJoth  wi're  liars,  despi 
cable,  ci'uel,  boastful,  idle,  soi-cer«'rs,  diity,"'*  swin- 
dlers, turbulent,  ineorri;^nble,  and  viciuus.     The  tbess 


''■'  Anion;;  several  inslanees  ;.'iven  liy  (inreia  to  sliow  tlie  <'o\vaiiliee  dt 
llie  .lews,  is  this:   'dire  la  Sa;,'iaila   Kserilnra,  hor  L'ranile  ineaieciniieniu. 
i|ne  no  les  <|iiisii  lle\ar  M  lises  por  In  Tieira  do  iMiilistim.  eoniirienilo  s  i 
liiisilauiiniilail,  i  eolianlia,   |)orc|ue  no  teniiest'ii,  vieuilo  los   l'jienii;^iis.  i|ii>' 
\enian  en  su  se;,'uiiiiien((i,  i  tie  enlianles  se  linlxiesen  ii  l"'.;,'i|ili>.'     Witii  ir 
;raiil  to  llie  enwanliee  of  tlie  Anieiieans,  In-  wiiies;     'Cnenla  la  llistmiii 
(lue  entii)  Cortes,  en  la  ('oni|iiista  ile  Nneva-Ksiiana  eon  "i.'iK  lis|iarMi|e>,  i 
(le  esfiis  eraii   los  .'tO  Marineros:  i  en  Mexico  tiivo,  (inando  lo  ;.'auo,   IH' * 
l'',H|parioies.  ■JttO.lMH)  linlios,  HIM 'aliallos:  ninrieron  de  los  Nneslros  ."iit,  i  .1  ■ 
los  <  'aliaiios  Ii.     I'.nlro  I'it^arro  en  el  IVrii  eon  poeos  mas  tie  'JIN*  i'lsiianoli  -. 
eon  los  i|uales,  i  eon  tiO  ('a)iallos  liivo  \'ietoriti  eontra  el  Itei  Atanual|ia 
Not  only  at.  tlie  lime  of  the  ('onipieKt,  lie  lulils,  tliil  the  Ainerieaiis  sintN  r 
ami  run  on  the  disehar^re  of  a  musket,  hiit  even  at  the  present  dav,  \\\u  i 
lhe\  are  familiar  with  ilrearnis,  they  do  the  Hame.   (Jiii/i  n  t/r  Ins  Jml.,  pi 
S,")  Ii. 

"•*  Immediately  ufterwardM  lie  says  that  the  Jcwn  uiitl  Aliii'iiciilK)  >veio 
aliUe,  heiause  tlie.v  Ituth  bttthoil  fretiuoiitly. 


THi:  Ji:WS  IN  A.MKKICA. 


81 


Icowaitlif*'  "f 
lari'i'iiiiii'iilo. 


of  the  IltliioNVs  was  ill  many  itoints  liko  tliat  of  the 
Am«  ricais.  IJotli  an;  Ht  oiilv  lor  the  lowest  kind  of 
lahor.  'I'he  .lews  preferred  the  flesh-j)ot.s  of  Ei,'y|)t 
ami  a  life  of  Iumda<,'o  to  heavenly  manna  and  the 
promised  land;  the  Americans  liked  a  life  of  freedom 
and  a  <liet  of  roots  and  herhs,  hetter  than  the  service 
(if  thi'  S|)aniards  with  j,n>od  fiiod,""  The  Jews  were 
famous    for   fine  work  in  stone,  as  is  shown  l»y  the 


in<rs  «» 


f  J« 


erusalein.  and  a  si 


I 


imili 


.11 


ir   excelieiH'e  m 


huiid 

this  art  is  seen  in  the  American  ruins.  The  Mexi- 
cans have  a  tradition  of  a  jouriu'V  uiulertakeii  at  the 
command  of  a  i^od,  and  continued  for  a  loiiii^  time 
imilcr  the  direction  of  certain  hij,di-|»riests,  who  mir- 
aculously ohtained  supplies  for  their  support;  this 
iiears  a  strikiiij^  resemldaiice  to  the  Hebrew  story  of 
tile  wanderiiiLf  in  the  desert. 

It  has  lu'cn  ar<^ued,  in  o|)positi(m  to  the  Heltivw 
theory,  that  the  Jews  were  physically  and  intel- 
Kctiially  the  finest  race  in  the  world,  while  the 
Anu'ricaiis  are  juohaMy  the  lowest.  JJut  in  answer 
t<t  tills  it  may  be  stated  that  the  fiiujst  ainon^  the 
Jews  beloii'^ed  to  the  tribes  of  Judah  and  JJenjamiii, 


w 


lileh    welt;    Hot    anuniijf    the    so-called    lost    tril 


)es : 


tlitdinh,  even  if  we  admit  that  the  ten  tribes  were 
physically  and  intellectually  ecpial  to  these  two,  may 
we  not  fairly  suppose  that  their  teiiipi'rament  and 
physi(|ue  would  be  chanjiced  by  dwclliiiL;-  for  a  length 
of  time  in  the  dillerent  environment  of  .\nieiica. 
True,  Dr  San  Juan  attempts  to  prove  that  the  yood 
ett'ect  of  the  manna  on  which  the  Israelites  lived  for 
forty  years,  was  such  that  it  would  take  four  thoii- 
siiiid  years  to  obliterate  it;  but  though  this  mi'^ht 
hoM  ti 


rue  in  the  case  ot  those  Jews  who  went  to  iSpaiu 
;iiid  otiu'r  tem|»erate  climes,  it  would  jirobably  be  dif- 
ferent with  those  who  camo  to  America;  it  is,  be- 
.'<ides,  likely  that  the  change  in  the  race  was  a  special 


IcliclUlH  NMI'' 


'''^TIiIk  Hcnrcrly  HPoiiiH  t(»  1k»  n  imrallfliMiii,  ninl  ci'i-tuiiily  \v«iulil  imt  1ii\ 
liiiil  llic  Wdilliv  {•'atlic    \vritt<Mi,  as  lii'  well  iiii;,'iit;   •fict'clniii  anil  llu-  Imrd- 
i/iijii  .</'  t/,.  </.v, /•/,'  "iiBioail  of  'iiiauuu  uikI  tlic  inyniistd  iuiid  ' 
Vol.  V.    « 


oiiicax  OF  Tin:  amkukans. 


act  of  Ood.^*'  In  answer  to  the  assertion  that  the 
Americans  are  an  inferior  race,  it  may  he  said  tliat 
there  are  many  exceptions  to  tliis  rule;  for  instance, 
the  peoj)le  of  Mexico  and  Midioacan  were  very  in- 
genious, and  excelled  in  painting,  feather-work,  and 
other  arts. 

Again,  it  is  objected  that  while  the  Jews  were 
skilled  in  letters,  and  indeed  are  said  by  some  to  have 
discovered  the  art  of  writing,  the  Americans  had  no 
such  knowledge  of  letters  as  they  wt)uld  have  pos- 
sessed had  they  been  of  Hebrew  origin.  But  the 
same  objection  would  apply  to  their  descent  from  any 
race  of  Europe,  Asia,  or  Africa.  It  is  urged  that 
the  Americans,  if  of  Jewish  descent,  would  have 
])reserved  the  Hebrew  ceremonies  and  laws.  It  is, 
lunvever,  well  known  that  the  ten  triV)es  from  whom 
they  are  supposed  to  be  descended  were  naturally 
})rone  to  unbelief  and  backsliding;  it  is  not  strange, 
therefore,  that  when  freed  from  all  restraint,  they 
should  cease  to  abide  by  their  peculiarly  strict  code. 
Ntoreover,  many  traces  of  their  old  laws  an('  cere- 
monies are  to  be  found  among  them  at  the  ;  resent 
day.     For  instance,  both  Jews  and  Americans  gave 

186  To  vliow  fSarcJa's  style  and  loyir,  wliich  nre,  indeed,  bnt  little  difl'er- 
ent  fntni  the  style  and  reuHnnin^'  of  all  tiiese  aneient  writers,  I  translate 
literally,  and  without  cnilN'llishnieiit  of  any  kind,  liis  attenints  to  prove 
tliat  wliatever  differenees  exist  at  the  present  day  lietween  tne  Jew  and 
the  Anieriean,  are  dne  to  the  special  aet  of  tJod.  *  It  was  divinely  ordained 
that  men  should  he  scattered  tlirou;;hout  all  countries,  and  he  so  ditlerent 
from  one  another  in  disposition  and  teni]ieranient,  in  order  that  hy  their 


variety  men  should  Iwcome  ixwsessed  of  a  ilillerent  and  ilistinct  (renins,  of 
H  dill'erence  in  the  color  of  tiie  face  and  in  liie  fmin  of  the  liody;  just  a^ 
nninnils  are  various,  and  \arious  the  thini;s  produced  hy  the  earth,  vari- 


ous the  trees,  various  the  ])lants  and  (grasses,  various  the  hirds;  and  linaliv, 
various  the  lish  of  the  sea  ami  of  rivers:  in  order  that  men  should  see  in 
this  how  ;;reat  is  the  wisdom  of  Him  that  treated  them.  And  althou;:h 
the  variety  and  spccitic  tlillerence  existing'  in  these  irrational  and  senseless 
liein);s  ciuincs  in  them  a  s)>ecilie  distinethtn,  and  that  in  men  is  only  indi- 
vidual, or  ai'cidcntnl  and  common;  the  Afost  Hi^h  desired  that  this  variety 
and  coiiimoii  difTcrenec  should  exist  in  the  human  sjieeiesi,  as  there  could 
lie  none  specific  and  essential,  so  that  there  Hliould  he  u  resemhlanee  in 
Ihi"  lietween  nuin  and  the  other  ereatt-d  lieiuf^s:  of  which  the  Creator  hini- 
seit  wished  that  the  mitural  cause  should  l)e  the  arran^rement  of  the  earth, 
tin'  re^rioti  of  the  air,  inlluem'c  of  the  sky,  waterB,  and  etiihies,  Hy  which 
the  reailiT  will  not  fail  to  he  convinced  that  it  was  possihie  for  tlu'  Indiana 
to  obtain  and  ac(|uire  a  ditl'erence  of  mental  faculties,  and  of  c(dor  of  face 
and  uf  features,  suvh  as  the  Jews  had  not.'  Orijen  ilc  Ivn  Iml.,  p.  105. 


JEWISH  ANALOGIES. 


83 


their  temples  into  the  char^jo  of  priesli,  ■  "  ".ed  in- 
tense, anointed  the  body,  practiced  circumcision,*'^ 
kept  per])etual  fires  on  their  altars,  forbade  women  to 
Liiter  the  temples  immediately  after  giving  birth,  and 
juisbands  to  sleep  with  their  wives  for  seven  days 
(luring  the  period  of  menstruation,  prohibited  mar- 
riage or  sexual  intercourse  between  relatives  within 
the  secontl  degree,  made  fornication  with  a  slave 
)»unishable,  slew  the  adulterer,  made  it  unlawful  for 
a  man  to  dress  like  a  woman,  or  a  woman  like  a 
man,  put  away  their  brides  if  they  proved  to  have 
lost  their  virginity,  and  kept  the  ten  commandments. 

Another  objection  is,  that  the  Americans  do  not 
speak  Hebrew.  But  liie  reason  for  this  is  that  the 
language  has  gradually  changed,  as  has  been  the  case 
with  all  tongues.  Witness  the  Hebrew  spoken  by 
the  Jews  at  the  present  time,  which  is  much  cor- 
rupted, and  very  different  from  what  it  originally 
wa.s.  There  do  actually  exist,  besides,  many  Hebraic 
traces  in  the  American  languaires.'**  And  even  if 
this  were  not  so,  may  we  not  suppose  that  the  Devil 
]>ronij>ted  the  Americans  to  learn  new  and  various 
languages,  that  they  might  be  prevented  in  after 
years  from  hearing  the  Catholic  faith?  though  fortu- 
nately the  missionaries  learned  all  the.se  strange 
tongues,  and  thus  cheated  the  Evil  One. 

Acosta  questions  the  authority  of  Esdras,  but, 
answers  Garcfa,  although  the  book  of  E.sdras  is  eer- 
t;iiiily  apocryphal,  it  is  nevertheless  regarded  by  the 
C'liurch  as  a  higher  authority  than  the  ])octors, 
Acosta  urges,  inor«)over,  that  Esdras,  even  if  reliable, 
states  distinctly  that    the  ten   tribes   fled   from   the 

"■•  'V  finalmonto,  m  nos  ilixcren,  qne  boIor  nquc1Inr<  siotc  f^oncros  ile 
fieufi'M,  niii'  lie  iioinhrado,  4111'  moii  ("(iIcok,  Ej;yiK'i<is,  KtiopeM,  I'Viiici's, 
Syrii-<  lie  ValoHtiim,  i  Synm  «le  Itw  Wutn  'reriiUHloii,  1  I'aiiteiiio,  i  hiis  viMiiii>»» 
]'>>  MatTiiiii-s  fueniii  los  que  vsaniit  lmi  el  Mundo  la  circiiiicisioii. . .  .A  Hern. 
ilotii,  i  a  Ins  (lue  alegareii  lu  referido,  ho  rcHpoiule,  <iiie  sin  ditila  los  IlelMcnH 
fiuroii  Ills  prinieruH  que  la  vminm,  por  muiidadu  ile  l)io».'  Oii</cn  df  Im 
Ii«i.,  p.  iia. 

"■^  .Sec  Urigtn  de  /«*  /««/.,  pp.  110-23,  for  examples  of  linguistic  ichciu* 
blaiiccs. 


84 


ORKJIN  OP  THE  AMEKICANS. 


Gentiles  for  the  express  purpose  of  keeping  tl\cir  law 
nnd  religion,  while  Americans  arc  given  to  idolatry; 
AvhicJi  is  all  ver}'  true,  hut  might  not  the  Jews  have 
set  out  with  these  good  resolutions,  and  have  after- 
Vvords  changed  their  minds? 

Such  is  tile  mnnnerof  Garcia's  argument;  and  turn- 
iiii;  now  to  Lord  Jvinjjfshoroujjh's  ma^'nificent  folios,  do 
we  find  anj'thing  niore  satisfactory  i  Scarcely.  The 
Spanish  father's  impartiality  and  profound  research 
does  not  appear  in  Kingsborough;  and  moreover,  we 
find  that  the  woik  of  the  former  is  nuich  more  satis- 
factorily arranged  than  that  of  the  latter.  Garcia 
does  not  pretend  to  give  his  own  opinions,  but 
nu^rely  aims  to  present  fairly,  with  all  their  pros 
and  cons,  the  theories  of  othei's.  Kingsborough  has 
a  theory  to  jn'ove,  and  to  accomplish  his  object  ho 
(h'afts  every  sliadow  of  an  analogy  into  his  .service. 
Ihit  though  his  tlieory  is  as  wild  as  the  wildest,  and 
his  i)roofs  ai'o  as  vai>'ne  as  tlie  vaLJUest,  vet  J^ord 
Kingsborough  cannot  be  classed  with  such  writers  as 
Jones,  Hanking,  C'abri'ra,  Adair,  and  the  host  of 
other  dounuitists  who  have  fought  tootli  ami  nail, 
eacli  for  his  particular  hobby.  Kingsl)orough  was 
an  entluisiast — a  fanatic,  if  you  choose — but  his  en- 
tliusiasm  is  never  ofl'ensive.  I'here  is  a  scholarly 
dignity  about  his  work  wiiich  has  never  been  attained 
by  those  who  have  jeered  and  railed  at  him;  and 
thouL'h  wo  may  smile  at  his  credulity,  and  reurct 
that  such  strong  zeal  waa  so  strangely  misplaced,  yet 
■we  should  speak  and  thitdv  with  respect  of  one  who 
ppent  his  lifetime  and  his  fortiuie,  it"  not  his  reason, 
in  an  honest  c^ndeavor  to  cast  light  u])on  one  of  the 
most  obsi'ure  spots  in  the  history  of  man. 

The  more  ]irominent  of  the  analogies  adduced  by 

be    brietlv  enumerated  as 


liOi'd    Kingsborough    m; 


ly 


oiiows; 


The  reliu'ion  of  the  ^lexi 


cans  s 


that  of  the  J 


ews,  m  many  mnior  i 


trongl 
letaih 


v  rest'mblc( 
as  will   It 


])resently  seen,  and  the  two  were  practically  alike,  t> 


KIN'OSBOROUOirS  AROl'MENTS. 


85 


a  certain  extent,  in  tlicir  very  toundatioti;  for,  as 
the  Jews  acknowledged  a  multitude  of  angels,  areli- 
aiiLi'els,  prini'ipalities,  tl)rones,  doniiiuons,  an<l  })owers, 
as  the  j-uhordinatc  jiersona^'es  of  their  hierarchy,  so 
(Hd  tlio  Mexicans  acknowleili;e  the  unity  of  the  ])eity 
ill  the  person  *>f  Tczcatlijtoca,  and  at  thi?  same  time 
worship  a  g-reat  numl)er  of  other  ima^nnary  heini^s. 
Doth  hulieved  in  a  }>lurality  of  devils  suhordinatc  tt) 


one 


head,  who  was  called  hy  the  ^Texicans  Mictl 


m- 


tecutli,  and  l)y  the  Jews  Satan.  Indeed,  it  seems 
tliat  the  Jews  actually  worshi[)e(l  and  matle  otferini;s 
to  Satan  as  the  ^Fexicans  did  to  their  'god  of  hell.' 
It  is  prohahle  that  the  Toltecs  were  ac(juainted  with 
the  sin  of  the  tirst  man,  connnitted  at  the  suggestion 
of  the  woman,  herst'lf  deceived  hy  the  serpent,  who 
tempted  her  with  the  fruit  of  the  forhidden  tree, 
A\lio  was  the  ori'>'in  of  all  our  calamities,  and  hy 
whom  death  came  into  the  Morld."''^  Wo  have  seen 
in  tliis  chapter  that  Kingshorough  su])poses  the 
^Feirisiah  and  his  story  to  have  heen  familiar  to  the 
^[exicans.  There  is  reason  to  helieve  that  the  ^Fex- 
icans,  like  the  Jews,  offered  meat  and  driidv  offerings 


to  stones 


ITi) 


Tl 


lere  are  s 


triking 


snnuarities 


het 


ween 


the  iJahel,  Hood,  and  creation  mvths  of  the  llehrew 


niH 


ws    and 


M 


e\ieaii^4 


Wel 


1    the    Anierit-ans."^      Both    .le 
e  fond   of  aj)pealing   in   their   adjurations   to   the 

I  weiv  e\treu)ely  super 


1th 


luave'U  and  tlie  earth 


IT'J 


r.oti 


stitious,  and  tirm  hi'lii'vers  in  prodigies.''^  The  char- 
aitrr  and  history  of  Christ  and  lluit/ilojiorhtli  |)ie 
sent  certain  analogies.'"*  It  is  very  prohaMe  that 
tile  Sahliath  of  the  seventh  day  was  known  in  some 
]Mrts  of  America. ''■"'  'X\\(\  ^Fexicans  ap|)lie(!  the  hlood 
"f  sacrillces  to  the  same  uses  as  tiie  .lews;  they 
ji'iured    it    ujion    the    earth,   they  si)rinkled    it,  they 

'"  /v*/(i7.s7)r)>v)"i//(',v  .V'.c.  Aitli'j.,  vol.  viii.,  [ip.  lO-'JO,  vol.  vi.,  p,  ■';!(). 


I'l' 


ii..  p.  '2[, 


:tit. 

I.  .')S, 


'■'  /'/.,  pp.  r.7,  'JlS-l'.),  '210. 

'*'y./.,p.  i.-j.-). 


86 


OIUGIN  OF  THE  AMbKICAXS. 


iiijirkocl  persons  with  it,  and  they  smeared  it  upon 
Avails  and  other  inaninuito  things.*'"  No  one  hut  the 
Jewish  high-priest  might  enter  the  Holy  of  Holies. 
A  similar  custom  ohtained  in  Peru.*"  Both  Mexi- 
cans and  Jews  regarded  certain  animals  as  unclean 
and  unfit  for  food."*  Stnne  of  the  Americans  he- 
lieved  with  some  of  the  Talmudists  in  a  plurality  of 
smds.""  That  man  was  created  in  the  image  of  God 
was  a  part  of  the  Mexican  belief*'*  It  was  cus- 
tomary among  the  Mexicans  to  eat  the  flesh  of  sac- 
rifices of  atonement.*'^*  There  are  many  points  of 
resenil)lanco  between  Tezcatlipoca  and  Jehovah.'*^ 
Ablutions  formed  an  essential  i)art  of  the  ceremonial 
law  of  the  Jews  and  Mexicans.**^  The  o])inions  of 
the  Mexicans  with  regard  to  the  resurrection  of  the 
body,  accorded  with  tliose  of  the  .lews.*'**  The  Mex- 
ican temple,  like  the  Jewish,  faced  the  east.**''  "As 
amongst  the  Jews  the  ark  was  a  sort  of  portable 
tenn)le  in  which  the  Deity  was  supposed  to  be  con- 
tinually present,  and  which  was  accordingly  borne  on 
the  shoulders  of  the  2)riests  as  a  sure  refuge  and 
defence  from  their  enemies,  so  amongst  the  ^Mexicans 
and  the  Indians  of  Michoacan  and  Honduras  an  ark 
Avas  held  in  the  highest  veneration,  and  was  con- 
sidered an  object  too  sacred  to  be  touched  by  any 
but  the  priests.  The  same  religious  reverence  for 
the  ark  is  stated  by  Adair  to  have  existed  among  the 
Cherokee  and  other  Indian  tribes  iidiabiting  the 
b:mks  of  the  Mississip})i,  and  his  testimony  is  cor- 
roborated by  the  accounts  of  Spanish  authors  of  the 


170  hi.,  j>.  ir.4. 

'"  'V  el  Vii;,'a  Yn]miif;riio  piitraltiv  solo,  y  tM  inisnin  ])or  hm  iniino  »< 
licaliii  las  ovcjas  y  conlcioH.'  Iliimizos,  l/isfan'o  ilv  Ins  Iiiiftts,  lil).  i,, 
\i.,  ([iioli'il  ill  Kiiii/slKiiiiiiiih's  ,1A(M'.  Aiifi'i/.,  vol.  vili,,  p.  150. 

"^  III.,  lip.  157,  'J.'Jti,  JJSlt,  vol.  vi.,  pp.  •Mli  ry. 

""  /(I.,  vol.  viii.,  p.  KiO. 

'"O  Ai'.,  p.  174. 

""  /(/.,  p.  I7r.. 

""A/.,  pp,    174-S'_>.     ir.'   pnwnts 
jioiiit.     See  also  vol.  vi.,  pp.  ol'J,  O'JIJ, 

i«i  1,1.,  vol.  viii.,  p.'.';}8. 

'"<  /'/.,  p.  '-MS. 

"*^ /(('.,  p. -JoT. 


lirri- 
cap. 


11  most  clabonilo  disi-ussiou  of  tliin 


HEBREW  AND  AMEllICAN  ANALOGIES. 


87 


upon 
lit  the 
rlolies. 

Mcxi- 
lueleaii 
ins  be- 
alitv  of 
of  God 
as   ciis- 

of  sac-^ 
nuts  of 
iovah.^«^ 
oinonial 
ru)ns  ot 
u  of  the 

10    McN.- 

185        «<^\s 

portaljlo 
bo  coii- 
borne  on 
'line  aiul 
^loxicaiis 
IS  au  avk 
,vas   cou- 
l)y  any 
oiu'o   fov 
jiion*;'  the 
ting   the 
is  ooi- 
irs  of  the 


greatest  voracity.  The  naturo  and  use  of  the  ark 
liavinjjf  1)0011  explained,  it  is  needless  to  observe  that 
its  form  nii^ht  have  been  various,  althou<^li  Scripture 
declares  that  the  Hol)re\v  ark  was  of  the  simplest 
construction."  And  as^ain:  "it  would  appear  from 
many  j)assages  of  the  Old  Testament,  that  the  Jews 
believed  in  the  iral  presence  of  (jfod  in  the  ark,  as 
the  lloman  Catholics  believo  in  the  real  j)resonce  of 
Christ  in  the  sacrament,  from  whom  it  is  probable 
the  ^lexicans  borrowed  the  notion  that  He,  whom 
the  heaven  of  heavens  cannot  contain,  and  whoso 
glory  fills  all  s})ace,  could  be  contined  within  the  pre- 
cincts of  a  narrow  ark  and  be  borne  by  a  sot  of 
weak  and  frail  priests.  If  the  belief  of  the  ^Eoxi- 
cans  had  not  been  analogous  to  that  of  the  ancient 
Jews,  the  early  Spanish  missionaries  would  certainly 
have  expressed  their  indignation  of  the  absurd  cre- 
dulity of  those  who  believed  that  their  oiiutljn'cscut 
god  t[uitzilopochtli  was  carried  in  an  ark  on  priests' 
shoulders;  but  of  the  ark  of  the  Mexicans  they  say 
hut  little,  fearing,  as  it  would  a|)[)ear,  to  tread  too 
holdly  on  the  Imrning  ashes  of  ^Tount  Sinai."'**" 

The  Yucatec  conce})tion  of  a  Trinity  resembles  the 
Hobrow.'*^^  Jt  is  ])robal)le  that  Qiiotzalcoatl,  whof^o 
j)i()por  name  signitios  'feathorod  sorpo'it,'  was  ho 
ciillod  after  the  brazen  serpent  which  Moses  lifti.il  up 
ill  the  wilderness,  the  feathers  perhaps  alluding  to 
the  rabbinical  tradition  that  the  tiery  sor|)onts  which 
god  sent  against  the  Israelites  wore  of  a  winjuod 
^l»ocios.'*"' 


|iuai\i>  Hiii'Vi- 
111),  i.,  iiip. 


Lsiou  of  till* 


I'^'i  AA,  ]).  2r)S.  vol.  vi.,  p.  2.10. 

'•>'  /'/.,  i)i>.  l(l4-(). 

'"'*  li/.,  II.  'JdS.  'l{ol)rcsLMiltitioiiHof  llu!  lifting,'  iijxtf  Horitpiits  fivijiiently 
"I'i'iir  ill  Nlcxiijiii  )>uiiitiiij;s:  ami  tln(  iila;iucs  wliicli  Muscm  calli'il  ilowii 
U|iiiii  thr  l'".;^viitiiiiis  liv  liftiii)^  uii  liis  roil,  which  licciinic  u  si'i|n'nt,  ait'  t-vi- 
tli'iilly  rcl'i'ii'.Ml  tti  ill  tlie  eli'voiitli  and  twelfth  paycs  of  tin-  lluri/iini  Mann- 
Hfii'iit.  All  aUiHion  to  the  |iassaj,'c  of  the  Ucd  Sea. . .  .hcciiis  also  to  Im 
I'liMiiiiiicd  ill  tlu'  si'vciity-iiist  |ia^;«(  of  lilt'  /.ismr  Vittiniti  MS.-,  aiitl  tlio 
tl('>lnii'titin  t»f  I'haiatili  aiitl  his  host,  ami  tlif  thaiikM;;i\  iii^  of  MoHfs,  may 
l'i'iliii|is  ht'  si;,'iiitit'il  hy  tilt-  liniirt'  tin  tlu'  Ifft,  in  tin-  sami'  •  :;;t',  tif  a  man 
I  illiiiu:  into  a  ^lit  tir  gulf,  ami  hy  ihu  liaml  on  tlitj  right  i  .tchutl  tiul  tu 
iirL'i\L'  an  ollfniiu.' 


88 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


1  ilHi 

„;ih 


lltr« 


The  Mexicans,  like  the  Jews,  saluted  the  four 
cardinal  i)()ints,  in  their  worship). '*"•*  There  was  much 
in  connection  with  sacrifices  that  was  common  to 
Mexicans  and  Jews.*'-*"  It  is  possihle  that  the  jnyth 
relatiuLi;'  to  Quetzalcoatl's  disappearance  in  the  sea, 
indicates  a  knowledge  of  the  book  of  the  prophet 
Jonah.^'^i 

The  Mexicans  say  that  they  wrestled  at  times 
with  Quetzalcoatl,  even  as  Jacob  wrestled  with 
Ood.^^-  In  various  relijj^ious  rites  and  observances, 
such  as  circumcision,*"^  confession,*''*  and  connnunion,"' 
there  was  much  similarity.  Salt  was  an  article 
hi^'hly  esteemed  by  the  Mexicans,  and  the  Jews 
always  ottered  it  in  their  olilaticnis.*"*'  Ajuoul^  the 
Jews,  the  firstlin*^  of  an  ass  'lad  to  be  redeemed  with 
a  land),  or  if  unredeemed,  its  neck  was  bi'oken.  This 
command  of  Moses  «hould  be  considered  in  reference 
to  the  custom  of  sacrificinD^  children  which  existed  in 
Mexico  and  Peru.*''^  The  spectacle  of  a  kin^"  per- 
forming^ a  dance  as  an  act  of  relioion  was  witnessed 
by  the  Jews  as  well  as  by  Mexicans.*'"*  As  the 
Israelites  were  conducted  from  Eyvpt  bv  ^VFoses  and 
Aaron  who  were  accompanied  by  their  sister  Mii'iam, 
so  the  Aztecs  departed  from  Aztlau  under  the  guid- 
ance of  Huitziton  and  Tecpatzin,  the  former  of  whom 
is  named  by  Acosta  and  llerrera,  !Mexi,  attended  like- 
wise by  their  sister  Quilaztli,  oi',  as  she  is  otherwise 
named  Chimahnan  or  Malinalli,  both  of  which  latter 
names  have  some  resend)lance  to  Miriam,  as  ^lexi 
has  to  Moses.*'''"     In  the  Mexican  language   loixt.vtli 


m 

nm 

jmiiit. 

nil 

l!i2 

i;ri 
lui 

mil 


f</.,  p.  22'2. 

ItL,  p.  '2',\i,  ct  Hoq.     Kini^sltorough  rcnsons  at  Homo  lcn};(h  dm  fliis 

A/.,  )i.  :m. 

hi.,  p.  4(l(i. 

A/.,  pp.  -JT-i-.l,  .S.i:<-5,  .W2-3;  vol.  viii.,  pp.  121-2,  U'l-W,  .'J<»1. 

III.,  vol.  vi,,  pp.  ;UH>-I;  vtil.  viii.,  p.  1U7. 

/(/.,  viil.  vi.,  p.  ■''WH,  vol.  viii,,  p.  18. 

hi,  vol.  vi.,  ii.  125. 

/'/. ,  ]).  li"). 

/./..  p.  142. 

hi.,  p.  24U.    Durau  Mii»tiiiiis  the  thiMuy  that  tiio  Iiuliauis  are  tliu 


HEr.UEW  OUIOIN  OF  THE  AMERirAXS. 


sin'iiifu's  liii'jcs  or  Ixilruslios,  tlio  derivation  of  wliifli 

name,  from  nfJ,   water,  and   nio.i'f/i,  inii^lit   allude   to 

the  ilan's  ill  wliieh  ^Eoses  had  been  j)re.sei'Ved.'-*'     The 

jtaiiitiiiL*"  of    J3oturiiii    .^eems    actually    to    re]>i'esent 

Jliiitzilopochtli  a})pearlii<jf  in  a  hurnini^  hush  in  the 
......  .  ,^^^^^ 


2U1 


nioiiiitain  of  Teoeulhuacan  to  the  A/tecs 
same  writer  also  relates  that  when  the  ^lexieans  in 
the  course  of  their  migration  liad  ariived  at  Apaneo, 
the  ]ieo[)le  of  that  jtrovinee  were  iiirliiit'd  to  ojipose 
their  further  proij^ress,  hut  that  JEuitzilopochtli  aided 
the  ^Fexioans  by  causini^  a  brook  that  ran  in  the 
iiein'hhorhood  to  overiiow  its  banks.  This  I'eniinds  us 
(»t'  what  is  said  in  the  third  c'haj>ter  of  Joshua  of  the 
.Jordan  overtlowini''  its  banks  and  dividing  to  let  the 
priests  who  bore  the  ark  pass  through.'^""     As  ^Foses 

witliout   reaching 
md  Teopatzin  died 


and  Aaron  died  in  the  wilderness 
the  land  of  Canaan,  so  Huitziton 


(k'siTiiilants  of  tlio  lost  ten  tribes  of  Ihi-iicI.  After  j,'iviii^  scvcriil  rcasuiis 
foiMitli'il  oil  tlio  Script iircs,  lie  refers  to  tlic^  triulitioiis  olitaiiieil  l(>  iiiiii  lum 
tlir  "III  |)eo]ile  of  tlie  eouiitrv.  'I'liey  relatetl  tiiat  lln'ir  ancestors,  wlijlst 
MiU'eriii;,'  many  liarclslii|iM  aucl  ju-rserutions,  were  iirevaileil  u|Hin  liy  a  ;;reat 
n.MM,  who  lieeanie  tiieir  eliief,  to  llee  from  tliat  lamt  into  anuther,  wlieic 
tiiey  nii;rlit  liave  rest;  they  arriveil  at  tlic  sea-sliore,  and  the  ehief  slnii'k 
the  waters  with  a  rod  lie  had  in  iiis  iiands;  tlie  sea  oiiened,  and  tiie  chief 


mid  his  fidlowers  man 


hed 


hnr 


weri'  soon  jinrsin'd   liy  tlu'ir  enenues; 


they  crossed  over  in  safety,  and  tiicir  enemies  were  swalloued  nr  hv  tl 


sea:  at  any  rate,  their  ancestors  lu'vei 


)ie|seciitors. 
d 


Another  tradition  transmit 


lid  reciinieil   in  pietores,  is, 


that 


(1 
id  auy  further  accmint  of  tiieir 
om  )^eiieratioii  to  ;;eiicial  ion, 
wliil(!  lior;  llisf   ancestors  were  on  their 


jouiiicN  to  tlie  |iroiiiiseil  hmd,  they  tarried  in  the  \  iciiiit  \  nf  eeilaiii  lii.uh 
liilis;  here  a  terrilde  eailhoiiake  occiirreil,  and  some  w  icked  |ieo|iie  w  iio  w  cro 
wi.li  tiieiii  were  swallowed  ii|i  hy  tile  earth  o|ieiiili;!:  under  their  feet.  'I'lio 
same  iiictiire  that  l''alher  Uiiran  saw,  showed  that  the  ancestors  of  the) 
Mexii'an  ]ieo|do  transmitted  a  tradition,  relatiii:,'  tiiat  diiriii;^'  their  journey 
u  kind  ot  sand  (or  liail)  rained  upon  tiiem.  l-'athcr  iiiiran  faitlirr  ci\(.H 
nil  aci'oiiiit  fiiriiislied  him  hy  an  old  linliaii  of  ('luiliila  (some  loil  year^ 
chl)  coiicernin^r  tlie  creation  of  tlie  world;  Tln^  liist  men  were  jjiaiilH 
wild,  desirous  of  seeiii;,'  the  home  of  the  siin,  diyided  theiiisehcs  into  two 
parties,  one  of  \yliicli  journeyed  to  the  west,  and  the  other  to  the  east, 
until  they  were  stopped  h,\'  the  sea;  they  then  coiicliided  to  return  to  the 
lace  they  started   from,   called    Wliirrnlriitjiiiiitiiiiiiii;   lindiii;,'  no  way  to 


Illy  aiimiieii 


til 


eV    ( 


Icter- 


'I'licN  liiiiit  a  lower; 


reach  the  sun,  whose  li;,dit  and  hciiuty  they  hi; 

milled  to  huild  a  tower  that  slnuild  reach  the  liea\ 

hill   the    Lord    liecame  aiiury  at   their  presumplioii,   and    the  dwellers  uf 

lieuM'ii  descended   like   ihnnderholls  and  destroyed  the  edilice;  the  ;:iaiits 

(111  sceiii;,'  their  Work  destroyed,  were  much  friy:litciied,  and  scattered  Ihem- 

i<c|ves  tliroii;;lioiit  thei'arth.    Ihiniii,  Hist.  Iin/ins,  .M.S.,  loiii.  i.,  cap.  i. 

5""  KiiiiisliiiriiiKiWs  Mix.  Aiifi'/.,  yid.  yi.,  ii.  L'li!. 

1""  A/.,' p.  --MS." 

>"'-'  Ji/.,  p.  'J.VJ. 


90 


OUIGIX  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


l)efoi'c  the  Mexicans  arrived  in  tlie  land  of  Analuiac.-"^ 
The  Mexicans  luinjj^  up  the  heads  of  tlieir  sacriticed 
enemies;  and  this  also  appears  to  have  been  a  Jewish 
practice,  as  the  following  quotation  from  the  twenty- 
fifth  chapter  of  Nunihers  will  show:  "And  the  Lord 
said  unto  INIosas,  Take  all  the  heads  of  the  pcoi)le, 
and  limuj  thcni  up  before  the  Lord  (Ujainst  the  sun, 
that  the  fierce  anj]cer  of  the  Lord  may  he  turned 
away  from  I srM,el. "•'''*  In  a  Mexican  painting  in  the 
Bodleian  li'^iary  at  Oxford  is  a  symhol  very  strongly 
resembling  the  jaw-bone  of  an  ass  from  the  side  of 
which  water  seems  to  flow  forth,  which  might  allude 
to  the  story  of  Samson  slaying  a  thousand  of  the 
Philistines  with  such  a  bone,  which  remained  miracu- 
lously unbroken  in  his  hands,  and  I'rom  which  lie 
afterwards  (pienched  his  thirst. '^'^^  They  were  Ibiid  of 
wearing  dresses  of  scarlet  and  of  showy  colors,  as 
were  also  the  Jews.  The  exclamation  of  the  proi)het, 
**Who  is  this  that  cometh  from  Bozrah?"  and  many 
other  passages  of  the  Old  Testament  might  be  cited 
to  show  that  the  Jews  entertained  a  great  predi- 
lection for  scarlet.^'"'  It  is  impossible,  on  reading 
what  Mexican  mythology  records  of  the  war  in 
heaven  and  of  the  I'all  of  Tzontemoc  and  the  other 
rebellious  spirits;  of  the  creation  of  light  by  the 
word  of  Tonacatecutli,  and  of  the  division  of  the 
waters;  of  the  sin  of  Ytztlacoliuh(pii,  and  his  blind- 
ness and  nakedness  of  the  temptation  of  Suchi- 
quecal,  and  her  disobedience  in  gathering  roses  from 
a  tree,  and  tlie  consequent  misery  and  disgrace  of 
herself  and  ail  her  posterity, — not  to  recognize  Scrip- 
tural analogies.""^  Other  Hebrew  analogies  Lord 
Kingsborough  finds  in  America,  in  the  dress,  in- 
signia, and  duties  of  priests;  in  innumerable  super- 
stitions concerning  dreams,  apparitions,  eclipses,  and 

»»3  /,/.,  p.  2.-) 4. 
SM/r/.,  p.  .-UiJ. 

«o5  r<f.,  p.  :i(U 
SI"'  /(/.,  II.  ;{.s'_». 

*"i  III.,  l>.   101. 


B  ,1 


?! 


KINGSBOROUGH'S  JEWSII  ANALOGIKS 


91 


•riticutl 
Jewish 
wonty- 

0  Lord 
people, 
he  sail, 

turned 
r  in  the 
itron,u;ly 

side  of 
t  alhide 
L  of  the 

luiracu- 
hich  ho 
J  Ibiid  of 
jlors,  as 
prophet, 
id  many 

1  he  cited 
it  predi- 

rcadin;^ 
war    in 
ic  otlier 
hy   the 
of    the 
IS  hhnd- 
Suchi- 
ises  froni^ 
ijfraco  ot 
zo  Scrip- 
US    Lord 
ress,  in- 
o  super- 
)ses,  and 


other  more  coniinon-})lace  t vents;  in  certain  festivals 
for  rain;  in  hnrial  and  mourning  ceremoii'es;  in  the 
diseases  most  common  among  the  peo})le;  in  cer- 
tain regularly  ohserved  festivals;  in  the  dress  of 
certain  nations;  in  estahlished  laws;  iu  physical 
I'eatnres;  in  architecture;  in  various  minor  ohserv- 
iiiues,  such  as  ottering  water  to  a  stranger  that  he 
might  wash  his  feet,  eating  dust  in  token  of  humility, 
anointing  with  oil,  and  so  forth;  in  the  sacrifice  of 
prisoners;  in  manner  and  style  of  oratory;  in  the 
stories  of  giants;  in  the  res[)ect  paid  to  Cod's  name; 
iu  games  of  chance;  in  marriage  relations;  in  child- 
hirth  ceremonies;  in  religious  ideas  of  all  sorts;  in 
respect  paid  to  kings;  in  uses  of  metals;  in  treat- 
ment of  criminals,  and  punishment  of  crimes;  in 
tharitahle  i)ractices;  in  social  customs;  and  in  a  vast 
number  of  other  particulars.^"* 

'"^  To  outer  into  ilotails  on  all  those  Bulijorts  would  rcnuirn  volunioH 
ii-i  l.ii'L,'!'.  and  I  may  ailil,  as  unr(Nulal>le,  as  tliosi;  of  I^onl  Kinjrsliorou^rli- 
'I'lic  rcadt'i-  who  wislics  to  invL'sti;;ute  niorc  tdoselv,  will  lind  all  llu!  jioints 
til  wiiich  I  liavt!  rt'ffnvd  iu  volnuies  vi.  auil  viii.  ot  the  nolilo  wiiicr's  svork, 
M'.iiriiii-  Aiitii/iiitiis.  Mr  .lames  Adair,  'a  trader  with  the  Indians,  and 
re  ident  in  their  eouutrv  for  forty  vears,'  very  warndy  advocates  the   lie' 


I. 


til 


eiirv. 


As  his  intercourse  with  tin?  Americans  was  cunlineil  to  the 


wild  tiilics,  the  genuine  'red  men'  inhahitin};  the  south-eastern  slates  tif 
Nipitli  America,  his  ar;;uuu;nt  and  analo;;ies  dill'er  iu   nuuiy  noints  from 


II 


if    Ki 


in''siiorouif|i  ami  tiarcia,  w 


I  <! 


ilio  Ireateil  chiellv  of  liie  ci 


d 


niilions  of  Mexico  and  Central  Americ 


I! 


en^  are  some  of  his  eoni|iar 


stius: 


The  Israelites  were  divided  into  Trilies  and  had  chiefs  o\fr  them. 


the  luilians  divide  themsidves:  each  trihe  forinin 


litt 


( mmuiutv 


wiiliiii  the  nation  —And  as  the  nation  halli  its  parlicular  syndml,  so  liaili 
ciuh  nil  PC  I  he  !iadj;-e  from  which  it  is  denominaled.'  If  we  ;;ii  from  nation  to 
iiMiion  nmon;;'llicm  we  shall  not  find  one  indi\  idnal  who  doth  no|  disiin;,Mii><h 
liiiii-clf  liy  his  family  name.  Kvery  town  has  a  slate  house  or  synedrion, 
tlie  siime  as  the  dewjsh  sanhedrim,  where  almost  every  night  the  head- 
nii'u  meet  to  discuss  jinhlie  business,  'i'he  llelirew  nation  were  ordered  lo 
woi'sliiii  .lehovali  the  true  and   living  (Jod,  who  liy  the   Indians  is  st\led 


\iilii  irnh.     The  ancient  heathens,  it  is  well  kn 


vt'  ( iods:  lint  lhes(>  An 


lerican 


Indi 


irshiped  a  jdnralily 


IV  their  religious  devoir  to  I, oak 


Islitolioollo  .Mia,  The  (Ireat  IJeneliceiit  .Snnreme  llolv  Siiiritof  Fin.     They 


'I'i 


lo  Mot  |iay  the  least  lu'reeptihle  ailoration  to  images.     Their  ceremonies  in 
'    '        '■   ions  worship  accord  more  nearly  with  the  Mosaic  instilntions, 


il' 


tllCII 

Aviiich  coidd  not  he  if  they  were  of  luMithen  descent.  The  American  In 
iliaiis  allirm,  that  there  is  a  certain  fixed  time  and  ]ilace,  when  and  whcii 
every  one  must  die.  without  the  possihility  of  averting  it;  sncli  was  the 
helief  also  of  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Kmnaiis,  who  were  mu<'h  addiited 
to  I'opying  the  rites  and  customs  of  the  .lews.  Their  o|iinion  licit  God 
cliosi'  |||(>iii  nut  of  all  the  rest  of  mankind  as  his  peculiar  and  lieioved  peo- 
ple, tills  both  the  white  Jew  uud  thu  red  Aiuuricuu,  with  tliut  steady  hatred 


92 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMEUK'ANS. 


I'll 
I', 

h 


Ttolics  iinmistakealdy  Hebrew  have  been  very 
rarely  found  in  America,  I  know  of  only  two  in- 
stances of  such  a  discovery,  and  in  neither  of  these 
cases  is   it  certain  or  even  probable   that   the    relic 

a^jainst  all  the  world,  which  renders  them  hated  and  despised  hy  all.  We 
have  al>iiiulant  evidence  of  the  Jews  l)ehevin;,'  in  the  niinistratinn  of  aTi;.'('ls, 
dnriu",'  the  t)ld  Testament  disj>ensation,  their  frequent  a|i|peaiani'es  and 
tiieir  services  on  earth,  are  recorded  in  the  oracles,  which  the  Jews  tlicui- 
selves  receive  as  K'^'i'"  hy  divine  inspiration,  and  St  I'aul  in  his  episilc 
addressed  to  the  Heltrews  sjteaksof  it  as  their  ;;eneral  opinion  that  "anucis 
are  ministering^  spirits  to  the  <;ood  and  riirhteons  on  earth."  Tiie  Indian 
sentiments  and  traditions  are  the  same.  I'iiev  lielie«e  the  hi;,'Iier  n';.'ioiis 
to  he  iidiahited  hy  nnoiX  spirits,  relations  to  tiie  (ircat  Holy  One,  and  tiiat 
these  spirits  attend  and  favor  tiie  virtuons.  The  Indian  hwi;4ua;;e  and  dia- 
lects appear  to  have  the  very  idiom  and  ^renins  of  the  Ilehrew.  Their 
wtinls  and  sentences  are  expressive,  concise,  emphatical,  sonorons,  and 
hold,  and  often  hoth  in  letters  and  si>;nilication  synonymous  with  tiie  lle- 
lirew  lan,i;uaj;e.  They  count  time  after  the  nuinner  of  the  Hehrews,  reck- 
oning years  i>y  lunar  nutnths  like  the  Israelites  who  counted  hy  moons. 
The  reli;4ioiis  ceremonies  of  the  Indian  Americans  are  in  conformity  witli 
tiiose  of  the  .lews,  they  having  their  Prophets,  Ili^h  Priests,  and  others  of 
reiif^ious  order.  As  the  Jews  iiail  a  siii.'tum  sanctorum  or  most  iioiy  jiiace, 
Ki>  haveall  the  Indian  nations.  The  dress  alsoof  their  lli^^h  Priests  is  simi- 
lar in  character  to  that  of  the  Hehrews.  The  festivals,  feasts,  and  reli^^ioiis 
rites  of  tiie  Indian  Americans  iiave  also  a  great  rcsemhlance  to  that  of  tiie 
Heiirews.  Tiie  Indian  imitates  the  Israelite  in  his  religions oll'eriiigs.  Tiie 
Ilelirews  had  various  ahlutioiis  and  anointings  accortling  to  the  .MoMiic 
ritual—and  all  the  Indian  nations  constantly  oh.serve  similar  customs  from 
religious  motives.  Tiieir  fre(|ueiit  hathing,  or  di]iping  themselves  ami 
their  children  in  rivers,  even  in  the  severest  weather,  seems  to  he  as  truly 
tlewish  as  tiie  other  rites  and  ceremonies  which  have  heen  mentioned. 
Tlie  Indian  laws  of  uucieanness  ami  purification,  and  also  the  aiislainiiig 
from  tilings  deemed  unclean  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  Ilelirews.  The 
Indian  marriages,  divorces  and  punishments  of  adultery,  still  retain  a 
strong  likeness  to  the  Jewish  laws  and  cnstoms  on  these  points.  Many  of 
the  Indian  iiunishments  resemhie  those  of  the  Jews.  Whoever  attentively 
views  tlie  features  of  the  Indian,  and  his  eye,  and  reilccts  on  his  lickle,  oh- 
stinate,  and  cruel  disposition  will  naturally  think  of  the  Jews.  The  cere- 
monies performed  hy  the  Indians  hefore  going  to  war,  such  as  ]iurilication 
and  fasting,  are  similar  to  those  of  the  llehrew  nation.  The  Israelites 
were  fond  of  wearing  heads  and  other  ornaments,  even  as  early  as  the 
liatriarclial  age,  and  in  rcseiulilance  to  the.se  customs  the  Indian  females 
coiitinnally  wear  the  same,  helieving  it  to  he  a  jireventive  against  many 
evils.  Tiie  Indian  manner  of  curing  the  sick  is  very  similar  to  that  of  tlie 
Jews.  Like  the  Ilelirews,  they  lirnily  helieve  that  diseases  and  wonmls 
are  occasioned  hy  divine  anger,  in  proiiortion  to  some  violation  of  the  old 
lieloved  speech.  The  Hehrews  earefiillv  hiiried  their  dead,  so  on  any  aci\. 
dent  they  gathered  their  hones,  and  laid  them  in  the?  tomhs  of  their  fore- 
fathers: thus,  all  the  numerous  nations  of  Indians  perform  the  like 
friendly  ollice  to  every  deceased  person  of  their  resnective  trilie.  The 
Jewisli  records  tell  us  that  the  women  mourned  for  tlie  loss  of  their  de- 
ceased husliands,  ami  were  reckoned  vile  hy  the  civil  law  if  they  married 
in  the  space  of  at  least  ten  months  after  their  death.  In  the  same  mamicr 
all  the  Indian  widows,  hy  an  estahlished  strict  jienal  law,  mourn  for  the 
loss  of  their  deceased  hiishands;  and  anion<;  some  trihes  for  the  space  of 
three  or  four  years.  The  surviving  hrother  hy  the  Mosaic  law,  was  to  raise 
beed  to  a  deceased  hrother,  who  left  a  widow  childless  to  per|ietiiate  hi.t 


iiLBUEW  i:i:lics. 


very 
wo  m- 

tliese 
}    relic 


Ill 
Ives  iiml 
as  truly 
iitioiioil. 
islainiiij,' 
Tlu- 
retain  a 
Many  "f 
cntivi'lv 

kli-,  oK- 
"lie  fvw- 
iticatitiii 
sraciiti's 
,•  as  till' 

fi'iiiak's 
st  many 
It  (if  the 

wounils 
f  tilt'  iiM 
my  ai'i^' 
icir  fine- 
the  liko 
1.0.  Till' 
tlu'ir  tlc- 
;  nmrrii'il 
('  inaiiiior 
I  for  tilt' 

sjiat'c  <if 
s  ti)  raisi' 
tiiati'  hU 


existed  in  America  before  tiie  Conquest.  The  first 
and  best  known  instance  is  related  by  Ethan  JSniith, 
aci-ordinijf  to  Priest,^"*  as  follows: 

"Joseph  Merrick,  Esq.,  a  highly  respectable  char- 
acter in  the  church  at  Pittsfield,  i^avo  the  following* 
account:  That  in  1815,  he  was  levellin^f  st>nie  ground 
under  and  near  an  old  wood-shed,  standin*^  on  a  ])lace 
of  his,  situated  on  Indian  Hill.  He  ploughetl  and 
niiiveyed  away  old  chips  and  earth,  to  some  depth. 
After  the  work  was  done,  walking-  over  the  place, 
lie  discovered,  near  where  the  earth  had  been  dug' 
the  dee[)est,  a  black  strap,  as  it  aj)peared,  about  si.x 
inelies  in  lenufth,  and  one  and  a  half  in  breadth,  and 
ultoiit  the  thickness  of  a  leather  trace  to  a  harness. 
][e  perceived  it  had,  at  each  end,  a  loop,  of  some 
hiird  substance,  |)robably  for  the  pur|)0se  of  carrying 
it.  ICe  conveved  it  to  his  house,  and  threw  it  into 
an  old  tool  box.  He  afterwards  found  it  thrown  out 
at  the  door,  and  again  conveyed  it  to  the  Iwx. 

'*  After  some  time,  he  thought  he  would  examine 
it;  l)ut  in  attem})ting  to  cut  it,  found  it  as  hard  as 
bone;  he  succeeded,  however,  in  getting  it  o})en,  and 
found  it  was  formed  of  two  pieces  of  thick  raw-hide, 
sowed  and  made  water  tight  with  the  sinews  of  some 
aniniiil,  and  gummed  over;  and  in  the  fold  was  con- 
tained fonr  folded  })ieces  of  parchment.  They  were 
of  a  dark  yellow  hue,  and  contained  some  kind  of 
writing.  The  nei<;hbors  comiuijf  in  to  see  the  strano-e 
discovery,  tore  one  of  the  ])ieces  to  atoms,  in  the  true 
Hun  and  V^andal  style.  The  other  three  ])ieces  ^Ir. 
NFcrrick  saved,  and  sent  them  to  Cambridge,  where 
tluy  were  examined,  and  discovered  to  have  been 
written  with  a  pen,  in  Jfchirir,  plain  and  legible. 
The  writing  on  the  three  remaining  ])ieces  of  parch- 
nkiit,  v/as  quotations  from  the  Old  Testament."-''^ 

11.11111'  anil  family.     Tlio  American  law  onft)n'es  llic  same  rule.     Wlieii  the 
lM;irlites  ;,ra\('  iiaiiie.s  U>  their  ehildieii  »r  titliur.t  they  ehtise  such  a|i|iella- 
ti\f>  as  sniletl  licst  their  cireuiustaiices  aiitl  the  times.     TIum  ciistum  is  ii 
staii'hii;,'  rule  with  the  liuliaiis.   Am<;r.  Intl. 
■■'  AiiiLf.  A II till;  I'l''  l>S-70. 


M 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMEIIICAXS. 


I' 


The  other  discovery  was  made  in  (^hio,  and  was 
seen  by  my  f'atlier,  Mr  A.  A.  Bancroft,  av1)o 
thus  describ'^s  it:  "About  eight  miles  south-east 
of  Newark  there  was  formerly  a  large  mound 
composed  of  masses  of  free-stone,  which  had  been 
brought  from  some  distance  and  thrown  into  a  heap 
without  much  placing  or  care.  In  early  days,  stone 
being  scarce  in  that  region,  the  settlers  carried 
away  the  mound  piece  by  piece  to  use  for  b  illding- 
])urposes,  so  that  in  a  few  years  there  was  little  more 
than  a  large  flattened  heap  of  rubbish  remaining. 
Some  fifteen  years  ago,  the  county  surveyor  (I  have 
forgotten  his  name),  who  had  for  some  time  been 
searching  ancient  works,  turned  his  atttintion  to 
this  particular  pile.  He  employed  a  number  of 
men  and  proceeded  at  once  to  open  it.  Before  long 
he  was  rewarded  by  finding  in  the  centre  and  near 
the  surface  a  bed  of  the  tough  clay  generally  known 
as  pipe-clay,  which  nuist  have  '»een  brought  from  a 
distance  of  some  twelve  miles.  Imbedded  in  the 
clay  was  a  coflfin,  dug  out  of  a  burr-oak  log,  and  in  a 
j>retty  good  state  of  preservation.  In  the  coffin  was 
a  skeleton,  with  quite  a  number  of  stone  ornaments 
and  emblems,  and  some  open  brass  rings,  suitable  for 
l>racelets  or  anklets.  These  being  removed,  they 
dug  down  deejier,  and  soon  discovered  a  stone  dressed 
to  an  oblong  shape,  about  eighteen  inches  long  and 
twelve  wide,  which  jDroved  to  be  a  casket,  neatly 
fitted  and  completely  water-tight,  containing  a  slal) 
of  stone  of  hard  and  fine  quality,  an  inch  and  a  half 
thick,  eight  inches  long,  four  inches  and  a  half  wide 
at  one  end,  and  tapering  to  three  inches  at  the  other. 
Upon  the  face  of  the  slab  was  the  figure  of  a  man, 

^lo  'Sec  Dent.,  chap,  vi.,  from  4th  to  9th  verse,  inohisivc;  nlso,  chaj). 
xi.,  verse  13  to  21,  inclusive;  and  Exodus,  cliaj).  xiii.,  II  to  1(),  inclusivi', 
to  wliich  tiie  reader  cau  refer,  if  he  ln.s  the  curiosity  to  read  this  most  in- 
teresting discovery It  is  said  hy  t'alniet,  that  the  ahove  texts  are  tlie 


very  passa^^es  of  Scrinture  wliich  tiic  Jews  used  to  write  on  tiie  leaves  nf 
their  phylacteries,  riieae  pliylacteries  were  little  rolls  <tf  parchiiicnt, 
whereon  were  written  certain  words  of  the  law.  These  they  wore  upon 
their  furuheud,  uud  upuu  the  wriat  uf  the  left  unu.'  lb. 


poll 


IIEHKEW  TABLETS. 


OS 


apparently  a  priest,  with  a  lonjjc  flowini^  board,  and  a 
rolio  reaching  ti>  liis  feet.  Over  liis  head  was  a 
curved  line  of  characters,  and  npon  the  edges  and 
hack  of  the  stone  were  closely  and  neatly  carved  let- 
ters. The  slab,  which  I  saw  myself,  was  shown  to 
tiie  episcopalian  clergyman  of  Newark,  and  he  pro- 
nounced the  writing  to  be  the  ten  Commandments 
in  ancient  Hebrew.""^ 


i 


2"  AiifiiiuHii"i  of  r.irkitiff  Connttj,  Ohio,  MS. 

HrusstMir  (le  Hmirhoiiis;,  although  lu-  rejei-ts  Kinf^shoron^tli's  theory, 
thinks  tliat  Koine  .Jews  nuiy  have  reuehcd  Ainerien;  he  rei'o;;iii/.eM  a  .lewish 
ty|(e«ii  certain  ruins.  an<l  ealls  attention  to  tlie  |>erfectly  .lewisli  dress  of 
tlie  women  at  I'aliii  and  on  tlie  sliores  of  Lake  Aniatitlan.  Ui.sl.  Sut.  Cir  , 
tiiMi.  i.,  ]>.  17.  (.'ustonis  and  relies  seem  to  sliow  tliat  the  .Americans  are 
of  Huhrew  descent,  and  that  tliev  eunie  hy  way  of  the  t'alifoi'iiias.  (lior- 
ihiii,  Ti  Iniiiiili'jH'c,  i».  57.  The  llieory  of  descent  from  the  ten  triltes  is  not 
to  l>e  des|iised.  On  the  nortli-west  there  are  many  Itcliefs  and  rites  wliich 
rt'>eiii))le  the  Jewish;  circumcision  o)>tuins  in  Central  America,  and  woiiu-ii 
ucar  .lewisli  costumes.  Father  Kicci  has  seen  Israelites  in  Ciiina  livinjj 
ai't'ordiu};  to  .Moses'  laws,  anil  Father  Adam  Schtill  knew  !'■  elites  who 
had  kept  the  Old  Testament  laws,  and  who  knew  nothin;;  of  tne  death  of 
tlic  Savior.  This  shows  that  the  ten  trihes  took  this  ilirection,  and  as  an 
cmiiiration  from  .\sia  to  America  is  itcrfectly  adniissihle,  it  is  likely  that 
till'  .lews  were  anion;;  the  nunilier  wlio  crossed,  lu'ohahiy  hy  the  Aleutian 
islands.  littsui,  Simmihs,  \>]i.  '27<)-7.  Jones,  a.s  niij^ht  1m;  expected,  "will 
nut  yield  to  any  man  in  the  lirni  Indief  that  the  Altori^tines  of  \orlh  Anier- 
iiM  [lull  Xnrf/i  Aim-ririt  oitl  if)  i\.w\  the  ancient  Israelites  are  identical,  unless 
cniitroverled  hy  the  stern  authority  of  Ruperior  historiial  deductions,'  Hist. 
Am-.  Aiii'-r.,  pji.  2,  ll-'2t),  lS8-!)((.  Parker  diH's  not  accept  the  .Jewish  theory, 
cliictly  because  of  the  ;;reat  variety  of  distinct  lan;.tua;,'es  in  .America,  hut  ho 
]iiiiiils  out  several  resemhlances  lietweeii  north-west  trihesand  Jews.  Exfilor. 
T'l'ir,  pi>.  l!M--8.  Meyer  tinds  many  rea.sons  for  rc;;arilinj;  the  wild  tribes 
i«f  the  north  as  Jews;  such  a»  ])liysieal  iieculiarities;  nuinerons  cust<mis; 
tlic  number  of  lan;{ua;j;es  ]iointiii;;  to  u  Babylonian  confusion  of  t<m;;ues. 
.Must  Indians  have  hi;,'h-priests'  temples,  altars,  and  a  sacred  ark  which 
tlicy  carry  with  them  on  their  waiideriii;xs.  They  count  by  four  seasons, 
celebrate  new-moon  and  arlxu-  festivals,  and  oiler  liist  fruits.  In  Seiitem- 
ber,  when  the  sun  enters  the  si;;ii  of  the  scales,  thev  hold  their  feast  of 
iitiMiiMMcnt.  The  name  Iowa  he  thinks  is  derived  hnun  Jchova.  They 
wiirk  with  one  hand  and  carry  their  weaiions  in  the  other.  The  pillars  of 
tliiiid  anil  pillars  of  lire  which  ;;uidcil  the  Israelites,  may  l)e  volcanoes  on  tho 
ciist  eo.ist  of  Asia,  by  whose  aid  the  ten  tribes  reached  .Viiicrica.  Nurh  i/nti 
S'trriiiiiriito,  |ip.  241-5.  If  the  Toltees  were  Jews,  they  must  have  visited  t  ho 
<  till  World  in  the  year  7i)Hof  the  Uomnn  era,  to  obtain  the  Christian  do;;inas 
ii|il'arpiit  in  their' cult.  Wnliierk,  Vot/.  Pitf.,\\  45.  The  Navajo  tradition 
tli;it  they  came  out  of  the  water  n  loii;j;  way  to  the  north;  their  peaceful, 
jiastoral  manner  of  life;  their  aversion  to  ho;;8'  flesh;  their  lielief  tliat  they 
will  return  to  the  water  whence  they  cnine,  instead  of  jjoing  to  hiintin;;- 
^'rounds  like  other  tribes;  their  prophets  who  prophesy  and  receive  revela- 
tion; their  strict  fast-days,  ami  keenness  in  trade;  thei.*  ctmijiaratively 
piixl  treatment  of  women— are  Jewish  similarities,  stron;j;er  than  any  tribe» 

can  present.     'Scalping  ajipears   to  have  been  a  Hebrew  custom Tho 

most  strikinc  custom  ofapparently  Hehriiic  ori^^in,  is  the  periodical  sejiara- 
tion  of  fenmles,  and  the  strontf  and  universnl  idea  of  uncleanness  connected 
therewith.'  SchoukrafVs  Ann.,  vyL  iii.,  pp.  CO,  0*2.     The  Turtui-s  arc  prohu- 


96 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  A.MEUICAXS. 


Tlic   account   given    by  the  Book  of  Mormon,  oC 

bly  (U'scciKlcd  from  the  ten  tril)es;  tliev  Iwiast  of  1kmii<j  Jews,  are  ilividid 
into  trilii's,  ami  iiractici-  circiiiiK'isioii.  i'lu'  separation  of  women  at  cfitaln 
times,  anil  tlie  e.\|ire>>ion  Hallelujah  Yoliewah,  are  jiroofs  of  .lewisli  tle- 
si'ent;  Heal])ini^  in  mentioned  in  Hihle  (OStli  I'salni,  ver.  '21).  Vniirfoi-d'.i 
Kamiif.  Accordinj^  to  various  nianuscri|)ts  the  Toltees  are  of  .Jewish  de- 
scent. Havin;^  crossed  the  Ued  Sea,  they  ahandonecl  themselves  to  idola- 
try, and  feariiiLf  Moses'  reprimand,  thev  separated  from  the  rest  and  erosseil 
the  oi-ean  to  llu;  Seven  Caves,  and  tliere  fonniled  Tula.  Jiuirrns,  Jli.sf. 
didil.,  toni.  ii.,  ]ip.  7-8.  Juarez,  Mnniciitnliihitl  dc  Leon,  p.  1(»,  slates 
that  l.eon  de  Conlova  is  of  the  same  o|iini(ni.  Km.  de  Moraez,  a  I'ortii- 
j;ue>e,  in  his  History  of  ISra/il,  thinks  notliin<;  hut  eireumeision  wantini; 
to  form  a  perfect  resemlilanee  l)et\veen  the  Jews  and  ISra/iliaiis.  He  thinks 
that  America  was  wholly  i)eopled  hy  Jews  and  <'artha;,'inians.  Ciirnr's 
Trin\,  ]>]).  lS.S-!».  ("atlin  ttiinKs  the  North  Americans  are  a  mixed  race, 
who  have  Jewish  hlood  in  them.  The  mixture  is  sliown  hy  their  skulls, 
while  inanv  customs  are  decidedly  Jewish.  I'rohahly  jiart  of  triiies  scat- 
tered hy  (inistians  have  come  over  and  intermarried.  He  j;ives  analo;,'ies 
in  monotheism,  sanctuaries,  triheshii»,  cho.seu  iteo])le  helief,  marriage  hy 
gifts,  war,  hurial,  ahlutions,  feasts,  .sacrilices,  and  other  customs.  Any 
l)hilolngical  similarity  is  unnecessary  and  sui)erHuous.  The  Jew  element 
was  too  fei;hle  to  inlluence  language.  Cat/in  a  X.  Aiticr.  Iiid.,  vol.  ii.,  jip. 
ilU-o.  Meigar  gives  a  list  of  the  Chia]ia)iec  calendar  names,  and  iinds 
fiurteen  agree  with  suitahle  Hehrew  wonls.  He  concludes,  therefore,  that 
ancient  intercourse  with  the  Old  World  is  jiroven.  Soc.  Mex.  (icon.,  Jioli/iu, 
'2da  epoca,  torn,  iii.,  ii.  108.  Jarvis,  Uiliifiou  Ind.  N.  Aiiicr.,  j>p.  71 -S7, 
coninares  words  in  llehrew  and  American  languages.  Kthan  Smith,  Vifirs 
of  till'  JJrliirir.i,  |)resents  eleven  arguments  in  favor  of  the  Jewish  theory. 
Heatty,  Jo'inml  of  Tint  Moiifhs'  Tour  in  Aittirica,  gives  a  numher  <if 
reasons  why  the  llehrew  theory  should  he  correct.  See  further,  for  gen- 
eral review  of  this  theory:  Crowe's  Cent.  Aiurr.,  pp.  G4-S;  iJuini'mrh's 
Jh'srrt.i,  vol.  i.,  ])p.  4(!-!M  Simo)i\'i  Tni  Tn'/ics,  which  is,  however,  merelv 
a  cheap  ahridgcnient  of  Kingsborough;  Ditlh/,  Jinecs  Indiij.,  jip.  5-0; 
Thon/irijond's  Jiirr.s  in.  Attwricii;  n'o/'i/'//'*'  Anicr.  Ind.,  l)p.  1-lS,');  L'K.i- 
trinii/i',  Aiticririni.s-  no  Jrirr.s;  SjiizcliH.i,  Elinifio  Jir/n/ioni.s,  a  criticism  on 
Mcna.ssc  lien  IsnieVs  Ilojic  of  Israel;  Tsehiidi's  I'rrueian  A}i(i<[.,  \ni.  8-11. 
In  op|iosition  to  the  Hehrew  theory  we  read  that  WolU",  the  Jew 
traveler,  found  no  Jewish  traces  among  the  tribes  of  North  America. 
Foiilidne^s  How  the  H'orld  wits  I'enjded,  ]).  157.  'The  strong  trait  in 
Helirew  compound  words,  of  in.serting  the  syllabh  el  or  a  single  letter  in 
the  names  of  children,  derived  from  either  the  jirin  ry  or  secondary  names 
of  the  deity,  does  not  jirevail  in  any  Indian  trihei-  'lown  to  me.  Neither 
are  circumstances  attending  their  birth  or  jiarenti 
used  in  the  Hebrew  children's  names,  ever  mentioi 
Indian  children  are  generally  named  from  some 
noil.  There  are  no  traces  of  the  rites  of  cireumcis 
ling,  or  washing,  considered  as  eoii.scerated  .symho 
reported  as  existing  among  the  Sitkas,  on  the  Mi.ssoi 
ination  i)roved  it  to  be  a  mistake.'    Sehoolernffs 

The  Itev.  T.  Thorowgood  in  l(i5(),  published  a  w\)rk  entitled  Jewes  in 
Auteriea,  or  Prolxihilities  tliiit  the  Amerieans  <ire  of  that  llitee.  This  was 
answered  in  l(i51,  by  Sir  Hainon  L'E.strange,  in  a  book  entitled,  Anirrieons 
no  Jewes.  L' Estrange  believes  that  America  was  jieopled  long  before  tiie 
dispersion  of  the  Jews,  which  took  i)lace  15()0  years  after  the  Hood.  .V 
strong  mixture  of  Jewish  blood  would  have  jtroduced  distinct  customs, 
etc..  which  arc  not  t(»  be  found.  The  native  traditions  as  to  origin  are  to 
be  reganleil  as  dreams  rather  than  as  true  stories.  The  analogous  customs 
and  riles  adduced  liy  Thorowgood,  L'Estrange  goes  on,  are  amply  refuted 
hy  Aeo.stu  and  other  writers.     The  ueeusiuiiul  euuuihulism  of  the  Jews  wa.s 


,  which  were  so  often 
in  these  comixninds. 
uiospherie  iihem)iiie- 
I,  anointing,  spriiik- 
(-"ircumcision  was 
i;  but  a  strict  exam- 
e/i.,  v(d.   iii.,  j).  (il. 


!: 


MUIIMOX  DOCTUIN'E  OF  OUUJIN. 


97 


the  .settleiiieiit  of  America  by  the  Jews,  is  as  fol- 
lows r'^ 

After  the  confusion  of  toni,mes,  when  men  were 
scattered  over  the  whole  face  of  the  earth,  the  Jar- 
nlitcs.  a  just  people,  having  found  favor  in  tlie  sight 
of  the  Eternal,  miraculously  crossed  the  ocean  in 
eight  vessels,  and  landed  in  North  America,  when> ' 
they  l>uilt  large  cities  and  developed  into  flourishing 
and  hi-'hlv  civilized  nations.  But  their  descendants 
(lid  evil  before  the  Lord,  in  spite  of  repeated  i)ro- 
plietic  warnings,  and  were  finally  destroyed  for  their 
wiikedness,  about  fifteen  hundred  vears  after  their 
arrival,  and  six  hundred  before  the  birth  of  Christ. 

These  first  inhabitants  of  Anierica  were  replaced 
1)V  an   emi<a'ation  of   Israelites,  wlio  were    miracu- 

i';ni-»'<l  l>y  famine,  Itut  that  of  the  Anierioans  was  a  ro<;uhir  institution. 
Till-  arpMiiiMit  that  tlie  Americans  are  Jews  heeiiuse  tliey  have  not  tlio 
;.'ii-.|K-i,  i>  worthy  only  of  ridicule,  seein;;  that  millions  of  other  ])agaiis  are 
in  tiie  same  condition.  Of  the  Helirew  theory  liahhvin,  who  devote.s 
nearly  twn  j>ajrcs  to  it,  writes:  'this  wild  notion,  called  a  theory,  scarcely 
di'-tr\c-<  .-o  much  attention.  It  is  a  lunatic  fancy,  jiossihle  only  to  men  of 
a  I'lTtain  class,  wliii-h  in  our  time  does  not  multiply.'  Auc.  Ainer.,  j).  UYi. 
T>cliudi  rej:ards  the  arguments  in  favor  of  the  Jewish  theory  as  unsound. 
I\riiri,iu  Aiitiq..  i>.  11.  Acosta  thinks  that  the  Jews  would  have  i)re- 
stTvcil  their  lan;ruat,'e,  cu.stonis,  and  records,  in  America  as  well  as  in  other 
j>lai  c>.  Hist.  (/<•  /<!.<  Yiul.,  pp.  79-80.  Rtacgregor  argues  that  the  Amer- 
ii-Miis  couM  not  have  Ikjcii  Jews,  for  the  latter  ])eo])le  were  ac(iuaiiited  with 
the  Use  of  iron  as  far  hack  as  the  time  of  Tubal  Cain;  they  also  used  milk 
::!id  wheateii  hrcad,  which  the  .Vmericans  could  and  would  have  used  if 
they  hail  once  known  of  them.  J'rixfir.s-n  of  Anirr.,  vol.  i.,  p.  24.  Montanus 
believes  that  America  was  peopled  long  before  the  time  of  the  dispersion  of 
till'  .lewi>li  trilte^,  ami  raises  oiijections  to  nearly  every  point  that  has  been 
aiMuceil  in  favor  of  a  Hebrew  origin.  Nirinir  VVirrchl,  j).  2(5,  et  sen.  Tor- 
iiui'iiiada  gives  Las  (_"a.s{i.s'  reasons  for  believing  that  the  .Vmericans  are  of 
.le\vi<h  dex-ent,  and  refutes  them.  Mihiarii.  liid.,  toin.  i.,  pj).  22-7.  The 
ilitlerenoe  of  idiysical  organisation  is  alone  suHieient  io  set  .iside  the  ques- 
ti.iii  of  Jewish  origin.  That  .so  conservative  a  people  as  the  Jews  ^bouhl 
have  lost  all  the  traditions,  customs,  etc.,  of  their  race,  is  absurd.  Drnnj- 
iriifir  Jirrieii;  vol.  xi.,  p.  G17.  Kafinesnne  advances,  as  objiu-tions  to 
Jew  theory,  that  the  ten  tribes  are  to  be  found  sitattereil  over  .\sia;  that 
the  Sabbath  would  never  have  fallen  into  disuse  if  they  had  onee  intro- 
duced it  into  Anierica;  that  the  Hebrew  knew  the  use  of  iron,  had  jilows, 
and  ciiipliiyed  writing;  that  circumcision  is  practicetl  only  in  (uie  or  two 
liM-alitio  in  .America;  that  the  sharj),  striking  Jewish  features  are  not 
tiiiiiid  in  .\mericaiis;  that  the  Americans  eat  hogs  and  other  animals  for- 
lii'lden  t'l  the  Jews;  that  the  American  war  custom.s,  such  as  scalping, 
ti>rtnriiig.  cannibalism,  painting  bodies  and  going  naked,  are  not  Jewish  in 
the  lea.-i:  that  the  Amerieau  languages  are  not  like  Hebrew.  Priest's 
Aimr.  Aiili'/.,  ji]».  ~{J-9. 

'•-  I  translate  freely  from  Bcrtrand,  Miinoircs,  p.  32,  et  acq.,  for  this 
account. 

Vol.  V.    7 


m 


08  ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 

lously  brought  from  Jerusalem  in  the  first  year  of 
the  rei<m  of  Zedokiah,  king  of  Judah.  For  some 
thne  they  traveled  in  a  south-easterly  direction,  fol- 
lowing the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea;  afterwards  they 
took  a  more  easterly  course,  and  finally  arrived  at 
the  borders  of  the  Great  Ocean.  Here,  at  tlie  com- 
mand of  God,  they  constructed  a  vessel,  which  bore 
them  safely  across  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  western 
coast  of  South  America,  where  they  landed.  In  the 
eleventh  year  of  the  reign  of  this  same  Zedekiah, 
when  the  Jews  were  carried  captive  to  Babylon, 
some  descendants  of  Judah  came  from  Jerusalem  to 
North  America,  whence  they  emigrated  to  tlie  north- 
ern parts  of  South  America.  Their  descendants 
were  discovered  by  the  first  emigrants  about  fovU 
hundred  years  afterwards. 

The  first  emigrants,  almost  immediately  after  their 
arrival,  separated  themselves  into  two  distinct  na- 
tions. The  peo})lc  of  one  of  these  divisions  called 
themselves  Nephites,  from  the  propliet  Ne})hi,  who 
had  conducted  them  to  America.  These  were  jierse- 
cuted,  on  account  of  their  righteousness,  by  the 
others,  who  called  themselves  Lamanites,  from  La- 
man,  tlieir  chief,  a  wicked  and  corrupt  man.  The 
Nephites  retreated  to  tlie  northern  parts  of  Soutli 
America,  while  the  Lamanites  occupied  the  central 
and  southern  regions.  The  Nepliites  possessed  a 
copy  of  the  five  books  of  JNIoses,  and  of  tlie  prophets 
as  far  as  Jeremiah,  or  until  the  time  M'hen  they  left 
Jerusalem.  These  writings  were  engraved  on  plates 
of  brass.  After  their  arrival  in  America  they  man- 
ufactured similar  plates,  on  which  they  engraved 
their  history  and  prophetic  visions.  All  these  rec- 
ords, kei)t  by  men  ins[)ired  of  the  Holy  Ghost, 
were  carefully  preserved,  and  transmitted  from  gen- 
eration to  generation. 

God  gave  them  the  whole  continent  of  America 
as  the  promised  land,  declaring  that  it  should  be  a 
heritage  for   them  and   for  their  children,   provided 


'.«||-i|" 


NEPIIITES  AND  LAMANITES. 


99 


they  kept  his  commandments.  The  Nephltes,  blessed 
l)y  God,  prospered  and  spread  east,  west,  and  nortli. 
They  dwelt  in  immense  cities,  Avitli  temples  and  fort- 
resses; they  cultivated  the  earth,  bred  domestic  ani- 
mals, and  worked  mines  of  gold,  silver,  lead,  and 
iron.  The  arts  and  sciences  flourished  among  them, 
and  as  long  as  they  kept  God's  commandments,  tht-y 
enjoyed  all  the  benefits  of  civilization  nid  national 
])vusperity. 

The  Lamanites,  on  the  contrary,  by  reason  of  the 
hardness  of  their  hearts,  were  from  the  first  deserted 
of  God.  Before  their  backsliding  they  were  white 
and  comely  as  the  Nephites;  but  in  consequence  of 
the  divine  curse,  they  sank  into  the  lowest  barbarism. 
Implacable  enemies  of  the  Nephites,  they  waged  war 
against  that  people,  and  strove  by  every  meanj  in 
their  power  to  destroy  them.  But  they  were  gradu- 
ally re[)ulsed  with  great  loss,  and  the  innumerable 
tumuli  which  are  still  to  be  seen  in  all  parts  of  the 
two  Americas,  cover  the  remains  of  the  warriors  slain 
in  these  bloody  conflicts. 

The  second  colony  of  Hebrews,  mentioned  above, 
l)oro  the  name  of  Zarahemla.  They  also  had  many 
eivil  wars,  and  as  they  had  Jiot  brought  any  historical 
records  with  them  from  Jerusalem,  they  soon  ilU 
into  a  state  of  atheism.  At  the  tinij  when  thov 
were  discovered  by  the  Nephites  they  wore  very 
luiuierous,  but  lived  in  a  condition  of  semi-barbarism. 
The  Ne])hites,  however,  united  thonisobes  with 
them,  and  taught  them  the  sacred  Scriptures,  so  that 
hetbre  long  the  two  nations  became  as  one.  Shortly 
afterwards  the  Nephites  built  several  vessels,  by 
means  of  which  they  sent  expeditions  towards  the 
north,  and  founded  numerous  colonies.  Others  emi- 
giiited  by  land,  and  in  a  short  time  the  whole  of 
the  northern  continent  was  peopled.  At  this  time 
North  America  was  entirely  destitute  oi"  wood,  tho 
forests  having  been  destroyed  l)y  the  Jaredites,  the 
lirst  colonists,  who  came  from  the  tower  of   Babel ; 


100 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


J 


but  tlie  Nepliites  constructed  houses  of  cement  and 
brouglit  wood  by  sea  from  the  south;  taking  care, 
besides,  to  cultivate  immense  plantations.  Large 
cities  sprang  up  in  various  parts  of  the  continent, 
both  among  the  Lamanites  and  the  Nepliites.  The 
latter  continued  to  observe  the  law  of  Moses;  nu- 
merous prophets  arose  among  them;  they  inscribed 
their  propheulos  and  historical  annals  on  plates  of 
gold  or  other  metal,  and  upon  various  other  mate- 
lials.  They  discovered  also  the  sacred  records  of  the 
Jaredites,  engraved  on  plates  of  gold;  these  they 
translated  into  their  own  language,  by  the  help  of 
(lod  and  the  Urim  Thummim,  The  Jaredite  ar- 
cliives  contained  the  history  of  man  from  the  creation 
of  the  world  to  the  building  of  the  tower  of  Babel, 
and  from  that  time  to  the  total  destruction  of  the 
Jaredites,  embracing  a  period  of  thirty-four  or  thirty- 
live  centuries.  Tlioy  also  contained  tlie  marvelous 
pi'ophecies  which  foretold  what  would  happen  in  the 
world  until  the  end  of  all  things,  and  the  creation  of 
a  !\c.v  heaven  and  a  new  earth. 

The  Nepliites  were  informed  of  the  birth  and 
dentil  of  Christ  bv  certain  celestial  and  terrestial 
]»henomena,  which  had  long  before  been  jjicdicted 
l)y  their  prophets.  But  in  spite  of  the  numerous 
blessings  which  they  had  received,  they  fell  ai 
length  from  grace,  and  were  terribly  punished  for 
their  ingratitude  and  wickedness.  A  thick  dark- 
ut's.s  covered  the  whole  continent;  eartlupiakes  cast 
mountains  into  valleys;  many  towns  were  swallowed 
up,  and  others  were  destroyed  by  lire  from  heaven. 
Thus  perished  the  most  perverse  among  the  Nejihitis 
and  Ijamanites,  to  the  end  that  the  l)loo(l  of  the 
saints  and  ])ro|)hets  might  no  longer  cry  out  from  the 
earth  a<ra,inst  them.  Those  who  survived  these  iudi;- 
nients  received  a  visit  from  Christ,  mIio,  after  his 
ascension,  appeared  in  the  midst  of  the  Ne})hites,  in 
tln)  northern  ])art  of  South  America.  His  instruc- 
tions, the  foundation  of  a  new  hiw,  were  engraved  on 


THE  BOOK  OF  MOIIMOX. 


101 


platos  of  gold,  caiid  some  of  them  are  to  be  found  in 
the  Book  of  Mormon;  but  by  far  the  greater  part  of 
tlieni  will  be  revealed  only  to  the  saints,  at  a  future 
time. 

When  Christ  )iad  ended  his  mission  to  the  Ne- 
jiliitos,  he  ascended  to  heaven,  and  the  apostles  desig- 
nated by  him  went  to  preach  his  gospel  throughout 
the  continent  of  America.  In  all  parts  the  Nephites 
and  Lamanites  were  ccmverted  to  tlie  Lord,  and  for 
tlu'ee  centuries  they  lived  a  godly  life.  But  toward 
the  end  of  the  fourth  century  of  the  Christian  era, 
t!iey  returned  to  their  evil  ways,  and  once  more  thjy 
were  smitten  by  the  arm  of  the  Almighty.  A  terii- 
ble  war  broke  out  between  the  two  nations,  which 
elided  in  the  destruction  of  the  ungrateful  Nephites. 
Driven  by  their  enemies  towards  the  north  antl 
north-west,  they  were  defeated  in  a  final  battle  near 
the  hill  of  Cumorah,'""''  where  their  historical  tablets 
have  been  since  found.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of 
warriors  fell  on  both  sides.  The  Nephites  were 
utterly  destroyed,  with  the  exception  of  some  few 
who  either  passed  over  to  the  enemy,  escaped  by 
thght,  or  were  left  for  dead  on  the  field  of  battle. 
Aiiioug  these  last  were  Mormon  and  his  son  Moroni, 
both  u[)right  men. 

^[orniou  had  written  on  tablets  an  epitome  of  the 
annals  of  his  ancestors,  which  e[)itoiue  he  eiititleil 
the  Book  of  Mormon.  At  the  command  of  (Jnd  hi' 
buried  in  the  hill  of  Cumorah  all  the  original  reconls 
ill  his  possession,  and  at  his  death  he  iel't  his  own 
hook  to  his  son  ^foroni,  who  survived  him  by  some 
years,  that  he  might  continue  it.  Moroni  tells  us  in 
his  writings  that  the  Lamanites  eventually  extermin- 
ated the  few  Nephites  who  had  esc^aped  the  general 
slaughter  at  the  battle  of  Cumorah,  sparing  those 
(iiilv  who  had  ti-ono  over  to  their  side.  He  himsisif 
escaped  by  concealment.  The  coinpierors  slew  witli- 
(uit  lu'-rcy  all  who  wouhl  not  renounce  Christ.     Ho 

*"  111  llii-  state  of  New  York. 


lUli 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


tells,  further,  that  the  Lamanitus  had  many  dreadful 
wars  aniDU^'  themselves,  aad  that  the  whole  laud  was 
a  seeue  of  iueessaut  murder  and  violence.  Finally, 
he  adds  that  his  work  is  a  complete  record  of  all 
events  that  happened  down  to  the  year  420  of  the 
Christian  era,  at  which  time,  by  divine  command,  lie 
huried  the  Book  of  Mormon  in  the  hill  of  Cumorah, 
where  it  remained  until  removed  by  Joseph  Smith, 
September  22,  1827.'" 

]Much  has  been  written  to  prove  that  the  north- 
western ]xut  of  America  was  discovered  and  peopled 
by  Scandinavians  lon<^  before  the  time  of  Columbuh>. 
Although  a  j^a-eat  j)art  of  the  eviilence  upon  which 
this  belief  rests,  is  unsatisfactory  and  mixed  up  with 
nuich  that  is  vaguo  and  undoubtedly  falndous,  yet  it 
HCems  to  be  not  entirely  destitute  of  historical  i)rooi'. 
isor  is  there  any  improbability  that  sucli  daring- 
navio'ators  as  the  Northmen  may  have  visited  and 
colonized  the  coasts  of  Greeidand,  Labrador,  and 
Newfoundland.  I  find  in  this  opinion  an  almost 
exact  parallel  to  the  so-called  'Tartar  theory.'  It  is 
true  the  distance  between  Europe  and  noi'th-easterii 
America  is  much  greater  than  that    between  Asia 

^'''  Till'  iliscovory  was  in  tliis  wiso:  'Pros  dii  villiijjo  dc  Mmiclu'stci', 
(liiiis  Ic  iMiiiiU'  (rOhtario,  Ktat  tie  Now  Vmk,  ho  truuvo  nno  oiiiiiioiR'o  plus 
(■(iiisidtM'ahlt'  (|iio  cello  tlos  onviroiis,  ot  (|ui  on!  (1o\oiuio  colohi'o  dans  los  faults 
do  la  iiouvidio  K;jliso  stuis  lu  iioiu  do  ('iiiiuirali.  Siir  lo  llano  oooidoiital 
do  oollo  oidliiio.  iiiin  Itiiii  do  son  soiiiiiiol,  ot  souh  iiiio  piorro  d'uiio  ^'I'amlo 
diiiionsiiin.  di's  lainos  d'or  ho  truuvaioiit  doposi'os  (laii.s  nil  oodVo  do  pioiri'. 
],o  ciiuvorolo  on  (''tail  liniiiioi  vors  hos  liords,  ot  rolovo  an  niiliou  on  fonno  lU'. 
1mi\i1o.  ApioH  avoir  ili'^a;j6  la  toni',  .losoidi  (Smith)  nonlova  lo  oduvorclc  ii 
I'aido  d'nn  lovior,  ot  Ininva  Ioh  ida(|uoH,  rrrini-'I'lininniini,  ot  lo  |ioo((ii',il. 
J,o  oitllVo  otait  fonno  do  piorroM  rolioos  oniro  olios  anx  anj;los  jiar  dn  oiinonl. 
An  I'ond  so  trinivaiout  donx  pioiros  platos  plaooos  on  oroix,  ot  mir  oos  pin- 
ii's  IcH  lanu's  d'or  ot  los  antros  olijols,  .losoph  vonlait  los  tnilovor,  iiiiii;-  il 
•■n  I'nl  onipoolio  ]iar  I'onvoyi^  divin,  <ini  rinfornui  <|no  lo  tonips  n'olait  p^n 
oacoio  Venn,  ot  tpril  fallait  attoinlru  (inatro  ans  a  partir  do  ot'tto  ('•pdijiic. 
It'api'os  SOS  instruoMons,  dosopli  so  romlil  Ions  los  ans  lo  nionu?  ionr  an  liiii 
\\n  dopitt,  ponr  rocovoir  do  la  Unnolio  dr.  niossapT  oi'dosto,  dos  instrnolimn 
h\w  la  nuiniore  dont  lo  nivannu-  do  Dion  dovait  olro  fmido  ot  ;;onvorni''  dans 
los  doniiois  jonrs. .  .  .  l,o  '_''_*  soptonilu-o  18'_'7,  lo  nu'ssa;,'or  dos  cionx  Ini  lai»n 
picndi'o  los  plaipios,  ri'iini-'l'liiiinniini  ot  lo  pootoial,  ii  oondilion  ipi'il  soiait 
lo-ponsalilo,  ot  on  ravi'iiissanl  ipTil  soiail  ir/ninr/ir,  s'il  vcnail  a  pciilu' 
fi'^  olijots  par  sa  noyii^'onoo,  luais  on'il  sorait  protop'  s'il  faisait  tons  m's 
tllorts  [tour  lest  coubuncr,"  Uciinani,  ^hinuinn,  i)p.  UiJ-o. 


SCANDINAVIAN  THEORY. 


103 


iiiid  north- western  America,  l)ut  would  not  the  great 
disparity  between  the  maritime  enterprise  and  skill 
of  the  Northmen  and  Asiatics,  make  the  North  At- 
lantic as  navigahle  for  the  former  as  Bering  Strait 
for  the  hitter?  It  is  certain  that  Iceland  was  settled 
hy  the  Northmen  from  Norway  at  a  very  early  date; 
there  is  little  reason  to  doubt  that  Greenland  was  in 
turn  colonized  from  Iceland  in  the  tenth  century; 
if  this  be  conceded,  then  the  question  whether  the 
Northmen  did  actually  discover  the  country  now 
known  as  America,  certainly  ceases  to  wear  any 
a[)[)earance  of  improbability,  for  it  would  be  unrea- 
sonable to  suppose  that  such  renowned  sailors  could 
live  for  a  great  number  of  years  within  a  short  voy- 
age of  a  vast  continent  and  never  become  aware  of 
its  existence.  It  would  be  absurd,  however,  to  be- 
lieve that  the  entire  continent  of  America  was  ])eo- 
])led  by  Northmen,  because  its  north-eastern  borders 
were  visited  or  even  colonized  by  certain  adventurous 
sea-rovers. 

All  that  is  known  of  tlie  early  voyages  of  the 
Northmen,  is  contained  in  the  old  Icelandic  Sagas. 
The  genuineness  of  the  accounts  relating  to  the  dis- 
rovery  of  America  has  been  the  subject  of  nutch 
(lisi'ussion.  ^Tr  13.  F.  l)e  Costa,  in  a  carefully  studied 
inoiiogi\iph  on  the  subject,  assures  us  that  thei'o  can 
lie  no  doubt  as  to  tiieir  authenticity,  and  I  am 
strongly  inclined  to  agree  with  him.  Jt  is  true  that 
110  less  eminent  authors  than  (Jeorge  Bancroft  and 
AVashington  Irving  have  ex[)r('ssed  opinions  in  ()|)]H)- 
sitioii  to  DeCosta's  views,  but  it  must  bt;  romeniboi'ed 
that  neither  of  these  distiiiguishod  gontleinen  made  a 
wvy  profound  study  of  the  Icelandic!  Sagas,  indeed 
Ir\iiig  directly  states  that  he  "has  not  had  the 
nu'aus  of  ti'acing  this  story  to  its  oi'iginal  sources;" 
nor  nnist  we  forget  that  neither  the  author  of  the 
'IJfe  of  (_\)luml)us,'  nor  he  of  the  'History  of  the 
<  "Ionization  of  the  TTnitod  States,'  could  be  expected 
tt»  willingly  strip  the   laurels  from    the  brow   of  his 


104 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


fiimiliar  hero,  Christopher  Columbus,  »and  concede 
the  honor  of  the  'first  discovery'  to  the  northern  sea- 
kino^s,  whose  exploits  are  so  vaguely  recorded,^'® 

De  Costa's  defence  of  the  genuineness  of  the  ac- 
counts referred  to  is  simple  and  to  the  point.  "Those 
who  imagine,"  he  writes,  "that  these  manuscripts, 
while  of  pre-Columbian  origin,  have  been  tampered 
with  and  interpolated,  show  that  they  have  not  the 
faintest  conception  of  the  state  of  the  question.  The 
accounts  of  the  voyages  of  the  Northmen  to  America 
form  the  framework  of  Sagas  which  would  actually 
be  destroyed  by  the  elimination  of  the  narratives. 
There  is  only  one  question  to  be  decided,  and  that  is 
the  date  of  these  compositions."  "That  these  manu- 
scripts," he  adds,  "belong  to  the  pre-Columbian  age, 
is  as  capable  of  demonstration  as  the  fact  that  the 
writings  of  Homer  existed  prior  to  the  age  of  Christ. 
Before  intelligent  persons  deny  either  of  these  points 
they  must  first  succeed  in  blotting  out  numberless 
pages  of  well-known  history.  The  manuscripts  in 
which  we  have  versions  of  all  the  Sagas  relating  to 


"'  Though  the  qiipstion  of  tlio  Scandinnvian  discovcrios  would  socm  to 
merit  fonsiderablc  uttoiitiou  from  one  wlio  wnito  a  'col(»iiial  liistory'  of 
America,  yet  Mr  Oeor'^e  Haiicroft  (iisiioses  of  the  entire  wnbjeet  in  a  .single 
pajjje:  'Tlie  story  of  the  coh)nization  of  America  by  Nortiiinen,'  he  writes, 
'rostH  on  narratives,  mythological  in  torn\,  and  obscure  in  nu'anin^;  ancitMif, 
yet  not  contem|)orarv.  The  ciiicf  document  is  an  intorjiohilion  in  the  his- 
tory of  Sturleson,  wliosc  zealous  curiosity  could  hardly  inive  nej^lectcd  tlu! 
discovery  of  a  continent.  Tiie  geo'irapliical  details  are  to(»  va^ne  to  sus- 
tain a  conjecture;  the  accounts  of  the  mild  winter  and  fertile  soil  are,  (ni 
any  nu)dcrn  hypothesis,  tictitions  or  cxag;;(' rated;  the  description  of  the 
natives  applies  only  to  tiie  Esi|ainnui.\,  inhabitants  of  hyperborean  re;,'ions, 
the  remark  which  should  deline  the  len}j;tli  of  the  sliortcst  winter's  day, 
has  received  interpretations  adapted  to  every  latitude  from  New  York  to 
('a|)e  V:'-  "  '  uiid  V^inland  has  l)een  soujfht  in  all  directions,  from  (irccii- 
laml  111''    '!  Lawrence  to  Africa.'  IhnirvafTs  Ilinliini,  vol.  i.,  )ip.  r)-(i. 

Irvi:'  u:  'U)  fiu"  as  ho  'has  had  experiencti  in  tracinj;  these  stiu'ics  ef 

tan;  "><'■,  of  |MU(ions  of  the   New  World,  he  has  generally  found 

them  '  ..ill' 'inl  dcductiouH  drawn  fnun  very  vague  ami  i|nestionablc 

facts.  JA  ui ■'(':!  (uon  d.  >  too  [iroue  to  give  substaiu'e  to  mere  shadows,  when 
they  assi.si  bi)nn;  in  ■>  Hircivcd  theorv.  Most  of  these  accounts,  when  di- 
vested of  the  erudite  c(mimeiits  of  tlieir  editors,  have  jiroved  little  better 
than  the  traditionary  fables,  uoticiMl  in  another  jiart  of  this  work,  resiiect- 
ing  the  imaginary  islands  of  St.  Horoiidoii,  and  of  the  Seven  Cities.  Cn- 
Itiiiifni.i,  vol,  iii..  p.  4.'U.  All  of  which  would  certainly  be  true  eiuiugli  of 
most  ibcoiics,  but  that  it  was  ernmeoiis  as  far  as  the  Northmen's  visits  are 
concerned,  has,  1  think,  been  conclusively  shown  in  later  years. 


THE  ICELANDIC  SAGAS. 


105 


America  is  found  in  the  celebrated  Codex  Flatoiensis 
a  work  that  was  finished  in  the  year  1387,  or  1395  at 
the  latest.  This  collection,  made  with  great  care, 
and  executed  in  the  highest  style  of  art,  is  now  pre- 
served in  its  integrity  in  the  archives  of  Copenlia- 
gcn.  These  manuscripts  were  for  a  time  supposed  to 
he  lost,  but  were  ultimately  found  safely  lodged  in 
their  repository  in  the  monastery  library  of  the  island 
of  Flato,  from  whence  they  were  transferred  to  Co- 
])enhagcn  with  a  large  quantity  of  other  literary  ma- 
terial collected  from  various  localities.  If  these  Sagas 
which  refer  to  America  were  interpolations,  it  would 
have  early  become  apparent,  as  abundant  means  exist 
for  detecting  frauds;  yet  those  who  have  examined 
tlic  wliole  question  do  not  find  any  evidence  that  in- 
validates their  historical  statements.  In  the  absence, 
therefn'o,  of  respectable  testimony  to  the  contrary, 
we  accept  it  as  a  fact  that  the  Sagas  relating  to 
America  are  the  productions  of  men  who  gave  them 
iu  their  present  form  nearly,  if  not  quite,  an  entire 
century  before  the  age  of  Columbus. "^^^ 

The  accounts  of  the  voyages  as  given  in  tlio  origi- 
nal manuscripts  are  too  numerous  and  prolix  to  l)e 
re})r()duced  in  their  entirety  here;  but  1  will  en- 
deavor to   give   a   resume  of  them,  following,  to   a 


*'6  'It  mi;;lit  also  ho  nrpicd,  if  it  wcio  nt  nil  iicrpssurv.  tliat,  if  lliosip 
Sii;,'iis  wi-rt'  iM)st-("iiluMil)iiui  coiiipoMitiniis  drawn  up  li\  Icclaiiiici-H  wIk)  were 
ji'iiliiiis  (if  ido  funic  of  tlio  (ieiioese  navijiafor,  wp  sIhmiM  ci'itaiiilv  l>t' aide 
to  point  out  souu'tliinK  cither  in  their  structure,  heariu;,',  or  style,  )iy  which 
it  Would  l>c  indicated.  Yet  such  is  nut  the  case.  Tlie.se  writin;;s  reveal 
110  anxiety  to  show  the  C(Minecti<)n  of  the  Northmen  >\  itii  the  ;;reat  land 
lyin^'  at  the  west.  The  authors  do  not  sec  anythin;,'  at  ail  rcniarkalilc  or 
iiiciitorious  in  the  explorations,  which  were  conducted  sinijdy  fiu'  tiie  pur- 
imsc  of  ;,'ain.  Those  nnirks  which  would  certaiidy  have  liecn  inipressfd 
l)y  II  more  modern  writer  for<;int(  a  historical  composition  desi;,'iied  to  show 
nil  occupation  of  the  country  Tietorc  the  time  of  ('(dumlius,  are  >\liolly 
waiitiu;,'.  There  is  no  sixM-ial  nleadin;,'  or  rivalry,  and  i:i>  desire  to  show 
iirior  aiiil  superior  kno\vled<fe  or  the  <'ountry  to  which  the  navi^;atcu's  had 
iiiim  lime  to  time  sailed.  We  only  discover  ii  Htrai|;htfor\M»rd.  honest  en- 
ilcavor  to  tell  the  story  of  certain  men's  live.^.  This  is  done  in  a  sim]ile, 
artless  way,  and  with  every  indication  of  a  desire  to  mete  out  even  handcil 
justice  to  all.  And  candi<\  readers  who  conio  to  the  suliject  with  minds 
lice  from  iirejudice,  will  he  powerfully  imiiressed  with  the  hclief  that  they 
arc  reading;  authentic  liistoriea  written  ny  honest  men.'  J'rc-Cvliuiihutu 
J'iac,  Aiiivr.,  pp.  .\li.-xlii. 


106 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


vm 


great  extent,  an  'abstract  of  the  historical  evidence 
for  the  discovery  of  America  by  the  Scandinavians 
in  the  tenth  century,'  given  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society.^" 

Eric  the  lied,  in  the  spring  of  98G,^^^  emigrated 
from  Iceland  to  Greenland,  and  founded  a  settlement 
there.  One  of  his  companions  was  Heriulf  Bardson, 
whose  sun,  Biarne,  was  at  that  time  absent  on  a 
trading  voyage  to  Norway.  Biarne,  on  his  return  to 
Iceland,  resolved  "still  to  sp'-nd  the  following  winter, 
like  all  the  preceding  ones,  with  his  father,"  and  to 
that  end  set  sail  for  Greenland.  But,  owing  to  the 
northerly  winds  and  fogs,  and  to  the  fact  that  neither 
he  nor  any  of  his  followers  had  ever  navigated  these 
seas  before,  Biarne  lost  his  way.  When  the  weather 
cleared  up  they  found  themselves  in  sight  of  a 
strange  land,  which  they  left  to  larboard.  After 
two  days'  sail  they  again  sighted  land;  and  once 
more  standing  out  to  sea,  they,  after  th»'ee  days,  saw 
land  a  third  time,  which  proved  to  be  an  island. 
Again  they  bore  away,  and  after  four  days'  sailing 
reached  Greenland. 

Some  time  after  this,  Leif,  a  son  of  Eric  the  Bed, 
having  heard  of  Biarne's  discoveries,  bought  his  ship, 
manned  it  with  a  crew  of  thirty  men,  and  set  out 
from  Greenland,  aliout  the  year  1000.  The  first  land 
they  siglited  was  that  which  Biarne  had  seen  last; 
this  they  named  Helluland.^^"     They  put  out  to  sea 

*"  Vdl.  viii.,  p.  114,  ct  scq. 

^i"*  Tlio  exat't  dates  in  tlin«o  vclatioiis  I  cannot  vouch  for;  l)ut  the  several 
autlmrs  wlio  havo  written  on  the  subject  dill'er  l),v  only  a  year  or  two. 

^'''  'llelluhiuil,  from  Ilclla,  a  Hat  uttno,  an  abundance  of  wiiicli  niny  bo 
found  in  Labrad(U*  and  the  re;j;ion  round  ai)ont.'  Jic  t'o.std'/i  I'lr-Coliiiiiliicn 
})ls<\  A  iiifi:,  ]).  '28.  '  Fnun  data  in  the  Landuama  and  several  otlu-r  ancient 
Icelandic, };eo;ira])hical  worivs,  we  nuiy  t,'ather  that  the  diHtance  of  a  day's  sail- 
in;,'  was  estiniat'.'d  at  from  twenty-seven  tc  thirty  tieoj^rajiliical  miles  ((icr- 
luan  or  Danisli,  of  which  iiftceu  are  eiinal  to  a  de>;ree;  each  of  these  accord- 
iu^ily  e(|ual  (o  four  Imil^HsIi  sea-miles).  Knun  the  island  of  Ilelluland, 
afti'rwards  called  Little  Hellulaud,  Biarne  sailed  to  Heriulfsnes  (lkij;eit)  in 
(iri'cnland,  with  stronj^  smith-westerly  j^aies,  in  four  days.  The  distant-c 
hetwci'u  that  cape  and  Xrir/uundluiKl  is  about  lolt  ndles,  which  will  cor- 
resjini'd,  when  we  tak(!  into  consideration  the  stron;r  ^ah's.  In  modern 
descriptions  it  is  stated  tlnit  this  land  ])artly  consists  of  miUed,  rocky  tlat^, 
where  no  tree,  not  even  a  shrub,  can  grow,  and  which  arc  therefore  usually 


,11'    >■ 


VOYAGES  OF  THE  NORTHMEN. 


107 


jvidence 

inaviaiis 

of  the 

a  i  grated 
Dtlement 
Bardson, 
it  on  a 
eturn  to 
^  winter, 
'  and  to 
[T  to  the 
b  neither 
ed  these 
weather 
lit  of  a 
.  After 
md  once 
lays,  saw 
I  island. 
'  sailing 

lie  Red, 

jhis  ship, 

set  out 

rst  land 

en  last; 

t  to  sea 


I  the  several 

t  \Vl). 

lich  moy  lie 
XCti/iiiiihlcit 
jier  aiK'ietit 
|i  tlay'n  sail- 

iiiios  ((il'l- 
lese  Hccind- 
lllclliilaiiii, 
llUii^eit)  in 
lie  (listaiHO 
I'll  will  <'t'i- 
|lii  iiiodt'iu 
tu'ky  Hat'*, 
jru  usually 


and  soon  came  to  another  land,  which  they  named 
;Marklaiid.^  Again  they  stood  out  to  sea,  and  after 
two  days  came  to  an  island.  They  then  sailed  west- 
ward, and  afterwards  went  on  shore  at  a  place  where 
a  river,  issuing  frt)m  a  lake,  fell  into  the  sea.  Bring- 
ing their  siiip  up  the  river,  they  anchored  in  the  lake. 
Here  they  settled  for  a  time,  and  finding  vines  in 
the  country,  they  named  it  Vinland.'^"  In  the  spring 
tliov  returned  to  Greenland. 

This  expedition  to  Vinland  was  much  talked  of, 
and  Thorwald,  Leif's  brother,  thought  that  the  new 
country  had  not  been  thoroughly  enough  explored. 
Then  Leif  lent  his  ship  to  Thorwald,  who  set  out 
fur  Vinland  about  the  year  1002.  There  he  and  his 
crew  wintered,  and  about  the  year  1004  they  set  sail 
to  tlie  eastward.  On  this  voyage  Thorwald  was 
killed  by  the  natives.  At  his  request  his  followers 
returned  to  Vinland  and  buried  his  remains  there. 
In  1005  they  sailed  again  to  Greenland,  bearing  the 
sad  news  of  his  brother's  death  to  Leif 

Thorstein,  Eric's  third  son,  soon  afterwards  set  out 
ill  the  same  ship  for  Vinland,  to  fetch  his  brotlier's 
l)o(ly.  He  was  accompanied  by  his  wife  Gudrida, 
and  twenty-five  strong  men,  but  after  tossing  about 
on  the  ocean  during  the  whole  summer,  they  finally 
landed  again  on  the  Greenland  coast,  where  Thor- 
stein died  during  the  winter. 

(•all('(l  n((rrriis;  thus  answering  comjiletely  to  tlie  fidlur  of  the  ancient 
Niiitliiiicn,  from  whii'li  tliey  named  the  country.'  Abstract  of  Hist.  Evid., 
ill  /.((//(/.  (li'iKj.  S<)i\,  Joiir.,  vol.  viii.,  p.  Vl'A. 

'-•'"  'Markhunl  was  situate  to  tlie  south-west  of  llelhilanil,  distant  aliout 
tluic  days'  sail,  or  about  from  eigiity  to  ninety  miles,  it  is  therefore  Xiint, 
S'''iH(i,  of  wiiicii  the  descriptions  jfiven  hy  later  writers  answer  to  that 
t;ivi'n  l)y  the  ancient  Northmen  of  Markland.'  ll>. 

''■^  'N'iniand  was  situate  at  tlie  distance  of  two  days'  sail,  consequently 
ii'iiiut  from  lifty-four  to  sixty  miles,  in  a  south-westerly  direction  from 
Marivlaiid.  Tlu'  ilistanee  frmn  Capo  Sahle  to  Vn\)c  Coil  is  stated  in  nau- 
tical works  as  l)eiii;;  W.  hv  S.  about  seventy  leagues,  that  is,  about  lifty- 
twii  miles,  lliarne's  description  of  the  coasts  is  very  ai'curale,  and  in  the 
island  situate  to  the  eastward  (between  which  and  the  promontory  that 
strctrlics  to  eastward  and  northward  Ijcif  sailed)  we  recogni/e  Nantucket. 
Till'  .uicient  Northmen  found  there  many  shallows  {iindiiisir  fni  inihil); 
iiidiiciii  ii.ivigators  make  mention  at  tlu;  .same  p  'e  "of  nunuM'ons  rill's  ami 
ellur  shoals,"  ami  say   "that  the  whole  preseut.s  an  aspect  of  drowned 


108 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


The  next  voyage  to  Vinland  was  made  by  one 
Thorfinn  Karlsefne,  a  man  of  noble  lineage,  who 
occupied  his  time  in  merchant  voyages  and  Avas 
thought  a  good  trader.  In  the  summer  of  lOOG  he 
fitted  out  his  ship  in  Iceland  for  a  voyage  to  Green- 
land, attended  by  one  Snorre  Thorbrandson  and  a 
crew  of  forty  men.  At  the  same  time  another  ship 
was  fitted  out  for  the  same  destination  by  Biarne 
Grimolfson  and  Thorhall  Gamlason,  and  manned  with 
a  crew  of  forty  men  also.  All  being  ready,  the  two 
ships  put  out  to  sea,  and  both  arrived  safely  at 
Ericsfiord  in  Greenland,  where  Leif  and  Gudrida,  the 
widow  of  Leif's  late  brother,  Thorstein,  dwelt. 
Here  Thorfinn  fell  in  love  with  the  fair  Gudrida,  and 
with  Leif's  consent,  married  her  that  winter. 

The  discovery  of  Vinland  was  much  talked  of 
among  the  settlers,  for  they  all  believed  that  it  was 
a  good  country,  and  that  a  voyage  there  would  bo 
very  profitable;  and  Thorfinn  was  urged  and  at 
length  persuaded  to  undertake  the  adventure.  Ac- 
cordingly, in  the  spring  of  1007  he  fitted  out  his  ship, 
and  Biarne  Grimolfson  and  Thorhall  Ganilast>n  did 
the  same  with  theirs.  A  third  ship,  commanded  by 
one  Thorward,  also  joined  the  expedition.  And  on 
Thorward's  sliip  a  man  named  Thorhall,  'commonly 
called  the  hunter,'  who  had  been  the  huntsman  of 
Eric  in  the  summer,  and  his  steward  in  the  winter, 
also  went. 

As  this  is  probably  the  most  important  of  all  the 
Northmen's  voyages  to  America,  I  will  give  it  in 
full:  "They  sailed  first  to  the  Westerbygd,  and 
afterwards  to  Biarncy.  From  thence  they  sailed  in 
a  southerly  direction  to  Helluland,  where  they  found 

land."'  Id.,  pp.  121-2.  'The  leading  evidonocn  Bcrvc  to  attest  that  Vin- 
land was  the  present  very  marked  seaboard  area  of  New  Kn;,'land.  The 
iiantieal  facts  have  been  earefnlly  examined  by  Professors  Uafn  anil  Ma^'- 
nusen,  and  the  liistorieal  duta  adapted  to  the  conliKuration  of  the  coast 
wliieh  has  Cape  Cod  as  its  distinguishinf.;  trait.  All  this  seems  to  iia\o 
been  done  with  snrprising  accnracy,  and  is  illnstrated  by  the  i)vesent  hi^'ii 
state  of  the  arts  iu  Denmark  and  Germany.'  Sfhuulcnift's  Arvh.,  vol.  i., 
p.  111. 


W ' 


VOYAGES  OF  THE  NORTHMEN. 


108 


many  foxes.  From  thence  they  sailed  again  two 
(lavs  in  a  southerly  direction  to  Alarkland,  a  country 
overgrown  with  wood,  and  plentifully  stocked  with 
animals.  Leaving  this,  they  continued  sailing  in  a 
S.W.  direction  for  a  long  time,  having  the  land  to 
starboard,  until  they  at  length  came  to  Kialarnes,'^^'' 
where  there  were  trackless  deserts  and  lonof  beaches 
and  sands,  called  by  them  Furdustrandir.  When 
tliey  had  past  these,  the  land  began  to  be  indented 
by  inlets.  They  had  two  Scots  with  them.  Hake 
and  Hokia,  whom  Leif  had  formerly  received  from 
the  Norwegian  King  Olaf  Tryggvason,  and  who  were 
very  swift  of  foot.  They  put  them  on  shore,  recom- 
mending them  to  proceed  in  a  S.W.  direction,  and 
exjilore  the  country.  After  the  lapse  of  three  days 
they  returned  bringing  with  them  some  grapes  and 
some  ears  of  wheat,  which  grew  wild  in  that  region. 
They  continued  their  course  until  they  came  to  a 
jilaee  where  a  firth  penetrated  far  into  the  country. 
Ort"  the  mouth  of  it  was  an  island  past  which  there 
lan  strong  currents,  which  was  also  the  case  farther 
\\\)  the  firtii.  On  the  island  there  were  an  inmienso 
number  of  eyderducks,  so  that  it  was  scarcely  possi- 
Ido  to  walk  without  treading  on  their  eggs.  They 
called  the  island  Straumey  (Stream-Tsle),  and  the 
firth  Straumf]()rdr  (Stream-Firth). '^^^  They  landed  on 
the  sliore  of  this  firth,  and  made  preparations  for 
their  winter  residence.  The  country  was  extremely 
beautiful.  They  confined  their  operations  to  ex])lor- 
iug  the  country.  Thorhall  afterwards  wished  to 
proceed   in   a    N.    direction   in   quest   of    Vineland. 

'^  'Kiiilnrnes  (from  Kiiilr,  a  keel,  and  7ies,  a  cape,  most  likely  bo  named 
on  lu'ciiuiit  of  itfs  Htrikiny  resemblance  to  tlie  keel  of  a  ship,  imrticiilarly 
of  one  of  tlu'  lon^f  «hi|>8  of  tlie  ancient  Northmen)  niust  consciinently  lie 
Cii/ii'  Coil,  the  Nauset  of  the  Iiulians,  which  modern  ueofxraiilicrH  Imve 
soimtinics  likened  to  a  horn,  and  sometimes  to  a  sickle  or  svtiie.'  Id., 
]>.  ]•->•.'. 

'*'  'The  Sfranmfiordr  of  the  ancient  Northmen  is  snpposed  to  he  Buz- 
C'(iv/'\  liny,  and  Straumey,  Martini's  Vineyard;  althouKli  the  account  of 
till'  many  cji}j;s  found  there  would  seem  more  precisely  to  correspond  to  the 
i'-laiid  wliicli  lies  off  the  entrance  of  Vineyard  Sound,  and  which  at  this 
day  is  for  the  same  reason  called  E<j(j  Inland,'  lb. 


110 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


\^\ 


I 


Karlscfnc  chose  rather  to  go  to  the  S.W.  Thorhall, 
and  along  with  him  eight  men,  quitted  them,  and 
sailed  past  Furdustrandir  and  Kialarnes,  but  they 
were  driven  by  westerly  gales  to  the  coast  of  Ireland, 
where,  according  to  the  accounts  of  some  traders, 
they  were  beaten  and  made  slaves.  Karlsefne,  to- 
gether with  Snorre  and  Biarne,  and  the  rest  of  the 
ships'  companies,  in  all  151  (cxxxi.)  men,  sailed 
southwards,  and  arrived  at  the  place,  where  a  river 
falls  into  the  sea  from  a  lake.  Opposite  to  the 
mouth  of  the  river  were  large  islands.  They  steered 
into  the  lake,  and  called  the  place  Hop  (/  Hope). 
On  the  low  grounds  they  found  fields  of  Avheat  grow- 
ing wild,  and  on  the  rising  grounds  vines.  While 
looking  about  one  morning  they  observed  a  great 
number  of  canoes.  On  exhibiting  friendly  signals 
the  canoes  approached  nearer  to  them,  and  the 
natives  in  them  looked  with  astonishment  at  those 
they  met  there.  These  people  were  sallow-colourod 
or  ill-looking,  had  ugly  heads  of  hair,  large  eyes,  and 
broad  cheeks.  After  they  had  gazed  at  them  for  a 
while,  they  rowed  away  again  to  the  S.W.  past  the 
cape.  Karlsefne  and  his  company  had  erected  their 
dwelling-houses  a  little  above  the  bay;  and  there 
they  spent  the  winter.  No  snow  fell,  and  the  cattle 
found  their  food  in  the  open  field.  One  morning 
early,  in  the  beginning  of  1008,  they  descried  a  nin.i- 
ber  of  canoes  coming  from  the  S.W.  past  the  crpc. 
Karlsefne  having  held  up  a  white  shield  as  a  iViondly 
signal,  they  drew  nigh  and  immediately  commenced 
bartering.  These  people  chose  in  preference  red 
cloth,  and  gave  furs  and  squirrel  skins  in  exchange. 
They  would  fain  also  have  bought  swords  and  spears, 
but  these  Karlsefne  and  Snorre  prohibited  their  peo- 
ide  from  selling  them.  In  exchange  for  a  skin  en- 
tirely gray  the  Skrellings  took  a  piece  of  cloth  of  a 
span  in  breadth,  and  bound  it  round  their  heads. 
Their  barter  was  carried  on  this  waj  "or  some  time. 
The  Northmen  then  found  that  their  cloth  was  be- 


W..i 


THE  NOUTIIMKN  AND  SKKELLINGS. 


m 


rnnniii!^  to  grow  scarce,  "wlicroupoii  they  cut  it  up  in 
suuiUer  pieces,  not  broader  than  a  tinger's  breatlth ; 
vet  the  Skrellings  gave  as  much  for  these  smaller 
pieces  as  they  had  formerly  given  for  the  larger  ones, 
or  even  more.  Karlsefne  also  caused  the  women  to 
hear  out  milk  soup,  and  the  Skrellings  relishing  the 
taste  of  it,  they  desired  to  buy  it  in  preference  to 
everything  else,  so  they  wound  up  their  traffic  by 
carrying  away  their  bargains  in  their  bellies.  AVhilst 
this  traffic  was  going  on,  it  haj^pened  tliat  a  bull, 
which  Karl-efne  had  brought  along  with  him,  came 
out  of  the  wood  and  bellowed  loudly.  At  this  the 
Skrellings  got  terrified  and  rushed  to  their  canoes, 
and  rowed  away  southwards.  About  this  time  Gu- 
(Irida,  Karlsefne's  wife,  gave  birth  to  a  son,  who 
r  ceived  the  name  of  Snorre.  In  the  beginning  of 
the  followiuiif  winter  the  ^^krellinofs  came  a^jain  in 
nuich  greater  numbers;  they  showed  syni]»toms  of 
ho.stility,  setting  up  loud  yells.  Karlsefne  caused 
the  red  shield  to  be  borne  against  them,  whereupon 
they  advanced  against  each  other,  and  a  battle  com- 
menced. There  was  a  galling  discharge  of  missiles. 
The  Skrellings  had  a  sort  of  war  slings.  They  ele- 
vated on  a  pole  a  tremendously  large  ball,  almost  the 
size  of  a  sheep's  stomach,  and  of  a  bluish  colour;  this 
they  swung  from  the  ])ole  upon  land  over  Karlsefne's 
jieople.  and  it  descended  with  a  fearful  crash.  This 
struck  terror  into  the  Northmen,  and  they  fled  along 
the  river.  Freydisa  camo  out  and  saw  tiiem  flying; 
she  thereupon  exclaimed,  'How  can  stout  men  like 
you  ily  from  these  miserable  caitifs,  whom  1  thought 
vou  could  knock  down  like  cattle?  If  I  had  oulv  a 
weapon,  I  ween  I  could  fight  better  than  any  of  you.' 
They  heeded  not  her  words.  She  tried  to  keep  pace 
witli  them,  but  the  advanced  state  of  her  pregnancy 
retarded  her.  She  however  followed  them  into  the 
wood.  There  she  encountered  a  dead  body.  It  was 
Thorbrand  Snorrason;  a  fiat  stone  was  sticking  fast 
in   his   head.      His   naked   sword   lay   by   his    side. 


112 


ORiUlN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 




f 
'111  '' 


I 


ii 


11 


This  she  took  up,  and  prepared  to  defend  herself. 
She  uncovered  her  breasts,  and  dashed  them  against 
the  naked  sword.  At  this  sight  the  Skrelhngs  be- 
came terrified,  and  ran  off  to  their  canoes.  Karlsefno 
and  tlie  rest  now  came  up  to  her  and  praised  her 
courage.  Karlsefne  and  his  people  were  now  become 
aware  that,  although  the  country  held  out  many  ad- 
vantages, still  the  life  that  they  would  have  to  lead 
here  Avould  be  one  of  constant  alarm  from  the  hostile 
attacks  of  the  natives.  They  therelbre  made  prepa- 
rations for  departure,  with  the  resolution  of  returning 
to  their  own  country.  They  sailed  eastward,  and 
came  to  Streamfirth.  Karlsefne  then  took  one  of 
the  ships,  and  sailed  in  quest  of  Thorhall,  while  the 
rest  remained  behind.  They  proceeded  northwards 
round  Kialarnes,  and  after  that  were  carried  to  the 
north-west.  The  land  lay  to  larboard  of  them. 
There  were  thick  forests  in  all  directions,  as  far  as 
they  could  see,  with  scarcely  any  open  space.  They 
considei'ed  the  hills  at  Hope  and  those  which  they 
now  saw  as  forming  part  of  one  continuous  range. 
They  spent  the  third  winter  at  Streamfirth.  Karl- 
sefne's  son  Snorro  was  now  three  yeai's  of  age. 
When  they  sailed  from  Vinelar.-J  tl^'V  had  a  south- 
(>rly  wind,  and  came  to  Markland,  where  they  nut 
with  five  Skrellings.  They  caught  two  of  them  (two 
buys),  whcm  they  carried  away  along  with  them,  and 
taught  them  the  Nt)rse  language,  and  l)aptised  them; 
these  children  said  that  their  mother  Avas  called  Vc- 
thilldi  and  their  father  Uvajge;  they  said  that  tlio 
Skrellings  were  ruled  by  chieftains  (kings),  one  dt' 
whom  was  called  Avalldamon,  and  the  other  Valdi- 
dida;  that  there  were  no  houses  in  the  countiy,  Ii"*^ 
that  the  ])eople  dwelled  in  holes  and  caverns.  Jjiarin; 
(Irimolfst)n  was  driven  into  the  Irish  ( K-ean,  and 
came  into  waters  that  were  so  infested  by  worms, 
that  their  slrp  was  in  consequence  reduced  to  a  sink- 
ing state.  Some  of  the  crew,  however,  were  savrd 
in  the  boat,  as  it  had  been  smeared  with  seal-oil  tar, 


■■%■ 


VOYAGES  OF  THE  NORTHMEN. 


113 


■wlilch  is  a  prcvontlvo  against  the  attack  of  Avorins. 
Kiulscf'iio  cuiitinued  his  voyage  to  Greeiihmd,  and 
arrived  at  EricsKord." 

During  tlie  same  summer  that  Karlsefne  returned 
Irom  A'inland,  a  ship  arrived  at  Greenhmd  from  Nor- 
Avav,  commanded  by  two  brothers,  Helge  and  Finn- 
liogo.  And  Freydisa,  she  who  had  friglitened  the 
Skiellings,  W(^nt  to  them  and  proposed  tliey  shouUl 
make  a  voyage  to  Vinhmd,  and  she  offered  to  go 
with  them  on  condition  that  an  equal  share  of  what 
tliLy  obtained  there  shouhl  be  hers;  and  they  agreed 
to  tiiis.  It  was  arranged  between  the  brotliers  and 
Freydisa  that  each  sliould  have  thirty  fighting  men, 
))esides  women.  But  Freydisa  secretly  brought  away 
live  men  more  than  the  allotted  number.  They 
reached  Vinland  and  spent  tlie  winter  there.  During 
tlitir  stay  Freydisa  })revailed  on  her  husV)and  to  slay 
tlie  two  l)rothers  and  their  followers;  the  women  that 
were  with  tliem  she  killed  with  her  own  liand.  Jn 
the  spring  of  the  next  year  they  returned  to  Green- 
land.-'^' 

in  the  latter  part  of  the  tenth  century j'^^"  one  Are 
^farson,  of  Iceland,  Mas  driven  by  storms  to  Hvitra- 
niannaland,  or  Land  of  the  Whitemen,  This  country, 
which  was  also  called  (jlreat  Ireland,  has  l)een  thought 
to  he  "probably  that  part  of  tlie  Coast  of  North 
America  wliich  extends  southwards  fr'-rii  C'hesa]  «;dv 
Day,  including  North  and  Soutli  Carolina,  (Jeorgia, 
and  Klorida."''^"  Here,  also,  one  Diorn  Asbrandson 
is  said  to  have  ended  his  days.'^'' 


?''  Sen  Ahstrni'l  of  Hist.  Ei'ld.,  in  Loud.  n<-oij.  Sor.,  Jour.,  vol.  \m.,  ]>, 
HI,  I'l  scii.,  iiiicl   l)r  Citstd's  l'rr-L'(diiiiil)i<ni  jiisr.  .hiitr.,  p.   II,  el  m'i|. 

''-'  ill  llie  yciir  '.is;{,  iiccin'tliiijf  to  Ahsliutvt  nf  .  F.riil.,  in  /,(;//(/,  (Inni. 
S'n:,  Jiiiir.,  vol.  viii,,  ]i,  li>,")  Do  Cii.stii  iimkci  il  '."'JS.  I'lr-i'nliniilif'iii. 
/'/.M'.  .1  iinr.,  ]i.  ,S(1. 

I'liilVsMii'  llafn  in,  wli.it  spiMnw  to  tin-  iiiillicir,  his  nrcdIcsH    tiixii'ly 

til  li\  llii'  lociilily  of  llic  Wliiti'-iniurs  liiiiil  ill  Aiiicricii,  siivs  tliat.  iis  ||ii-i 
li.llt  nf  liic  iimiiiiscri|it  is  ilillirnlt  to  tlt'ciiilicr,  (lie  (ili;;iiial  Icltcis  /  i.iif  Iimm' 
;.'iit  iiiaiin|i(i,  anil  vi  iiiwci-tcil  inslcaii  of  .\x,  or  xi,  wliiili  iiiiiiicials  would 
iilt'oril  liiiii!  for  the  voyii^fcr  to  rcucii  tlic  coast  of  .Viiicrica,  in  tlii'  vicinity 
"I  I'loiiila.  Sinitli  ill  iiis  lini/iii/iii.s,  lias  rvcn  hihic  so  far  as  to  sii/iiiri.\s 
lin'  liriii  .s/.c  alto;,'('tliL'f,  ami  siili.'ititulus,  "Ity  ii  nuiulior  of  day.s  Hail  un- 
VoL.  V.    8 


114 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS, 


1 


'I  i-ii 


:1 


T  do  not  propose  to  give  here  all  that  has  been 
said  about  those  voyages,  as  it  .vould  not  be  perti- 
nent to  the  question  which  wo  are  reviewing,  namely, 
the  orinfin  of  the  Americans.  Indeed,  the  entire 
subject  of  the  Northmen's  voyages  and  colonization, 
might  almost  be  said  to  be  without  our  province,  as 
it  is  not  asserted  that  they  were  actually  the  fir.st 
inhabitants  of  the  New  World. 

The  relics  that  have  been  thought  to  prove  their 
former  presence  in  the  continent,  are  neither  numer- 
ous nor  important.  One  of  these  is  the  Dightou 
Rock,  of  which  I  liave  had  occasion  to  speak  before, 
in  connection  with  the  Phoinician  theory.'^^^  In  1824, 
a  stone  encfraved  with  ilunic  characters  was  found  on 
the  island  of  Ki  ngiktorsoak,  on  the  western  coast  of 
Ureenland.'*'^^ 

Priest  is  strongly  inclined  to  believe  that  a  glass 

known."  Tliia  is  simply  trifling  with  the  suhjoct.  In  CniiilniHf's  ///.<• 
(oriskr  ^fill(/(■fllll<^;^•/,^(■r,  cliielly  thi!  work  of  I''iiin  Mii^mihsmmi,  no  (jui'slum 
is  raist'd  on  tiiis  point.  Tiie  various  vursions  nil  >/i\t.;  tin;  nnnilxM'  six, 
wiiicii  limits  tlio  voya;,'t'  to  llie  vicinity  of  tlic  Azores.  Sclionin^',  to  wIkhii 
wo  arc  .so  Iiir;,'clv  indebted  for  the  best  edition  of  ileiinsUriiij^la,  lays  (lie 
Hccnc  of  .Marsoii*s  adventiire  at  those  islands,  and  snu';;'csts  that  they  may 
lit  that  time  iiavo  covered  a  Jiiv;;;cr  extent  of  tcrril'rv  than  tlie  |iresunt.  ami 
that  tliey  nuiy  have  Hullered  from  eartlninakes  an  '  fhiods,  addin;;,  "It  ii 
likidv,  and  all  circnnistanees  show,  that  the  saitl  land  has  been  a  piece  nf 
Nortli  .\nicrica."  This  is  a  hold,  though  mit  very  niireasonahle  hy|tothcsis, 
cspeciiiliy  as  ilie  volcanic  character  of  the  islands  is  well  known.  In  l.sdS, 
n  volcano  rose  to  the  heij^ht  of  H,r)(M)  feet.  Vet  Schonin;,''s  su;j;;;i'stioM  is 
not  lU'cdcd.  The  fact  that  the  islands  were  not  inhahited  when  discovcrnl 
Ity  the  l'ortn;^uese  does  init,  however,  setth'  anythin;;  a{,'aiiist  Scliouin;:,  lie- 
cause  in  the  course  of  live  hundred  years,  the  people  nii;.;lit  either  have 
jiii;irate(l,  or  hcen  swept  away  hy  pestilence.  (IfiiiilniKPs  llistariskr  Mm- 
.!<\siiiin-hrr,  (vol.  i,  ;i.  150),  says  simply,  that  "It  \h  t/uuin/if  that  he  (.\ii' 
Marson)  ended  his  u  \\n  in  Ann'rii'a,  or  a*  all  events  in  one  of  the  liu^icr 
islands  of  the  west.  Honu'  think  that  it  was  ont^  of  the  Azore  islands. "' 
J)('  I'lisfii's  l'ir-('ii!itiii/ii(()i   />/.v''.  Aiiirr.,  p.  iS7. 

2^7  Ahstrin'f  iif  Hist.  Kriil.,  in  I.diiiI.  diti;/.  Sor.,  Joitr.,  vol.  viil.,  p.  1'.'."; 
J)e  ('(js/ii's  I'lr-Ciihiiiiltidii  Ih'sc.  Aiiirr.,  )>.  Hit,  et  seip 

^*|*  See  Sf/iiiti/fnijTn  Arv/i.,  v(d.  i.,  pp.  110,  et  wcp,  for  jdatc  and  dis- 
cussion of  !)iK'hlou  Uock. 

*'^''  It  hore  the  followiut;  inscriiititui:  Ellhiv.  Si(ii'ints:  sun:  >•.  „/,•,  Jtinintr. 


(jriijii 


/■;  Eiirini.  ussoii:  Iniiititrihuj,  in:  f'l/rir  iii(iiiiil<i<f  llaf/iii 

%r   1 1     I'  f  f ! '       ...      f.»  '  I  *      .    ..V  ■     I    .  .',  '  '      f     I,  .  II 


Ti)rliirsnii:  ti 

ii'.  Ilk  ri/(hi:  \f.  ('.  A'.VAT;  or,  Evlinif  Siif/irnlssinn;  <ih  I'Junii'  f'oriln 


ranln 


II   riinlit    iirssii  m 


if:  Kndriili  odilssttii  liiiitiiirilnijiini  fi/i'ir  f/iiiiiii/iiif  liliul 
vKili/ii  U.l'i;  'c'est-ii-tlire:  hlrlin;;  Sij,'vatson,  Ujariu!  Thordarsoii,  el  l-ii- 
dride  <  Kldson  erip'^renl  ccs  monceaux  de  pierres  le  sanicdi  avant  le  jour 
nomme  (ia^ndaj,'  (le  25  uvril)  et  ilw  nettoyerent  hi  place  en  li;i5.'   Wanlm, 


•if 


'4 

■'f 


Jiithvirh 


152, 


SCANDINAVIAN  THEORY. 


115 


has  been 
,  be  porti- 
on, namely, 
the  entire 
th)nization, 
rovince,  as 
Y  the  first 

)rove  their 
ler  niuner- 
0  Dij^htoii 
eak  before, 
'  In  1824, 
IS  found  on 
rn  coast  of 


hat  a  gL\ss 


TriinlniKTs  ///«• 

loii,  no  tniostiMU 

'n'  iiumiicr  nIx, 

iiiiiii;;',  ti)  whom 

riii^la,  lays  tlio 

tliat  tlu'V  iiiuy 
111'  iHTsunt,  iiiiil 

atldiii^t,    "It  in 

liccii  a  ]ii('('i'  iif 
iltki  liypotlii'sis, 
lowii."    Ill  IMIS, 

s   Ml^f;ii'stioll  ij< 

lli'll  (lisi'dvcl'i'il 
4  Scliiiliili;,',  111'- 
;lit  I'itlii'r  liiivo 

lishiriskr  Mm- 
'if  tliat  111'  (Are 
ic  of  till"  larui'V 

/oro  islaiiiU.'  ' 


Vlll 


1).  I'J.'.; 


plate  ftiiil  ilis- 

()/.'.  l\jtt\n\c 
\l  lldljiu:  mrihi 
l/'/ic  Vortldvsi'u, 
hiriln  /irssd  ''k 
lilai'stiii,  ol  I'll- 
|i  nvaiit  It'  jiiiir 
ii;jo.'   Witnlii', 


bottle  about  the  size  of  a  common  junk  bottle,  "hav- 
iiiij;'  a  stopple  in  its  nuzzle,"  an  iron  hatchet  edged 
^\  ith  steel,  the  remains  of  a  blacksmith's  forge,  and 
some  ploughed-up  crucibles,  all  found  in  the  town  of 
T\)inpey,  Onondaga  County,  New  York,  are  of  Scan- 


dmavum  origm.'^*' 

Brasseur  de  Bourbourg  has  found  many  words  in 
the  languages  of  Central  America  which  bear,  he 
thinks,  marked  Scandinavian  traces;  little  can  be 
proven  by  this,  however,  since  he  finds  as  many 
other  words  that  as  strongly  resemble  Latin,  Greek, 
English,  French,  -iii  I  -nany  other  languages.  The 
learned  Abbt5  believe  Moreover,  that  some  of  the 
ancient  traditions  »/  Uie  Central  American  nations 
point  to  a  north-east  origin. '^'^  VioUet-le-Duc  is 
.struck  with  the  similarity  that  existed  between  the 
nligious  customs  and  ideas  of  the  ancient  Northmen 
and  of  the  Quiches  as  expressed  in  the  Popol  Yuh.'^^^ 

?in  '^\\>  luvvc  notii'cil  the  discovery  of  a  place  called  Estotiland,  sup- 
]iiwi'(l  to  lie  Novii  Scotia,  in  \'^!^■^,  the  iiilnihitaiit.sof  wliicli  were  Europeans, 
will)  I'ultivati'd  ^rain,  lived  in  stone  houses,  and  inannfat'tnnMl  ficn;  as  iii 
l'.uro|n'  at  that  day.  Now,  from  the  year  1.354,  till  tlii^  time  of  the  tirst 
^'•^ll'lm'llts  made  in  Onondat^'a  coiintv,  hy  the  present  inhahitants,  is  ahoiit 
inn  yi'.'us.  is  it  i  'it  ]n>ssililt',  therefore,  that  this  ylass  bottle,  with  smin' 
kind  of  lii|iior  in  it,  may  have  lieeii  ih'rivcd  from  this  Estotiland,  haviii:^ 
lull!  originally  hrmiKlit  from  Kiiro]ic,  as  }j;las'  liad  lieen  in  use  there,  moio 
or  loss,  friim  the  year  l)(i4,  till  the  Scamliiifi  ians  colonized  Ifeland,  Green- 
liiinl.  and  I'lstotilaud,  or  Newfoundland.'  /'  'c.v.'V  Amir,  Aiifii/.,  pp.  'J(i()-I. 

^"  '.MaJojri'  les  reclamations  oiiv'  mcs  ,^;jt[i()-i;  nw  sonlevereiit  de  divers 
roll's  ct  li's  sonrircs  incrcdulesi|U  ell.'s  i-)p',  '•  i"i;i  my,-  Ics  levies  de  ]ilnsii'iivs 
lie  rios  savants  dont  je  respecte  et  IioiM.!  >  K  •  <;.n.iiiMsai'''cs,  je  ]iersiste  ]i1iim 
(jiii'  jamais  dans  ropiiiioii  que  j'expiiiivds  ;il  >',s;  pins  j'avaii  ;'  dans  mes 
I'liiiK's  anu'ricaiiics  plus  je  (Icmeure  con  ai.'cu  is  v  Mtioiis  ipii  exisl^r('!lt, 
iiiilorii'iircincnt  ii  Christophe  ('olotnh,  entre  le  i\ci,,  vran-.Munde  ct  Ics  con- 
trii's  sitiii'cs  a  rorient  di!  raulre  cote  de  Toccaii  AllaMtii|uc,  ct  plus  jc  suls 
|M'isnaili'  (|uc  li's  Scandiiuncs  out  drt,  ii  line  iicriodc  incmc  plus  rciulcc  ipie 
I'lllc  diiiit  viis  (I'l'of.  Ilafn's)  intcrcssants  iiH'iiiiiires  rapiiortcnl  le  soincnir, 
t'lMiiiior  vers  le  continent  aini!'ricain.'  JSnm.snir  tfc  Jioiirhonrij,  in  ^imiril/is 
Ainii(/fs  i/rs  Villi.,  IS.'iS,  tom.  cl\.,  |ip.  '2(il-!)'J. 

*'''  '  II  est  impossihle  de  n'>  |ioint  f'tre  frappc  de  ranalooic  (pii  existc  cii- 
III'  li's  idi'cs  lirainanii|iies  s'.tr  la  divinilc  et  Ics  passaocs  dii  J'u/iu/-  Viih  rid  s 
I'liis  iiaiil.     Mais  si  nuns  cdiisultons  Ics  traditions  licuicunp  |'lus  rccciitc: 


iiscrvccs  mcme  njircs 


IVtali 


trouvcniiis  encore,  cnlrc  Ics  I'liutuipi 
loiitir'cs  ct  cidlcs  ijui  nous  sunt  ret    i 
i'ii]i;ioi|.'    \'iullrl-li-l)ih\  ill  ('/iiirmn/,  J> 


dii  ciiristianisme  en  Siicdc,   nuns 

ifjicUH's  (Ics  iioiiulations  de  ci  s 

d.iiis  le   I'll/Ill'-]' >i/i,  jiliis  d'lin 


iinr. 


11)1   41- 


fartl 


irtlicr 


I' nirirnin;;  cmioration  lo  .'Xmcrica  from  ti.-,:  li-weK'.crn  I'.unipc:   Milrhill,  in 


Aiiti 


Trinisitvt.,  vol.  i.,  p.  .Til,  et  scip  ■,  I'riis/'s  Aiiin 


A  nil 


'/■ 


M'iitlercd  uolices,  pp.  i>8-ll,  1131 -3'JU;  JiubcrUon'n  Jlint.  Amci:,  vol.  i.,  pi 


111". 


OllIGIN  OF  THE  AMEUICAN.S. 


We  come  now  to  the  theory  that  tlie  Americans, 
or  at  least  part  of  tliem,  are  of  Celtic  origin.  In 
the  old  Welsh  annals  there  is  an  account  of  a  vo3'ago 
made  in  the  latter  lialf  of  the  twelfth  century,^'*'*  l)y 
one  Madoc,  a  son  of  Owen  Gwynedd,  prince  of  North 
Wales.  The  story  goes,  that  after  the  death  of 
(jwynedd,  his  sons  contended  violently  for  the  sov- 
ereig'nty.  Madoc,  who  was  the  only  peaceahle  one 
among  them,  determined  to  leave  his  distur1)e(l 
country  and  sail  in  search  of  •  iine  unknown  land 
where  ho  might  dwell  in  peace.       ■  'ordiugly  pio- 

cured  an  ahundance  of  provisions  i  a  few  ships 
and  emharked  with  his  friends  and  lollowers.  For 
many  months  they  sailed  westward  witliout  findill^■ 
a  resting-place;  but  at  length  they  came  to  a  largo 
and  fertile  country,  wliere,  after  sailing  for  some  dis- 
tance along  the  coast  in  search  of  a  convenient  land- 
ing-place, they  disemharked,  and  permanently  settled. 
Alter  a  time  Mador,  with  part  of  his  company,  I'e- 
turned  to  Wales,  where  he  fitted  out  ten  ships  witli 
all  manner  of  sup})lies,  prevailed  on  a  large  numher 
of  his  countrymen  to  join   him,  and  once   more   set 


•J7S-8();  Sc/innfrmfrs  Arch.,  vol.  i.,  i)ji.  110  11,  l'20-4;  Prnssrui-  (h-  llonr- 
lioiinj.  ill  Xitiirrl/rs  Ainifilcs  (fen  I'oy.,  18.")."),  toiii.  cxlvii.,  ]i|i.  1")7-S;  Vinllil- 
h-lhir,  ill  C/iiiriKn/,  lliiiiirs  Amir.,  j)]).  11,  IH-I«»,  '_>:}-l,  r.'-.S;  Wonh,,, 
J''  r/ii  ir/iin,  pii,  I  lfi-.")4;  lUiiiitiiiiiis,  iViiinir  ll'iin/if,  \>\t. '2S-'M),  117;  Txf/m- 
t/i's  /'iriiriiiii  Aiifii/.,  pp.  .'i-7,  'il-'J;  Miiltv-liniii,  I'rrri.s  (/<  In  (li  ■iij. ,  \n\n. 
i.,  pp.  li)7-)S;  J>itris  IHsntrrrji  of  New  Eitiilmul  liij  t/ir  Xnrllniii  n;  Jinhl- 
fill's  Am'.  Aiiiir.,  y\t.  '27'.t-N.');  l)iin\'<'  An'r.  Aimr.,  pp.  l.'l  ;n;  '/'///nr'.s  Aim- 
l'iiti\  pp. 'J7'S-',);  m'CiiIIiiIi's  Itisriiri'hes  oil  Aiiifr.,Y\\.'l\-l\  l!iiiiloii\s  A/i/n' 
Jliii.s.snir,  ill  Li/i/iiiiro/t'.s  Mil/.,  viil.  i.,  |).  "!•,  ft  mimi.;  Siiii//i'.s  Jliiiinni  S/n- 
ci'i'.i,  p.  '2H7;  h'lihif,  (ii'srhirlilv  i/i'r  Sr/ii//'/'ii/irf;  llmiiis,  Entili(kiuiii  nn 
Aiiirr.,  1)1).  l-l:U;  Fii.sI>t\i  I'lr-lli.st.  JinWs,  pii.  .'{•IS)  4(10;  /lill'n  Aiiili).  "J 
A  inn:;  U'i/soii'.'i  I'ir/ii.if.  Mnii,  pp.  ;im-4-(t;  Krmiir.i  Hinrnv.  Aiiin:,  ]'\i. 
I  -I.S4;  J)n„iniri'/i\s  />isrr/.s,  vol.  i.,  pp.  t\:i-{\\,  404, '411-1-J;  Jlniii/ni/'.'i  lA  ,i'. 
l//ii.\>r.,  \>.',V2'2;  nrn.s.irnr  i/r  /Iniirlioiirif,  Hist.  Niil.  (Vc. ,  foiii.  i..  pp.  IS-'J-; 
J'l.,  I'lifiol  \'iili,  pp.  li.-liv,,  lxxxix.-.\tii. ;  ///.sV.  .1/".'/.,  vol.  ix.,  pp.  IKil  .">; 
(i'liiifrii,  ill  I'lisrii/f,  llisl.  CitiHi.  Mx.,  toiii.  iii.,  ]).  1");  Hiiiiilni/i't'.s  K.inm. 
I'rif.,  torn,  ii.,  pp.  H;<-iOi,  |0.")-'.'0;  Ifriiii/s  <'nl iinilms,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  4;{"-*-lil; 
llniii/iii/i//,  ]'iii\i,  loiM.  i.,  p.  'JU'.t;  K/iiiiiii,  ('iilliir-dr.ivliiihir,  toiii.  v.,  )i|i. 
]<)4  71;  h'ii/iiii\ii/iii',  Till'  Aiiiiviriiii  Xiiliiuiti;  llnt.s.snir  ilr  Itniirliinirii,  (>iiiilr'' 
l.ith'iH,  |).  17;  W'illiiiiiisini'.'i  Ohniri'iitiiiiis  on  ('lliiinlv;  Xistirniuii'n  I'uln- 
iiixiilioii  iif  A iiirrii'ii  III/  Xiir/liifi's/irii  Eiirii/n'iiiis;  Fnii'i/,  hi.trmiri,  in  .■\ii/,'i. 
J/'.i'.,  toin.  i.,  (liv.  i.,  p|).  4.S  !l;  Snn/i.tim's  Xnr.,  \).  \i)\);  ScliuuUriiJ'/,  iii 
Aiiin\  I'JiliiKi.  Siir.,  Traiisarf.,  vol.  !.,  pp,  .'U(l-(5. 
>!J>  About  Ulil)-70. 


A  WELSH  COLONY  IN  AMRIJICA. 


117 


igiu.     li> 
a  voyai;\! 

Mvyr  I'y 

of  North^ 
death   of 
the  sov- 
■uablc  one 
distiu'l)c'<l 
lowii    land 
iinoly  \ny- 
iow  ship^ 
vors.     For 
nit  finding' 
to  a  lavL^o 
•  some  dis- 
nient  laud- 
ily  settled, 
lupany,  ye- 
sliips  wit1i 
•oe  nundtLi' 
t 


iiioro 


se 


•»)•  ' 


l„    (.'(•»</.,  toll! 


,•//- 


//('('; 


,1 


(/('• 


A  III" 


\\;  Tiiliirn 
liri  II  toll's 
IA'.v  lliiiiiiiii  >■/" 

itilnh-llllil    '•" 

l//(7/".v  -I »'''■';■  ' 

J  I  ill  I II  full'" 

|in.  i.'.  IM' 


.U. 


IX. 


\'l' 


IS 


ihniiirs  /•;.'■"-/■. 

pii..  ,,,..  4:Vi-l(»; 

Lc,   titiii.   v.,  VI'' 
(.hiiih'' 
(■„lu. 

Aiiiii- 
ill 


hiiiint 


till 

r.ftirillllll'x 


isriiiil". 


III 


SvliDiili-rdJI, 


sail  ^'>r  the  new  colony,  Avliieh,  though  we  hear  no 
more  about  him  or  his  settlement,  ho  is  supposed  to 
liave  reached  safely.^^ 

The  exact  location  of  Madoc's  colon v  has  oidv 
lioeii  guessed  at.  Baldwin  says  it  is  supposed  that 
lie  settled  'somewhere  in  the  Carolinas.'  (  aradoc, 
in  liis  history  of  Wales,^'**  has  no  douht  that  tlie 
country  Avhere  ^ladoc  established  his  colony  was 
]\re.\ico;  this  lie  thinks  is  shown  by  three  facts:  first, 
the  ^[exicaus  believ'ed  that  tlieir  ancestors  c;;'ne  from 
a  hcuutiful  country  afar  off,  inhabited  l>y  whin,  peo- 
ple; secondly,  they  adored  the  cross;  and  thirdly, 
sivcral  Welsh  names  are  found  in  Mexico.  Puter 
]\rartyr  affirms  that  the  aborigines  of  Virginia,  as 
well  as  those  of  (Juatemala,  celebrate  the  memory  of 
an  ancient  and  illustrious  hero,  named  ]\Iadoc.  Har- 
(ouit,  in  the  preface  to  the  acc(junt  of  his  voyage  to 
(iiiiana,^"  says  that  that  part  of  America   was  dis- 

"■'  'Ml  tIii-<  is  rclatod  in  old  Welsh  annals  iircsorvcd  in  the  alihi-ys 
(if  Cuiiwiiv  and  Strat  l'"liir. . .  .'riii.s  cinijiration  of  I'rini'c  Mado;,'  is  mcii- 
limii'il  ill  the  ]Pii'sfrvt'il  works  (if  scvi'ial  Welsh  liards  who  lived  liet'oie  tiie 
time  (if  ('(iliiiiilius.  It  is  nientioned  liv  liaUlnyt,  who  had  his  account  of 
it  fiiiiii  wiitiiiii's  of  the  hard  (Jiiltiiii  Owen.  As  the  Nortlinieii  had  heeii 
ill 
wen 


New    I'.iiulaiid  over  one  hundred  and  lifty  years  \>lK'n   Prince  Mado;j; 
t   fiirtli   III  select  a  place  fin'  his  settlement,  he  knew  very  well   there 


tlii'i 


a  ciintinent  on  the  other  side  of  the  .Vtlantie,  for  he  had  knowliMluc  of 
r  voyajres  to  America;  and  knowle(l;re  of  them  was  also  |irevalciit    in 
(1.      Mis  eini''ralioii  took  iilace  when  iieiirv  II.  waskin^nf  l';ii;;lai 


III 


It   ill   that  aue   the    I'liiHiish  knew   little  or  nothing  of  Welsh  alt'airs  in 
nil  a  way  as  to  coiuieet  them  with  l'',ii;;iish  history  very  closely.'  tliilil- 


Ai 


Aiiirr. 


y 


•-'sr. 


See   also   lliuiihulili,    hxam.    Crit.,   tom.   ii. 


It.   ll'.!-!t;   Fkiy,/,   I), 


isriiiirs,    in 


Anfi 


Ml 


tom.  1. 


div.  !.,   ]> 


•lit -50. 


'Iii'fiiic  wee  jiassed  these   ilands,    nmh-r  the   lee  of    the   hi;^j;er  ilaiid,   we 
iiiiclKired,  the  wind  heinj;  a(  north-east,  with  intent  to  refresh  oiiiscIm's 


\i  nil   the  towles  o 


f  tl 


lese 


ilands 


Th 


iLz'wins,  wilde  diicke! 


lev  are  ot  dncis  sorts,  and  in   irreat 

•  11 


ill 


kes,  <,'nl!es,  and  ;;aiincts;  ot   tli(>  iinii(i|  n 


iiiaUe  |iid\isions,  an 


il  tl 


I'li'iilic,  as  |ici 

ui'  |iiii|iiise(l   t  _  . 

Wi'Mi,  as  1  have  heeiie  enfoinied,  sinnilieth   a   white  licad.     I'roi 

(Iriiv.iiidii,  :inil  many  other  WcNh  deiiominatioiis  ^;i\('i 


Ihrir 


lore  were   the  |icn;;Wins;   w  liicli   m 

I   which 

I  liy  tiie  Indians,  (ip 

|iic(leccssors,  some  doe  infcrre   that  .Xniericii  was  liist    iicoplcd   with 


i-ii-iiicn,  ,111(1 


.Mont 


e/aiina,  \<\\v',  o 


ir  ralli 


er  eiiijicidiir  o 


f  .M 


(  'iiiii  iiiiio  till'  S|iiiniards,  at   their  lust  coniiiiin;^',  tli.il    Ins  aiince-.tiiis  r 


tiiiiii  ,1  I'arre  conntrie,  and  wen? 


('Mill,  (IKt  ic- 


lliie 


white  |ieo|i 


e.      Which,  conft 


•  I 


with  an 


iiiiiiciciit  ci'oiiicle,  thai  I  iiaM>  read  many  yeares  since,  may  he  conjectured 
III  lii'c  a  prince  of  Wah's,  who  many  hiiiidrcth  yeares  siiu'e,  with  ceilaine 


il|.|,c. 


savlcd   to  the  w(>st wards,  with  intent  I 


o  iiiaivc  new  (Ii.kcomtu's, 


never  after  heard  of.'   Iliiii-hiii.s'  I'li)/.,  in  IhiUuif/  Sm-.,  p,   111. 
Written  in   Welsh,   translated   into   Kn;,dish    liv    llnmphrev   Llwvd, 
I     .111.1  |ii|lili>liei|  hy  Or  l»a\id  I'owel  in   l.VSI. 

I'ciiiiatcd  to  Prince  I'harles,  and  puhlisliud  in  ItllH. 


118 


OIIIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


covered  and  possessed  by  tlic  AVelssli  priiico,  Mfidoo. 
Herbert,   according   to    Martyr,   says  that    the  hind 
discovered  by  the  prince  Avas  Fk)rida  or  Virginia.'-'" 
Catlin  is  inclined  to  believe  that  Madoc  enteivd  the 
Mississijjpi  at  Balizo  and  made  his  way  up  the  river, 
or  that  lie  landed  somewhere  on  the  Florida  coast. 
He  thinks  the  colonists  pushed  into  the  interior  and 
finally  settled  on  the  Ohio  river:   afterwards,  bein*'' 
driven   from  that  position  by  the  aboriginal   tribes, 
they  advanced  up  the   INtissouri   river  to   the  place 
where  they  have  been  known  for  many  years  by  tlio 
name    of   Mandans,    "a   corruption    or   abbreviation, 
perhaps,  of    Madawgwys,  the  name  applied  by  the 
Welsh  to  the  followers  of  Madawc."     The  canoes  ot 
the    Mandans,   jNFr  Catlin    tells  lu,  which    are    alto- 
gether different  from  those  of  all  other  tribes,  cor- 
respond exactly  to  th')  Welsh  coraclcf'^  the  i)eculi- 
arity   of   their   i)hysical    api)earance    was  such   that 
when  he  first  saw  them  he  "was  under  the  instant 
conviction  that  they  were  an  amalgam  of  a  nativo, 
with  some  civilized  race,"  and  the  resemblance  tliat 
exists  between  their  language  and  Welsh,  is,  in  his 
'piin'on,  very  striking.™     There    have    been    several 
ie[)oi'ts  that  traces  of  the  Welsh  colony  and  of  tlu.ir 
huiguage    have   been   discovered    among    the   natiw 
tribes,  but  none  of  them  seem  entitled  to  full  credit. 
The  best  known  report  of  this  kind,  and  the  one  that 
claims,  »)orhaps,  the  most  respectful  consideration,  is 
that  of  I.. -J  Ivev.  Morgan  Jones,  written  in  KIHG,  ami 
])ul>nshed  in  the  (iciith'DKin's  Minjazlnv  for  the  year 
1740.      In    lOGO   the   reverend  gentleman,  with  llvr 
companions,    was   taken  prisoner    by    the    Tuscarora 
tribe,  who  were  about  to  put  him  to  death  when  he 

«"  Sco  Wiirtlni,  Rrrhrrr/irs,  pp.  mt-T. 

SIS  '|'||,.y  jiiv  'inadc  III'  nnr-Ziii/rs,  tlir  skins  of  1)1i(T;i1oom,  .itirtcliod  tiiiilcr- 
iiciitli  a  frami'  iiiadf  nf  willowH  or  dflicr  lmii;:lis,  ami  siia|it'(i  iicaiiv  niinul, 
lilxc  a  tuli;  wiiicli  tlio  wiiinan  carrii'H  on  licr  iii'iui  from  iicr  w  i;,'\vaiii  to  tin' 
iter's  fi\'^i\  ami  liavin;,'  Hli'iipnl  into  it,  stands  in  fiont,  and  propels  it  I'V 


drippin;,'  lier  paddle  ,/ 


iirirnrii,  a 


liy  (lie  side,'  Ciif/iii's  Aiiur.  Jiu/.,  vol.  ii,,  p,  '»'01 


nd  tiniiriiiif  il  III  /in;  instead  of  padcjliii 


m  s,' 


companitivo  voealmiary.  10 


THE  A.MEKICANS  OF  WELSH  OllIGIN. 


119 


soliloquized  aloud  in  Welsh;  whereupon  they  spared 
him  and  his  comi)anions,  and  treated  them  very 
civilly.  xVfter  this  Mr  Jones  stayed  among  them  for 
four  months,  during  which  time  he  conversed  with 
them  lamiliarlv  in  the  Welsh  laniruaye,  "and  did 
preach  to  them  in  the  same  language  three  times  a 
week,  -'" 

A  certain  Lieutenant  Roberts  states  that  in  1801 
he  mot  an  Indian  chief  at  Washington,  who  spoke 
"Welsh  "as  fluently  as  if  ho  had  been  born  and 
brought  up  in  the  vicinity  of  Snowdon."  He  said 
it  was  the  language  of  his  nation,  the  Asguaws,  who 


TuscavoiM 
th  when  ho 


2'"  As  a  <,'()0(1  (leal  of  iin])ortancc  litis  hecn  fittarheil  to  it,  it  will  lie  as 
well  to  ;.'ivc  .Icpiifs'  sliitoini'iit  in  full;  it  is  as  fiillows:  ''I'Ik'si'  ]ii'i'.st'iits 
ccrlilv  all  ipcisniis  wlialovi-r,  that  in  the  year  l()ti(),  lioini,' an  iniialiitaiit  of 


I,  iiiiil  cliaiilain  to  Major  (ieiieral  MiMini't,  of  Maiisoinan  ('(iiinty, 
tho  said  Major  (iciH'ral  Henni't  and  Kir  William  Korkelev  sent  two  siiips  to 
I'tirl  )!oyal.  now  calletl  Sonth  Carolina,  wliii'ii  is  sixty  li'aj,'ues  sontliwaril 
(if  Cai"'  I'air,  ami  1  was  sent  tliLMTwith  to  lie  their  minister.  Tjion  the 
8th  iif  .\|iiil  we  set  ont  from  Vir;;inia,  iind  arrived  at  the  harlior's  mouth  of 
I'ort  i!o\al  the  Hit h  of  tlie  same  month,  where  we  waited  for  tiie  rest  of 
the  Meet  that  was  to  sail  from  liarliadoes  ami  lierinnda  w  itli  one  Mr.  AN'est, 
■wild  was  to  he  deimty  jfovernor  <if  said  jilaee.  As  soon  as  the  Heet  canio 
ill,  the  smallest  vessi'ls  that  were  witli  us  sailed  n|i  tiie  river  to  a  ]ilaee 
riilli'il  tli(^  Oyster  i'oiiit;  there  I  continued  ahout  eij;ht  months,  all  which 
lime  liciiii;  almost  starved  f<ir  want  of  ]irovisions:  I  ami  live  moie  traveled 
tliniiiuh  the  wildi-rness  till  wo  came  to  the  'I'liscarora  conntry.  'I'licre  the 
Tiiscaioi-a  Indians  took  us  jtrisoiwrs  hecanse  we  told  them  tiiat  we  were 
iiouMil  to  lioanoeU.  Tiiat  iiijuht  they  earrie<l  ns  to  their  town  and  sliut  us 
ii[i  dose,  to  our  no  small  dread.  Tlio  ne.xl  day  they  entered  into  a  con- 
sultation ahout  us,  and,  after  it  was  over,  their  interjireter  told  us  that  we 
imist  |in'iiai(!  ouiselves  to  die  next  morniii;;,  wluM'euiion,  lieinj;  very  much 


'jciteil,  1  siiiike  to  tills  eU'ecl  in  the   Hritish  [Welsli|  t 

"I 


(■scaped  so  iiianv  (liin''ers,  and  must  I  now  he  ki 


ton^iue 


II 


ive 


[ 


iiocUeil  on 


the  head  like  a 


ill;;!"  'I'lien  |iresently  came  nu  Indian  to  me,  which  at'tcrward  aiipcai-ed 
t'l  111' a  war  ca|itaiu  licloiij^in;;- to  the  sachem  of  the  I  )(ic,us  (w  Iiom' oriL:iiial, 
1  liml.  iiiiist  needs  h(>  from  tlie  Old  Uritons).  and  took  mc  up  hy  the  middle, 
and  lidd  nie  in  the  Itritish  |\\'elsli|  tongue  I  should  not  die,  and  thci('U|i(in 
Went  to  the  emperor  of  'ruscarora,  and  ai;reed  for  my 


ansom  a 


lid  tlu>  men 


tliat  were  with  me.     They  (the   l»oej;s)  then  wclconied  ns  to  their  town, 
mid  ciitcrtaiiicd  ns  very  civilly  and  cordially  f 

linn 


Irilisli 


months,  duiiiiu'  ^^  hicli 
I   hail    the  opportunity   of   eonversin;,'   with    them    faniiliarlv    ill   the 


|\v 


anuua''e,  a 


lid  did  ])reach  to  them  in   the  same  laii^ 


lliivc  liiuoa  week,  and  they  wiiiild  confer  with  me  alioiit  any  tiling'  that 


was  diniciili  therein,  and  at  our  departure  they  ahiindantly  suiiplicd  us 
with  ulialcver  was  necessary  to  our  support  and  wtdl  doiiij;'.  I'liey  art' 
M'lilcd  iipiiu  I'diili;.;!!  Iliver.'not  far  from  Cape  At ros.  This  is  a  hrief  re- 
litiil  el  my  travels  anioni;  the  I )oejr  Indians.  Miii!(;\N  .I(im:s, 

sou  of  .lohn  iloiies,  (it   Uasatc'',  near  Ncwjioit,  in  the  Coiintv 


111 

of  M 

to  the  ciuinliv. 


oiinioul  I 


am  rem 


1\  t( 


I'w  Wnk,  .March  Huh,  UiS."i  t)."  (Iniflr 


iidiicl  any  \\'(d 
•ii\s  Mil'/.,  1710. 


imun  or  others 


120 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMEKlC.vNS. 


I  "I 


lived  ciglit  hundred  miles  north-west  of  Philadelphia. 
He  knew  nothini^  of  Wales,  but  stated  that  his 
people  had  a  tradition  that  their  ancestors  came  to 
America  from  a  distant  country,  which  lay  far  to  the 
east,  over  the  great  waters.  Amongst  other  <pies- 
tions,  Lieutenant  Roberts  asked  him  how  it  was  that 
his  nation  had  preserved  their  original  language  so 
perfect;  he  answered  that  they  had  a  law  which 
forbade  any  to  teach  their  children  another  tongue, 
until  they  were  twelve  years  old.^" 

Another  officer,  one  Captain  Davies,  relates  that 
while  stationed  at  a  trading-post,  among  tlic  Illinois 
Indians,  he  was  surprised  to  find  that  several  Welsh- 
men who  belonged  to  his  company,  could  converse 
readily  with  the  aborigines  in  Welsh. ^^^  AVardeu 
tells  a  story  of  a  Welshman  named  Griffitli,  wlio 
was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Shawnee  tribe  about  the 
year  17G4.  Two  years  afterwards,  he  and  five 
Shawnees,  with  whom  he  was  traveling  about  tlio 
sources  of  the  Missouri,  fell  into  the  hands  of  a 
white  tribe,  who  Avere  about  to  massacre  them  wlieii 
(Jriffith  sj)oke  to  tlieni  in  Welsh,  exi)laiuliig  the 
object  of  their  journey;  upon  this  they  consmtod  to 
s])are  him  and  his  companions.  He  could  learn 
nothing  of  the  history  of  these  white  natives,  excejit 
that  their  ancestors  had  come  to  the  Missouri  from 
a  far  distant  country.  CVriffith  returned  to  the  Shaw- 
nee nation,  but  subsequently  esca}>ed  and  sueceedcd 
in   reachinix  Vir<>'inia.^*'^     There  are  many  otlier  re- 

«ii  (Vmmfh'rs''  Jniir.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  411. 

«<i!  ''riit'Md  ai'coiiiits  ari'  coiiicd  from  iiianuscriiits  of  T>r.  W.  O.  Pii^^lic, 
wlio,  to,:_'rtli('r  with  i'liiwaril  Williams  (tiic  lianl  of  (iiaiiioi'^faii),  iiiaili"  ilili- 
p'lit  iMiiiiirics  ill  Aiiiorica  alioiit  forty  years  a.u'o,  when  tliey  eollecteil  ii|i- 
wards  of  one  liiindreil  diU'ereiit  aeeonnts  of  the  Widsji  Indians.'  J/i.  'ii  i' 
n'|iorteil  l>y  travellers  in  tiie  west,  tiiat  on  the  l!ed  Itiver.  ...  very  far  t^i 
the  sonthwest,  a  trihe  of  Indians  lias  lieeii  found,  whose  manners,  in  m'\- 
eral  resiieets,  resemlde  the  Wideli . . .  .Tliey  eall  llieiiiselvi's  the  ,Me(Vciiit 
trilie.  wliieli  having  llie  .Me  or  .Mae  attached  to  their  name.  |H)iiil«  e\i- 
<leiillv  toil  IOiiro|iean  orij,'in,  of  the  ( 'idlie  deseription .  .  . .  It  i^<  wtdl  aiillnn- 
tieated  that  upwards  of  thirty  years  iifjo,  Indians  came  to  KiisUaskia.  in 
the  territory,  now  the  state  of  Illinois,  who  spoke  the  Weleli  dialer!.  :iinl 
were  perfeetlv  understood  hy  two  Welelimeii  then  there,  who  eoii\er-cil 
with  Iheni.'   I'riis/'s  .t  nirr.  .iiifi'i/.,  pp.  'J.'IO  '_'. 

I'll  Ivr/icir/iis,  p.  1,")7.     (irillitlis  related  his  adventures  to  a  native  ef 


SCOTCH  AND  IRISH  THEORIES. 


121 


])()rts  of  a  .similar  kind,  but  tlicsc  \\'\\\  be  suffK-ient 
to  sliow  oil  Avliat  manner  of  foundation  the  AVel.sli 
theory  rests,  and  to  justify  in  a  measure  the  out- 
si>oken  opinion  of  Mr  Fisko,  that  "Welch  Indians 
are  creatures  of  the  imagination."^" 

Lord  Monboddo,  a  Scotchman,  who  wrote  in  the 
.seventeenth  century,  quotes  .several  instances  to  show 
that  the  lanL,aiage  of  the  native  Hiii-hlanders  was 
spoken  in  America.  In  one  of  the  English  expedi- 
tions to  discover  the  North  Pole,  he  relates,  there 
were  an  Eskimo  and  a  Scotchman,  who,  after  a  few 
(lavs  i)ractice,  were  able  to  converse  too-cther  readily. 
He  also  states  "that  the  Celtic  language  was  s[)oken 
by  many  of  the  tribes  of  Florida,  which  is  situated 
at  the  north  end  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico;  and  that  he 
was  well  acquainted  with  a  gentleman  from  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland,  wlio  was  several  years  in 
Florida,  in  a  public  character,  and  who  stated  that 
many  of  the  tribes  with  whom  he  had  I.ecome  ac- 
([iiaiiited,  had  the  greatest  affinity  with  the  Celtic  in 
their  language."'^" 

Claims  ha\e  also  l)een  put  in  for  an  Irish  dis- 
covery of  the  New  World;  St  Patrick  is  said  to 
]ia\e  sent  missionaries  to  the  Msles  of  America, '^^^ 
and  c^arly  writers  liave  gravely  discussod  the  proba- 


luiitiicky.  (111(1  tlioy  wore  i>iililislio(l  in  1S04,  1)V  ^Ir  ITonry  Toiilniin,  oiio 
(if  tlic  .liiduDs  of  tli('  ttMi'itory  of  .Missis,si]i|ii.  Sec  Slmlilnril's  Shtvlns  nf 
l.'iin'.sidiiii,  [).  -IT.");  I'/iil(i(li/j)/tia  Ma/iad  (ind  J'/u/xicdl  Juarnul,  vol.  i., 
ISd.'). 

2H  Aiiii'i:  Aiiliij.  Sill'.,  Tniiisitrt.,  vol.  i.,  ]).  305. 

2''  We  read  fartlicr:  'Rut  wliat  is  ntill  iiioro  nMiiarkaldc,  in  tlicir  war 
sdiij;  lit'  (li.s('()V(!r('(l,  not  only  tlie  Mcntinit'nfs,  hiit  several  lines,  ilio  very 
saiiu'  Wolds  uH  used  in  (l.w/nii's  ci'li'liratcMl  niajcsic  jiocni  of  the  wars  of 
liis  ancestors,  who  lion  islied  alioiit  thirteen  hnndred  years  a^o.  The  In- 
dian iianies  of  several  of  the  streams,  hr()(d<s,  nioiintains  and  rocks  of 
I'liiiida,  ail'  also  the  same  wliitdi  are  ;iiven  to  similar  (dijecls,  in  the  hi.Lili- 
liiiijs  of  Scotland."  .Ml  this,  eonld  we  liidieve  it.  would  till  us  w  ith  astoii- 
i'liiiicnt;  lint  the  solution  of  the  mystery  lies  in  the  next  sentence:  '"I'liis 
cclcliraled  inetaidivsieian  (.Moiihoddo)  was  a  linn  licdiever  in  (he  anciently 
iv|iorteil  account  of  .Nnierica's  iiaviiij;  heeii  visited  hy  a  colony  from  Wales 
Ihiil;  prcv  ions  to  the  discovery  of  ('(iliiinliiis.'  I'rirsrs  A  iinr.  Aiifii/.,  ji.  '_'.'((>. 
Ii  i-  this  heinif  a  'lirm  liidiever'  in  a  j^iven  theory  that  makes  s(»  many 
lliiii;:s  |iateiit  io  ihe  enthusiast  which  are  invisihle  to  ordinar.v  men. 

*!''  MiiHiislil:i)ii  Uriliiinn'rinii,  \>\>.  I.'U  'J,  1S7  H,  eite(l  in  l)c<'iist<i's  I'lr^ 
C')tiiiiil>hiu  />/«',  Aiiur.,  i>.  xviii. 


122 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


m 


bility  of  Qiietzalcoatl  haviiii^  been  an  Irishman. 
There  is  no  g'reat  im[)robabihty  that  the  natives 
of  Ireland  may  have  reached,  by  accident  or  other- 
wise, the  north-eastern  coasts  of  the  new  continent, 
in  very  early  times,  but  there  is  certainly  no  evi- 
dence to  prove  that  they  did.^" 

The  nations  of  southern  Europe  have  not  been 
entirely  foriijotten  by  the  theorists  on  the  question  of 
origin.  Those  who  have  claimed  for  them  the  honor 
of  first  settlinjj  or  civilizinjjf  America,  are  not  manv, 
however;  nor  is  the  evidence  they  adduce  of  a  very 
imposing  nature. 

Lafitau  supposes  the  Americans  to  be  descended 
from  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  Grecian  archi- 
pelago, wlio  were  driven  from  their  country  by  the 
subjects  of  Og,  King  of  Baslian.  In  every  partic- 
ular, he  says,  the  people  of  the  New  World  resemble 
the  Hellenes  and  Pelagians.  Both  were  idolaters; 
used  sacred  fire;  indulged  in  Bacchanalian  revels; 
held  formal  councils;  strong  resemblances  are  to  bo 
found  in  their  marriage  customs,  system  of  education, 
manner  of  hunting,  fishing,  and  making  war,  in  their 
games  and  sports,  in  their  mourning  and  burial  cus- 
toms, and  in  their  manner  of  treating  the  sick.''^'^ 
Garcia  knew  a  man  in  Peru  who  knew  of  a  rock  on 
wliicli  was  what  looked  very  much  like  a  C  J  reek  in- 
scrij)tion.  The  same  writer  says  that  the  Athenians 
waged  war  with  the  inhabitants  of  Atlantis,  and 
might  therefore  have  heard  of  America.  That  the 
Greeks  were  navigators  in  very  early  ^Inies  is  shown 
by  Jason's  voyage  in  search  of  the  Golden  Fleece. 
Both  ( I  reeks  and  Americans  bored  their  oars  and 
sang  the  deeds  of  their  ancestors;  besides  whicli, 
many   words    are  connnon  to   both  ])eoples.''"'''      Liki' 

2"  S(M>    /\iiHfs/)nri>ii;)h\s    Mr.r.   Aiifii/.,   vol.   vi.,  pp.   188-00;    Dr  Cns/ii\< 
Pri'-Ciihidiii' 


Di.s 


A I 


IM 


11).  xvm.-xx. 


2H  M.riir.i  f/cv  Sinirai/rs  A  iiiiriiiiKiiii.s  CoDijniirca  ((ii.f  M(Vi(t\s  (hs  J' 


mirrs 


■n 


III/)- 


I'.iiis,   1724. 


s^'J  Gai-ri,(,  Ori'/cii  dc  los  IniL,  pp.  181M)2. 


THE  ANCIENT  ATLANTIS. 


123 


Garcia,  ^Ir  PlJj^eon  also  know  a  man — a  fiirnior  of 
]\[(>iitcvidco,  in  Brazil — who  in  1827  discovcrod  in 
one  of  lii.s  ticlds  a  flat  stone,  upon  which  was  en- 
graven a  Greek  inscription,  which,  as  far  as  it  was 
leLi'iMe,  read  as  follows:  "During  the  dominion  of 
Alexander,  the  son  of  Philip,  King  of  Macedon,  in 
the  sixty-third  Olympiad,  Ptoleniaios."  Deposited 
heneatli  the  stone  were  found  two  ancient  swords,  a 
liehnet,  and  a  shield.  On  the  handle  of  one  of  the 
hi  words  was  a  portrait  of  Alexander;  on  the  helmet 
was  a  beautiful  design  representing  Achilles  drag- 
ging the  corpse  of  Hector  round  the  walls  of  Troy. 
"From  this  discovery,  it  is  evident" — to  Mr  Pidgeon 
— "that  the  soil  of  Brazil  was  formerly  broken  by 
Ptoleniaios,  more  than  a  thousand  years  before  the 
discovery  by  Columljus."^^  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg 
seeks  to  identify  certain  of  the  American  gods  with 
Gieek  deities.-^^  Jones  finds  chat  the  sculi)ture  at 
Uxinal  very  closely  resembles  the  Greek  style. '-'''^ 

The  vastness  of  some  of  the  cities  built  by  the 
eivilized  Americans,  the  fine  roads  they  constructed, 
their  fondness  for  gladiatorial  combats,  and  a  few  un- 
rehable  accounts  that  lloinan  coins  have  been  found 
on  the  continent,  constitute  about  all  the  evidence 
that  is  t)flered  to  show  that  the  Komans  ever  visited 
America. '^^^ 


The  story  of  Atlantis,  that  is,  of  a  sulimorged,  lost 
land  that  once  lay  to  the  west  of  Euro})e,  is  very  old. 
It  was  communicated  to  Solon,  according  to  IMu- 
tarcli,  by  the  Egyptian  priests  of  Psenophis,  Sonchis, 

«•'"  I'iJijroii's   Tr<i<l,  ]>.  10. 

*'•   l.ilHi/il,   Jii/iiri,)li,   pp.  IXX.-IXXX. 

2'-  II, s/.  Am:  Aiiirr.,  \t.  107.  In  tlic  Grocka  of  Ildincr  I  fiiul  (ho  ciis- 
tniii>;.  (lisci)urs(',  and  nuimii'i's  of  tlif  li'0(|iiois,  Di'lawaics,  ami  Miaiiiis. 
'i'lii'  liaL;('(li('s  of  Sii|)lii)('li.'.s  and  lMii'i|)idi'M  paint  to  iiic  alniosl  lilcially  the 
si'iiliiiit'iits  of  till'  rrd-iiini,  ri'sju'ctinj;'  nofi'ssity,  fatality,  llic  niisfrics  nf 
liuiiiaii  lil'c.  and  tlic  liiioiir  of  liliiid  destiny.  I'n/iifi/'.i  ]'lnf  nf  lln-  Vliniittc 
Uiiil  Snil  nf  thi'  I'liilnlStillrsofAimririi.      i.iiiidoii,  ISOl. 

-'■' Soe  Pviisfs  A  iiirv,  Aiiliij.,  pp.  ;?S.")-!)();  Tdii/iiiiiiih/ii,  Mdiiiiri/.  Iml., 
toni.  i..  ]i.  'i.M;  Smtfs  ill  Jiniki/  .lA/.v.,  jtp.  1 '.»;•--( )'_';  ]'i//iii/ii/ii  rrr,  Jlist. 
Cijii'/.  Jlr.d,  \\.  li;  KiiitjsljoruKijh'ii  Alr.v.  Aiitiij^.,  \o\.  vi.,  pp.  184,  5-7-8, 


124 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


Heliopolis,  and  Sais;  and  if  wc  may  believe  Plato, 
Solon  did  not  hear  of  the  events  until  nine  thousand 
Egyi)tian  years  after  their  occurrence.  Plato's  ver- 
sion is  as  follows: 

"Among  the  great  deeds  of  Athens,  of  which 
recollection  is  preserved  in  our  books,  there  is  <jne 
which  should  be  placed  aljove  all  others.  Our  books 
tell  that  the  Athenians  destroyed  an  army  whitli 
came  across  the  Atlantic  Sea,  and  insolently  invaded 
Europe  and  Asia;  for  this  sea  was  then  navigable, 
and  beyond  the  strait  where  you  place  the  Pillars  of 
Hercules  there  was  an  ishuid  larger  than  Asia 
(Minor)  and  Libya  combined.  From  this  island  imk' 
could  pass  easily  to  the  other  islands,  and  from  these 
to  the  continent  which  lies  around  the  interior  sea. 
The  sea  on  this  side  of  the  strait  (the  Mediterranean) 
of  which  we  speak,  resembles  a  harbor  with  a  narrow 
entrance;  but  there  is  a  genuine  sea,  and  the  land 
which  surrounds  it  is  a  veritable  continent.  In  tlu; 
island  of  Atlantis  reigned  three  kinufs  with  great  and 
marvelous  power.  They  had  under  their  dominion 
the  whole  of  Atlantis,  several  other  islands,  and  sonic 
parts  of  the  continent.  At  one  time  their  power 
extended  into  Libya,  and  into  Europe  as  far  as  Tyr- 
rhenia,  and,  uniting  their  whole  force,  they  sough c  to 
destroy  our  countries  at  a  blow;  but  their  defeat 
stop[)ed  the  invasion  and  gave  entire  inde})endence  to 
all  the  countries  this  side  of  the  Pillars  of  Hercides. 
Afterward,  in  one  day  and  one  fatal  night,  tlioro 
came  mighty  earthquakes  and  inundations,  which 
ingulfed  that  warlike  people;  Atlantis  disappeared 
beneath  the  sea,  and  then  that  sea  became  inaccessi- 
ble, so  that  navigation  ceased  on  account  of  tlu' 
({uantity  of  mud  which  the  ingulfed  island  left  in  its 
place.  "^^* 

It  is  only  recently  that  any  important  signification 
has  been  attached  to  this  passage.     It  Avas  previously 


i 


K'4 


*■''  Si'c   lidhlwiii'ii 
394-5. 


Am;  Aiinr.,  p.  177;   Foster's  Prc-IIisf.  litters,  \'\'. 


THE  ISLAND  or  ATLANTIS. 


125 


i  liacix,  VI'. 


roirardi'd  ratlior  as  one  of  those  fabulous  accounts  in 
\\iiicli  the  works  of  the  "writers  of  antiquity  aboiuul, 
than  as  an  actual  statement  of  facts.  True,  it  had 
Itct'U  frequently  quoted  to  show  that  the  ancients  had 
;i  knowled:L,^e  more  or  less  vague  of  tlie  continent  of 
America,  but  no  particular  value  was  set  upon  the 
assertion  that  the  mysterious  land  was  ages  ago  sub- 
merLTt-d  and  lost  in  the  ocean.  But  of  late  years  it 
luis  l»een  discovered  that  traditions  and  records  of 
cataclysms  similar  to  that  referred  to  by  the  Egyp- 
tian priests,  have  been  preserved  among  the  Amer- 
ican nations;  which  discovery  has  led  several  learned 
and  diligent  students  of  New  World  lore  to  believe 
that  after  all  the  story  of  Atlantis,  as  recorded  by 
JMato,  may  be  founded  upon  fact,  and  that  in  bygone 
ages  there  d'd  actually  exist  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  a 
-reat  trac^  '  inhabited  country,  forming  perhaps 
jiart  of  tl  -Uierican  continent,  which  by  some 
mighty  convulsion  of  nature  was  suddenly  submerged 
and  lost  in  the  sea. 

Foremost  among  those  who  have  held  and  advo- 
cated this  opinion  stands  the  Abbe  Brasseur  de 
liourbourir..  This  distinnuished  Americaniste  <2foes 
farther  than  his  fellows,  however,  in  that  he  attenqits 
to  jirove  tliat  all  civilization  originated  in  America, 
or  the  Occident,  instead  of  in  the  Orient,  as  has 
always  lieen  supposed.  This  theory  he  endeavors  to 
-iilistantiate  not  so  nuich  by  the  Old  AVorld  tradi- 
lions  aiid  records  as  by  those  of  the  New  World, 
using  as  his  principal  authority  an  anonymous  manu- 
siriiit  written  in  the  Nahua  language,  which  he  en- 
titles the  Coclt'x  CJiimalpopoca.  This  work  ])iiri)orts 
t »  he  on  the  f\ice  of  it  a  'History  of  the  Kingdoms 
ot'  C'ldhuacan  and  Mexico,'  and  as  such  it  served 
Uiasseur  as  almost  his  sole  authority  for  the  Toltec 
j'criod  of  his  Ilistoire  des  N^ationn  C  in' I  {.sees'.  At 
that  time  the  learned  Abbe  reu^arded  the  Atlantis 
theory,  at  least  so  fiir  as  it  referred  to  any  part  of 
America,   as  an  absurd  conjecture  resting  upon  no 


126 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMEUICANS 


authentic  basis. ^'''''  Tu  a  later  work,  liowcvcr,  lie 
more  than  retraets  this  assertion;  from  a  seej)tic  lie 
is  suddenly  transformed  into  a  most  devout  and  eu- 
tluisiastic  boHever,  and  attemjjts  to  prove  by  a  most 
ehd)orate  course  of  reasonin<i^  that  that  whicli  lie 
before  doul)ted  is  indubitably  true.  The  cause  of 
this  sudden  change  was  a  strange  one.  As,  by  con- 
stant study,  he  became  more  })rofoundly  learned  in 
the  literature  of  ancient  America,  the  Abbe  discov- 
ered that  he  had  entirely  misinterpreted  the  Codec 
C/iinKi/popora.  The  annals  recorded  so  ])lainly  ujxm 
tlie  i'ace  of  the  mystic  })ages  were  intended  only  for 
tiie  understanding  of  the  vulgar;  tiie  stories  of  the 
Icings,  the  history  of  the  kingdom,-,  v.ere  aH<.-guric;il 
and  not  to  be  construed  literally;  deej)  below  the 
surface  lay  the  true  historic  record — hidden  from  jill 
sMve  the  i)riests  and  the  wise  men  of  the  West — ot" 
the  mighty  cataclysm  which  submerged  the  cradK; 
of  all  civilization.^^"  Excei)ting  a  dozen,  perhaps,  ct' 
the  kings  who  preceded  Montezuma,  it  is  not  u 
history  of  men,  but  of  American  nature,  that  nnist 
be  sought  for  in  the  Mexican  manuscripts  and  ]);uiii- 
ings.  The  Toltecs,  so  long  regarded  as  an  ancient 
civilizi'd  race,  destroyed  in  the  eleventh  century  by 
their  enemies,  are  really  telluric  force's,  agents  of 
subtei'ranean  tire,  the  veritable  smiths  of  Orcus  and 
of  Leninos,   of  which    ToUau    was    the   symbol,   the 


.1 


8"  Ih.sf.  X,it.  dr.,  torn,  i.,  j).  0. 

'■'"'  '  liii;i;;iiiiv.  nil  livre  t'litior  ocrit  on  calcnilionrs,  nn  livro  do'ir  tmiti-^ 
li's  ])lii;i^c's,  (lout  III  itliii>iirt  ilcs  inols  (iii(  nn  (limlilc  himis,  I'lin  jiiiifailciuiiil 
iii'l  el  iliNliiict  lie  r.iuli'i',  ft  Vitus  iinrc/,  jiisiin'a  nn  certain  imiiiiI,  I'Mic  ilii 
travail  c|iif  j'ai  ciilrt'  Ics  inainH,  ("est  on  clu'rcliant  l'tx|ilii'ati(iii  irnn  |i;i--- 
ha^jo  furl  ( iiiicnx,  I'datit"  a  I'liisttiiro  do  (.^lul/.al-t'natl,  tjiio  jo  siiis  arrivi'  . 
00  ri'^nllal  oxtram-dinaii'o.  (►ni,  iMoiisionr,  hI  oo  livro  ost  on  ajiiiaicin  i' 
I'iii.Htoiro  doM  'I'cdtoiinos  ot,  oiisnit(!  dos  rois  do  Cidlinaoan  ot  do  Nloxico,  >\ 
]ir(''sonlo,  I'll  ri'alito,  h;  rocit  dii  oataolysiiio  <iiii  iMuilovorsa  lo  nnnido,  il  >  .i 
(|U(d(|iios  six  on  Hi>|it  ii.iiio  miih,  ot.  oonstitiia  los  oinilinonts  dans  lour  ('l;it 
iictiud.  ("o  1(110  !('  ('iiifrx  lliiri/iti  do  la  l*ri>]ia;;aiido,  lo  Mitiiuscril  (/r  lifsiii' 
ot  lo  Miinii.srrit  Trixiuo  otaloiit  on  iiiia^tos  ot  on  iiior(i;,'ly|dios,  lo  I'luh.f 
r/(/»(/>('/(ny»)(7(  on  doiino  la  lottro;  il  oniitioiit,  on  lan;,'no  iialinall,  riiislnin' 
dii  iiiondo,  ooiniKtHi'o  par  lo  saf^c  llnoinan,  o'osl-ii-diro  par  la  main  pins'-:;!.!'' 
K\i'  Oioiidans  lo  j^raiid  l.ivro  do  la  iiatnr(>,  on  nn  iiiKt,  o'ost  lo  l,i'rodi\' 


iii-iiionio 


I 


o'ost  lo  Tvi.'-A 


mo,. 


JInt.ssiiir  itti  liourboura.  Qimtrc  Littv 


. 


miASSEUR  DE  nOUUnOURG'S  THEORIES. 


127 


ever,   lie 
,ccptic  lu; 
;  and  cn- 
)y  a  most 
which   he 
cause  »)t' 
s,  hy  con- 
earned  in 
be  discov- 
the  Codec 
iiiuly  ui^ou 
id  only  lor 
ries  of  the 
allegorical 
helow    tlie 
iu  from  all 
3  West— of 
the  cradle^ 
perhaps,  of 
is    not   a 
that  must 
and  ])ainl- 
an  ani'icnt 
century  l>v 
a<;'ents    of 
Orcus  and 
nd)ol,   the 


in  j.iufiiitt'iiK'i'' 
jioiiil,  I'itl''''  ''" 
•utii»n  il'iin  I'^i"; 

jo    SlllH  lll'l'ivr  . 

[t,  I'll  i»ii|':"'''i"'! 
h  tU'  Nli'^i''"'  'I 
e  iniiiiili',  il  y  .V 
i  iliiiiM  li'iir  flat 
ist-rit  ilr  liirsil'- 
hihi's,  U'  '■'"''■I' 
llmatl.  riiistoiri! 
I, mill  iiius-^;,..;" 
1,.  M'.rc  iliMi> 
hiitlrc  J.itli'^f 


true  masters  of  civilization  and  art,  "wlio  by  the 
niiu'litv  convulsions  wliich  they  caused  coninuinicated 
to  men  a  knowledj^-e  of  minerals.'-"'' 

I  know  of  no  man  better  cjualiHed  than  Avas  Bras- 
seur  do  l>our])our<^  to  })enetrate  the  ol)seurity  of 
America!!  pri?nitive  liistoiy.  His  fa!niliarity  with 
tiie  Nahua  a!!d  Cei!tral  An!ericai!  lanoua^cs,  his  in- 
defatigable i!idustiy,  and  _sj^e!ie!al  e!"udition,  ivn(hn-ed 
liiin  einine!itly  lit  for  such  a  ta.sk,  a!id  eve!'y  Avoi'd 
AV!"itti'n  b^'  such  a  i!ia!!  on  such  a  subject  is  e!ititled 
to  respectful  considei-atio!i.  Nevertlieless,  the!e  is 
reason  to  believe  that  the  Al)be  was  ofte!!  !apt  away 
fi'o!ii  the  truth  by  excess  of  enthusiastii,  and  tho 
I'eader  of  his  wiKl  a!id  fanciful  specuhitions  (•an!!i)t 
l)ut  !en'!vt  that  he  has  not  the  oppoi-tunity  oi-  ability 
to  intelliu'eiitly  critii'iso  by  coi!ipai'is()n  the  Kixnich 
savant's  i!iter[)retatioi!  of  the  original  docu!iients. 
At  all  events  it  is  certain  tliat  he  ho!iestly  believed 
in  the  truth  of  his  own  discovery;  ibr  who!!  he  ad- 
!nittt'd  that,  ii!  the  lii;ht  oi'  his  l)etter  knowK-dL'e,  the 
T.dtec  histoiy,  as  ivcot'ded  in  the  dxlcr  i^hiiit((f/>(>- 
ji'H-ii,  was  ail  alleufoiy— that  no  such  jieople  as  the 
Tolti'cs  evi'i-  existed,  in  fact — and  theriiby  ri>iuK>!T,i 
valueless  his  own  histoiy  of  tho  Tnlte.-  ju'iiwvl,  he 
niade  a  sacritice  of  labo:,  unique,  1  think,  in  the 
annals  (,f   literature. 

ihasseur's  theoiy  su]>j)osea  that  the  continent  of 
Aineiica  oi-cujiii'd  (»iMi;inally  the  Uulf  of  Mexico  antl 
the  <  'ari'ibean  Sea,  and  extended  in  the  form  of  a 
jH'uinsuli!  so  far  aci'oss  the  Atlantic  that  the  Caiiaiy 
i-^'ands  may  have  formed  part  of  it.  All  this  ex- 
bnded  portion  of  tho  continent  was  many  ai,'es  ai""*) 
engulfed  by  a  ti'emendous  convulsion  of  iia(iii-e,  of 
which  ti'aditions  and  wi'itteii  ivcoi'ds  have  been  \n'{)- 
scrved    by    many    American     peoples.'^""      Yucatan, 

>'■■''  ri.,  i>.  IV.). 

*'■*  In  tlic  CimIi'v  ('liiinal|io|)<)cii,  UnissiMir  rendu  fliat  'a  la  suite  tic  I't'-- 
ni|iliiiii  ill's  Vole, HIS  luverts  siir  tmile  I'etiMHlue  ilii  e(mli,i"iil  aimiieaiii, 
iliiiilile  alms  ile  ee  iiii'll  .-si  iiii joiinl'liui,  I'enipUon  HOiiiliiiiie  tl'iiii  i.iiinei<.'<e 
%er  Hiiu»-iiuvriu,  iil  etialui  lo  iiiuuUu  et  ublinii,  vnlru  uu  lever  ct  iin  .tiitiu 


128 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMERICANS. 


i'    ' 


■  : 


IIoiKlnras,  {lud  Guatemala,  Averc  also  sulnuoro'cd, 
but  tlio  ooutinont  subsequently  rose  sufHcieiitly  to 
rescue  them  from  the  ocean.  The  testimony  of  many 
modern  nien  of  science  tends  to  show  that  there 
existed  at  one  time  a  vast  extent  of  dry  land  between 
Europe  and  America."'*' 

It  is  not  my  intention  to  enter  the  mazes  of  Bras- 
seur's  argument  here;  once  in  that  labyrintli  there 
Avould  be  small  ho})e  of  escape.  His  (Jtiatre  Liifn's 
are  a  chaotic  jundjle  of  facts  and  wild  speculations 
tliat  would  appal  the  most  enthusiastic  antiquarian ; 
the  materials  are  arraniifed  with  not  the  slii>htest 
regard  for  order;  tlie  reader  is  continually  harasseil 
by  long  rambling  digressions — literary  no-thorougli- 
fares,  as  it  were,  into  which  he  is  beguiled  in  tlio 
hope  of  coming  out  somewhere,  only  to  find  himself 
more  hopelessly  lost  than  ever;  for  mythological  evi- 
dence, the  pantheons  of  Phaniicia,  Egy[)t,  Hindostan, 
(Jreece,  and  Uomo,  are  probed  to  their  most  ol)scuro 
deptlis;  com|)arative  philology  is  as  accommodating 
to  tlie  theorist  as  ever,  which  is  saying  a  great  deal; 
the  opinions  of  geologists  wlio  never  dreamed  of  an 
Atlantis  theory,  are  (pioted  to  show  that  the  Amer- 
ican continent  formerly  extended  into  the  Atlantic  in 
tlie  manner  sujjposed. 

1  have  presented  to  'he  I'eader  the  bare  outline  of 
Avhat  Bra,s;seur  expects  to  prove,  without  giving  him 
the  argument  used  by  that  learned  wi'iter,  for  tlio 
reason  tliat  a  partial  resume  of  the  QmUrc  Leffrc^ 
would  be  unfair  to  the  Abbe,  while  an  entire  resume 
would  oci'upy  more  space  than  I  can  s])ai'e.  i  will, 
however,  deviate  from  the  system  1  have  hitheiti* 
observed,  so  far  as  to  express  my  own  opinion  of  tin.' 
Fri'iich  siivant's  tlu'ory. 

\\v,\\-  the  original  dot'uments  from  which  Ib'MsscMir 
(lr(>w  his  data  obtainable,  we  might,  were  we  abb'  t  i 
read  and  understand  them,  know  about  liow  far  his 

lie  I'l'ldilc  ilii  iniiliii,  li'H  iV'gioiiH  les  iiluB  riclica  ilu  glol)c.'  (Jiuitrc  Lelli-is, 
\K    I.-.. 

i^"  hi.,  l^.  108. 


AUTOCIITIIONIC  ORIGIN. 


129 


cntliu.siasm  and  iinaginatlon  have  warped  his  cahner 
jiul^inoiit;  as  it  is,  the  Athintis  theory  is  certainly 
not  proved,  and  we  may  tlieret'ore  reasonably  decline 
to  accei)t  it.  In  my  o[)inion  there  is  every  reason  to 
helieve  that  his  first  interpretation  of  the  Codex  C/ii- 
i/jxtpocd  was  tlie  true  one,  and  that  the   'double 


///' 


nieaniii<:»''  had  no  existence  save  in  his  own  distorted 


hUR'V 


wo 


Tt  only  remains  now  to  speak  of  tlie  theory  which 
n.-('ril)es  an  autoclithoir'c  origin  to  the  Americans, 
The  time  is  not  long  past  when  such  a  supposition 
W(>uld  have  been  regarded  as  impious,  and  even  at 
lliis  (lay  its  advocates  may  expect  discouragement  if 
lint  rebuke  from  certain  quarters.^*"'^  It  is,  neverthe- 
li'ss,  an  opinion  worthy  of  the  gravest  consideration, 
ami  one  which,  if  we  may  judge   by  the  recent  re- 


iQiiiilrc  L''lli'' 


Sec  fartliiM',  ('mi'-cniinjj;  Atlantis:    lintssriir  (fr  lioiirhonrg,  .IfSi.  Tro- 


tniii.  i.,  Jill.  'J'.t-.'t'J,  1 !('.(;   Irriiiif.s  Cohiiiiltiin,  \i 


jip.  •24,  ;\H,  vol. 


pli.  4l!t,  4!t-J-4,  41)11  r.l'J;  llari/,  Mi\(i'/iii;  p.  I'M);  htii/;/,  linns  Iiii/i;/.,  ]>.  7; 
Kini/,  Iti.-iriiiu's,  ill  Aiiliij.  Mr.r.,  toiii.  i.,  div.  i.,  pp.  4l-"2;  I>i'  Ciistii'.s  I'rr- 
I'dhiiiiliinii  lliii'.  Aimr.,  p.  xiii.;  nii//i/ii\s  I'lisiniiij.,  pp.  <,)4.'{-4;  Sniisiin  iCAh- 
liiril/i\  Anil  ri'/n>\  pp.  I   ;{;    ir///.v(»/(',v  ^1  nrr.  Ilisl.,  pp.  '.)()-l;    ll'iiri/ni,  Ii>- 


clifri'/irs,  pp.  DT-ll."!;    ('ni'li,  Ciii'ln.s,  pt  I.,  p.  1;    llnissnir  ilr  lloiir/iitiiri/,  iii 
l.inidit,   Uihifiitii,   pp.  .\viii.--i'.\ii. ;   llniis'  .liir.  Anirr.,   p.  !.'<;   Mnlli-linni, 
]'rirl\'    ill'    III    (irni/.,    tiilll.    1.,    pp.    'JH   HO,    •.'l;J-ir»;     ll'il.siiii'.i    I'n'liisl.     Mil 
pii.  ;i'.).*-.'i;  Kiiiijshnriiiiiili's  Ml. I'.   Aiifii/.,  vol.   vi.,   pp 
y/(.v/.  Itiii'rs,  pp.  HDI-lt;  l.(ifi'iiiii:in\   IHrfniinii,  pp.  S 
Jliiiiilrri,  MS.;    Uriii/f'iirirn  Annr.   Aiilii/,,   pp.   "Jh 


ISI-I;    Fiis/r 
I).  iS  L'.'i;  S/rnl/iiii's  Minimi- 


JilllllH 


A I 


p.  174-Si;  Milihill,  ill  Aimr.  Aii/iii.  Sur.,   Ti 


ill);   I'li/ii'-s,    Hhii/is   llinf.    .1111'  Irs   Cu'ili.in/i 


toill. 


M'i'iilliiii's  /,' 


-•/„ 


v  oil  Aiiiff.,  PI 


rt.,    vol.    !.,  p. 
jip.    i>i.".-'.i;i,  '2IS; 


t.  '_'(!  ;t'_';  lliiiiiliiilil:,  E.iiiiii.  Crit.,  ton 


I! 


pp.  I'.',  1:10  •-Mil,   toni,   ii.,  jip.  4(i,  KlU-'JU;   Orinli,,  Ilisl.  (,'ni.,  torn.  !., 
.  1  l-IS,  '2'2;  Mniii/lmv,  in  Aiifi'ii.    .l/cc,  ]>]).  .'iT-lit);   ('nlinrn,    't'ln/rn,  in 


Ih- 


•VI  fit  mil, 

llllllfl',    vo 


l"_'ti;   J'illiii/iiliirrr,  llisf.  Ciimi  //;",  pp. . '")-(!;  I'liirliii.i 
]).  7!)!)-S()l;   Tnviiiiniiiiilii,   Mniiiini.   Iiiil.,   loin,  i., 

I«/C(! 


/n\    I'iliJVI 

p.l_'l);  Wis!  iiiiiI  i)sl  fiiilisriiir  Liistiinrt,  pr  i.,  pp.  4-.");    Miiii/iniiis,  A"/( 


I'i'i'ilil,  pp.   IS-H);   ('liirii)iri),  Sloriii  Aiit,  ilil  Mixsiri),   toiii.  iv.,   p,  HI; 
i\  in  Miisio  Mi,r.,  toni.    ii.,   pp.   .S4-<!;    M'ljurs  /'rinn-  llniri/,  ]». 


SS;    liH/iiirsif'i;  in  I'riisl'n  Aim  I'.  Anti'i/.,    Jip.    I'J.'ll;    Dm   rmi'li's   /hsiii. 


I 


pp.      '(5,    Ii;i-I4;    Fiuiliiiiiv's    lliir  llir    W'nrlil   rns  I'm/tlnl,    y\ 
Irirni,   Hist.  Urn.,  toni.   i.,  lili.  i..  ciii).  ii.;  Siiiilh's  Iliiiiniii  ,^111 


■■•'•1  l);ivi 


.S,'<;  Siir.  (liiiij.,   Illlllrtiii,  toni.   iv. 


.!( 


A  I 


•J.T). 


Ill>'  II 

illlllT- 


p.   I'.',  tliiiiks  tliiil  {i  portion  of  tl 


ri.uiiial  cri'iilion  iiiiu'niii'il   west.      'If  liiis  iilci,'   lie  s;ivs,  'is  new  to 


he  (III 


iniiils  of 


I  I 


lopc  it  iiiiiv  Im<  considcrcil  more  rcnsoiialili'  tli.iii  (lie  iiilidcl  opin- 


imi.  tli,i(   iiii'M  mill  jiiiiniiils  wcic  ijisiini'l  creations  from   iliosc  of    .\f«iii.' 
'  Ihiiil^    von,'   lie   mills  Mam'ly,    '(iicv  would  liiive  Irausportotl  M'iionioun 
MTpi'uli  from  till'  old  to  ilu;  now  world'/' 
Vol.,  V.    U 


130 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMEIIICANS. 


sult>j  of  scientific  investigation,  may  eventually  prove 
to  1)0  scientifically  correct.  In  the  preceding'  pages  it 
will  have  been  remarked  that  no  theory  of  a  foreiiiii 
origin  has  been  proven,  or  even  fairly  sustained. 
The  particulars  in  which  the  Americans  are  shown 
to  resenihle  .any  given  people  of  the  ( )ld  World  are 
insignificant  in  number  and  iun)ortance  when  com- 
pared wi  h  the  particulars  in  which  they  do  ),vt 
resemble  that  people. 

As  I  have  remarked  elsewhere,  it  is  not  impossible 
that  stray  shi[)s  of  many  nations  ha'^'e  at  various 
times  and  in  various  places  been  cast  u[)on  the 
American  coast,  or  even  that  adventurous  spirits, 
Avho  were  familiar  with  the  old-time  stories  of  ;i 
western  land,  mav  have  designedly  sailed  westwaid 
until  they  reached  America,  and  have  ne\er  retunieJ 
to  tell  the  tale.  The  result  of  such  desultory  visits 
would  be  exactly  what  has  been  noticed,  but  cr- 
I'oneously  attributed  to  inunigration  en  masse.  The 
strangers,  were  their  lives  si>ared,  would  settle  atnoiiL;' 
the  people,  and  impart  their  ideas  and  knowledge  U) 
them.  This  knowledge  would  not  take  any  vciy 
definite  shape  or  have  any  very  decided  efiect,  for  the 
reason  that  the  sailors  anil  adventurers  who  would 
likely  to  land  in  America  under  such  circumstaiiecs, 
would  not  be  thontughly  versed  in  the  arts  or  sci- 
ences; still  thev  Avould  know  many  things  that  were 
nnknown  to  their  captors,  or  hosts,  and  would  doubt- 
less be  able  to  suggest  many  improvements.  'I'liis, 
then,  would  account  for  many  ( )ld  World  ideas  and 
customs  that  have  been  detected  here  and  there  in 
uVuieiica,  while  at  thi'  same  time  the  difiiculty  wliicli 
arises  from  the  fact  that  the  resemblances,  though 
striking,  are  yet  very  few,  would  be  satisfactorily 
avoided.     The   foreigiu'rs,   if  adopted   by   the   jH-ejih' 


le 


tl 


ley 


among,  won 


Id   of 


course   marry  women 


the  country  and  beget  (diildren,  l>ut  it  cannot  Ite 
expected  that  the  ])hysical  peculiarities  so  ti'ans- 
mitted  would  bo  perceptible  after  a  generation  or  two 


CONCLUSIONS. 


i;;i 


illy  prove 
o-  pages  it 
a  ibroi^n 
sustained. 
wo  sll(>^vll 
^Vorld  arc 
^•lien  com- 
oy  do    ^(»^ 

impossiMe 
at    varioiH 
upon   the 
•lis   spirits, 
ti)rics   of  ii 
[  westward 
or  returned 
Itory  visits 
«(l,   but   er- 
lasse.     'J  lu' 
.'ttle  anion;;' 
iDNvleilge  ti> 
any   verv 
[Joy  thV 
1(1  W 


ec 


i()  won 


•unistanees. 
ts  or  sci- 
tliat  weiT 

)uUl  tlonlit- 


ht. 


Tl 


\\. 


(1 


uleas  am 


(I   tlu>re  in 
lultv  wiruh 


les, 


tiioll'. 


Itislaetordy 

(the   ]n'oiil<'^ 

wonn'ii   "t 

i\ot    he 

traiis- 


can 


so 


;ion  or  two 


of  rc-niarryini.;'  Avitli  the  aborli^inal  stoek.  At  the 
^anie  time  1  tliink  it  just  as  probable  that  the  anal- 
() 'ies  referred  to  are  mere  coineidences,  such  as  mini  it 
he  found  among  any  civilized  or  semi-civilized  peoj)le 
(if  the  earth.  It  may  be  argued  that  the  various 
American  tribes  and  nations  differ  so  materially  from 
eacli  other  as  to  render  it  extremely  improbable  that 
tlit'vure  derived  from  one  original  stock,  but,  however 
this  may  be,  the  difference  can  scarcely  be  greater 
than  that  which  apparently  exists  between  many  of 
the  Aryan  branches.'^'''" 

Ifence  it  is  many  not  imreasonably  assume  that 
tiio  Americans  are  autochthones  until  there  is  some 
pioii  ground  given  for  believing  them  to  be  of  exotic 
origin. ■''■^  To  exjiress  belief,  however,  in  a  theory 
incapable  of  proof  appears  to  me  idle.  ]nde(>d,  such 
hcliof  is  not  belief;  it  is  merely  acquiesidng  in  or 
accejiting  a  hypothesis  or  tradition  until  the  contrary 

?'•■  roiH'oniinjj  unity  (ir  viuioty  of  the  Ain(>rit"i»ii  races,  see:  I'n'rfidnr.i 
I,\siiiir/iis,  vol,  i.,  J),  'JtiS,  vol.  v.,  jip.  'iS',),  ;{74,  .M'J;  Morfdii's  Crania 
Aiinr.,  ]>.  (iJ:  /Irad/on/'s  Anicr.  Aiiti'/.,  \>\t.  \'.)~\^S;  lla/i/trhi's  .1 /ir.  Aimr., 
!M'.  tili-7;    Midiri/,   in  Xa/I  aiiif  .Hitfdoii'.i  Iiullii.  Rarrs,  1>.  81;   lliniilin/i'f. 


I'll/.,  toni.  i. 


-1, 


j; 


S;i:   IhimholdL   V 


torn.    1.,    p]i.   'Jl-:{(i;    II  illsi'ii'.i 


llisf,,  ]i.  S'.t;  ./«//(.<'  Hisf.  Aiir.  Aiiiii\,  Jt.  4;  Smif/i's  lln 


•2'A:  I'ltlliti's  y.  Aiiirr.  Ind.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  'J.'U;  Ih 


III  Sjii 


1.,  p). 


;i-4. 


r/i's  Jiisir/ 


ris,  vo 


I  am  eonuielled  to  1'elievo  that  the  Continent  of  .Vnu't-iea,  and  eat 
if  ilie  oilier  ( 'oiilments,  have  had  tlii'ir  ahorij,'inal  stoeks,  iieenliar  in  eol 


il  in  iliaiacler     and  that  eaeh  of  these  nati\e  stocks  has  n'nler''one  ii- 


I" 


Minlalions,  liv  erratic  colonies  from  ahroad.'  ('ntlin's  X.  Ai 


liiil. 


ii.,   |i.    I'.'t'J;    Itriiilfiinrs  Aiiirr.  Aiih'i/..    jip   .j:_'t-."),  thiid<s  it   consonant 


:lli  tlie  liildi     tl 


ose  'distinct  animal  creations,  siniiiltaneoii> 


tor 


;iu 


niil  portions  of  tlie  earth.'     .\  commenlator  on  iiellwald  «  ho  adMnate 
liiijiilion  tlieorv  remarks  that:   'the   derivalion  of  these  \arieties  from 


ilic  original   stock   is    jihilosophically    explained  on    the    principle    of    the 
Naiicly  ill  the  otl'spriii;,;'  of  the  same  parents,  and  the  lietter  iidatitation  and 


i--cipicnt  chance  of  life.'  Siiii/lisiuiiaii  l!r/if.,  ISIlti,  p.  .'tl."). 


iioiiaiih'    111  cverv  iiom 


.     1" 
tliat  man,  like  tli 


It   of 


\iesv. 


th 


'hat  tl 


icorv 
e  most    tciialilc  and   cNuct    wliicli 


t.  a  ninndane  lieiiiu\  made  his  appearand 


■.,'i'iii'ni 


lly  upon  earth  when  our  planet  had  reacheil  that  stiij;e  uf  its  dcvel 


Hill  w'licli  unit;  •(  in  itsidf  the  conditions  of  the  man's  rxistei 


t  iriiiilv  V,  itii  this  view  I  rcLrard  the  .\nieriean  as  an  antochtcin.'  'I'h 


II 

le  ii'ics- 


lioii  III   iiiiiiii;;'ration  to  .\nierica  has  lieen  too  much  mixed  with  thai  ot   lli 


I'li^iralioii  ill    .\ii 


lerica,  anil  only  rei'ently  has  the  opinion  made  iiiooir-s 
ili.ii  Anierica  lias  attained  ii  form  of  civili/alion  hy  modes  nf  their  own. 
NciiJiiM"  the  theory  of  a  /m/iii/iitiiiij  iinniiiira/iiui  or  a  riri/ir.ini/  iniiiiii/rii- 
tit, II  I'lDiii  the  old  World  meet  any  conntcnanci-  from  the  resiiLlsof  the  latest 
iint'stiL'alioiis.    llilliiiihl.  in  hi.,  p,  H.'tO.    .Ml  trihes  have  similarities  umoii;,' 


tliiiii  « liicli  make  llieni  distinct  from  old  world.      IW 


,1,-   Ii 


rhi 


'V, 


132 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  AMEIUCAXS. 


is  proved.  No  one  at  the  present  day  can  tell  the 
origin  of  the  Americans;  they  may  have  come  from 
any  one,  or  from  all  the  hypothetical  sources  enu- 
merated ill  the  foregoing  [Kiges,  and  here  the  question 
must  rest  until  we  have  more  light  upon  the  subject. 


II  ;■. '  i.! 


:l   f 


JFisf.  Xfff.  Civ.,  ton),  i..  p.  23.  Dr.  Morton  says  tlio  study  of  jiliysicMl 
cniifiiniiiitioii  iiloiie,  fxi'ltidcs  every  liraiicli  of  tlie  L'aut'uu.'siau  race  from  any 
iihviiius  ]iartii'i|iatioii  in  tlie  i)e()i)linj,'  of  tliiis  continent,  and  lielieves  the 
liidiaiiH  arc  all  of  one  race,  and  tliat  race  distinct  from  all  others.  Miii/n'i 
(iliHcrrddtuiK,  p.  11.  We  can  never  know  the  orijjin  of  the  Americans. 
'I'iie  theory  that  thev  are  ahorij^ines  is  contradicted  hy  no  fact  and  is 
]ilaiisil)lt!  enoujih.  Marlvt,  Voiinr/r,  tom.  i.,  pj).  177-8.  The  supposition 
that  the  Hed  .Man  is  a  prindlive  type  of  a  human  fannly  originally  idantcd 
in  the  western  continent  presents  the  most  natural  solution  of  ('  ■  pnili- 
Icin.  The  researches  of  ]ihysiolo;;ists,  anticjuaries,  ])liilologists,  lend  this 
A\ay.  The  hypothesis  of  an  immi>;ration,  when  followed  out,  isemharrassol 
uitli  <;roat  ditliculties  and  leads  to  interndnahle  and  unsatisfyinj,' spccul:i- 
tions.  yoniiiDi'.s  linnifilr.i  in  1'mc.  ,  p.  2.")1.  (Jod  has  created  sexeral  couples 
of  human  l»ein;;s  diU'erin;;  from  one  another  internally  and  externally,  and 
these  were  i)laeed  in  ajipropriate  climates.  The  ori;j;inal  cliarai'ter  is  jiic- 
servtMl,  ami  dii'ccted  only  hy  their  natural  powers  they  acquirinl  knowledge 
and  formed  a  distinct  lan;;na;;e.  In  |)rimitive  times  si;ins  and  sounds  sn;;-- 
i;rsted  hv  nature  wen;  used,  hut  with  advancement,  dialects  formed.     It  re- 


A' 


res  the  idea  of  a  miracle  to  supiiose  that  all  men  <lescend  from  onesour( 


iilllis.     Ml 


>PI 


Tl 


U!  uiisucccsstul   scare 


h  afl< 


traces  of  an  ante-(  'olumhian  iidercourse  with  the  New  Woild.  sutlices  tocnii- 
lirm  tlu'  helief  that,  for  unnundiered  centuries  throughout  tiiat  ancient  erii, 
t!n'  Western  lleniisiihcre  was  the  exclusive  herit«j,'e  of  nations  native  to  iis 
soil.  Its  sacred  ami  sepulchral  riles,  its  nsajjes  and  superstitious,  its  art--, 
letters,  metallur;,'y,  sculpture,  and  architecture,  are  all  peculiarly  its  own.' 
ir//vo//'.v  I'lrliist.  Miiii,  \>.  I'JI.  Morton  concludes  'that  the  Anu'ricau  Itatc 
ilill'ers  essentially  from  all  otht>rs,  not  excejitin;;  the  Mon;;olian;  mir  do  tl 
fcelile  anaioy-ies  t)f  lauiiua^i 


d  tl 


U!  more  olivious  i 


IK'S  in  civil  and  rt 


;.:ious  institutions  and  the  arts,  denote  anythinjf  heyiuid  casual  or  coloinal 
communKatnin  with  the  .Asiatic  natnuis;  ami  even  these  analo^fies  niiiy 
perhaps  lie  accounted  tor  as  llumholdt  has  su;fjiested,  in  the  nu're  coiiui- 
dcnce  arisinir  from  similar  wants  and  impidst's  iu  nations  inhahitin;;  sniii- 
lar  latituiles,'  Cruiita  Antrr  ,  p.  2((().  '  i  am  lirmly  of  opinimi  that  (iod  civ- 
jited  an  ori'^in.il  man  ami  wonnm  in  this  iiart  of  the  ;2'lo1)e,  ol  diU'ercnt  siici  ii'> 


fioiu  any  iti  the  other  jiarts."  Jioinniis    Cutirisr  S'liliind    Ifis/.   nf  h.  m, 
ir.  F/nt'i(/ii.     '.'Mtamirano,  the  hest  .\zlec  scholar  livin;;,  claims  that  tin 


oof  is  conclusive   that  the  .\/.tecs  did   not  conu'  here  from   A? 


Ii 


liceii  almost  universally  helieved.  hut  were  a  rac(>  ori;;'inated  iu  .Vmcrit.i, 
anil  as  old  as  the  ('liinese  thenisehcs,  and  that  Chimi  may  excn  have  licia 
)M'o|)led  from  America.'  J'Jruiis^  Our  Sislrr  Itrii,,  ji.  'XX.\.  Swan  helicMS 
that  'whatever  was  the  ori^jin  of  diU'erent  trilies  uv  families,  the  wiinli; 
r.ice  of  American  Itidiuiis  are  native  uud  iudiyeiiuus  to  the  hoii.'  A'.  IT. 
( ''iiist,  p.  '20(j. 


CHAPTER    II. 


INTRODUCTORY    TO    ABORIGINAL    HISTORY. 

KlIKlIN   AND    EAIMJIvST    TIlSTdUV    f)I"    TIIK   AMKUrCANS    UNUKCORDKn    - 

Tm;  Dauk  Ska  ok  AMUiiiTY-   Hoindauv  iiktwkkn  Myth  am* 

1I|>I(II!Y— rUIMITIVK  ANNAI.S   OK  A.MKIMCA   COMl'AltKl)  \VITII   TIKISK 

oi'  TiiK  Old  WoiM.D-ArriioiMTiKs  and  IIistoimcai,  Matkimai 

'I'liADlTlDNAL    AXNALS    AND    TIIKIU    VALLK  -    lllKlJUlJl.YI'lllt'     liK(  - 

(iitDs  OI'  TIIK  Mayas   and   Naiiuas  — Spanish    Wimtkus   -'I'm; 

('oN(,il  KliOliS      TlIK    MlSSIoNAI!li:s      TlIK     lllSTOIilANS       ("oNVi:i;i'lli 
NaTIVI:    ClIliONlCI.KliS       SKCONDAKY    AlTIIOUlTIKS-     KTIINOI.O(iV 
AltlN,   INSTITITIONS,  AND    IlKI.IKKS— LaNOKAOKS— MATKUIAI,    ISIoN- 
IMKNIS    OK    ANTHil  ITY  -  Usii    OK    ALTIIOUITIKS    AND    MKTIIOD   OK 
TliKATlNli  Tllli   !SLI!JI'XT. 


Tlio  procodiiii;'  resume  sliows  pretty  coneluHively 
tliiit  the  Amerieaii  peoples  aiid  tlie  Ainericau  cisil- 
i/.iti(iiis,  if  not  iiulio'eiioiis  to  the  Xew  World,  were 
iiilrndiieed  from  the  ( )ld  at  a  period  loiiof  jiricediiiL;- 
any  to  wliii-U  Me  are  carried  by  the  traelitioiial  or 
iiioiiuiiieiital  aiuials  of  either  eontiiieiit.  Wo  have 
foiiiKl  no  t'videiu'e  of  any  populatino"  or  civili/ino- 
migration  across  the  t)i;ean  from  east  or  west,  Jiorth 
or  south,  within  liistoiie  times.  Xothino'  ap[>roach- 
iiiH'  idiuitity  luis  heen  discovered  hi'twetsn  any  two 
nations  se[)arated  hy  the  Athmtic  or  IN-icilic.  N(t 
]io>iti\((  reco[(l  appears  even  of  comnumicatiou  \>v- 
twci'ii  Amerii-a  and  tlie  Old  Wtuld,  intent ionallv 
liv  I'oinmercial,  explorino',  or  warlilie  e\|n'diti(»ns,  or 

iii^iii  leu  tally  hy  siiipwreck,  -  previous  to  the  voyages  uf 

(iit;i) 


lU 


INTUODUCTOIIV  TO  ABORIGINAL  IIISTOllY. 


the  Xortliincn  in  the  toiitli  century;  vet  that  sudi 
coinimiii'u-atioii  did  take  phice  in  many  instances  and 
at  different  periods  is  extremely  probable.  The  numer- 
ous trans-oceanic  analogies,  more  or  less  clearly  de- 
fined, which  are  observed,  may  haye  resulted  par- 
tially from  this  connnunication,  altliough  they  do  not 
of  themselyes  necessarily  imply  such  an  asjfencv.  If 
scientific  research  shall  in  the  future  decide  that  all 
mankind  descended  from  one  original  pair,  that  tlie 
centre  of  population  Mas  in  Asia  rather  than  in 
America,  and  that  all  ciyilization  originated  Ayith  one 
Old  World  branch  of  the  human  family — and  theso 
are  all  yet  open  (piestions — then  there  Avill  be  no 
ijreat  difficulty  in  accountiuijf  for  the  transfer  of  both 
population  and  culture;  in  fact  the  means  of  inter- 
continental intei'course  arc  so  numerous  and  pi'acti- 
cable  that  it  \y'\\\  perhaps  be  impossible  to  decide  on 
the  pai'ticular  route  or  routes  by  Mhich  the  transfer 
was  effected.  Tf,  on  the  other  hand,  a  contraiy  de- 
cision be  reached  on  the  above  (jucstions,  the  })h('- 
nomena  of  American  ciyilization  and  sayaijfism  will 
be  even  more  easily  accounted  for. 

liegarding  North  ^Vmerica  then,  at  the  most  vi  - 
mote  ej)och  reached  by  tradition,  as  already  peojiled 
for  i)erhaj)s  hundreds  of  centuries,  T  projujse  in  tlir 
remaining  })ages  of  this  volume  to  record  all  that  is 
known  of  aboriginal  history  down  to  the  jieriod  when 
tlie  Uiitiye  races  were  found  by  Europeans  liying  nn- 
der  the  institutions  and  })racticing  the  arts  that  li;i\o 
been  described  in  the  ])receding  volumes  of  tin's 
work.  Comparatively  little  is  known  or  c;ui  ever  hf 
known  of  that  history.  The  sixteenth  century  i-^  ;i 
bluff  coast  line  bounding  the  dark  unnavigable  sen  ef 
American  anti(piity.  At  a  yer>  few  i)oints  along  tlic 
long  line  headlands  project  slightly  into  the  wati  is. 
affoi-ding  a  tolerably  sure  footing  for  a  time,  hut 
terminating  for  the  most  part  in  dangei-ons  reefs  .nid 
([uicksiinds  over  which  tlu;  adveiitni'ous  a,nti(|uari.iii 
may  pass  with  nuicli  risk  still   farther  from  the  tirm 


Tin:  -MV.STEllY  OF  ANTIQUITV. 


135 


liuul  of  wiMttoii  record,  and  gazo  at  ilickeriiig  iiiyth- 
ical  lio'lits  attached  to  buoys  hoyoiid.  As  a  rule, 
nothing'  Avliatever  is  known  respectinj^  the  liistory  of 
savai^e  trihes  until  they  come  in  contact  with  nations 
(»f  a  higher  degree  of  culture  possesfsing  some  system 
of  written  record.  rtes[)ecting  the  past  of  the  Wild 
Trihes  by  whom  most  of  our  territory  was  inhabited, 
wo  have  only  a  few  childish  fables  of  creation,  the 
adventures  of  some  bird  or  beast  divinity,  of  a  ilood 
or  some  other  natural  convulsion,  a  yictory  or  a  de- 
feat Nvhit'h  may  have  occurred  one  or  a  hundred  <>'en- 
orations  ago.  These  fables  lack  chronology,  and  have 
no  (Kfniite  historical  signilication  which  can  be  made 
available.  The  Civilized  Nations,  however,  had  re- 
cdi'di'd  annals  not  altogether  mythical.  The  Nahua 
annals  reach  back  chronologically,  although  not  un- 
interrn[ttedly  to  abcjut  the  sixth  century  of  our  era; 
the  !A[aya  record  is  somewhat  less  extensive  in  an 
uiilti'oken  line;  but  both  extend  more  or  less  vaguely 
and  mythically  to  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era, 
pi'ihaps  nmch  farther.  ^lyths  are  mingled  in  great 
al)un(lance  with  historical  traditions  throughout  the 
wliole  aboriginal  [teriod,  and  it  is  often  utterly  im- 
i(issil)l(>  to  distinguish  hetween  them,  or  to  fix  the 
lomidaiy  line  beyond  which  the  element  of  history 
is  ahsohitcly  wanting.  The  [)rimitive  al)original  life, 
not  only  in  .Vmerica  but  throughout  the  world,  is 
wrapped  in  mystery.  The  clear  light  of  histoiy 
fades  gradually,  as  wo  recede  from  the  })resent  age, 
into  an  t'Vi'r-deepenlng  shadow,  which,  beyond  a 
vaiying  indelinable  point,  a  lK)rder  land  of  myth  and 
faille,  merges  into  the  l)lack  night  of  anti([uity.  T'he 
investigations  of  modern  scieni'e  move  back  but 
>Ki\vly  this  bound  between  the  past  and  ])resent,  and 
while  the  results  in  the  aggregate  are  immense,  in 
slii'ddiiig  utiw  light  on  ])()rtions  of  the  world's  annals, 
pionress  toward  the  ultimate  end  is  almost  inapjiri'd- 
a'lle.  If  the  hiunan  mind  shall  ever  jienetrate  the 
iiiv,>(erv,  it  will  be  one  of  its  last  and  most  u'lorious 


m 


km 


Mil 


136 


INTRODUCTORY  TO  ABORICilNAL  UISTOUV. 


triumphs.  America  does  not  differ  so  much  as  would 
at  first  thoui^ht  appear  from  the  so-called  <  )ld  World 
in  respect  to  the  obscurity  that  shrouds  her  early 
history,  if  both  are  viewed  from  a  correspondiuy- 
stand-point — in  America  the  Spanish  Conquest  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  in  the  eastern  continent  a 
remote  period  when  history  first  bejifan  to  be  recorded 
in  lanijuaofes  still  in  use.  Or  if  we  aUacli  o-reater 
importance  to  Biblical  than  to  <jther  traditions,  still 
America  should  be  compared,  not  Avith  the  nations 
whose  history  is  traced  in  the  Hebrew  record,  but 
with  the  distant  extremities  of  Asia,  Europe,  and 
Africa,  on  whose  history  the  Bible  throws  no  li^lit. 
save  the  statement  that  they  were  peopled  from 
a  common  centre,  in  which  populatini»'  movement 
America  has  equal  claims  to  be  included.  To  all 
Avhose  investi illations  are  a  search  for  truth,  darkness 
covers  the  origin  of  the  American  peo])les,  and  their 
primitive  history,  save  for  a  few  centuries  preceding" 
the  Conquest  The  darkness  is  lio-hted  up  here  and 
there  by  dim  rays  of  conjectui'e,  which  only  become 
fixed  lii^'hts  of  fact  in  tlie  eyes  of  anti([uarians  whose 
livcdy  imag-ination  enal)les  them  to  see  best  in  tlie 
dark,  and  whose  researches  are  but  a  sifting-out  of 
supports  to  a  i^reconceived  opinion. 

The  authorities  on  which  our  knowledge  of  abd- 
riginal  history  rests  are  native  traditions  orally 
handed  down  from  generation  to  o'eneration,  tlie 
Aztec  picture-writings  that  still  exist,  the  writings 
of  the  Spanish  authors  who  came  in  contact  with  the 
natives  in  the  period  immediately  following  the  Con- 
quest, and  also  of  converted  native  writers  who  wrote 
in  S])anish,  or  at  least  by  the  aid  of  ]^]uropean  letteis. 
In  connection  with  these  positive  autlioi'ities  the 
actual  condition,  institutions,  aiul  beliefs  of  the 
nativiis  at  the  Coiupiest,  together  with  the  material 
monuments  of  antiquity,  all  described  in  the  jae- 
ceding  volumes,  constitute  an  inq)ortant  illustrative, 
corrective,  or  confirnuitory  source  of  information. 


THAUITION  AS  AN  AUTHOItlTV. 


137 


( >ial  tradition,  in  connection  with  lini^-uistic  affini- 
tiis,  is  our  only  authority  in   tlie  case  of   the  wild 
Tril)L.s,  and  also  i»hiys  a  prominent  part  in  the  annals 
(if  the  civilized  nations.      In  estimatini*-  its  historical 
value,  not   only   the   intrinsic  value  of  the  tradition 
itsL'li',  but  the  authenticity  of  the  version  ])resented 
ti)  us  nuist   be  taken    into   consideration;  the    latter 
consideration  is,  however,  closely  connected  with  tliat 
of  tbe  early  writers  and  their  reliability  as  authori- 
ties on  abori!>-inal    history.      No  tribe   is    altogether 
without  traditions  of  the  past,  many — probably  most 
— of  wliich  were  founded  on  actual  occurrences,  while 
a  few  are   wholly  imasjfinary.     Yet,   whatever  their 
origin,    all    are,   if  unsupjiorted    by  written    records, 
pivu-tically  of  little  or  no  value.     Every  ti-acc  of  tlie 
circuuistances  that  gave  rise  to  a  tradition   is  soon 
lust,  altliough  the  tradition  itself  in  curiously  modi- 
licd  I'ornis    is    long  preserved.     Natural  convidsions, 
hke   floods    and    earth(iuakes.    famines,    wars,    tiii)al 
migrations,    naturally    leave    an    impression    on    the 
s:ivage  mind  which  is  not  easily  effaced,  but  the  fable 
in  which  the  record  is  embodied  may  have  assumed  a 
I'diiu  so  changed  and  childish    that  we  jiass  over  it 
tu-day  as  having  no  historical  value,  seeking  informa- 
tion only  ill  an  a[)parently  more  consistent  tale,  which 
may  have  originated  at  a  recent  date  from  some  very 
trivial  circumstance.     Examples  ai'e   not  wanting  of 
\ciy  iinj)ortant  events  in  the  com]»aiatively  modern 
history  of  Indian  tribes,  the  record  of  which  has  not 
apparently  been    preserved  in  song  or  story,  or  the 
iiu'Uiory  of  which  at    least   has  l)ecome  entiivly  (»b- 
literated  in  little  more  than  a  hundred  vears.     Oral 
tiatlitiou  has    no  chronology   that  is  not  ]>urely   im- 
aginary;  "many  moons  ago,"  "our  fathers  did  thus 
and  so,"  may  refer  to  antediluvian    times  or  to   the 
exploits  of  the  narrator's  grandfather.      Anu)ng  the 
American  savages  there  was  not  even  a  pride  in  the 
jiodigree  of  families  or  horses  to  iufluce  care   in  this 
lospect,  as  among  the  Asiatic  hordes  of  patriarchal 


138 


INTRODUCTORY  TO  ABORIGINAL  HISTORY. 


■<; 


iwr  n 


times.  But  the  traditions  of  sava^'os,  valueless  Lv 
themselves  for  a  time  more  remote  than  one  or  two 
generations,  l)e<,nn  to  assume  imi)ortance  Avhen  tlie 
events  narrated  have  been  otherwise  ascertained  hy 
the  records  of  some  contemporary  nation,  throwing' 
indirectly  much  light  on  history  which  they  were 
powerless  to  reveal.  Three  traditions  are  es])ecially 
prevalent  in  some  form  in  nearly  every  section  of 
America; — that  of  a  deluge,  of  an  aboriginal  niigra- 
tion,  and  of  giants  that  dwelt  upon  the  eartli  at  some 
time  in  the  remote  past.  These  may  be  taken  as 
oxami)les  and  interpreted  as  follows,  the  respective 
inter[>i'etations  being  arranged  in  the  order  of  their 
j)robability. 

The  tradition  of  a  flood  would  naturally  arise,  1st, 
from  the  destruction  of  a  tribe  or  i)art  of  a  tribe  by 
the  sudden  rising  of  a  river  or  mountain  stream — 
that  is  from  a  modern  event  such  as  has  occurred  at 
some  time  in  the  history  of  nearly  every  peo[)le,  and 
wliich  a  hundred  years  and  a  fertile  imagination 
would  readily  have  converted  into  a  universal  inun- 
dation. 2(1.  From  the  finding  of  sea-sliells  and  other 
marine  relics  inland,  and  even  on  high  mountains, 
suggesting  to  the  natives'  untutored  mind  what  it 
proves  to  later  scientilic  research — the  fact  that  water 
once  covered  all.  8d.  From  the  actual  submersion 
of  some  })ortions  of  the  continent  by  the  action  of 
volcano  or  earthquake,  an  event  that  geology  shows 
not  to  be  improbable,  and  which  would  be  well  calcu- 
lated to  leave  a  lasting  impression  on  the  minds  of 
savages,  4th.  From  the  deluge  of  the  scri])tur;il 
tradition,  tlie  only  one  of  the  many  similar  events 
that  may  have  occurred  wliich  makes  any  claims  to 
have  been  historically  recorded.  The  accompanying 
])articulars  would  be  naturally  invented.  Some  nuist 
have  esca])ed,  and  an  ark  or  a  high  mountain  are  the 
natural  means, 

A  ti'aditional  migration  from  noi'th,  south,  east,  or 
west  may  point  to  the  local  journeying  of  a  family 


IXTEUPIIETATION  OF  TRADITION. 


139 


i.r  tribe,  cither  in  search  of  better  hunting-grounds, 
or  .IS  a  result  ot  adverse  fortune  in  \viir;  in  a  few 
(•:i>es  a  general  migration  of  many  tribes  constituting 
a  great  nation  may  be  referred  to;  and  finally,  it  is 
11  i.t  M'lite  iinpossil)le  that  a  faint  memory  of  an  Old 
World  origin  may  have  survived  thruUgh  hundreds 
of  generations. 

So  with  the  giant  tradition,  resulting,  1st,  from 
the  memory  of  a  fierce,  numerous,  powerful,  and 
successful  enemy,  possibly  of  large  physi(pie.  No 
trilte  so  valiant  that  it  has  not  met  with  reverses, 
and  the  attrilniting  of  gigantic  strength  .ind  super- 
natural powers  to  the  successful  foe,  removes  among 
the  descendants  the  sting  of  their  ancestors'  defeat. 
2d.  From  the  discovery  of  immense  fossil  bones  of 
laastodtjiis  and  other  extinct  species.  It  is  not 
strange  that  such  were  deemed  human  remains  by 
tlie  natives  when  the  Sp^.niards  in  later  times  have 
honestly  believed  tin  ni  t"  be  the  bones  of  an  extinct 
gigintic  race.  3d.  J^'iom  the  existence  of  grand 
ruins  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  far  beyond  the 
<•  instructive  powers  of  the  savage,  and  therefore  in 
!il<  eyes  the  work  of  giants— as  they  were  iiitellect- 
ui!!y,  iu  comparison  with  their  degenerate  descend- 
ants. 4th.  From  an  actual  traditional  remembrance 
of  those  who  built  the  ruined  cities,  and  intercouise 
wit!i  comi)aratively  civilized  tribes.  5th.  From  the 
existence  in  primitive  times  of  a  race  of  giants. 

Xunieroiis  additional  soui'ces  for  each  of  these 
traditions  ini-li  '^  >ubtless  be  suggested;  but  those 
given  iffii  for  illustration,  and,  as  1  have  remarked, 
tluy  ^'ranged  in   each  case  in  what  would  seem 

the  iral    order    .)f    probability.       The    near    and 

iiatui  -houl^  always  be  i)i'eferred  to  the  remote  and 
sn|iiriiatura  ,  and  the  fables  mentioned  should  be 
relerred  to  Xoah's  deluge,  '  siatic  origin,  and  the 
existence  of  a  gigantic  race,  only  when  the  jirevious 
suppositions  are  proved  by  extraneous  evidence  to  be 
untenable.      The  early  writers  on  aboriginal  America, 


-1 

Jj,  f 


m 


a 


11 


fiifS 


110 


INTRODUCTORY  TO  ABORIGINAL  HISTORY. 


using  their  reason  only  wlien  it  did  not  jonfiiet  witli 
tlieir  faith,  reversed  the  order  of  probability,  and 
thus  ii^rcatly  impaired  the  usefulness  of  their  contri- 
butions to  history.  The  supposition  of  a  purely 
imaginary  origin,  common  to  aboriginal  legend  an  ' 
modern  romance,  should  of  course  be  added  to  each 
of  the  preceding  lists,  and  generally  placed  before 
the  last  supposition  given. 

Passing  from  the  wilJ  tribes  to  the  civilized  na- 
tions of  Mexico  and  Central  America,  we  find  tra- 
dition, or  what  is  generally  regarded  as  such,  nuuli 
more  complete  and  extensive  in  its  scope,  less  child- 
ish in  detail,  and  with  a  more  clearly  defined  di\iding 
line  between  history  and  mythology.  Theoretically 
we  might  expect  a  higher  grade  of  tradition  among 
a  partially  civilized  people;  but  on  the  other  hand, 
what  need  had  the  Nahuas  or  Mayas  of  oral  tradi- 
tion when  they  had  the  art  of  recoiding  events?  In 
fact,  our  knowledu'o  of  Aztec  and  Maya  historv  is 
not  in  any  proper  sense  traditional,  although  com- 
monly s})oken  of  as  such  by  the  writers.  Previous 
to  the  ])ractice  of  the  hieroglyphic  art— the  date  of 
whose  invention  or  introduction  is  unknown,  but 
must  probably  bo  placed  long  before  the  Christian 
era — oral  tradition  was  doubtless  the  oidy  guide  to 
the  })ast;  but  the  traditions  were  recorded  as  s(K)n  as 
the  sN'stem  of  picture-writing  was  suthciently  pii- 
fected  to  suggest  if  not  to  clearly  exja-ess  their  im- 
port. After  i>icture- writing  came  into  general  use, 
it  is  ditlicult  to  imagine  that  any  bistorical  events 
should  have  been  handed  down  by  tradition  aloiic. 
Still  in  one  sense  the  j)o{)ular  knowledge  of  the  |ia>t 
among  the  ^Mexicans  may  be  called  tr.ulitioiud,  iuas- 
mucli  as  the  written  reco?'ds  of  the  nation  were  imt 
in  the  bands  of  the  ])eoph!,  but  were  ke])',  by  a  cla^s 
of  the  |)i'iestho()d,  ami  may  be  su})posed  to  have  brrii 
read  by  comitarativtly  few.  The  contents  of  tlir 
records,  however,  except  perhaps  some  religious  ni\  s- 


iii::uo; ilvpiiic  kecouds. 


in 


iiet  with 
itv,  HUil 
i"  coiitri- 
L  pit  rely 
end  an  ' 
to  euch 
d   betuic 


lized  na- 
find  tia- 
ch,  iiiiu'h 
3SS  c'liild- 
dividiuL,^ 
uretically 
111  aiiioii^* 
ler  hand, 
ral  tradi- 
mts?      Ill 
listovv  is 
lj\\   c'oni- 
Pruvious 
c  date  of 
3\vn,    hut 
Christian 
i>'ui(h'  ti) 
s  soon  as 
itly  per- 
heir  ini- 
leral  use, 
Id    evi'iits 
\)\i   alout'. 
the  \y.\>t 
nah  ina.>- 
hvere  nnt 
Iv  ii  el;i>s 
lave  been 

of     \\\r 

Dus  niv>- 


teries  which  the  priests  alone  comprehended,  were 
tolerahlv  well  known  to  the  educated  classes;  and 
v.lien  the  records  were  destroyed  by  Spanish  fanati- 
( ism,  this  general  knowledge  l)ecame  the  cliief  source 
Avhiuce,  tlirough  the  'talk  of  the  old  men,'  the  earlier 
Avi'iteis  drew  their  information.  It  is  in  tliis  light 
that  we  must  understand  the  statement  of  many  able 
writers,  that  the  greater  part  of  our  knowletlge  of 
railv  American  history  is  traditional,  since  this 
knowledge  was  not  obtain,  d  by  an  actual  examina- 
ii(>n  of  the  records  by  the  Spaniards,  but  orally  from 
the  people,  the  upper  classes  of  whom  had  them- 
srlves  read  the  pictured  annals,  while  the  masses 
wt  re  somewhat  familiar  through  popular  chants  and 
jilavs  with  their  contents.  The  value  of  history 
taithfully  taken  from  such  a  source  cannot  be 
diiiii)ted,  but  its  vagueness  and  conflicting  statements 
ivsjiecting  dates  and  details  may  be  best  ap})reciated 
hy  ([uestioning  intelligent  men  in  the  light  of  nine- 
tet  nth  century  civilization  respecting  the  details  of 
iiKxlern  history,  withholding  the  privilege  of  refer- 
( ine  to  books  or  documents. 

( >f  the  Nahua  hieroglyj^hic  system  and  its  capa- 
liilities  enonn'h  has  been  said  elsewhei'e.^  l>y  its  aid, 
fi'iini  the  beginning  of  the  Toltec  period  at  least,  all 
liistoilcal  events  were  recorded  that  were  deemed 
AVditliy  of  being  preserved.  The  popular  knowledge 
nf  these  events  was  jierpetuated  by  means  of  poems, 
>  iii'^.>,  and  plays,  and   this  knowledge  was  naturally 


aultv  ni  ( 


lat 


es. 


Tl 


le  numerous  discrepancies  w 


IK 


lent> 


or 


tl 


le 


P 


hieh 


present  day  meet  at  every  step  i 


n 


\\w  investigation  of  aboriginal  annals,  result  eliiedy 
finiii    till!    almost    total    destruction    of    the    ]>ainted 


o 


rds,  the  carelessness  of  thos(>  who  attempted  t 
iiiter[)ret  the  lew  surviving  documents  at  a,  tinu! 
when  such  a  task  \y^'  native  aid  ouiiht  to  liavi'  bin'ti 
feasihlc,   till!    neglect  of  the    Spanish    prii'stlmod    in 

wing    the    art  of  interpretation   to   be    well-nigh 


lllln 


1  Vol. 


IT' 


i\}:i-o;2. 


112 


INTRODUCTORY  TO  ARORIOINAL  HISTORY. 


wl 


'•' !i  11  i 


lost,  tlieir  necessary  reliance  for  historical  inforniatii)ii 
on  the  popular  knowledge  above  referred  to,  and  to  u 
certain  degree  doubtless  from  their  failure  to  properly 
record  information  thus  obtained. 

But  few  native  manuscripts  have  been  preserved 
to  the  present  time,  and  only  a  small  part  of  those 
few  iire  historical  in  tlieir  nature,  two  of  the  most 
important  having  been  given  in  my  second  volume.- 
Most  of  the  events  indicated  in  such  i)icture-writiHL;s 
as  have  been  interpreted  are  also  narrated  by  the 
early  writers  from  traditional  sources.  Thus  we  see 
that  our  knowledge  of  aboriginal  history  depends 
chiefly  on  the  hieroglyphic  records  destroyed  by  the 
Spaniards,  rather  than  on  the  few  fragments  that 
escaj^ed  such  destruction.  To  documents  that  may 
be  Ibuud  iu  the  future,  and  to  a  more  careful  study  of 
those  now  existing,  we  nniy  look  perhaps  for  nuieh 
corrective  information  respecting  dates  and  otht  r 
details,  but  it  is  not  probable  that  newly  discoveieil 
j)ictur('-Mritings  or  new  ri'adings  of  old  ones  will 
extend  the  al)origina.l  annals  nuich  farther  back  iiitn 
the  past.  These  remarks  Jipply  of  course  only  li 
the  Aztec  documents;  the  Alaya  records  painted  on 
skin  and  ])aper,  or  inscribed  on  stone,  are  yet  sealed 
]>ooks,  i'esj)ectiug  the  nature  of  whos(!  contents  con- 
jecture is  vain,  l)ut  fr(>m  which  the  future  may  evolve 
revelations  of  the  greatest  imi)ortance. 

Closely  connected  with  the  consideration  of  tradi- 
tion and  liievoglyphic  recoi'ds  as  authorities  for  my 
])ri'seiit  subject,  is  that  of  the  Spanish  and  nati\o 
^\■riters  through  whom  for  the  most  })art  Amerieiiii 
iraditions,  both  hieroglyidiically  recorded  and  orally 
transmitted — in  fact,  what  was  known  to  the  luitives 
at  the  CoiKpiest  of  their  own  ])ast  history  -ar(>  nia(l<' 
known  to  the  modei'n  student.  These  were  (  atholi>' 
missionaries  and  their  <M)nverts.  nmnerous,  /ealtuis, 
and  as  a  class  honest  writers.     Through  an  excess  et 

«  \<iu  nu-o. 


THE  SPANISH  WRITERS. 


143 


prcscrvoil 
t  of  those 
the  most 
I  volume. - 
o-\vritiii,us 
;d   by  the 
lis  ^ve  sec 
J    doi)en(ls 
ed  by  the 
lents  that 
that  may 
\\  study  'if 
lor  much 
iind    oth« !' 
discovoivd 
ones   Avill 
I'  iiiick  into 
only   I'l 
iiintcd  oil 
yet  sealed 
:ents  con- 
nay  evolve 


I  of  tradl- 
es  for  my 

lid   native 

Amer'n'aii 
and  orally 

lie  natives 
[-are  mad" 
|e  ('atheli«' 

<,   zealoii^', 

OXt'CSS  et 


rclit»'ious  zeal  they  had  caused  at  the  first  irreparal.lo 
harm  hy  destroying  the  native  records,  but  later  they 
seem  to  have  Tealizcl  to  a  certain  extent  their  error, 
and  to  have  done  all  in  their  power  to  repair  its  con- 
se(iueii('es  by  zealously  collectini^  such  fragments  of 
liistoiii'al  knowledi.*"o  as  had  been  preserved  among 
the  peo])le.  Their  works  have  passed  the  test  of 
severe  criticism,  and  the  le'ects  of  each  have  been 
fairly  jiointed  out,  exaggerated,  or  defended,  accord- 
ing to  the  spirit  of  the  critic;  but  the  agreement  of 
the  different  works  in  general  outline,  and  even  their 
(litferenoes  in  detail  and  their  l>etty  blunders,  show 
tlnit  in  their  efforts  to  reconl  all  that  could  be  as- 
certained of  the  history  of  the  New  World  and  the 


institutions  o 


f  it^ 


peoi 


lie.  tl 


leir 


lead 


mir  motive  was 


the  discovery  of  the  truth,  although  they  were 
swayed  like  other  writers  of  their  time,  and  all  other 
times,  by  the  spirit  of  the  age,  and  by  various  re- 
liL^ious,  political,  and  personal  ]>rejudices. 

The    prevailing    Wf.'akness  of  Sjianish    writers  ( 


)n 


Amcr 


ica  IS 


well  known — their  religious   enthusiasm 


and  strong  attachment  to  church  dogmas,  which,  in 
v'ew  (if  some  of  its  consequences,  is  pronounced  at 
least  mistaken  zeal  even  by  devoted  churchmen  of 
tlio  presi'iit  day.  They  believed  in  the  fre([uent 
miraculous  interposition  of  God  in  tho  work  of  con- 
verting the  native  pagans;  in  the  instrumentality  of 
the  devil  in  tho  sjtii'itual  darkness  jireceding  tho 
CoiKiuest.  In  their  aiiti([uarian  resi'arches  a  passage 
of  scripture  as  commented  by  the  Fathers  broiiglit 
i:iliiiitely  stronger  conviction  to  their  minds  than  any 
s'lilptiirod  monument,  hieroglyidiic  record,  historical 
tradition,  or  law  of  nature.  In  short,  they  were 
true  ( "atludics  of  their  time.''     Tiie  prevalence  of  this 

'Till'  l",i('t  llmt  (hey  ^Vl!^^  S])aiiiarilK  ami  Catliolii's  is  ciKtiif^li  ti    ciiii- 

iliiiin  iliciii  with  critics  of  a  ct'itaiii  class,  (if  wiiicli  Adair  inav  iicnKit,'.! 
.....  ....  .         .        ./       .  ( 


.11  ('Mlllllllc 


l  lav  little  sli'CHs  iiiMiii   Siiaiiisli  tcstiiiniiiics,  tnrtiiiic 


leiil 


lliM 


ar  |>riiiit  have  cdiiviiiccil  us  uf  llu'  lalini-cd  falst'liniiil  (if  aliimst  all  tli( 
riial  iiari'aticiiis Tlicv    wcic   so    divcstcil    of   tliosc    iniiici 


pics  in- 


lirii'iii  to  lioiicst  ciic|\iifcfs  after  truth,  that  they  have  ivconled  themselves 
til  lie  a  tiihe  of  ]iieju(lio('d  higutu. '   Aiiuv.  Iiiil.,  \>,  lit?.  • 


lU 


INTRODUCTORY  TO  ABORIGINAL  HISTORY. 


i             ' 

h4  ^     i 

|i 

religious   spirit    among   the    only  men  who   had   an 
opportunity  to  cloiM  up  some  of  the  mysteries  of  tliu 
American  past  is  co  be  regretted.     They  could  have 
done  tlioir  work  much  better  without  its  inHuencc; 
])ut,  on   the  other  hand,  without  such   a  motive  as 
religious  entliusiasm   there  is  little  jirobability  tliat 
the  work  would  have  been  done  at  all.     It  is  not 
only  in  Amoi'ican  researches,  however,  that  tliis  im- 
perfection prevails.     As  we  recede  from  the  present 
we  find  men  more  and  more  religious,  and  religiijii 
has   ever    been    an  imperious  mistress,  brooking   no 
rivalry  on  tlio  ])art  of  reason,     lieliance  on  su})ersti- 
tion  and  prejudice,  rather  than  tacts  and  reason,  is 
not    more   noticeal)le    jierhaps    in  works    on    ancient 
America  than  in  other  old  works.     The  faith  of  tliD 
Spaniards  renders  their  conclusions  on  origin  and  tlio 
earliiu'  periods  of  primitive  history  valueless,  but  if 
that  were  all,  the  defect  would  be  of  slight  imi)ort- 
ance,  for  it  is  not  likely  that  the  natives  kuvw  any- 
thing of  their  own  oi'igin,  and  the  Spaniards  had  no 
means   not    now   accessilde   of  learning  anything  on 
that    sultject    from    other   sources.      We    may    well 
j)ar(lon  them  for  linding  St  Thomas  and  his  Christian 
teacliings    in    the    Toltec  traditions  of  Quetzalcoatl; 
the  ten  lost  tiibes  of  Israel   in   the  Amej'ican  aho- 
riLfines:  Noah's  Hood  and  the  confusion  of  tonyues  in 
an  Aztec  jiicturo  of  a  man  floating  on  the  water  and 
a  bird  s|)eaking  from  a  tree;  provided  tlnsy  have  left 
us  a  correct  version  of  the  tradition,  a  true  account 
of  the  natives  and  their  institutions,  and  an  accurate 
cojiy  of  the  picture  referred  to.      But  it  is  not  ini- 
j»rol>abli'    that    their   zeal    gave    a  coloring    to  soino 
traditions  and  supj)ressed  others  winch  i'urnished  im 
support  to  the  Biblical  accounts,  and  were  inventd 
wholly  in  the  interests  of  the  devil.      Fortunately  i' 
was  chielly  on  the  mythological  traditions  supposed 
to  relate  to  the  creation,  deluge,  coimection  of  tlio 
Americans  with  the  Old  World  peo|>Ies,  aiul  ((thcr 
very  remote  events   that   they  exercised   their  fait'i, 


THE  SPANISH  WRITERS. 


115 


had    an 
es  of  thu 
uld  liavf 
iiiHueiice; 
iiotive  as 
ility  that 
It   is  not 
tliis  iin- 
c  present 
I  rehgiou 
•uking   no 
8U})ersti- 
roason,  is 
u   ancient 
ith  of  tlu! 
in  and  the 
jss,  hut  if 
tit  inipovt- 
kni!\v  any- 
[ds  liad  no 
thing  on 
nay    wvW 
(.'hi'istiim 
etzalt'oatl; 
lean   aho- 
;onniles  ill 
water  and 
have  left 
e  ai'oonnt 
II  aeeurnte 
s  not  ini- 
to   sonu) 
rnished  ii'> 
invenli'l 
unalely  i' 

SUpliosi'il 

»n  of  'li'' 

Uld  (!tli>i' 

heir  fail' I, 


rather  tlian  on  historical  traditions  proper;  fortu- 
nate! v,  l>ecause  the  matters  of  orij^in  and  the  earliest 
i)riniitive  liistory  were  entirely  heyond  the  reach  of 
such  authorities,  even  liad  they  been  represented 
-with  the  most  perfect  accuracy. 

The  writin^^s  of  the  authors  in  question  were  more- 
over submitted  to  a  rigorous  system  of  censorship  l)y 
S{tanish  councils  and  tribunals  under  the  control  of 
the  priesthood,  without  the  approval  of  whose  offi- 
cials no  work  could  be  published.  The  spirit  that 
;iiiiniat(,'d  these  censors  was  the  same  as  that  alluded 
to  above,  and  their  zeal  was  chiefly  directed  to  the  dis- 
covery and  expurgation  of  any  lurking  anti-Catholic 
sentiment.  Many  valuable  works  were  doubtless 
su[)[)res,sed,  but  such  of  them  as  w^ere  preserved  in 
manuscript,  or  those  whose  contents  have  .since  been 
made  known,  have  not  proved  iliat  the  censors  di- 
rected their  eflbrts  against  anything  but  heterodoxy 
and  unfavorable  criticism  of  Spanish  dealings  with 
the  natives. 

Spanish  credulity  accepted  as  facts  nuiny  things 
wliich  modern  reason  pronounces  absurd;  shall  we 
therefoi'o  reject  all  statements  that  rest  on  Si)anish 
authority?  ])o  we  reject  all  the  events  of  Greek 
and  lloman  history,  because  the  historians  believed 
that  the  sun  revolved  about  the  earth,  and  attributed 
tlie  ordinary  ])hon()mena  of  nature  to  the  a<'tions  of 
imaginary  gods  (  Should  we  deny  tlie  liistorieal  value 
ol'  the  Old  Testament  I'ecords  because  tliev  tell  of 
Jonah  swallowed  by  a  whale,  and  the  sun  ordered  to 
stand  still  ?  Do  we  refuse  to  acce[)t  the  occurrences  of 
modern  Mexican  history  because  many  of  the  ablest 
]\K'\i(an  wi'itei's  apparently  believe  in  the  apparition  of 
Xuestra  Sefiora  do  Guadalupe?  ^\nd  finally,  can  wo 
)'ijectthe  statements  of  able  and  conscientious  men — 
many  of  whom  devoted  their  lives  to  the  study  of 
iiln'ii'-'inal  character  and  history,  from  an  honest  desire 
to  do  the  natives  good—  because  tlu>y  deemed  them- 
selves bound  by  their  priestly  vows  and  the  fear  of 

Vol.  V.    10 


Wi 


140 


INTllODUCTOIlY  TO  ABORIGINAL  IIISTOUY. 


the  Inquisition  to  draw  scriptural  conclusions  from 
each  native  tradition?  The  same  remarks  apply  to 
the  writings  of  converted  and  educated  natives,  in- 
fluenced to  a  great  degree  by  their  teachers;  more 
l^rone,  perhaps,  to  exaggeration  through  national 
])ride,  but  at  the  same  time  better  acquainted  with 
the  native  character  and  with  the  interpretation  of 
the  native  hieroglyphics.  To  pronounce  all  these 
works  deliberately  executed  forgeries,  as  a  few  mod- 
ern writers  have  done,  is  too  absurd  to  require  refu- 
tation. 

The  writers  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  cen- 
turies who  derived  their  information  from  original 
sources,  and  on  whoso  wc^rks  all  that  has  been 
written  subsequently  is  founded,  comprise,  1st,  tlio 
concpierors  themselves,  chiefly  Cortes,  Diaz  del  Cas- 
tillo, and  the  Anonymous  Conqueror,  whose  writings 
only  touch  incidentally  upon  a  few  points  of  ancient 
history.  2d.  The  first  missionaries  who  were  sent 
from  Spain  to  suppleinent  tlie  .T'hievements  of  Cortes 
by  spiritual  conquests.  Sucli  were  Jose  do  Acosta, 
Bernardino  Sahagun,  Bartolome  de  Las  Casas,  Juan 
do  Tonpiemada,  Diego  ])uran,  (Jeronimo  de  Meii- 
dieta,  Tori  bio  de  Benavento  (Motolinia),  Diego  Ciarci'a 
de  Palacio,  Didaco  Valades,  and  Alonzo  de  Zui'ifa. 
Of  these  Torquemada  is  the  most  complete  and  coiii- 
prehensive,  so  far  as  aboriginal  history  is  concerned, 
furnishing  an  immense  mass  of  material  drawn  from 
native  sources,  very  l)adly  arranged  and  Nvritteii. 
])uran  also  devotes  a  large  ]»ortion  of  his  work*  ti> 
history,  (!onfining  himsidf  clueHy,  however,  to  tlie 
aimals  of  the  Aztecs.  The  other  authorities  named, 
although  containing  full  accounts  of  the  natives  and 
their  institutions,  devote  conq)aratively  little  s[)ace  to 
historical  traditions;  Sahagun  is  the  best  auflioiity 
of  all,  so  far  as  his  observations  go  in  this  direction. 

*  Ifi/ilorin  Antiqiin  tfr  In  Xiifrn  Fs/mfl".  MS,  of  ]!\HH,  folio,  H  voliiiins, 
A  ]iiirl  of  tliiH  worlv  has  riToiitly  Im'cii  piiiitt'd  in  .\ii-.vl;':>.  1  liiivo  ii  iimmi- 
Hcript  copy  iiiiulc  l»y  Mr  ('.  .\.  Spoll'tnd  from  tlmt  cxiHtiiig  in  tlu'  r(iiiyri'>s- 
joiial  Libniry  iit  Wasliiiiytoii. 


»ns  from 
apply  t.) 
;ives,  iii- 
rs;  more 
national 
ted  with 
itation  of 
all  these 
X3W  mod- 
liro  retu- 

.mth  ccii- 
.    ori<^inal 
las    been 
1st,  the 
del  Cas- 
)  writings 
)f  ancient 
vere    scMit 
of  Cortes 
ie  Aeosta, 
IS,  Juan 
e   Men- 
o  (Jarcia 
Zurita. 
uul  coni- 
)neeriu'(l, 
\vn  from 
written, 
rork*   to 
to    tlie 
(  nanu''!, 
ives  and 
space  to 
uitliority 
niirection, 

I,  ;i  volmiics. 
live  II  iniimi- 
III'  1 'oiii'ri'^s- 


\V 


THE  SPANISH  WUITEUS. 


147 


ui 


All  have  been  printed,  cither  iu  the  original  Spanish 
or  in  translations,  except  Las  Casas,  whose  great 
liistorieal  works  exist  only  in  manuscript.  3d.  The 
native  writers  who  after  their  conversion  acquired 
the  Spanish  language  and  wrote  on  the  history  of 
their  people,  either  in  Spanish  or  in  their  own  lan- 
guage, employing  the  Spanish  al])habet.  Mcjst  of 
them  were  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  their 
converters,  and  their  writings  as  a  class  are  subject 
to  the  same  criticism.  Domingo  Munoz  Camargo, 
a  noble  Tlascaltec,  wrote,  about  1585,  a  history  of 
]iis  own  people,  which  has  been  published  only  in  a 
French  translation.  Fernando  de  Alvarado  Tezozo- 
moc,  descended  from  the  royal  fjimily  of  Azcapuzalco, 
wrote  the  chronicles  of  Mexican  history  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  Tepanecs,  represented  at  the  time 
ot'  the  Con(|uest  by  the  kingdom  of  Tlacopan.  Fer- 
nando de  Alva  Ixtlilxochitl  w^as  a  grandson  of  the 
last  king  of  Tezcuco,  from  whom  he  inherited  all 
that  were  saved  of  the  records  in  the  public  archives, 
iris  works  are  more  extensive  than  those  of  any  other 
native  writer,  covering  the  whole  ground  of  Nahua 
liistory,  although  treating  more  particularly  of  the 
Chichimecs,  his  ancestors." 

in  this  class  should  be  included  the  re))orted  but 
litth'  known  writings  of  Juan  Ventura  Zaj)ata  y  AEen- 
(litza,  TadiM)  de  Niza,  and  Alonzo  Franco."  There  are 
als(t  many  manuscri[)ts  by  native  authors  whose  names 
arc  unknown,  brought  to  light  by  comparatively  re- 
(■vA\i  researches,  and  preserved  for  the  most  part  in  the 

''  l\t!ilxt)cliitl  hiis  licon  tlio  HiiUjcct  of  nincli  ciiticisin  fnvdrahlf  and 
ii:liiT\vis(,',  'I'lio  vt'i'ilit't  of  tlio  ht'st  lUithoi's  ^ccms  fo  lie  tliiit  lie  winlo 
li  Hiotly,  I'diniiiliii^;  fntiu  aiitliiMitic  tidfiiinciils  iu  liis  ]m,ss('ssiiiii,  but  riiic- 
li'ssly,  t's|H'fiall\  ill  tlio  matter  of  t'liroiiolo;ry  wliicii  |in'm'iil,s  coiilrailii'- 
li'iiis  on  Mcai'ly  I'vcry  ]ia,i;i'.  Facii  WilMini,  ('inni.  Mix.,  i>|).  'I'A,  III,  wlio 
■liL'iiiali/CH  as  liars  all  tin-  early  writers  on  this  siil>jiM't,  amiiils  that  Aha 
lies  clc^^antly,  and  has  written  an  al>le  thoii^^di  llctitioiis  i.irrative.  tare- 
li  ■.siicss  in  dales  and  a  disjiosilioii  to  unduly  I'xalt  his  own  race  and  family, 
iiiv  (lie  iiinst  ;;lariii};  faults  of  this  author,  and  are  ohservahle  also  to  a 
tcrtaiii  (>\lent  in  all  the  native  historians. 

'■  ]'ii/li(i,  Ifisf.  Ant.  M<j.,  toin.  ii.,  |).  91 ;  Chiritjrro,  Sfnria  Aiif.  i/il 
.1/  <tii'ii,  toin.  i.,  i>.  10;  lintnncitr  do  lioiirbuunj,  Jli.'tt.  yat.  Vir.,  toni.  ii., 
|i.  l'.H). 


U8 


INTRODUCTORY  TO  ABORIGINAL  HISTORY. 


Brnsseiir  and  Aubin  collections  in  Paris.  Tlioir  con- 
tents are  unknown  except  through  the  "writings  of 
the  Abbe  Brasseur.  The  Popol  Vuh  is  another  ini- 
j)ortant  document,  of  which  there  are  extant  a  Span- 
ish and  a  French  translation.  4th.  Spanish  authors 
Avho  passed  their  lives  mostly  in  Spain,  and  wrote 
<  liiefly  under  royal  appointment.  Their  information 
A\iis  derived  from  the  writers  already  mentioned, 
from  the  official  correspondence  of  the  colonists,  and 
from  the  narratives  of  returninsf  adventurers.  M(_)st 
<if  them  touched  upon  aboriginal  history  among  otlur 
t  »pics.  To  this  class  belonged  Peter  ^lartyr,  Fran- 
» isco  Lo])ez  do  Gomara,  Antonio  de  Herrera,  and 
( Jonzalo  Fernandez  de  Oviedo  y  Valdes.  5th.  Catli- 
olic  priests  and  missionaries  who  founded  or  were  in 
charge  of  tlie  missions  at  later  periods  or  in  remote 
r(>gions,  as  Yucatan,  Guatemala,  Chiapas,  Oajaca, 
IVriclioacan,  and  the  north-western  provinces  of  New 
S])ain.  They  wrote  chiefly  in  the  seventeenth  and 
rightoenth  centuries,  and  treat  princi[)ally  of  the  con- 
Aorsion  of  the  natives,  l)ut  include  also  in  many  cases 
tlieir  historical  ti'aditions  and  tlieir  explanations  uf 
l!ie  few  aboriginal  documents  tliat  fell  into  the  pos- 
si'ssion  of  tlie  converts.  The  number  of  such  works 
i-  very  great,  and  many  of  them  have  never  beiMi 
]'i'inted.  Among  the  most  important  writei's  of  this 
«  '  iss  are  ])iego  de  Landa,  Diego  Lopez  CogoUudo, 
J*adre  Lizana,  and  Juan  de  Villagutierre  Soto-Mayor, 
on  Yucatan;  Kamon  de  ( )rdonez  y  Aguiar,''  Fuentes 
y  Guzman,^  F.  E.  Arana,"  Francisco  Garcia  Pelaez/" 
and  Domingo  Juarros,  on  Guatemala;  Francisco 
Nunez  de  la  Vega,"  Francisco  Ximenez,''^  and  An- 

'  Historic  iJc  hi  Cvrnvioii,  del  Ciclo  )j  dc  la  Ticrra,  voiifoniic  td  Sistrma 
(!'■  Ill  //'•iiti/i(fiiil  Amrririniit. 

*  lliid/iiliiriiin  F/iiridii  dc  la  Ilistoria  del  Hi'ijho  dc  Gi(ntciiiala,  MS.  in 
t'.ic  (IiiMtiMuiiliiii  -An'liivi's. 

»  MniKirnd  dr  '/'rr/iaii-Afiflnii,  n  history  of  the  Ciikchiiiuel  Kiuy(li>ni. 
MS.  (liscdvi'rrd  liy  IJrassciir. 

1"  M(  iimrias  para  la  Ihsturia  del  Antiguo  Ileynn  dc  Giiatcitiala.  i'tua- 
ti'iimla,  IS")'.*. 

"  <  '(iii.s/ihieioiirs  Dioee.'iana.t  dr!  Oln'spiafo  dr  ('/u'a/tpas.     Rdiiic,  170'J. 

''^  \'(il.  iii,  of  II  Ilistciry  of  ( 'liin|iiis  aiiil  ( iiiatiMiuila,  fmiiid  liy  Sclicr/cv  iit 
till'  I  iiivcr.>*ity  of  Suu  Ciiiloa.     Sec  Miiiicuc:,  Ui^t.  Ltd.  Ut'.at.,  iip.  viii.,  xiii- 


SECONDARY  AUTHORITIES. 


140 


heir  con- 

•itiiig«  i>t' 

other  iiu- 

t  a  Spaii- 

h  authors 

Liid  wrote 

iformatioii 

neiitioned, 

jiiists,  and 

;rs.     Most 

Liong  other 

•tyr,  Frau- 

n-rcra,  aiul 

5th.  Cath- 
or  were  m 

•  ill  remote 

Lis,    Oajaca, 

ces  of  New 

iteenth  and 
of  the  cou- 
uuiny  cases 
Muations  o'i 
Xo  the  pos- 
such  works 
never  hecu 
ters  of  this 
Cogolhuh', 
^,)to-Mayov, 
v''  Fuentes 
ti'a  Pehie/J' 
Fraiu'is-o 

b'   and  An- 

Vonnc  »l  .SVn^"'" 
liirmaln,  MS.  iu 
[i.iuel  KiuKil'""' 
t,t«€iiinl(i.     *'■"•'• 

L  l.v  Sflu-v/i'i  :it 


tonio  do  Remesal,  on  Chiapas;  Ribas,  Alegro,  and 
Arrieivita  on  the  north-western  j)rovinees;  and  Fran- 
cisco de  Burgoa  on  Oajaca.  To  tlie  above  should  be 
added  the  reguUir  records  kept  in  all  the  missions, 
and  the  numerous  letters  and  reports  of  the  mission- 
aries in  distant  provinces,  many  of  which  have  been 
jireserv'ed,  and  not  a  few  printed.  There  may  als;> 
l)e  included  in  this  class  the  writings  of  some  later 
;^[e.\ican  authors,  such  as  Boturini,  Sigiienza  y  Gon- 
H'ora,  Veytia,  Leon  y  Gama,  and  Clavigero.  Their 
works  were  mostly  founded  on  the  information  sup- 
plied by  their  predecessors,  which  they  did  much  to 
arrange  and  classify,  but  they  also  had  access  to  some 
original  authorities  not  previously  used.  Clavigei'o  i-i 
ulninst  universally  s[)okon  of  as  the  best  writer  on  tlij 
sul)joct,  but  it  is  probable  that  he  owes  his  reiiutation 
iiuR'h  more  to  his  systematic  arrangement  and  clear 
narration  of  traditions  that  had  before  been  u'reatlv 
confused,  and  to  the  omission  of  the  most  perplexing 
and  contradictory  points,  than  to  deep  research  or  new 
discoveries. 

The  preceding  classes  include  all  the  original  au- 
tlinrities,  that  is,  all  founded  on  information  not  acces- 
sihle  to  later  writers.  These  works  have  been  the 
I'uundatioii  of  all  that  has  been  written  since,  except 
what  has  been  developed  from  linguistic  and  other 
scientific  researches.  All  that  mouern  authors  have 
doiK'  may  be  followed  step  by  step,  their  facts  as  well 
as  tJieir  coiKlusions. 

Of  the  secondary  authorities  already  alluded  to,  the 
condition  and  institutions  of  the  natives,  with  the 
material  relics  of  their  past,  not  much  need  be  said. 
It  is  only  indirectly  by  means  of  coin[)arisons  that 
these  authorities  can  lielj)  us  in  the  study  of  history. 
Kow  little  they  I'an  teach  unaided  is  illustrated  in  the 
case  of  the  wild  tribes,  for  whose  history  they  are 
practically  the  only  authorities.  In  ]\Iexico  and  Cen- 
tral America  the  state  of  civilizatit)n  as  shown  in  na- 
tive art,  religion,  government,  or  manners  and  customs, 


ti: 


ir^o 


INTRODUCTORY  TO  ABORIGINAL  HISTORY. 


\¥    n 


may  indicate  by  resemblances  or  dissimilaritiesaconnoc- 
tion  or  want  of  it  between  the  different  civilized  tribes, 
and  may  thus  corroborate  or  modify  their  written  an- 
nals; it  may  even  throw  some  light  on  tiie  unity  or 
diversity  of  its  own  origin  by  showing  the  nature  of 
the  connection  between  the  Nahua  and  Maya  cultures, 
in  which  striking  resemblances  as  well  as  contrasts 
are  observed.  Outside  of  the  regions  mentioned  mIh  lo 
there  were  no  tangible  records,  we  can  only  search 
among  ^he  wilder  tribes  for  points  of  likeness  by 
whicii  to  attach  their  past  to  that  of  the  civilized  na- 
tious.  It  may  be  foreseen  that  the  results  of  such  a 
search  will  be  but  meagre  and  unsatisfoctory,  yet  on 
several  important  branches  of  the  subject,  such  as  the 
relation  borne  by  the  Mound-Builders  and  Pueblos  to 
the  southern  nations,  it  furnishes  our  only  light. 

Of  the  historical  aids  now  under  consideration,  eth- 
nology proper,  the  study  of  physical  and  mental  char- 
acteristics, has  yielded  and  promises  apparently  tho 
least  important  results.  In  tact,  as  has  been  already 
pointed  out  in  another  part  of  this  work,  it  has  hardly 
acquired  the  right  to  be  classed  among  the  sciences,  so 
far  as  its  application  to  the  American  people  is  con- 
cerned. Theoretically  it  may,  in  a  more  perfect  state 
of  development  than  now  exists,  throw  some  light  on 
the  route  and  order  of  American  migrations,  possiMy 
on  the  question  of  origin;  thus  far,  however,  ethno- 
logical studies  have  been  practically  fruitless.  Results 
obtained  from  a  comparison  of  the  miscellaneous  arts 
and  customs  of  various  tribes  have  likewise  furnisliod 
and  will  continue  to  furnish  but  very  slight  assistance 
ill  historical  investigations.  Resemblances  and  dis- 
similarities in  these  respects  depend  intimately  on  cn- 
viroument,  which  in  comparatively  short  periods  works 
the  most  striking  changes.  Strongly  marked  analo- 
gies are  noted  in  tribes  that  never  came  in  contact 
with  each  other,  while  contrasts  as  marked  appear  in 
pe()[)le  but  a  short  time  separated.  Under  tlie  same 
circumstances,  after  all,  men  do  about  the  same  things, 


LAXC  UAGE  AS  A  HISTORICAL  AUTHOIUTY. 


151 


iconnco- 

!Cl  triV)LS, 

tten  an- 

unity  t)v 

lature  of 

cultures, 

contrasts 

ed  where 

ily  search 

Lcness  by 

alizecl  ua- 

of  such  a 

•y,  yet  ou 

uch  as  the 

Pueblos  to 

ight. 

•ation,  eth- 

ental  char- 

ireiitly  the 

ien  ah-eady 
has  hardly 
iciencos,  so 

Iple  is  cou- 
ii-tect  state 
\e  light  <Mi 
is,  possibly 
or,  ethuo- 
Is.    Results 
.neous  aits 
b  furnished 
isistaiK-e 

Is  and  di^- 
xly  on  eu- 
liods  wt)rks 
Iked  analo- 
in  contact 
appear  iu 
the  same 
luie  thiui;^ 


the  mind  originating  like  inventions;  and  coincidences 
iu  arts  and  customs,  unless  of  an  extraordinary  nature, 
may  he  more  safely  attributed  to  an  independent  ori- 
gin resulting  from  environment,  than  to  international 
itluntity  or  connection.  That  language  is  by  far  the 
l)est  of  these  secondary  authorities  is  conceded  by  all. 
No  better  proof  of  relationship  between  native  tribes 
can  be  desired  than  the  fact  that  they  speak  the  same 
language,  or  dialects  showing  clear  verbal  and  con- 
stiuetive  resemblances.  The  most  prominent  abuse 
of  this  authority  has  been  a  disposition  to  connect  the 
past  of  tribes  in  whose  languages  slight  and  forced 
verbal  similarities  are  pointed  out.  There  is  also 
.some  difference  of  opinion  about  the  use  of  tlie  author- 
ity. That  two  tribes  speaking  the  same  languages  or 
similar  dialects  have  had  a  common  origin,  or  have  at 
least  been  intimately  connected  in  the  past,  as  tribes, 
is  evident;  but  how  far  back  that  origin  or  connection 
may  extend,  whether  it  may  reach  back  through  the 
ages  to  the  first  division  of  the  human  race,  or  even 
to  the  first  subdivision  of  the  American  peoples,  is  a 
disj)uted  point.  Fortunately  the  doubts  that  have 
l)eeii  raised  concern  chietly  the  question  of  origin, 
which  for  other  reasons  cannot  yet  be  settled. 


13 


"  fiaiijruajics,  '  the  most  ancient  liistorical  monuments  of  nations.'  'If 
in  liic  |iiiil(isii[(iiical  study  of  the  structure  of  lan;,'ua;j;es,  tlie  auaio;;y  of  a 
few  iiMits  acquires  value  only  when  they  can  lie  j^e<i;frai)liically  connected 
liip'tlit'i-,  neither  is  the  want  of  resemlilance  in  roots  any  very  stroiij;  proof 
a.:aiiiNt  the  coinnion  orifjin  of  nations.'  HiunhoUlfs  Peru.  Nar.,  vol.  v.,  jip. 
1  l.'t,  '.'".t.'i.  Lan^Jtnajje,  'which  usually  cxhihits  traces  of  its  orii^in,  evcu 
when  the  scieiu'c  niul  literature,  that  are  enihodied  in  it,  have  widely  di- 
veriicd.'  Pir.^roft's  ^fr.l•.,  vol.  iii.,  ]).  394.  'In  the  ahsence  of  historical  evi- 
ilciice,  laMj:uaj:e  is  the  best  test  of  eonsan<;uinity;  there  are  reasons  why 
vliiiiate  siiould  alter  the  ])hvsical  character,  hut  it  does  not  apjiear  that  tho 
laiii,'iia,ue  would  he  materially  urtected  hy  such  local  inilnence.'  I'virhnrd'n 
Slit.  Ili.sf.  Mini,  vol.  i.,  p.  xvi.  '  Efeetivameute,  la  historia  ]ior  si  sola  nada 
uiis  (loscuhre  acereii  del  ori}j;cu  do  las  naciones,  muv  ])oco  nos  en.'^ena  sohro 
la  mczi  la  v  confusion  da  las  razas,  casi  nada  nos  dice  de  las  emi;;racioue.s 
iK'  Ins  )iueliios,  nueutras  todo  esto  lo  es|)licaadmirablemente  elaiullisis  y  In 
invest ii,facion  del  lil6lo<fo.'  Piiiiciitcl,  JJi.srurso,  in  .Soc.  Mt\v.  (•rixj.,  liolvtin, 
tuMi,  \iii.,  jip.  ,'?(i7-8.  'The  problem  of  the  common  orif^in  of  lanjj;ua}jes  has  no 
ii('('cs>arv  ciinnection  with  the  problem  of  the  coninion  ori;,qn  of  maidvind. 
•  ..The  .silence  of  lau};'uage  and  tiu;  scieiu'e  of  Kthnoloj^'y  have  both  suf- 
fi'icd  iiKist  sevendy  from  liein;,'  mixed  up  toijether.  The  classilication  of 
laii-  ami  linij,Mui;j;es,  should  be  (piite  in<le]iendent  of  each  other.  liaces  may 
^■li.iii^c  their  lani^iuiye  and  history  supplies  us  with  several  iustauces  whero 


?('::§ 


!    -.'!    ! 


I  r 


152 


INTRODUCTORY  TO  ABORIGINAL  HISTORY. 


Havinjj  thus  jjiven  a  sketch  of  the  sources  to  which 

• 

we  may  look  for  all  that  is  known  and  has  been  con- 
jectured respecting  the  American  past,  I  shall  pro- 
ceed to  place  before  the  reader  in  the  remaining  chaj)- 
ters  of  my  work  what  these  authorities  reveal  on  the 
subject.  I  have  not,  I  believe,  exaggerated  their 
value,  but  fully  comprehend  the  unsubstantial  charac- 
ter Avhich  must  be  attributed  to  many  of  them.  I 
am  well  aware  that  aboriginal  American  history,  lik(3 
the  ancient  Egyptian  and  Hebrew  annals,  differs  ma- 
terially in  its  nature  and  degree  of  accuracy  from  the 
history  of  England  since  the  expedition  of  William 
the  Conqueror,  or  of  Mexico  since  the  Conquest  by 
Hernan  Cortes.  I  do  not  propose  to  record  such  events 
only  as  may  be  made  to  conform  to  the  modern  idea 
of  chronologic  exactitude,  rejecting  all  else  as  fabu- 
lous and  mythic.  Were  such  my  purpose,  a  chapter 
on  the  sul»ject  already  given  in  the  second  volunicj 
would  suffice,  Avith  some  contraction  for  the  eai'lier 
epochs,  and  a  corresponding  expansion,  perliaps,  fur 
Aztec  history  during  the  century  immediately  pre- 
ceding the  Conquest.  On  the  contrary,  I  shall  tell 
the  tale  as  I  find  it  recorded,  mingled  as  it  doubtless 
is  at  many  points  with  myth  and  fable,  and  shall  re- 
count, as  others  have  done,  the  achievements  of  hei'ucs 
that  possibly  never  lived,  the  wanderings  of  tribes 
who  never  left  their  original  homes.  It  is  not  in  a 
spirit  of  real  or  feigned  credulity  that  I  adopt  this 
course, — on  the  contrary,  I  wish  to  clearly  discriminato 
between  fact  and  fancy  wherever  such  discrimination 
le,  and  so  far  as  an  extensive 


may  be  po;^ 


idy 


my  subject  may  enable  me  to  do  so — but  it  is  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  general  plan  of  the  whole  work  to 
record  all  that  's  found,  rejecting  only  what  may  he 
proven  false  and  valueless  rather  than  what  may  pos- 
sibly be  so. 


one  race  luloiitinl  the  Ijiii^^uai^e  of  another.  DifTerent  laii;;iia;j;es,  tlieri'fuR', 
may  he  spoKeii  hy  diU'erent  riu'es;  so  that  any  atteiiijit  at  scuiariii^'  tin' 
chissilicatioii  of  races  aiultoiiyues  must  necessarily  fail."  MidUr's  >Scininif 
Lawj,,  vol.  i.,  PI),  3-'G-7. 


TREATMENT  OF  THE  SUBJECT. 


153 


to  wliicli 
ecn  cou- 
lall  pro- 
ng chap- 
il  on  the 
,ed   their 
lI  charac- 
them.     I 
tory,  like 
iffers  ma- 
from  tlio 
'  William 
iquest  l>y 
ich  events 
dern  idea 
I  as  fabu- 
a  chapter 
id  volume 
,he  earlier 
n'haps,  i'ur 
ately  pre- 
shall  tell 
doubtless 
shall  re- 
of  heroes 
of  tribes 
not  in  a 
idopt  this 
loriminate 
iminatiou 
study  <»l' 
is  in  ao- 
work  to 
t  may  bo 
may  pos- 
ies, tlu'vcfiiii', 


lsi|U:U'Ui; 


1 1 10 


»''a'  ,'icinfCKj 


I  have  compared  the  American  past  to  a  dark  sea, 
from  the  bluliF  coast  line  of  which  projects  an  occa- 
.sioiial  cape  terminating  in  precipitous  cliffs,  quick- 
sands, and  sunken  rocks,  beyond  which  some  faint 
lights  are  floated  by  buoys.  The  old  authors,  as  Tor- 
quemada,  Clavigero,  and  Veytia,  had  but  little  difli- 
oulty  in  crossing  from  the  headlands  to  the  tower  of 
Bal>el  bevond  the  Sea  of  Darkness;  thev  told  the 
htory,  fables  and  all,  with  little  discrimination  save 
here  and  there  the  rejection  of  a  tale  infringing  ap- 
jiarently  on  orthodoxy,  or  the  expression  of  a  doubt 
as  to  the  literal  acceptation  of  some  marvelous  occur- 
rence. Of  modern  authors,  those  who,  like  Wilson, 
lefuse  to  venture  upon  the  projecting  capes  of  solid 
rock  and  earth,  who  utterly  reject  the  Aztec  civiliza- 
tion with  all  its  records,  are  few,  and  at  this  day  their 
writings  may  be  considered  as  unworthy  of  serious 
notice.  Other  writers,  of  wdiom  Gallatin  is  a  speci- 
men, venture  boldly  from  the  main  coast  to  the  ex- 
tremity of  each  projecting  point,  and  acknowledge  tho 
existence  of  the  rocks,  sands,  and  buoys  beyond,  but 
decline  to  attempt  their  passage,  doubting  their  se- 
curity. These  men,  in  favor  of  whose  method  there 
is  much  to  be  said,  accept  the  annals  of  the  later  Az- 
tec periods,  but  look  Avitli  distrust  upon  the  traditions 
of  the  Chichimec,  Toltec,  and  Olmec  epochs;  and 
hardly  see  in  the  far  distance  the  twinkling  floating 
lights  that  shine  from  Votan's  Enq)ire  of  Xibalba. 
Tlien  there  are  writers  who  are  continually  dreaming 
they  have  found  secure  footing  by  routes  previously 
unknown,  from  rock  to  rock  and  through  the  midst  of 
shifting  sands.  Such  are  the  advocates  of  s]X'cial 
theories  of  American  history  resting  on  newly  discov- 
ered authorities  or  new  readings  of  old  ones.  Thev 
oarefull}'^  sift  out  such  mythic  traditions  as  fit  their 
tiieories,  convertini>'  them  into  incontiovertible  facts, 

unworthy  of  notice  ;  these,  how- 
the  matter  of  origin. 
Lisseur   de   Bi^urbouru", 


_j 


ini 


INTRODUCTORY  TO  AI^ORIGINAL  HlfJTORV. 


rather  a  class  by  liim.solf,  ])orlia]^s,  tluui  the  ropresout- 
ativc  of  a  class.  This  author  to  speak  with  a  degituj 
of  exai;!4eration,  steps  out  without  hesitation  1V(>iii 
rock  to  rock  over  the  deep  "waters;  to  hiui  the  hanks 
of  sliiftinij;'  quicksand,  if  soniewhat  treacherous  about 
the  edi^es,  aie  firm  land  in  the  central  })arts;  to  him 
the  fi'intest  huoy-supported  stars  are  a  blaze  of  noon- 
day s  ui;  and  only  on  the  floating-  masses  of  sea-weed 
far  oi  t  on  the  waters  lighted  uj)  by  dim  phosphores- 
cent r  'tlections,  does  he  admit  that  his  footing  is  be- 
coming insecure  and  the  light  grows  I'aint.  In  other 
words,  he  accepts  the  facts  recorded  by  precediii^;- 
authors,  arranges  them  often  with  great  wisdom  and 
discrimination,  ingeniously  finds  a  historic  record  in 
traditions  by  others  regarded  as  pure  fal)les,  and  thus 
]>ushes  his  roearch  far  beyo?ul  the  limits  previously 
reachvd.  ]Ie  rejects  nothing,  but  transforms  eveiy- 
thing  into  historic  facts. 

In  the  present  sketch  I  wish  to  imitate  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  the  writers  of  each  class  mentioned, 
except  perhaps  the  s[)ecialists,  for  I  have  no  theoiy 
to  dii'end,  1ku«.'  found  no  new  bright  sun  to  iiiumine 
what  has  ever  Dceii  dark.  With  tiie  S})anish  writi  rs 
I  would  tell  all  that  the  natives  told  as  histoiy,  and 
that  without  constantly  reminding  the  re;ider  tiiat 
the  sun  d'ui  not  jU'obably  st.md  still  in  the  hea\ens, 
that  giants  did  not  Hourish  in  America,  tiiat  tlm 
'i'oltcc  kings  ;ind  prophets  did  not  live  to  the  age  ol' 
sevi'ral  hundred  vears,  and  otherwise  wai'.iing  him 
against  what  he  is  in  no  danger  whateNcr  of  accept- 
ing as  ti'uth.  With  Wilson  and  his  class  of  anti- 
(juarian  sceptics  I  would  feel  no  hesitatiiJU  in  reject- 
ing the  shallow  theories  and  lancies  evolved  hy 
certain  writers  I'rom  their  own  brain.  With  (jialla- 
lin  r  wish  to  discriminate  clearly,  when  such  dis- 
crimination is  called  for  and  j)ossiuIe,  between  the 
historic  and  the  probably  mythic;  to  indicate  lli*! 
boundarv  between  iiini  land  and  treacherous  «iuick- 


sand;    but  also  like  IJrasse 


ur 


dd 


• 


the 

and 
self 
Serlii 
solid 


would  pass  Uey oui 


m 


TllEATMENT  OF  THE  SinJECT. 


155 


till'  firm  land,  spring  from  rock  to  rock,  "waclo  tliroiii^li 
^liirtiii!4"  sands,  swim  to  the  fartliost,  faintest,  light, 
uiid  catch  at  stnuvs  hy  tlic  way ;  yet  not  tlattcr  my- 
srlf  Avhilc  thus  employed,  as  the  abbe  occasionally 
set  ins  to  do,  that  I  am  treading  dry-shod  on  a  Avide, 
solid,  and  well-lighted  highway. 


CHAPTER   III. 


THE    PRE-TOLTEC    rEKIOD    OF    ABORIGINAL   HISTORY. 


SlTiniVISION  OF  THK  StlUrXT— TZENDAT,    TRADrTION  OK  Ttffi  VoTAMf 
IvMI'IHK        VOTAX'S      I'.OOK     ANIi     ITS     ToNTKNTS     AS      HKl'OKTKH     l!V 

NiSkz  i)e  la  Ykga,  Cabkicha,   and  OunoiSjKz  — TKsrtMosv  oi- 

MaNNKKS     and     CrSTOMS,     KKMOION,     LaXCUAOKS,     AXI)     Mum  . 

MKNTs  oi-  TiiK  Ci\  ii,izi;n  Nation ^  i{K.sri;(TJX(i  tiik  ritiMiiivi; 
Mava  ricoin.KS— Thk  tiiiriiK.  Kk(  ohd,   or   Poi'or.  Viii    ('nil.- 

IZIXO  EkKOIM'S  ok  (IrC'tMATZ  AXI)  HIS  Foi.LOWKltS  —  Exri.iiiT< 
OK  IlL'NAHPU  AXI)  Xl!AI-AXl>rK--('OXQrKSf  OF  XlIIAI.UA— Ml(il! A- 
TION   FROM   Tt;i.AN    ZlIVA,   THK    SKVKX   CaVKS— MkAXIXO  OK   Till; 

QricHK  Tradition  -  Nahua  Trauitioxs  — Thk  Toi;nx'.s  ix  'l\- 

MOAXCilAN     ACCOUDIXO     TO     SAHAGIX  -  ThK     CoUKK     ClIIM Al.i'd. 

FOCA-  rRi:-T;)i,TKc  Nations  in  .Mkxico  — Olm^/s  axi»  .\'ir\- 
t,an('AS— Thk  QiiXAMKS  ~  Chomla  A\n  Qn:T/Ar/'OATi,-  Tin; 
ToTONACs  —  Ti;oTiiifAr'AN  —  Otom/s,  Miztkcs,  /aI'OTKCS.  ami 
HiA.sTKCH  — Tiik  Toi,tkcs  in  HrKiin;  Ti.ai-ai.lan -MuiRATuiN 
TO  AxAiiUAf  — Thk  rHKiUMix.s    ix  AMA<ir»:.MKr  \x  —  Am  ikm 

HoMK  OF  THK  XaHLATI-AI'AS  AND  A/TKCS— I'HIMITIVK  AXNALS 
OK    VrCATAX— €oN(T-U«ION.S, 

In  (>/4^^r  to  rondtT  nion;  vivid  than  it.  ''ould  otlxT- 
"wim  imvc  'li'-^'it  H  jiirturc  of  \idnia  aii'd  Muva  iiisri- 
iuiUfm  m  l.ii*'/ \vur<i  loimd  in  thu  >'ixt(H'i»tli\,  ;,tinv. 
I  Ii;i\('  4('V'ot.<><4  otic  c]i:iittvr  '/f  h  pr'V'<'diii;4'  volimic  t^ 
an  oHi'  \lc\v  of  nhiing'mnl  InsUny;  to  fill  in  ,>>«•  t';ir 
an  ]»(»,„  i.M.  its  4otaii#^  m  my  n'mmmw^  tjisk.  Tlu' 
skitcli  alUidt'd  t<}  will  ^'rvo  cowv^'infut  Imtu,  -imv 
it  will  on«lj4<'.  ffm  §i,  tm/ixAtn  pointH  ttp  rofcr  ind  Hi 
yil)lv  and  vet   hrU-liy  i/)>  eyciit*  mmioW'hk^^  iu  advaiM  ■ 


DIVISION  OF  THE  SllUKC'I'. 


nf  llifir  cliroiioloo-io  order.  As  has  l)eoii  stated,  the 
>i\th  centuiy  is  the  most  remote  period  to  which  we 
■AW  carried  in  the  annals  of  Anilhiuie  by  traditions 
Mitiicicntly  definite  to  l)e  considered  in  a  strict  sense 
IIS  hist(»ric  records.  Prior  to  the  sixtli  century  tliere 
were  (louhtless  other  periods  of  Nahua  oreatness,  for 
tliric  is  Httle  evidence  to  indicatt)  that  this  was  the 
lir>r  appearance  in  Mexico 


of  th 


IS 


pr 


Oirressive  i)eo 


])eop! 


lut  |irtvious  development  cannot  be  definitely  tol- 
lowcd  -in  a  historical  st;nse — althoun'h  aflTordin^'  oc- 
,  asioiial  u'lirnpses  Avhich  sup})ly  interesting  matter  for 
aiitiiiiiarian  s])eculation. 

Ill  tlie  southern  reo-ions,  where  the  Maya  culture 
lluurished,  or  what  may  be  considered  geographically  as 
'  riitral  America,  wo  have  seen  that  the  chi'onoloiiic 


Vi  vord  is  milt 


■h  1 


ess  ext*  II.  t' 


and 


I  ))erfect  even  than  in 


the  north,  taking'  us  back  oi  an  oft-l)roken  line  onlv  a 
f  wceiituriesbevond  the  C'oniii.'St.  Yetwehavecauu'ht 
triditinnal  glimpses  far  back  in  the  misty  }»ast  of  a 
iiiiglity  aboriginal  em])ir(;  in  these  tropical  lands,  of  the 
V  aud  grander  stages  of  ^Faya  cultui'c,  of  \'()tan, 


ariK 


Xibnii 


la.  ot  e\  en  tlie  'ariv 


th 


pel 


iods  of  Nahua  ci\ili/a- 


rinii   and    pt)wer.     I*alen(pu',    (Jopan,   and  tlieir  com- 
in  iiiin,  the  wondeH'ul  material  monuments  ot' 
icnt  e[)och,  proving  it  to  be  no  mere;  creation 


jiani'ins 
the  am 


111'  the  imagination,  have  been  described  and  pi<'tured. 
With  (he  breaking-U])  of  the  Maya  emjiirt!  into  sej)- 
tr  nations  at  an  unknown  dale,  the  aboriginal  his- 


;ira 


e  ceases,  an<l  down 


id. 


till y  of  (  V'litral  America  as  a  whol 
til  a  period  closely  ])roceding  the  ('iHupiest,  we  have 
eiily  an  occasional  event,  the  meinoiy  of  which  is  pre- 
H'l'Ncd  in  the  trachtions  of  two  or  three  nations. 


The  liistoiy  of  the  Native  IJaci's  may  Ik^  most  con 
\iiii 'iidy  subdivided  as  ibllows;      1st.   The  Pre  Toltec 
I'ti'ioij,  embracing  tlu-  semi-mythic  traditions  ol'  the 
earliest   civili/.ation,    extending   down    to  a  date     al 
ways   preceding   the   sixth    c(>ntury,    but    vai-ying    in 
'III!' Teiit  parts  of  the  territory      when   the  more  prop 


158 


THE  PRE-TOLTEC  PEllIOD. 


crly  lilstoric  annals  of  the  diff'erent  nations  begin,  and 
including  also  the  few  traditions  referring  to  pre-Tol- 
tec  nations  north  of  Tehuantepec.  2d.  The  Toltcc 
Period,  referring  like  the  two  following  periods  to 
Auilhuac  alone,  and  extending  down  to  the  eleventh 
century.  3d.  The  Chichiniec  Period,  extending  fiuni 
the  eleventh  century  to  the  formation  of  the  tri-partite 
alliance  between  the  Aztecs,  Acolhuas,  and  Tepaiiecs 
in  the  fifteenth  century.  4th.  The  Aztec  Period, 
that  of  Aztec  supremacy  during  the  century  preced- 
ing the  Conquest.  5th.  The  annals  of  such  Nahua 
nations  outside  the  limits  of  the  Aztec  Empire  i)roj)ei' 
as  cannot  be  conveniently  included  in  tlie  preceding- 
divisions.  Gth.  Historical  traditions  of  the  Wild 
Tribes  of  the  north.  7th.  The  Quiche-Cakchiiiui  1 
nations  of  Guatemala.  8th.  Miscellaneous  nations 
and  tribes  of  Central  America.  9th.  The  Maya  na- 
tions  of  Yucatan. 

The  first  division,  the  Pre-Toltec  Period,  to  wlndi 
the  i)resent  chapter  is  devoted,  will  include  the  few 
vague  traditions  that  seem  to  point  to  the  cradle  ol' 
.Vmerican  civilization,  to  the  Votanic  empire,  to  Xi 
Italba,  and  to  the  deeds  of  the  civilizers,  or  culture- 
heroes,  in  Tabasco  and  Cliiapas.     AVho  can  estimate 
the  volumes  that  would  be  re(|uired  for  a  full  nai'ia- 
tion  of  all  that  actually  occurred  within  this  }>eii«id, 
had  tlie  record  been  made  or  [treserved; — the  develop 
nient,  from  gi'rms  whctse  nature  is  unknown,  of  Ani.i' 
ican    civilization;    the    struggles   anil   misfortunes   nt' 
infant  colonies;  the  i!xploits  of  native  hei'oes;  plots  ot' 
and)ition,  glorious  success,  utter  failure;  the  rise  and 
fall  of  jtrinces  and  of  em])ires;  wars,  triumphs,  dc 
feats;  oppi-ession    and    revolt;  political    comhinatiiins 
and.   intrigues;    ri'ligious   stiile    between    the    i'anatic 
di'Votees  of  rival  divinities;  seasons  of  [denty  and  nf 
famine;  eartlKpudce,  llood,  and  pestilence — a  tangled 


network  of  events  sju-ead  over  the  centuries;  -to 
late  all  that  we  may  know  of  it  a  chajttt'r  will  sutli 


t  c, 


Ynt: 

and 

'•ana 

Mav 

'citv 

j'nr 

founc 

wliich 

ants 

i'egai'( 

Anici-" 

culture 

Ills  con 

l'ch'i;'i(ii 

jM'eserv 

(he  inti 

over,  a( 

sea  IVoi 

started 

saiT  to 

ti'I'loils  \ 

ica  to  hi, 

.i^raw'ly 

''^^iiliiuion 

1 1,1 1. el. 
l"'Ojl|i'   he 

|'"i'ti(inin 

illstlllcti.; 

til  adiiji( ; 

wards  tht 
a  new  I(;ii 
I' 'Wed  to  .V 
ciifeiprise 
\>n\\vf  ha'.l 
.illii'd  iiioi 
•^''K'lian,  (I 
"lid  ('hi(p 
'  V..1,  iii,. 


VOTAN  AND  HIS  DEEDS. 


lo9 


T  liavc  told  in  another  volume  tlie  mj-tluc  tale  of 
Yotan/  the  culture-hero,  how  he  came  to  America 
and  apportioned  the  land  amonuf  tlie  people.  He 
<;aiie  by  divine  command  from  Valum  Chivim  by 
■way  of  Valum  Votan,  built  a  i^reat  city  of  Nachan, 
'citv  of  the  serpents' — so  called  from  his  own  name, 
for  he  was  of  the  race  of  Chan,  a  Ser})ent — and 
i'ounded  a  great  empire  in  the  Usumacinta  region, 
wlilch  he  seems  to  have  ruh'd  over  as  did  his  descend- 
ants or  followers  for  many  centuries.  He  was  not 
regarded  in  the  native  traditions  as  the  first  man  in 
Aiiiei'ica;  he  found  the  country  peopled,  as  did  all  the 
culture-heroes,  but  by  his  teachings  and  by  the  aid  of 
his  companions  he  firmly  estaljlished  his  own  ideas  of 
religion  and  government.  So  far  as  his  memory  was 
])reserved  by  tradition  he  ^vas  a  civilizer,  a  law-giver, 
the  introducer  of  the  !N[aya  culture,  worshii)cd  more- 
over, after  his  disaj)pearaiice,  as  a  god.  He  came  by 
sea  from  tlie  east,  but  with  the  localitv  whence  he 
started  I  have  nothing  to  do  here;  neither  is  it  neces- 
sary to  indulge  in  speculation  respecting  the  four  mys- 
toi'ious  visits  which  he  ]>ai(l  after  his  arrival  in  Amer- 
ica to  his  original  home  in  the  Old  World,  where  it  is 
giavoly  asserted  he  was  present  at  the  building  of 
Sdloinon's  tem])le  and  saw  the  ruins  of  tlu^  tower  of 
llabcl.  His  reported  acts  in  the  New  AVorld,  whose 
]ic(»|)le  he  came  to  civilize,  were; — the  dividing  <»rap- 
)iiiit inning  of  the  lands  among  the  ]ieoplc ;  their 
instruction  in  the  new  institutions  they  wiic  iXMjiiiittl 
til  ;i(|opt ;  the  building  of  a  great  city,  Nachan,  after- 
wards the  metro[)olis  of  an  cni[)ire;  the  reception  of 
a  new  band  of  disciples  of  his  own  race,  who  wi-re  al- 
lowed to  share  in  the  success  already  aehie\e(l  by  liis 
enterprise;  the  subdivitling  of  his  empir«>  after  its 
[tower  had  become  wide-sjtread  in  the  laiul  into  several 
iillied  monarchies  subordinat(>  in  a  certain  degix-e  to 
Xachaii,  among  whose  cai)italH  were  Tulan.  Maya])an, 
ami  ( 'hi(juimula;  the  construction  of  a  subterranean 

'  N  111   iii..  |>,   l.'iO,  ol  HL'ii. 


.  .i      "          Is 

M  .->  .    ; 

:fi'';i:'-/'   .- 

.  j.^ , 


In 


i 


f'lj   '^5 


J'ii 


u  m\ 
r  if! 


ir.o 


THE  PllE-TOLTEC  rERIOD. 


road  or  'snake  hole'  from  the  barranca  of  Zuijiil  to 
Tzc([uil;  tlic!  deposit  of  a  groat  treasure  \vitli  tapirs  as 
sacred  animals  in  a  'house  of  ^loom'  at  Hueluietaii 
in  Socomisco,  protected  by  guardians  called  (hipiancs, 
at  \vhosL"  head  was  a  Lady  Su]ierior;  and  linally  the 
writing  of  a  'book'  in  which  was  inscribed  a  complete 
record  of  all  l>e  Jiad  done,  with  a  defense  or  proof  uf 
liis  claims  to  hv.  C(;nsidered  one  of  the  Chanes,  or  Ser- 
pents.^ 

This  d(H?ument  is  the  authority,  indirectly,  for 
nearly  all  that  is  known  from  Tzendal  sources  of  Yo- 
tan  and  his  empire,  Francisco  Nunez  de  la  Vv-^a, 
liishoii  of  Chia])as,  claims  to  have  had  in  his  posses- 
sion'' and  to  have  read  this  histoi'ical  tract.  He  du(;:< 
not  describe  it,  but  from  his  having  been  able  to  read 
the  contents,  it  vv'ould  seem  to  have  been,  if  genuiiic. 
not  the  original  in  hieroij'lvphics  l;ut  an  intenjretatiou 
in  Euro])ean  letters,  althougli  still  perha])s  in  the 
'r/eiidal  language.  Of  the  conte'its,  besides  a  general 
statement  of  Votan's  cominn'  as  the  Jii'st  man  sent  liv 
( lod  to  portion  out  the  land,  and  some  of  his  experi- 
( iK'os  in  the  Old  World,  this  author  says  notliiiii: 
Infinite.  He  claims  to  have  had  nmch  kiKtwledgt;  nl 
Tzendal  anti(juity  derived  from  the  v.ork  mentitund 
and  other  native  writings,  but  he  feared  to  j)er[)etiiate 
this  knowledge  lest  it  might  "confii'm  more  sti'oiii^lv 
an  idolatrous  su])erstition."  He  is  the  only  authority 
for  tlie  de[)osit  of  the  treasure  in  the  J)ark  House  at 
Hucliuetan,  without  saying  exjtressly  that  he  deriviil 
Jiis  information  from  X'otan's  writings.  This  ti'eaMUv, 
consisting  of  aboriginal  relics,  the  bishop  ielt  it  to  Ic 
his  (hity  to  destroy,  and  it  was  ])ublicly  burned  in 
I  GDI.  It  is  not  altogetht  improbable  that  a  gemniir 
^faya  doctiment  similar  to  the  Mdiniscrljif  Troano^^y 
Dresden  C(>(l<'.f,^  preserved  from  the  early  times,  may 

*  Oiiloficz  flutes  in  iitic  |iiii(  of  liis  wuilv  tliiil   lliis  rccnnl  was  iint  writ 

ten  liy  Niihiu  liiiUNcir,  liiil  liv  his  lU'scciiilniit  in  tlic  ('i;.;iilli  iir  niiitli  '^ ii- 

tion.    ftrii.i.iiiir  i/r  Itiiiirliiiiini,  in  J'apo/  I'lili,  \\.  Iwxvii. 

'  Ciiiislitiiiiuiiis    Ih'iici  sdiKI/t  iltl  (llti.'ijiiitli)  (/t  C/liiiji/ii(S,      JiiillU',    !"ii'- 

<  Sor  \<i|,  ii.,  ])|).  771    1. 


; 


liave   1 

( 'untjiii 

ish   let 

jianioii.' 

The 

writing 

last  pa: 

J  X  issessi 

native  r 

descl'ihe 

i  1)1  ins    o| 

rliai'acti 
of  its  h; 
'-ilyphics 
Maipt,  a 
ri\al   wi 
tile  Lnid 
rereptiol 
<if  his  V( 
T/,e(jllil 
and  ]-ec'o 
tliat    is, 
where    tl 
li'iuiders, 
the   havi 
the  Use  (I 
ier  (hes(« 
of  his  \v, 


■'  TiulVd 
'■  Si'c  veil. 
'  'At  tlic 
I'lil  I'lijoni's 
■■iii;jl('s:  111,.  ,,i 

I'llP'SS;    npc 
"t   riK'll   s(|ii:i 

'li''iili's  A r 

''I'lt.'iin  wild  I' 

\\  ilfll  s|„.;lki 
lllrlii  oil  til,,  I 

'i'ii  vail  an  I 
iii«'>.|y  "I'r, 
'"•'>  Ml  his  u, 


[V 

y 
ty 

at 


THE  BOOK  OF  VOTAN. 


ini 


ill 

I'lil 

lU' 

\M> 

01 

.lir 

ay 

ici- 

rii 

III. 

lir: 

lliv 

lh» 

/-•. 

li.ive  found  a  native  iiittjrpretor  at  the  time  of  tlic 
('(iiKjUfst,  and  have  esca}M;d  in  its  disguise  of  Si)an- 
ish  letters  the  destruction  that  overtook  its  C(jni- 
jiaiiioMS. 

The  next  notice  of  this  manuscript  is  found  in  tlie 
Avritinu's  of  Dr  Paul  Felix  Cahrera,^  who  in  tlie 
last  part  of  the  eigliteenth  century  found  it  in  tlie 
])()ssession  of  Don  llanion  de  Ordofioz  y  Aguiar,  a 
native  aiul  resident  of  Ciudad  Ileal  in  Chiapas."  He 
(K'sciilies  the  document  as  consisting  of  "live  or  six 
I'ulins  ol'  fonnnon  quarto  pajier,  written  in  onlinary 
cliai-acti'is  ill  the  Tzendal  language,  an  evident  proof 
(if  its  having  been  copied  from  the  original  in  hiero- 
t^lv[iliics,  shortly  after  the  conquest."^  The  nianu- 
xript,  according  to  Cahrera,  recounted  Votan's  ar- 
ri\al  with  seven  families,  to  whom  he  apportioned 
tlic  lauds;  liis  voyages  to  the  Old  World;  and  liis 
irrrptloii  of  the  new-comers.  Iteturning  from  one 
of  Ills  voyages  "lie  found  seven  othei-  families  of  the 
T/i(Hiil  nation,  who  had  joined  the  tii'.st  iuhahitants, 
and  lei-ognized  in  them  the  same  oi'igin  as  his  own, 
that  is,  of  the  Culehras.  He  speaks  of  the  ])lace 
wjicro  they  huilt  their  first  town,  which,  from  its 
ionndcrs,  received  tlie  name  of  Tzecjuil;  he  affirms 
the  !ia\ing  taught  them  refinement  of  maimers  in 
tlir  use  of  the  tahle,  tahk'-cloth,  otc;  that,  in  return 
I'nr  thrso,  they  taught  him  the  knowledge  of  (lod  and 
of  his  woi"Nhi[);    his  first  ideas  of  a   king  and  ohedi- 


■'  TnitTii  CriUrn  AvH'rfe»Ho,  {>.  32,  ct  soq, 

''  See  vol.  iv,,  ]..  'ZSil 

'  '  At  till'  tii|i  111  till'  tirst  loaf,  tlio  two  roiitinotits  nro  ))aint(Ml  in  iliircr- 

I'ciluiirs,  ill  two  small  siniai.'s,  jilaccd  |iaialUl  to  ratli  oiIut  in  tlic 
:!('s:  tlic  one  I'cpicsciitin^;  V.iiriipc,  Asia,  ami  Atiica  is  markcil  with  two 
);i' SS;  n|ion  the  iipiKT  arms  of  t  wo  Itai's  iliaw  ii  fniin  llic  o|i|in>.iic  aiij^lcs 
each  M|iiai'c,  f<iiiiiiiiL;  the  jioint  of  union  in  the  I'cntie;  thai  wliiili  in 
iitcs  .Vmcrica  has  two  SS  ]ilaec«l  Uoii/.ontail.v  on  the  Uars.  lint  I  am  not 
Iiiiii  whcihcr  niioii  the  ii|)iicr  Of  |i'\\>t  liai",  hut  I  hclicv c  upon  tin  hillcr. 
'nil  '-iieakin;;  ul  the  I'laeew  he  had  visited  on  the  (dd  continent,  he  iiiark^i 

III  nil  the  niai';;in  •>!  «'i»elt  elwipler,  villi  an  npiit:lit  S,  .ind  those  of  .\ii;e- 
v'liliaii  hori/.inlal  S.  Ilelwci-ii  these  siiiiavcs  stands  the  title  of  his 
"•    "  I'loof  that  I  am  Cnlehiii"  [<\  ^nnkel,  which  iilh-  he  pioM's  in  tin; 


t.'IA 


I  ^'1  >  I     lOOl     I  ll,0      1     til  II     ^     11  H    Ml  jl  V  <*     ^IMI  M"  '.      1^    MM    11     I  U  1'-      in-      I  '!  1  "  1  1-^     III     I  Ml 

i,\  III  his  woik,  h\  Haying  that  he  i;*  vukUu,  becuuse  lie  is  Chiviin."  Cu 
Tiidro,  pp.  HH-4, 
Vol.  V.     a 


1C2 


THE  PRE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


J  *1 


cnce  to  him;  and  that  he  was  chosen  captain  of  all 
these  nnited  families." 

Ordonez,  at  tlie  time  of  Cal)rera's  visit,  was  en- 
Cfay-cd  in  writinj*-  Ids  great  'History  of  the  Heaveti 
and  Earth,'*'  a  work,  as  the  learned  Doctor  predicts, 
to  he  "so  perfect  in  its  kind,  as  will  comjdetely  aston- 
ish the  world."  The  manuscri[)t  was  never  j)ublishcd, 
])art  of  the  hist()rical  portion  was  lost,  and  the  ro- 
niaining  fragments  or  copies  of  them  fell  into  the 
hands  of  B.-assenr  de  Jiourhonrg,  whose  writiiiys 
«'ontain  all  that  is  known  of  their  contents;  and  it 
must  be  confessed  that  from  these  fragments  little  or 
nothing  of  value  has  been  extracted  by  the  abhc 
in  addition  to  Avhat  Xufiez  de  la  Yega  and  Cabrera 
had  already  made  known.  Ordonez  was  familiar 
witli  the  Tzendal  language  and  character,  with  the 
ancient  monuments  of  his  native  state,  and  was  zeal- 
ously dovt>ted  to  anticpiai'ian  researches;  he  had  ex- 
cellent opportunities  to  collect  and  record  .such  scraps 
of  knowledge  as  the  Tzendal  tribes  had  preserved 
I'rom  the  days  of  their  ancestors'  greatness;''  l)ut  his 
tMithusiasm  seems  rather  to  have  led  him  to  protltless 
sp(>culations  on  the  original  poj)ulation  of  the  New 
World  and  "its  progress  from  Chaldea  immediately 
after  the  confusion  of  tongues."  Even  after  reject- 
ing the  absui'd  theories  and  speculations  which  seem 
to  have  constituted  the  bulk  of  his  writings,  one  can- 
not hel[)  looking  M'ith  some  distrust  on  the  lew  tradi- 


tional statements  respecting  Votan  not 


b 


given  i>y  other 


8  W.ifnria  drl  Cirln  1/ ih'  hi  Tirrrri,  MS.  Sec  vol.  iv.,  ji.  '2S'.1,  fiiiinMi- 
liiiiiiil  iiotiM  ir.H|iccliiij,'  lliis  autlicif. 

'•*  '  I'll  t'stti(liii(lc  iiiiicIkis  iatcis(nia8(lc  trc'inta  arn)!*). . .  .aciMiiiiafiailciclc  I;. 
cimslaiitc  aplicai'ioii  cim  inic  nic  ilcilicnu'  li  t'litciidi'i'  las  tiasi's  de  (|ii('  iir.aiiiu 
Ins  luilidN  I'll  Ml  |iiiiiiitiv(i  {icutiliMiiti,  |n-iiuiiialiiH'iiti'  en  la  lii.-^itiiia  ijiirilo 
Ml  cstalilcciiiiiciild  CM  csta  ic^fioii  i|iic  iiosntiKs  llaiiiaiiKis  .Viiuiiia,  i-scnliin 
\'i)tan,  la  ciial  <'i)iis('<,riii,  ili'  ics  iiiisiiuis  liidioH  (({iiiciit's  ww  la  t'i'aiii|iiiMiiiiil, 
y  stiliic  tddo,  la  I'diivciiii'iicia  ((lie  ii'siilta  de  una  piolixa  (■(iiiiliinarioii  di  l.i 


Hiliiai'iiiii  di>  aiiiiidla  ciiidad  ( i'ali  in 


|il('l,  de  la  dls|K)siciiiii  y  aii|iutc(tili.i 


mis  cdilii'iti.s,  de  la  aiiU'nicdad  de  .siis  "I'liiidiliciis,  y  liiialiiitiitc  in 


diu'i'Kiiics  do  sii  fiMi'i'iHi,  I'liii   las  iKiticias  111 


cias,  lialna  adi|iiii'id(> 


lie.  '\ 


la-i  \' 


f'osta 


Mil 


I'ladas  c|ill;j 


('KM  1 


|iu'  nil'  ti'iiian  cm  cstado  dc  dcspcrlar  tin  sisiimi 


naila    iiiicvo,   pero   olvidado.     Onloi'n:,  MS.,  in    Jirasavtir  dc   iiinirliunrj, 
i'tirltis,  \).  7. 


auth 
inav 

]>C11S 
Iioile: 
aiiti( 
Til 
tanic 
i.'i   tlu 
wry 
dati' 
()rd..i 
other  1 
file  1)11 
■>vritei> 
is  II nee 


TZENDAL  TRADITIONS. 


103 


ly 
i 
■111 
11- 
li- 
\v\- 


^ililii 


IMP 

l;i'U- 

I'llll 

I":'' 


authors,  and  tluukiniif  of  possil)]c  transformations  tliat 
luav  liave  been  efi'eetecl  in  Tzendal  fables  under  the 
]tens  of  two  writers  like  Ordonez  and  Brasseur,  l)oth 
lionest  investigators,  but  of  that  enthusiastic  cUiss  of 
aiiti([uarians  who  experience  few  or  no  difficulties. 

The  lew  items  of  information  res})ectino'  the  Vo- 
taiiic  period  not  already  mentioned,  some  of  them  not 
ill  themselves  improbable,  but  few  traceable  to  any 
vtiy  definite  native  source,  are  the  following:  The 
(late  of  the  foundation  of  the  empire,  according  to 
( Inlonez,  was  about  lOOO  B,  C.  Whether  he  had  anv 
otlicr  i-eason  for  this  supi)osition  than  his  theory  that 
tlie  building  of  Solomon's  temple,  attributed  by  some 
v>ritei\s  to  that  period,  took  ])luce  during  Votan's  li!e, 
is  uncertain.  The  name  Tze(j[uiles,  ap[)lied  to  Votan's 
followers  by  the  aborigines, — or  rather,  it  would  seem, 
by  the  first  to  the  second  division  of  the  Ser})ents  -is 
said  to  mean  in  Tzendal  'men  with  })etticoats,'  and  to 
have  been  a[)plied  to  the  new-comers  by  reason  of 
tli(,'ii'  })eculiar  dress.^°  To  them  was  given,  after  th<' 
permanent  establishment  of  the  empire,  one  of  the 
i^Tt  at  kingdoms  into  which  it  was  divided,  with  Tulan 
as  their  capital  city.  This  kingdom  with  two  others, 
whose  capitals  were  jNIayapan  in  Yucatan  and  Chitiui- 
iiuila,  possibly  Copan,  in  Honduras,  were  alliiid  with, 
yet  to  a  certain  degrt'e  subordinate  to,  the  original  em- 
jtire  whose  ca})ital  was  Nachan,  built  and  ruled  by  \'o- 
taii  himself  and  his  descendants.  TluM)nly  names  which 
8ecni  to  have  been  a})})lied  in  the  Tzendal  traditions 
to  the  peo[)le  and  their  capital  city  were  ( 'haiu  s,  or 
Scipeuts,  and  Xachan,  or  City  of  Seriu-nts;  but  these 
names  acipiire  considerable  historical  importance  when 
it  is  noted  that  they  arc  the  exact  e(|uividentsof  Cul 
liiias  and  C'ulhuacan,  names  which  will  be  found  so 
(.■.\a^[.eratingly  })revalent   in   the  Nahua  traditions  of 

I"  Orilofloz,  ns  ri'itii'HiMitod  by  Caltrorii— rcrt/ro,  ]>.  Ofi— cliiiiiia  tliat  tlir 
iiaii, '  '/r((/((//(.v  lias  iirccisclv  tlic  saiiic  iiicaniii;,'  as  XiihiKitliiriis  in  tlic 
Niiliiia  iK.'Ici't.  ami  lie  apiillcs  ttic  iiaiiic  to  a  Naliua  lallici  tlian  a  Maya 
|HHi,lt ,  \si(li  i,.'icli  rt-asim  as  will  apiicar  lalcf,  altlmiiLili  Itiiis'-iir  is  nf  a 
iimiraiy  i;|iiuiou,    il'at.  Nut.  Cir.,  loin,  i.,  [i.  70, 


101 


THE  I'UE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


the  north.  Ordonez  claims,  liowuvor,  tliat  tlie  name 
Quiclid,  at  a  later  peri(xl  that  of  a  Giiateinalau  kiiii;- 
(loni,  -was  also  in  th<.'se  earlier  times  applied  to  Yotan.s 
e:nj)iro.*^ 

( )f  Votan's  death  there  is  no  tradition,  nor  is  any- 
tliing'  definite  reported  of  his  successors,  save,  ^vhat  is 
]terhai)s  only  a  conjecture,  that  their  names  are  it  - 
(•ord(Ml  in  the  Tzendal  calendar  as  the  names  of  days,'^ 
the  order  beinjjf  that  of  their  succession.  In  this  casu 
it  is  necessary  to  sup})ose  that  Votan  had  t"\vo  prede- 
cessors, Igli  and  Imox;  and  in  fact  Brasseur  claims 
to  find  in  one  document  a  statement  that  I^h  hrouglit 
t!ie  first  colony  to  America.^''  Cliinax,  the  last  but 
two  of  the  line,  a  f^reat  soldier,  is  said  to  have  been 
put  to  death  l)y  a  rival  of  another  nation."  Xufiez 
do  la  Vciifa  notes  the  existence  of  a  familv  of  Votans 
i:i  his  time,  claiminn'  direct  descent  from  tlie  mv-.d 
lounder;  and  Brasseur  states  that  a  ^vild  tribe  of  the 
rL'L>iou  are  yet  known  as  Chanes.^' 

Such  are  the  vai^ue  memories  of  the  Chiapan  past 
so  far  as  they  Avere  preserved  by  the  natives  of  tlic 
region,  and  collected  b}'  Eur»)peans.  The  nature  of 
rhe  traditions  themselves,  tlie  sources  ^vhencc  they 
s[irang,  the  medium  through  which  they  are  given  tn 
us,  are  not  such  as  to  iiis[)ire  great  cijiifideiice  in  tlic 
.u'curacy  of  the  details  related,  although  some  of  the  tra- 
ditions are  not  impn)bable  and  were  very  likely  fouiidtd 
mi  actual  occurrences.     But  whatever  value  maybe 


"  Brnn^nir  dr  Bntirhnurq,  Cnrfnn,  p.  10. 

!■•!  For  list  see  vol.  ii.,  |(.  7<)7. 

ii  Curias,  \\.  71. 

'<  I'iih(f(i,  Drsm't).  Chiapas,  in  Sue.  Mr.r.  Gincf.,  llohiiii,  toni.  iii.,  \<\<. 
:UH-<>;  lirassriir  (If  jioiir/iiiinif,  llisf.  \af.  Cir.,  (dm.  i.,  jip.  '.•."i-7. 

I'  Calnrrii,  Tralro,  ]>.  MO;  Jlrnssrtir  ilc  ISiiiirlioin-fj,  I'njin/  l'iih,\t.  t'ix.; 
<''irliajit!  /•Jsjiiiiiisii,  Uisl.  Mi\i\,{u\\\.  i.,  )).  1(1.");  See  1)11  Ndt.iii  and  liist'iiipin'. 
liosiiles  the  works  tliiit  liavo  lieuii  iiiciitioiu'il  in  lliis  i  liapti'r,  Jiinrrns, 
llisf.  (hiaf.,  i>.  '2(tS;  C/t(rii/(ri>,  Slmiii  Aiil.  tlil  Missirn,  loin,  i.,  ii]).  ITid-l, 
toin.  iv.,  11]).  1.")  IC);  /Inliiriiii,  Ii/ra,  np.  114-.");  JSrassi  iir  t/c  liiiiirhinirij, 
J'li/inf  ]'iili,  iiitrod;  /(/.,  Kstpiissis;  hi.,  /'aliiiijiir;  Fuiitaiili's  lion'  tin' 
World  iras  I'ro/ilrd,  [\.  lIKi;  'r.sr/nidi's  J'iriiriaii  Aiifii].,  ])p.  11-1.'>;  Dona- 
ii'i'h's  llr.trvts,  vol.  i.,  p.  Ill,  iM  m'i|.;  l.rvi/,  Xirarmiiiii,  p.  4;  Prirst\'i  Ann  r. 
.\ii/ii/.,  pp.  '24.S-'.t;  linnifoifs  Mr.r.  Illiis/.,  pp.  'JlS-'„M;  J-'urri/,  Jhsvuiirs,  in 
.1    /cy.  Mcx.,  torn,  i.,  iliv,  i.,  p.  4'J. 


Tin:  votanh:  EMrniE. 


k: 


nttacliL'J  to  their  details,  tlie  traditions  in  question  liavc 
t;i-cat  Avt'i,L;"]it  in  estal)lisliin<^  two  general  jiropositioiis 
— the  existence  in  the  remote  i)ast  of  a  gi'eat  and 
jHiwcrful  eni})ire  in  the  Usuuiaeinta  reg-ion,  and  a  gen- 
rial  IieHef  among  the  subjects  of  that  empire  tliat  the 
li('L;iniiing  of  tlieir  greatness  "was  due  to  a  liuro  or 
(Icnii-god  ealh'd  Votan.  They  point  clearly  to  the 
a|H)earance  and  growth  of  a  great  race,  nation,  or  dy- 
nasty; and  they  carry  us  no  farther.  Kespecting  the 
(|U('stions  ■who  or  Avhat  was  Votan,  man  or  mythic 
creation,  populator,  colonizer,  civilizer,  missionary,  con- 
(lueror,  foreign  or  native  born?  When,  liow,  and 
whence  did  ho  come  to  the  central  tierra  caliente  ■ 
AVhn  were  the  people  among  whom  ho  wrought  his 
mighty  deeds,  and  what  was  their  past  history?  we 
are  left  to  simple  conjecture, — conjecture  of  a  class 
Aviiich  falls  Avithout  the  limits  of  my  present  purj)ose, 
and  to  which  the  first  chapter  of  this  volume  has  been 
devoted.  Doubtless  the  Votanic  was  not  the  first 
]>eri()d  of  American  civilization  and  power,  but  nono 
eailier  is  known  to  us.  In  addition  to  the  Tzendal 
traditions  there  fii'e  several  other  authorities  bearing 
lunre  or  less  dire:*tly  on  this  primitive  empire,  wliicii 
1  proceed  to  investigate. 


Tn  the  second  vohuuc  of  this  work  1  have  dc- 
scrihed  the  ])hysi(jue,  character,  manners  and  cus- 
toms, arts,  and  institutions  of  the  ci\ilized  nations  (jf 
(lur  teri'itorv,  dividin<>'  them  into  two  yreat  families 
«ii'  gi'oiips,  the  Mayas  and  the  \ahuas,  "the  fornn  r 
the  more  ancient,  the  latter  the  more  ivceiit  and 
wide-spread."  The  man}''  contrasts  observed  between 
the  institutions  of  the  northern  and  southern  nations 
seemed  sutliciently  nnu'ked  to  outweigh  the  fre- 
<|iiently  reciu'ring  resend)lances,  and  to  justify  me  in 
the  opinion  there  expressed  that  their  culture  had 
cithei-  hecMi  distinct  from  the  beginning,  or — what  is 
mere  probable  and  for  my  pur|)ose  ])ractieally  the 
btune  tliing^ — that  it  had  progressed  in  dilfereiit  paths 


*J>. 


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Tin:  PUE-TOLTi:c  rEuion. 


I 


for  a  loiiuf  time  previous  to  tlie  coniinpf  of  tlie  .Span- 
iards. The  coiitiJifsts  observed  were  attrihuted  to  a 
distinct  ori'^in  of  the  two  national  j^roups,  or,  with 
njore  prol»al>ility,  to  tlieir  lonj^  se[)aration;  wliile  thu 
anahn^ies  wore  to  l)e  referred  cither  to  unity  of  orii^in, 
to  tlie  tendency  of  hnnianity  to  like  development 
nnder  like  cin-umstances,  to  frequent  ccMnnuinicatioii 
and  friction  hy  connnerce  or  war,  or  still  hetter,  to  tliL' 
inriuence  of  all  theso  causes  j'oinhined. 

The  ]>icture  ]>rcsented  in  the  tliird  volume  of  the 
nivths  and  lani^naL;cs  of  the  same  nations  favored  tJK! 


VK'W  previous 


Iv  tal> 


en. 


In  tl 


>e  riMi!L>ious  tancies,  ( 


li- 


vinitics,  forms  of  worship,  ideas  of  a  future  state, 
jthysical,  animal,  aiul  creation  myths,  to  which  tlie 
iirst  part  oi'  the  volume  was  devoted,  the  nnaloL^ies, 
it  is  true,  seemed  somewhat  stron^-er  and  the  con- 
trasts less  striking,'  than  in  the  characteristics  provi- 
«.usly  portrayed;  this  was  })erhaps  because  the  myths 
<tf  any  people  point  farther  hack  into  their  past  tliaii 


do   tl 


\c  so-ca 


lied 


manners  and  customs 


hut 


in   tlu 


consideration  of  lan^ua^cs  which  followed,  the  con- 
t lasts  hi'tween  the  two  ij;rouj>s  came  out  more  dis- 
linctlv  marki'd  than  at  iww  ])revious  staw  of  the 
investigation.  A  very  larn'e  pr.iportion  of  the  toiiLiUis 
of  the  civilized  nations  were  found  to  heloiii^  moiv  or 
less  cl»-sely  to  one  or  the  other  of  two  linguistic  fam- 
ilies. Finally,  in  the  fourth  volume  a  study  of  ma- 
terial relics  tended  very  stronj^ly  to  conHrm  the 
opinion  hefore  arrived  at  respectinijc  the  developni(>i:t 
of  Mava  and  Nahua  culture  in  distinct  chanmls,  ;it 
least  (iurim^  tlu'  historic  period.  1  need  not  rej»iat 
here  I'Veii  I'll  resume  the  facts  I'xhihited  in  the  pre- 


cediiiir  Volumes,  nor 


the  1 


essons 


that 


hav»*  a 


t  dim 


relit 


jioiiits  heeii  diawii  from  them;  hut  1  may  hrietiy 
mention  some  o-eneral  conclusions  I'ouiuU'd  on  tlie 
precedine;  matter  which  hear  on  my  present  purjMix) 
«tf  historical  invest  11,0^1011.  First,  !'s  alri'ady  stated. 
the  Mava  and  Nahua  natitms  have  heeii  within  tia- 
ditionally  historic  times  practically  distinct,  ulthoiiyli 


THE  MAYAS  AND  NAIIL'AS. 


167 


roiniii2^  constantly  in  contact.  Scx-ond,  thi.s  fact  is 
tliivctly  oi)i»«).sed  to  tlio  once  accepted  theory  of  a 
civilized  people,  coniiniLif  from  the  far  north,  "gradually 
nioviti.m'  southward  with  frecpient  lialts,  constantly 
ill(l•t■asin^•  in  })o\ver  and  culture,  until  the  highest 
point  of  civilization  was  reached  in  Chiajms,  Jlon- 
(luras,  and  Yucatan,  or  as  many  believed  in  South 
America.  Third,  the  theory  alluded  to  is  rendered 
ultoyi'ther  untenahle  hy  the  ^vant  of  ruins  in  Cali- 
foiiiia  and  the  ^reat  north-west;  hy  the  utter  want 
of  rcscinhlance  between  New  ^[exican  and  ^Mexican 
monuments;  by  the  i'ailure  to  discover  either  Aztec 
or  Maya  dialects  in  the  north;  and  finally  by  the 
^troUL;'  contrasts  between  the  Nahuas  and  ^tavas, 
both  in  lann'uas^e  and  ni  monuments  of  antiipiity. 
Fourth,  the  monuments  of  the  south  are  not  only  dif- 
ferent from  but  nuuh  more  ancient  than  those  of  Anil- 
hiiac,  and  cannot  i)ossibly  have  been  built  by  the 
T«)ltecs  after  their  migration  from  Anilhuae  in  the 
I  Icventh  century,  even  if  such  a  mii^ration  took  j>lace. 
Tifth,  these  monuments,  like  those  of  the  north,  were 
built  by  the  ancestors  of  the  people  found  in  posses- 
sion of  the  country  at  the  Contpiest,  and  not  by  an 
extinct  race  or  in  remote  anticjuity.'"  Sixth,  the  cities 
of  PaKiKpie,  ()cocin<;'o,  and  Copan,  at  least,  weie  un- 
occupied when  the  S|)aniards  came;  the  natixcs  of 
the  iK'!i;hl>orin,Lf  reoi^)n  knew  nothin<j^  of  their  orioin 
t  V(  II  if  tlu  V  were  awaro  of  their  existence,  and  no 
notici'  whatever  of  the  existence  of  such  cities  appears 
in  the  annals  of  the  surroundim;  civilized  mitions  dur- 
inn'  the  ei^ht  or  nine  centuries  pri'cedini^  the  Con- 
t|Uest;  that  is,  the  nation  that  built  Palencpie  was  not 
one  ((!'  those  I'ound  by  Kuropeans  in  the  country,  but 
its  oivatni'ss  had  practically  (le|>arted  l»efore  the  riso 
t»f  the  Qiiiclu'.  CakchicjUel,  and  Yucatan  powers. 
S«'venth,  the  many  resi'Uiblances  that  ha\e  been  netted 
lictueen    Nahua  and   Maya  beliei's,  institutions,  arts, 

''On  till'  Aiilii|iiilv  iif  r(i|iiiii,  llu'  ruins  (if  Yiuatmi,  iiiul  I'aU'iimic,  sto 
viil,  i\.,  ipj..  1(1 1,  •.',so.,-|,  ;{.v.(.{i'j. 


168 


Tin:  riti: -ToLTKc  ri:iiu)i). 


and  rcllrs,  may  1>o  eonsistciitly  ai'coiiiittil  Inr  l>y  tlif 
tli(M»ry  that  at  soiiio  jxjricul  loiii^  ])ri'«'<«liiiiLj  tlu'  .sixtli 
(•(Mitmy  tho  two  J)o<)|)K'h  were  |>rac'tically  one  sd  far  as 
their  iMstitutioiis  were  ('(Uicorncd,  altli<»U!4'li  tlu'y  are 
«»t'  tlu'iiisi'lves  not  Huttit'ient  to  prove  the  theory. 
Kii^lith,  the  oldest  civilization  in  America  >vhieh  has 
left  any  traces  for  our  con.siderati()n,  whatever  in.iv 
have  hetiu  its  ]>re-liistori(r  oiiij^in,  was  that  in  the 
Usumacinta  reijfion  rei)resented  hy  the  Paleiajue 
•(•roup  of  ruins." 

it  is  not  likely  that  Americanistes  of  the  present 
day  will  di.sai^ree  materially  with  the  jtiecedinijf  c(»n- 
clusions,  especially  as  they  do  not  positively  assert 
the  souther!!  orij^-in  of  the  Nahua  pioples  <»)•  (h-ny 
their  tr.';<litional  miufration  from  tlu;  north.  'I'he  jreii- 
cral  theory  alluded  to  of  a  ufreat  mi<jfration  from  north 
to  south,  and  the  theory  of  a  civilizi'*!  ract;  of  foreiL;ii 
ori^-in  extinct  lon<^  Iti-fore  the  Contpiest,  will  find  few 
defenders  in  view  of  tho  results  of  modei'ii  research. 
It  is  true  that  many  writers  attrilmte  more  or  less 
positively  the  ufrancl  I'uins  of  (,'entral  Anuirica  to  the 
i'oltecs  iiftrr  their  miyriition  southward  in  the  eleventh 
centui-y  ;  hut  their  <lecision  has  heen  ju^eiu'ialiy  r^'aclwd 
without  even  considerini^  the  possihle  existence  of  any 
other  civilized  nation  in  tlu;  annals  of  American  jui 
titpiity.     Their  studies  have  shown  them  that  I*aleii 


(lue  was   no 


t   tl 


le  woi 


k   of 


an  (^xtillct  race,  and  tluv 


hav(»  conscipiently  attrihuti'd  the  ruins  to  the  oldest 
])eople  lui'iitioued  in  the  popular  version  of  Anu'rican 
traijilioiial  history — the  Toltecs,  and  tlu!  more  n.-tt- 
mally  hecause  that  pettple,  according,'  to  the  ti"a<liti«iii, 
had  niiyi'ated  southward.  Mi'  Stephens,  whoaniviij 
at  this  c()n«-lusion  in  the  manner  indicatrd,  a<lniits  that 
from  a  study  of  tlu'  ruins  themselves  he  would  lia\e 
assigned  the  foundation  of  the  cities  to  a  much  nioie 
remote  period 

c  ''riic  iMiiiininciilM  iif  tlic  AIisMisHi|i|ii  iircMciit  N<roii;,'('r  intmiiil  i-Niilnirc 
«)f  j,'iriil  ;iiilii|nily  tliiiti  iiny  dIIiith  in  Aiiict'ii'a,  iiIiIiiiii;:Ii  il  l>y  no  iin'nin 
fiilliiw^  lliiit  llu'V  nil' older  tlliili  l'illrli<|ilr  iliul  ('diinii.'   \  iil.  i\..  p.  T'.'tt. 

'"  yiK'iitiiii,  \t(l.    ii.,    |i|i.    I.'il  .">.     My  II  laii'fiil  ^llllly   nl'   .Mr  Slr|iliiii»' 


18 


mi)NI'mi:nts  and  iNSTrnTioNs. 


IC.'J 


Thus  tlio  inonmiu'utal  ivlits  of  ( V'litr.il  Anu'riru  Itv 

ft 

tlu'iMsi'lvi's  uiid  Ity  (•(»iuj>aris«»ii.s  witli  other  Amori<'aii 
ruins,  point  diri'ctly  to  the  oxistciicu  ot'  a  ifivat  t'lii- 
jtiru  ill  the  I*alc'n(|uu  ivnioii;  and  the  olisiivcd  phe- 
iioiiicna  of  niytlis,  hinj^nia;L;o,  and  iiistitntioiis  a^rei.! 
|irircttly  with  siu'h  a  conclusion,  wliith,  howrvcr,  nii- 
aiilfd,  tlu'V  <'ould  not  liavu  ostahlishctl.  We  mav  tlicn 
accept  as  a  reality  the  Votani(!  Maya  eiiipir  •  on  the 
authority  of  the  native  traditions  conlirmed  hy  the 
tiiinihie  records  of  mined  cities,  and  hy  the  coiidiuon 
of  the  southern  civilized  nati»ms  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. It  is  more  than  prohalile  that  PakiKjUe  was 
the  capital,  as  Orditfioz  helioves — the  Nachan  of  the 
\'otanie  epo(;h  — and  not  iin[)robahle  tliat  ()cocin,t;"o, 
('(•pan,  and  some  of  the  older  Yucatec  cities  were  tht 
(ciitres  of  contemporaneous,  i)erlia[)S  allied  ])ower; 

(■ipiirliisions,  it  will  ii|)|iotir  evident  to  tin*  rfador  tliat  lie  iisciilics  tlio 
iViitr.il  AiiuTiciiii  niiiis  to  tin-  'ruiffcs,  Him|>ly  iis  tlu'  ojilr^l  iiiitinns  nii 
llii'  ciiiitini'iil  i>t' Aiiici'lni.  of  uliii'li  wi;  liave  any  kiinu  led;.')-,  anil  that  lit* 
ii'i'iiiii'lii's  ilifir  ('(iiiilitiiiii  at  tlii'  liiiioof  lii.s  e.\|iloi'atii>ii  willi  liicir  itMciit 
i>ii;:iii,  cliii'lly  l>y  a  ('<iii>iil<'ratiiiii  uf  the  Viicalan  ruins,  iu<i-t  uf  wliirh 
(liiiilitli's-  ill)  lint  ilatc  liack  In  tlic  N'ntaiiic  ciiiiiirc,  ami  many  nl  wliit'li  ucit! 
Mill  iii'i'n|ii('(l  at  llic  coiiiiii^'  iit°  tli«>  lii><t  Siiaiiianis. 

''•  Altliniiirli  ill  the  ';;cm'ral  vit'w,'  Vol.  ii.,  rliap.  ii..  1  lia\r  rlawsnl  tin- 
'r<iltn's  ;uiion;r  the  Naliiia  iialioiis,  it  will  Ih*  iiolircil  tlial  llic  |ir("'('iliii<_'  nni- 
i'lii->ii>us  of  tlic  |ii(>s(>iit  ('lia|itci°  arc  iiiilc|M>iiili'iit  of  Mirli  a  rla»iliration, 
ami  ari'  not  iicrcMHarily  o|i|ioh('i|  to  the  tlicorv,  lirlil  Ky  Hoinr,  tliat  tlir  ritii's 
ol  (Vnlial  Aiiicrira  wi-rr  Iniill  liy  tlio  ToltiTM  tii/mr  tlicy  a>>iiiiit'il  a  |iiomi- 
iii'iit  iMisitioii  anion;;  tli<>  nations  of  Aiiiiliiiac.  Tlic  follow  in;;  imtrs  Itrar 
tuiiir  or  li'HM  iliriM'tly  on  (Miiiits  involvt'il  in  tin"  |ir('<'i'iliii;f  li'\t.  MrTvlor, 
Anii/iiiii,\  |i|i,  lS!t  !(.'{;  lii.iiiin/ii's,  \>.  IM,  IK-Iifxc:'  that  llu'  ri\  ili/atioii  of 
Mi'siro  ami  Central  AnuMica  were  ori;:inally   inilr|iciiilriit  altlii>iiL:li  inoili 


11) 


lii'il   liv  ronlai't  o 


itii  tlic  other,   anil  attrihiitcs  the  Central  Aniciieaii 


lilies  to  a  |ieoli|e  who  Ihilirisheil  Ion;;  hcl'orc  the  Toltces,  ami  wlin.se  ilesieli- 
liaiils  arc  the  Niayas.      \vt  he  favors  the  elimalii'  theor\    of  the  ori;iiii  ami 


iiwth  of  ei\  ili/alion,  in iiliii;;  to   which  the  cnltiiie  of  the  south  must 

i\c  liccii  lii'iiii;;lit  from  the  Mcxiiaii  tiena  tempi. ula.      I  ha\c  no  oliji'iiiiMi 


1. 1  oiler  III  this  theory.     It  is  in  the  rsumaeinta  i'e;.'iiin  that  the  Ma\  a  ri\ 


li/;itiiin  has  left  its  lirst  recoril  Imth   Irailitional  ami 


iiimental',  ami  that 


is   siiii'nieni    for  my   present    purpose.      Oro/eo    \    lleira,    (imtirn/iii.     pp. 
I'Jl  ."i,    etc  ,   conelmlcs  from   his    liii;.'uisii('   rcscarihcs    that   the    l'alcni|ne 


ili/at 


ion  was 


iiiueli  oilier  than   the   'roltce   ami  ilistinct   lioin    it.      ilcll- 


llil.  ill  Siiiit/isiiiiiiiii   I'ifit.,    ISIil!,    pp.  ,'tl(ll,  pMHioiim  es  the  ralemiile  till 


lure  the  oiliest    in  Ai 


I,  with  no  resemlilanec  to  that   of  tiic  Salinas. 


He  rejects  tlic  t henry  that  the  ruins  were  the  work  of  mi;;ialin;.'  rollecs. 
ralciii|iie  will  pmlialily  some  ilav  ilcciilc  the  i|iiestion  of  .\iiiciiiaii  ei\ili/a- 
tiiin.  It  only  awaits  a  Cliampoiiioii.  <'ltiirniu;.  A'k/hiv  .l/mr.,  p.  I.'t'.t.  'The 
ruins  in  tiic  south  have  umlouliteil  claims  to  the  hi;:liest  aiitii|iiit>.  Ilinil- 
/iiiil'.'i  AiDir.  Aiifi'i..  p.  Ilt'.t.  The  I'suniacinta  sccins  a  kiinl  of  central 
|"iiiit  for  the  lii;:li  culture  of  Central  .\meiica.    Mii/li 

»i  li'JKIIII  II,    Jl.     I.'l(>. 


.Ii 


nil  III,  '(/((SI 


/(.    /  • 


170 


THE  PUE-TOLTliC  I'KUIOD. 


I  pass  next  ti)  tlu'  trjulitions  oi'  the  Quidio  nations 
as  piosurvt'il  in  tliu  J'opul  \'iih,  or  National  Book,  and 
known  to  tlio  world  tlnouj^h  tlio  Spanish  translation 
of  Xiniunoz  Jind  tho  Fruneh  of  ]jrassonr  do  liour- 
bourij^.*'  Those  traditions,  the  authontioity  and  ji^on- 
eral  aoouraoy  of  which  there  is  no  reason  tt)  dt)nlit, 
constitute  a  hopelessly  entangled  network  of  mythic 
tales,  withcut  chronoloi^y,  hut  with  apparent  althouyli 
vague  ivfcrences  here  and  there,  to  actual  event;;^  in 
the  primitive  history  of  the  peoples  whose  descend- 
ants were  the  Quiches  and  (.akchi(|uels,  and  with  a 
more  continuous  account  in  the  closing'  cha[)ters,  of  the 


g 


uiclie  anna 


Is  of 


a  nuic 


h  hit 


er  |)en(»d,  inimei 


diateb 


l)recedins4'  the  Conquest.  In  the  introduction  we  read: 
"This  is  the  tiriinin  of  the  ancient  hist<tiy  of  Quiche. 
Here  we  write  the  annals  of  the  ])ast,  the  hiiyinnin;,' 
of  all  that  has  taken  place  in  the  city  of  Quiche, 
amoni;-  the  tribes  of  the  Quiche  nations.  Behold  we 
hrinLf  about  the  manifestati«)n  of  what  was  in  obscu- 
rity, its  first  dawning-  by  the  will  of  the  Creator  and 
of  the  Former,  «)f  Him  who  beijfets  and  of  ]lim  who 


jH'ives    bemu' 


Their    names    aie    JTunahpu    Vuch 


shooter  of  the  blowpipe  at  tlie  opossuni,'  ]lunahpn 
Utiu-  'shooter  of  the  blowpipe;  at  the  coyote,'  Zaki 
Nima  Tzyiz  — 'i^reat  white  pricker,'  Tepeu — the  'doni- 
inator,'  and  ( Jucumutz  -the  'plumed  serpent;'  Heart 
of  tho  Liiki's,  Jleart  of  the  Sea,  Master  of  the  \v\- 
dant  Planisphere,  Master  of  the  Azure  Surface. 
Thus  it  is  that  these  also  are  named,  sunn',  anil  celc- 
brati'd  -the  i;randmother  and  the  j^randfather,  whose 


Xi 


names  are  Apiyacoe  and  Amucane,  preserver  an«l  |)rii- 
tectiice;  twiii"  iiian«lmother  and  twice  grantlfather,  as 
it  is  (statctl  in  tlie  (j)uiclu'  annals;  conceiniui;'  wh(»ni 
was  reialt'd  all  (hat  they  did  afterwards  in  the  liuht 
of  life,  in  thi'  liyht  of  the  word,  (civilization).  \\v 
hold  that  which  we  shall  write  after  tho  w«>ril  of  (Ind, 
and  in  Christianity;  we  shall  brin^-  it  io  lii;ht  because 


Vi 


m 
nil. 


Si'o  Mil.  iii.,  |>i»,  4'2-\,  imto  1,  fur  ii1iiltli(i;;iaiiliinil  iiotioe  t»f  tlio  /V'/"/ 


TUADITIUNS  UF  THE  QIICIILS. 


171 


tlu'  Pi>pi>l  Vuli,  the  naticnial  Ixiok,  is  ikj  lon^^aT  visilde, 
in  which  it  was  clearly  soon  that  \vu  j-aiiio  tVuiii  ho- 
vond  the  sea — 'the  narrative  of  our  life  in  the  laiul  of 
>hii<lo\v,  and  how  we  saw  the  li_nht  and  life,'  as  it  is 
called.  It  is  the  first  hook,  written  in  olden  times; 
l.iit  its  view  is  hi<Iden  from  him  who  sees  and  thiidis. 
W'diidcirul  is  its  ajmearanee,  and  the  narrative  of  the 
tinif  when  he  (the  Creator)  finished  everything  in 
heiven  and  on  earth."'* 

Then  follows  an  account,  which  has  already  heen 
jii'eseiited  in  a  condensed  translation,'"  of  a  time  when 
all  was  silent,  and  there  was  yet  no  earth,  and  no 
liviuLT  thing,  only  the  immobility  and  silence  of  a 
liitiindless  si>a.  on   the  surface  of  which    Hoated  the 


(fcator  and  lus  companion  deitus  nanud  alK)ve,  m- 
cliiding  (lui'umatz,  the  'plumed  serpent.'  Then  the 
light  appeared  and  the  eaith  with  its  vegetation  was 
created  l>y  (Jucumatz  and  the  Dominator  at  the  word 
ttf  Jlurakan,  Heart  of  Heaven,  the  Thunderholt. 
Life  and  fecundity  were  given  to  the  animals  and 
hiids,  who  wero  distributed  as  guardians  of  the  for- 
CNts  and  mountains,  and  called  ujion  to  s])eak  and 
juaise  the  names  of  those  that  had  made  tluni;  hut 
the  ))oor  animals,  after  efforts  twict;  repeated,  could 
Hot  ohey,  antl  wero  assigned  a  j)osition  far  helow  that 
which  th(>y  had  heeiv  intended  to  fill.  Tw*>  attempts 
at  the  creation  of  intelligent  heings  followed,  both 
faihiri's.  First  man  was  made  of  I'arth,  and  although 
he  could  .sjieak,  he  was  intellectually  stupid  and 
]>Iiysically  clumsy,  unable  to  stand  erect,  and  soon 
mingled  with  the  water  like  a  man  of  mud.  lie  was 
destroyed  bv  the  disgusted  ( reators.     The  sorcerei; 


.\l 


d 


piyacoc  and  Anuicane,  grandmotheis  <»t  the  sun  an( 
el'  the  moon,  were  consulted  in  the  second  creation, 
and  the  'chief  of  Toltecat'  is  mentioind  in  addition  to 
the  names  already  given.      Lots  were  cast,  all  neidrul 


pn  cautions  were  taken,  ami  man  was  made  again  ot 


di 


"  /'()/)(i/  Vuh,  |»|>    !-.">;  .Yiiinnr:,  Hint.  Ind.  Gtiat.,  pp.  4-5. 


Vol 


m.,  pp.  U-7. 


172 


THE  rUK-TOLTEC  I'EKIOD. 


\vo(m1  aiitl  |>ith ;  but  he  lacked  intelliLifcncc,  led  a  use- 
less lii'e,  and  foiji^'ot  the  Heart  of  Heaven.  TIkv 
became  numerous  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  but  tin 
j^ods  Mi-re  urotli  and  sent  upon  them  a  Hood,  and  a 
resinous  shower  from  heaven;  their  houses  rei'used  t<i 
cover  them,  the  trees  shook  them  from  the  brand i(> 
where  they  souiiht  shelter,  the  animals  and  even  thr 
household  im}»lements  turned  against  the  poor  \voo<K  u 
men,  revilin*^  and  persecutiiij^  theni,  until  all  were  de- 
stroyed, save  ca  few  who  remained  as  a  memorial  in 
the  form  of  apes.*' 

At  this  })oint  the  character  of  the  narrative  chan^is 
somewhat,  and,  althouj^h  an  account  of  a  third  and 
final  c'oation  of  man,  j^iven  on  a  subsetjuent  pa^e,'* 
should,  in  the  opinion  of  Brasseur,  be  introduced  here, 
I  proceed  with  a  resume  of  the  Quiche  tradition  in 
the  order  of  its  arrani^ement  in  both  the  Spanish  ami 
French  version,  devotini;;  a  paragraph  to  each  chapter 
of  the  French  translation. 

There  was  sky  and  earth,  but  little  light;  and  .1 
uian  named  Vucub  Cakix,  'seven  aras,  or  paicxpiets. 
was  pulled  up  with  j)ride  and  said,  "those  that  were 
<lrowned  were  like  suj)ernatural  beings ;'^'^  now  will  1 
be  great  above  all  created  beings.  1  am  their  sun  and 
their  nuton;  great  is  my  splendor."  He  was  not  tl-e 
sun,  nor  did  his  view  reach  over  A\o  whole  earth,  but 
he  was  proud  «)f  his  riches.  This  was  when  the  fined 
destroyed  the  wooden  manikins.  Now  we  will  tell 
when  \'ucub  Cakix  was  defeated  and  man  was  made, 

This  is  the  cause  of  his  destruction  by  two  young 
men,  Hunah|»u  (or  Hunhunahpu)  and  Xbalamiui  , 
'little  tiger,'  who  were  really  gods,  and  thought  it  iinr 
goixl  that  Vucub  Cakix  sh(»uld  swell  with  jtridi'  and 
ullend  the  Heart  of  Heavei»;  and  tliey  jdotted  again>r 
bis  life  and  v>ealth.  He  had  two  rons,  Zipacna  and 
Cibrakan,  the  'earth([uake,'  by  his  wife  Chimalmat. 

•'■'  I'li/iiif  ]'ufi.  j)p.  r>-;U;  XiDinir:,  Hint.  /nd.  Gitat.,  pi).  5  14. 

»<  /'„/<-,/  ]„/,.  \>.  ni:.,  ft  M'i|. 

"  Or,  as  l)niM«tMir  traiiHlulcs,  'tlir  ruiiuiuiit  of  tlidso  that  were  <lri)\viitil,' 
etc. 


ltd  a  use- 
11.  They 
I,  l)iit  thV 
ihI,  and  a 
cruseil  t(i 
bramhcs 
oven  the 
•r  Wooden 
were  ile- 
morial  in 

3  cliano-cs 
liird  and 
it  l>a:L;-e,-* 
I'ed  liere, 
litioii  ill 
nish  an<l 
c'liapter 

t;  and  a, 
icHjuets,' 
lat  Meiv 
i  Mill    I 
.sun  and 
not  tl'e 
rtli,  l»iit 
iie  llood 
Yill  t.H 
s  mad) . 
)  yonn- 
ilaiKjUe, 
it  it  iinr 
ide  and 
a^aiii>r 
na  and 
iialinat. 


ilrt»\Mifi 


Zi 

he 

Ml 


vicin  ciia.v  and  zimcx.a. 


pac,ms,vo,-k,v,,M„,.„,|(,,^ 


173 


iit.uie  m  a  iti.rJif        1      ,  ..^"-''i  'noil 
II      Ti      ,      /"o"f.  and  Avii  ell  f.  '  ..-7 


uj»(>n  I.y  the  t 
Vucu]>  r-al 
<Viiit  eal led 


*jf  the  fatl: 


^^roatniountain.s  whirl, 
an  .shook  at 


}^o  you  no- 1,^.,, 


»t>''and  son 


^va«  re.solveJ 


IvJX 


was  sliot  hy  tlicni 


'iiii    ea    ed    ti(ni-i>   I'l.       i.        "^     -^••v...j    n 
'tl-noh  in  ,-^t^'  .^  '''':H\  «'Kl  h 


M'hilo  oatino-  tl 


]"',  \vl)ieh  Jjo  J 


iiH  jaw  l)rok 


10 


on. 


and 


iiin^r  over  tlio  fi 


'J 


their 
Neeni.s 


;'»  f\  woman,  ^aki  Xi,„    vi- 
-^Iivniities  already  nai     d 
J'iduced  hy  i\     '    "'""^-tl. 


•earniof  Jfun- 


/Aiz— d 
\\ei-e 


>\     I^ut  an  ohi 
and  Zaki  N 


lo  tw 


in  liunian  dis<r„ 


man 
inia 


ISO 

oer 


tliione  liowh'no- 'vvitJ 

teeth  ..fpivei.rus  St. 

^•ihstitutin 


'i'-.hrthoyfonndh 
l»ani     TJiey  pulled  out  1 
:'>"f  >  in  whieh  Jio  too], 


i"ii  on  hi> 
i«  I)rok 


Ken 


^  '^11  the  kino- died 

•»r     I  /lIM.lIll. 1     ^r 


/iini 


'i'"  and  XhaIan(]no 


'^«  did  his  Mifo,  and  tl 


:'--i''-cia;::i'rs^^ 


il<artonf 
Tl 

(  aJ. 
JJati 


oaven. 


'oso   arc    th^   deeds   ..r   7 
^'^>  who  claimed^    ,J^^.^'!^^^" 


lo  niissino-  arm. 

10  j)ur])oso 

ao-ainst 

o 


^^»-tIed  not  the  will  cr*'  th 


"".i^-  at   tlic 


.^■""",1^-  men  st 


river- 


.>o  creat<.r  of  th 
■|'-«ido   Iio   fonnd    f 


a,  son   of  Vueul 


Mine 


'■'^•'"g-  ill  vain    t 


ueui) 

'.^'  mountains. 

•"»■   hundred 


l'*''^''-i™;r  «oi;"i;';:^'7-'i'yat 


an 

i'U 
J, 


'"■  ^''•^'"'.  and  was 


n 


''I'l'an;  hut  thev 


onerously  ho  horo  thl-  I 
'^Jted  to  joni  their  1 


tree 


nird 


a  tree 
iiii  to  (W 


111)011  I 


(V 


allerv 


soon 
1 
ounn 


plotted 


>an(l.  I 


■(•en 
'oino 


•.^•amst  iiini,  oast 


'"  "'m  m  a  deen  off  .,;^'"  '    ,     '"'  *^'*^^- 

Ho  cunnino  yl  if  l^'P'  ^'''l^'  ^'"'ployed 
a*   1.  •     ,     .  ov   t^^'ojv  retuo-e   m    .,    i i 


•  a 


7^^f  ^»''«  hair^fnd 


^V\  *'P  to  ^^'^^  f( 


Iia.l    I 


and   nails  for  tl 


*  a  hraiieh 


10  ants  t 


"'CO  me    ill 


^ws,  Avaited  until  the  ^   '"-/•"^'^ 
toxicated    in    t    '   .   .'^  J^'!"'  ^'''''^J 


i» 


1"^)  and   tojiplcd 


'\'i'  their  I 
Ihit  in  I 


lis 


;>"so  up,,,  them  so  that 


lis 


"'/"•  ""<!  Xhalan 


turn  Zipaena 


tiot  on 


o  escaped. 


iiniK 
ain,- 


nn^N  who  w 


was  eoinpiered  hy  jj 


';-' !"v' i-«i:  z^r,57!-' ''- i'"^ . 


'.*•  "yi.t,  «a„d.rcu  i,;'ii::.":i. 


I'acna,  hearin.r  t| 


'•y  '>}'  the  riv 


iin- 

oiir 

'o  mount- 


er 


and 


174 


THE  i»ut:-T()i;ri:c  pkiikh). 


;;   ;. 


f 


lived  on  fi.sh  and  (•ral)s;  1)V  fin  nrtiticial  oral)  liis  two 
fouH  enticed  liini  in  a  tmu*  of  Imnv:*  r  to  rrawl  on  .-ill 
fours  into  a  cavern  at  tlu;  l>otton»  of  a  ravin*',  win  ic 
the  mountain,  previously  mined,  fell  upon  liim. 
'J'hus  perished  and  was  turned  to  stone,  at  the  \\ii>t 
of  Mt  Meavan,  the  self-stvled  'maker  of  the  mount- 
ains,'  the  second  who  by  his  pride  disj>leased  the 
deities. 

One  only  now  remained,  Cahrakan.  "It  is  1  wliu 
destroy  the  mountains,"  he  said;  hut  it  was  the  will 
of  llurakan,  'tiie  thunderholt,'  that  his  ])ride  alsn 
should  he  humhled,  and  the  order  was  <,Mven  to  Ifiiii- 
ahjju  and  XhalaiKjue.  They  found  him  at  his  fav(»r- 
ite  employment  of  overturninj^  the  hills,  enticed  him 
eastward  to  exhihit  his  skill  and  overthrow  a  partic 
ularly  hiij^h  mountain  which  they  claimed  to  have 
8oen,  killed  a  hird  with  their  hlow[)ipe  on  the  way, 
and  poisoned  it  with  earth  before  it  was  jL^iven  C'ahia- 
kan  to  eat.  Thus  was  his  strenij^th  destroyed;  lie 
failed  to  move  the  mountain,  was  tied,  and  huried. 


Thus  ends  the  Hrst  of  the  four  divisions  lA'  the  /' 


X* 


I  Vnh 


.% 


Next 


we  are 


to  h 


ear  sonu'tinn<r  o 


th 


•f  til 


birth  and  family  of  Hunaphu  and  XbalaiKpie.  Th'- 
rvjcital  is,  however,  to  be  covered  with  mystery,  .iiid 
oidy  half  is  to  be  told  of  the  relation  of  their  fatliti.'' 
Xjiiyacoc  and  Xmucano  had  two  sons,  Hunhunahpii 
and  V^ukub  Hunahpu,  the  first  being  as  the  FreiMh 
translation  unintelligibly  reiulers  it  a  sort  of  doiibli' 


jK'rsonai^e. 


The  former  had  also  by  his  wife  Xbakiv.ili 


two  sons,  Hunbatz  and  Hunchoueii,  very  wise,  i^k  at 
artists,  and  skillful  in  all  things;  the  latter  never 
married.  vVll  four  spent  the  day  in  jdaying  at  (lice 
and  at  ball,  and  Voc,  the  messenger  of  Ifurakni, 
came  to  see  them,  Voc  who  remained  not  far  tVoiii 
liere  nor  far  from  Xibalba.*'*     After  the  death  o\'  XIm- 

«•■•  mi.  .ll-fiT;  A'imnirz,  Hist.  fmt.  Gnat,  pp.  1.V20. 

"  Aiiiii'tii'x,  It.  i!!t,  convi'vs  tlu-  iil«'ii,  liowcvcr,  tliiit  it  in  only  from  i;.'iiiir- 
niici'  tlial  so  little  \h  told,  aii<l  not  from  a  ilcsirt'  to  lie  myHtcrioiis. 

*'' Ximcm'Z  rt'iiilt-rM  tlii>t  wonl  Uy  'iiilicrno,'  or  licll.  No  witinfinliiry 
iiieaiiiii};  I'uii  bv  dvrivud  fruni  itM  utytiiulo^y. 


Tin:  IMMAriLATE  CONCKI'TIUN. 


kiv;il«»,  tliot\v«H)]avt'(l  liall,  i«»urnovin<' toward  Xil)all)a, 
li.ivini;^  \v\'t  Mmiltatz  aiul  HuiH-])nui>ii  IkIuiuI,  and 
this  ln'caino  kiiiiwii  to  lliiii  Caiuu  and  N'likid*  Cainc, 
iimiian'hs  of  Xil)all)a,  who  called  toj^ftlior  tlio  r«>imcil 
of  tlif  rmpiro  and  sont  to  Hiiininon  tlwni  or  to  clial- 
\r\yjre  tlit.'Hi  to  a  i,^ainc  of  ball,  that  tlu-y  nii:L,dit  ho 
(liicatt'd  and  diH<rraci;d. 


Tl 


u'  mossoui^ors  were   ow 


Is.   f( 


our  in  nuniDor 


aiH 


I 


tilt;  jdayuis,  al'tor  a  sad  |>urtin^  from  th'.ir  mother, 
Xiiuicaiu',  and  from  tho  vouuijf  Hunhatz  and  linn- 
(Imiion,  followed  tlu-m  down  the  steep  road  to  Xi- 
halha  friun  the  l»all-_Lf round  of  Nimxoh  t  anhah.'^'-' 
('ii)ssin^  ravines  and  rivers,  ineludmij  one  of  Itlood, 
tlu'V  eame  to  the  royal  palace  of  Xihalha,  aiul  saluted 
two  wooden  fii»ures  as  monarchs,  to  the  oreat  amuse- 
iiitiit  <tf  the  latter  and  the  assemhlecl  princes.  'J'hen 
the  hiothers  were  invited  to  a  place  on  the  si'at  of 
InMiur,  which  proved  to  bo  a  reil-h«»t  stone,  and  the 
(■  nitortions  of  the  j^uosts  when  tluv  sat  upon  it  pro- 
voked a  new  hurst  of  lauj^hter  which  well-niuh   re 


s;i 


hr<i 


III  apoplexy 


ivi'  ordeals  are  liere  nuntione( 


d 


iis  (^jstini;'   in    Xihalha,  to  the   first  of  which   only 


I'l.it  of  the    II 


ouse    o 


f   flloom.*'    were   the    brothers 


Miltjccted;  then  they  were  sacrificed  and  theii"  bodies 
limicd  to^-cther,  Ihit  the  head  of  l[unhuiiahpu  was 
liiiiiU'"  in  a  tree,  which  at  once  luu-ame  covered  with 
^oiinjs  from  which  the  head  could  not  be  distiii- 
;.;iiished,  and  it  was  forbidden  to  all  in  Xibalba  to 
iil'pruach  that  tree. 

lUit  X(|uii|,  a  viri^in  princess,  daui^diter  of  fuch- 
niiia(|iii«|,  heai'tl  ol'  the  tree,  and  went  alone  to  taste 
till'  fidbidden  fruit.  Into  her  outstretched  band  th»; 
litad  of    Huidnmahj)u   spat,   and    the   spittle   caused 


tiif  voim<r 


y'irl  t< 


o  conceive,  and  she  returned   houu 


1   h 


.'it'tt  r  a  promise  from  the  head  that  no  harm  should 
irsult  to  her.     All  this  was  by  the  order  of  llura- 


'"'  Carcliali  in  l\w  name  of  an  Tmliaii  town  in  Vora  I'az. 
^^  i'ii\it  /iilimin,  ttiiii.snii  Uiiiltiriisr.     It  will  Ito  rcnicnilnTpd  tliiit  Votau 
i>  siiil  til  iiave  t'Htalilislictl  a  House  of  (ilooiii  at  lliu'liiu-taii.     See  i>.  ItiO. 


170 


THE  PRE-TOLTKC  PERKiD. 


! 


k.in.  After  six  inonths  her  condition  was  ()l)serv((l 
l)y  lier  father,  and  in  spite  of  her  protestatiojis  tli.it 
slie  had  known  no  man,  tlio  owls,  the  royal  nus- 
senijers,  were  ordered  to  sacrifice  her  and  hring  hack 
her  heart  in  a  vase.  She  i)ersuaded  and  bribed  tlif 
royal  officers,  lunvever,  by  the  promise  of  future 
emoluments,  to  carry  back  tt>  the  kinjj^s  the  coagu- 
lated sap  of  the  blood-wort  instead  of  her  blood  and 
heart,  and  she  escaped;  thus  were  Hun  Came  and 
Vukul)  Came  tricked  by  this  younLj'  girl. 

Xcjuiq,  far  advanced  in  pregnancy,  wont  for  pm- 
tectit)n  to  the  place  where  Xnuicano  was  living  with 
the  voung  Hujd)atz  and  Hunchouen.  The  old 
woman  was  not  disposed  at  first  to  cr«.!(lit  tin 
stranufer's  tale  that  she  was  with  child  bv  llunhiiii- 
ahpu,  and  therefore  entitled  to  protection  as  a  graud- 
daughter  at  the  hands  of  Xmucane;  but  by  calliiiL;- 
upon  the  gods  and  gathering  a  basket  of  maize 
where  no  maize  was  growing,  the  young  girl  proved 
the  justice  of  her  claim,  Jind  was  received  by  the 
great   grandmother  t»f  her  unborn  children. 

The  vir<>in  mother brouii"ht  forth  twin  sons,  and  tluv 
were  named  Ifunahpu  find  Xbalanipie.  From  tluir 
very  birth  they  were  ill-treated.  'hoy  were  tunied 
out  of  the  house  by  their  grandmoiiier  for  crying,  and 
tliroughout  childhood  and  youth  wore  abused  by  llini- 
batz  and  Hunchouen,  by  reason  of  jealousy,  Tiuy 
])assed  their  time  shooting  birds  in  the  mountains  with 
their  blow|iipes,  while  their  brothers,  great  nnisiciaiis, 
jiainters,  and  sculptors,  remained  at  home  singing  and 
plaving  the  fiute.  But  at  last  Ifunbatz  and  Huu- 
chouen  were  changed  by  the  young  heroes  into  nieii- 
koys.  Xmucane  was  filled  with  sadness,  and  she  was 
oftered  the  privilege  of  beholding  again  the  faces  ef 
her  ^avoiite  grandsons,  if  she  could  do  so  witlmut 
laughing;  but  their  grimaces  and  antics  were  too  ludi- 
i-rous;  the  old  lady  failed  in  three  interviews  to  re- 
strain her  laughter,  and  Hunbatz  and  ][unch«>utii 
appeared  no  more.     Hunahpu  and  Xbalanquo  becaiiio 


Ill  NAIIl'U  AND  XIJALANt^ri:. 


m 


ii  their  turn  imisioiiins  an(]  played  the  air  0^111  iinlip  a 
qui/,  tlio  'inonkc'3'  of  Huiiiilipii.'^* 

Tlie  lirst  work  uiRlertakeii  by  tlio  twins  was  the 
(•Kiiiin<(  of  a  luilpa  or  cornHoUl.  It  was  not  very 
(lilliciilt  on  the  first  day,  f;/i  tiicl,  onoliantud  tools 
worked  1)V  tlieniselves  while  tlio  v;>nn<r  ay^rieultur- 
jsts  went  huntin;^,  takinj^  care  to  jiut  dirt  on  their 
{'ai-es  and  to  pretend  to  bu  at  work  when  their  ^^rand- 
iiiother  brou«,dit  their  lunch  at  noon.  In  the  niiL-ht, 
liowever,  the  wild  beasts  met  and  rei)laoed  all  the 
tr« .  s  and  shrubbery  that  the  brothers  had  reniovi-d. 
lliiii;ihi>u  and  Xbalancjue  watched  for  them  the  next 
niylit.  but  in  spite  of  their  efforts  the  beasts  all 
e??ia[)e«l — althouy^h  the  deer  and  rabbit  lost  their  tai... 
— except  tlie  rat,  whiih  was  caught  in  a  handkerehief 
The  lat's  life  was  spared  by  the  youths  aiid  in  return 
this  animal  ;  vealed  the  glorious  deeds  of  the'r  fathers 
and  uncles,  their  games  at  ball,  and  the  existence  of 
a  ball  of  India  rubber  with  other  implements  t>f  the 
'^aiiie  which  they  liad  left  about  the  house.  All  of 
the  implements  and  the  ball  came  into  their  i)osses- 
sioii  with  the  knowledge  of  the  secret. 

.biyful  at  their  discovery  Hunahi)U  and  Xbalanque 
Went  away  to  play  in  the  ball-ground  of  their  fathers, 
ami  the  nionarchs  of  Xibalba,  Him  Came  and  Vukiil) 
(anie,  heard  them  and  W'..'re  angry,  and  sent  messei;- 
i^iis  to  summon  them  as  their  fathers  had  been  sum- 
moned to  play  at  Xibalba.  The  messengers  came  to 
the  house  of  Xmucane,  who,  tilled  with  alarm,  dis- 
]iateln'd  a  louse  to  carry  the  summons  to  her  grand- 
sens.  On  the  way  the  louse  consented,  to  insure 
Hieater  speed,  to  be  swallowed  by  a  toad,  the  toad  by 
a  .ser[»ent,  and  the  serpent  by  the  great  bird  \'oc.  (  hi 
arrival  a  series  of  vomitings  ensued,  until  the  toa<l 
was  free;  but  in  sjjite  of  his  most  des[)erate  ellbrts  he 
could  not  throw  up  the  louse,  who,  it  seen.  ■;,  had 
I'layed  him  a  trick,  lodged  in  his  gums,  and  not  been 

'■"  A  lijilli't,    acconlin^  to    Uiu«»eur,  still  |n'rfiinm'il   Ity   the  uutixcn  ul 
tiiiali'iiial:!,  <'l;iil  ill  wouilcii  iiuiKkM  aiul  itecuiiar  coiituuicM. 
Vol.  V.    Vi 


178 


tiil:  p::r-T<)i;n:c  rr.itioD. 


swallowed  at  all.  However,  the  niossacrc  was  rlo- 
livered,  and  the  players  returned  home  to  take  leave 
of  their  i^raiulniother  and  mother.  Befort;  their  de- 
parture they  planted  eaeh  a  eane  in  the  middle  of  tlif 
house,  the  fate  of^which  should  (le[U'nd  ujkhi  t\\v\y 
own,  since  it  would  wither  at  their  death. 

The  ball-players  set  out  for  Xil)all>a  hy  the  route 
their  fathers  had  followed,  passini^  the  bloody  vivvv 
and  the  river  Papuhya;  but  they  sent  in  advance  an 
animal  called  Xan,  with  a  hair  of  Hunahpu's  le«;'  ti> 
prick  the  kinyfs  and  princes.  Thus  they  detected  the 
artificial  men  of  wood,  and  also  learnetl  the  names  of 
jdl  the  princes  by  their  exclamations  and  nuitual  in- 
(juiries  when  pricked.  On  their  arrival  at  court  they 
refused  to  salute  the  manikins  or  to  sit  ui)on  the  red- 
hot  stone;  they  even  passed  throun^h  the  first  ordtal 
in  the  House  of  (Jloom,  thus  thrice  avoiding  the 
tricks  which  had  been  played  upon  their  fathers. 

The  kin<>s  were  astonished  and  verv  anurv,  and  tho 
jifame  of  hall  was  played,  and  those  of  Xibalba  wi'io 
beaten.  Then  Hun  Came  and  Vukub  Came  reciuii'.'d 
the  victors  to  brinijf  them  four  l)oU(|Uets  of  flowers,  or- 
derinu;-  the  ifuards  of  the  royal  i^ardens  to  watch  most 
(arehdly,  and  committed  Hunahpu  and  his  brother  to 
t!ie  House  of  Lances — the  second  ordeal — where  tlic 
lancers  were  directed  to  kill  them.  Yet  a  swarm  of 
ants  in  the  brothers'  service  entered  I'asily  the  royal 
_i*'ardens,  the  lancei's  were  bribed,  and  the  sons  of 
X(pii(i  were  still  victorious.  Those  of  Xibalba  turned 
])ale,  and  the  owls,  o'uards  of  the  royal  gardens,  Mere 
punished  by  havino-  their  lips  split. 

Hunahpu  and  Xbalantiue  were  subjected  to  the 
third  oi'deal  in  the  House  of  Cohl,  but  WMrme(l  by 
burnini;'  jiine-cones  they  were  not  I'rozen.  So  in  the 
fourth  and  fifth  ordeals,  since  they  passed  a  nli^lit  in 
the  House  of  Ti^-ers  and  in  the  House  of  Fire  with- 
out surterinuf  injury;  but  in  the  House  of  i)ats,  ;il- 
thouj^li  the  occupants  did  them  no  harm,  llunahjuis 


DKATH  OF  Tin:  TWIN  HKimiKUS. 


T71) 


Iliad  was  cut  ofT  l>y  Cainazotz,  'ruler  of  l)ats/  who 


aiiie  Iroui  ou 


liiu'li 


The  hoheadiusjf  of  Huualipu  was  l)y  no  means  fatal, 
liiit  iifttr  aconiUination  of  events  utterly  unintelliyiMo, 
iiirludinu^  an  a.sseuil)la<je  of  all  the  animals,  aehieve- 
iiinits  particularly  hrilliant  hy  the  turtle  and  rahhit, 
iiiid  another  contest  at  hall-jdayinijf,  the  heroes  came 
(lilt  uninjured  from  all  the  ordeals  to  which  tlu-y 
were  suhjected  in  Xihalha. 

At  last,  instructini^  two  sorcerers,  Xulu  and  Pacam, 
tliat  those  of  Xihalha  had  failed  hecause  the  hiutes 
were  not  on  their  side,  and  direct ini^  them  also  what 
t  >  do  with  their  hones,  Hunahi)U  and  Xhalancjue 
stretched  themselves  voluntarilv  face  down  on  a  fu- 
IK  lal  pile,  still  in  Xihalha,  and  died  toij^etlKM".  Their 
lidiies  wi're  pulverized  and  thrown  into  the  river, 
will  re  they  sank  and  were  changed  into  fine  youuLjf 


men. 


On  the  fifth  day  they  re-appeared,  like  man-fishes; 
and  on  the  day  following  in  the  form  of  ragged  (»ld 


iiu'ii,  dancmg,  l)urnnig  and  restormg  liouses,  kilhng 
and  restoring  each  other  to  life,  and  performing  other 
\\«iii<lerful  things.  They  were  induced  to  exhihit 
tin  ir  skill   hefore  the  j)rinces  of  Xihalha,  killing  and 


r('siiscitatm<»' 


the    k 


th 


d  i>uli 


kmgs  dog,  uurnuig  and  restormg 


tl 


le  royal  palace;  then  a  man  was  max 


le  tl 


le  sui»| 


l.iect 


their  art,  Hunahpu  was  cut  in  pieces  and  brought 


t:.  hie  hv 


Xhal; 


un 


pu 


Finallv,  the  monarchs  of  Xi- 


liallia  wished  to  experience  j»ersonally  the  tem|)orary 
(Iratli;  Hun  Came,  the  highest  in  rank,  was  first, 
killed,  then  Vukuh  Came,  hut  life  was  not  restored  to 
tlieni;  the  two  shootiM's  of  the  hlow  pipi'  had  avi'«iged 
the  wrongs  of  their  i'atheis;  tlie  monarchs  of  Xihalha 
liad  fallen. 

Having  announced  their  true  names  and  motives, 
the  two  brothers  pronounced  sentence  on  the  ])rinci>s 
•  if  Xihalha.  Their  hall  was  to  a]>pear  no  more  in 
the  favorite  gam(\  tiny  werc«  to  jteilbrm  menial 
.service,  with  only  the  Leasts  of  the  woods  as  vassals, 


1-f) 


THE  PIIK-TOLTIX  PirilloD. 


.'■n<l  this  Wiis  to  bo  tlielr  })ijnislnncnt  for  the  wrongs 
thcv  had  (lone:  vet  stranwlv  eiuniL'li,  thev  were  to 
lie  invoked  thereiifter  us  gods,  or  rather  demons,  a(  - 
fonhng  to  Xinienoz.  The  character  of  the  Xihall>iins 
is  liere  desci-ihed.  They  were  fond  of  war,  of  fiiL;lit 
fnl  aspect,  ugly  as  owls,  inspiiing  evil  and  discord; 


faitl 


iless,    liypocritical,   and  tyran 


its.   tl 


ley  were    l»otli 


Mack  and  white,  painting  their  faces,  moreover,  with 
divci's  colors.  But  their  ]u»wer  was  ruined  and  thcic 
(loniination  ceased.  ^Feanwhile,  the  grandinotlur 
Xnincane  at  homo  watched  the  growth  of  the  canes, 
;Mid  Mas  filled  alternately  with  grief  and  Joy,  as  these 
w  ith(M'ed    and  again  het'ame  given  according  to  tin' 


A  ,trvin<.r 


lo 


rtun 


es 


o 


f    tl 


le    gratidsons     m 


X 


1 1  )a  Ilia. 


Finally,  to  return  to   Xihalha,  llunahpu    and   Xlui- 
Ian(|ue  rendered    the   fitting  funeral    honors   to  their 


dl 


It  hers    wiu) 


had 


]ie 


rislu'd     there,    hut    who    n 


(i\V 


ninanted  to  heaven  and  took  their  places  as  the  sun 


;iM( 


I  moon:  and  the  four  hundri'd   voiinLJ'  men  kill(  il 


A 


ly  /jj)acna    heeanu 


>tars   in  the   ski 


es. 


Tl 


nis   ends 


t'lt 


seeoni 


•Si 


1    division   of   the    National    Uook  of    t! 


le 


(.^>u  idles 

The  first  chapter  of  the  third  division  relates  an- 
other and  final  creation  of  man  from  maize,  in  I'axil. 
Ill'  Cayala,  'land  of  dlxidi-d  and  stagnant  wati'rs,'  and 
has  already  heen  translated  in  full  in  another  volunif." 
According  to  Urasseur's  opinion  it  should  folhtw  the 
aicoimt  of  the  preceding  ci'eations,''''  and  jirecede  the 
narrative  of  the  struggle  with  Xil»all)a;  hut  was  in- 
trnduced  lu're  at  the  heginning  of  the  (,^)uiche  migra- 
tions intentionally  in  order  to  attach  the  later  (.j)iiitlir 


■M 


Xil. 


Till'  jilin'c  wlii'iii'''  tilt'  lunllicrs  sliirlcil  titcoiili'iiil  ii;,'iiiiis|  (lu'  |iriiir( 


illiii,  M'l'iiis  til  havi-  hi'i'ii 
fill'  ( iiiiiwui'iiali  llic  (,>iii<'li 


I  tall; 


III   ill  ( liiatt'iiiiihi     •^(•c  Mil.  i\,,  |i|i.   IJl  s 


aiiii-  of  tliiit  III 


said  til  siirnil'v   '  Inni^i' 


it   (lid   w  illu'ii'il  canes. 


Ml 


r. 


tii'iiiifiiiaila  a 


^' 


ii.l  I. 


us  Casas  lia\(' 


'  'iM'il  tlic  tiailitinii  tliat    l''.\)ialaiii|M(  n  |Alia1aiii|iii'l  set   nut   fi'o'u 
I'll   lilt'  ('oni|U('st  (if  lii'll.    Miiiiniii.   /ill/.,  tiiiii.  ii.,  II.  M;  llis/.  Ajiiil' 
Ms,,  i-ap.   I'.V).     .\iltallia   ilnulillcss  had  tlio  Hi;,'iiilicatit)U  ol'  the   iiil'ti 


I'lall 


ri'.;|cills  111 


til 


l.llll 


liar  tradiiiiiiiN 


"  l'i,l>i>l  I'li/i,  |i|i.  CiS  I'.i'.';  Aimincz,  Ilisl.  Iml.  (liutl.,  iiji.  '.",)-7lt. 


'I  S, 


3^  Sot'  p.  17'. 


lip 


<i-(. 


;''^'">'s  more  cl<,s„lv  fo  the  I 


ttirv 


T/ 


i^  ^vn..n.iM^  ,,.,,,,,.^  ^,^.ij 


<J^I  TILAX. 

'omfc  e,),H.I,s  of  their  I 


»wji  tnuislatcd 


'it-'d  the  .-ulvoiit 


if;!  I 


lllciit.'ili 


iia 


•S    <) 


"1  Nil  I, Stan 


<v 


30 


10  d 


IC^i 


lls- 


lu  tl 


IVlSloii    ]l;r 


lom  are  vi 


'■'■'■••ifloil  I)y  ( 

f'i<'  /omicler«  of  tlie  ()' 


;"'^'    ^'l'"-K-iIaM.,  tl 
"<^'""iatz  and  J 


"f-Qwitze,  Rdani-.Aoal 


I  IS  (•( 


J"-od.R.t,;f  the  final 


"fipanion  ddt 


"'^'•'lu  nati(.ns.      ']') 


tijilied   rrroaHv  in    . 


J>eo])l 


'OS,  an<I 


u  iniil- 


<''\"es,     where    f( 
Joader.s;  n 


oiir 


,yo(l> 


to  Tulan-Z 


""••'y.  ''" 'iiil,  Avil 


^\oru   assiirned   t 


mvu,  the  ' 


t>>i^;.<li.      Here  their  I 


IX,  II, 


o 


the  i 


ini- 


seveu 


<»ur 


and 
Slid; 


tlio  d 


'Vision  int 


i",^"a.L;e  was  d 
'*  •^'"P'-'i-.ite  nati 


'; ''V'tz,  and  \i,.ah- 


"'.2-^'<J  or  divided 


;:!!i'-r-M..,\,,,;,;.;;;;---.-;;M^;.,,.,i 


^"''.^'  Were  ii\vaitin<.-  tl 
"1"">  (Im-ino-  th.'i^.st 
;'th  th.vse  tr.>ul,|,>,s  th 


lu  sun,  are  th 


lyin   Till; 


^'J'o"itsni„stduvIt 


"I,  and   i 


'■•",^>"oiiti„ned,''^u|,ic.I 


o  coniino'  ,.f  an 


"  ^'onnection 


ta.it    Tid 


•'''"'"l"'^'''   to  ahand 


lolls 


I  ^iivinnstai 


^■"Voy  f,-,,m    \-|_ 


••'"<'  ••'tor  a  ted 


'"  ^^-''^  In   the    \il  .   I  "V''  ""^^'  "'<''''.'t 

.,   .        .       ."t    Aii,all,an_re-i„n.      J}„t  tl 

'  ';'G'»  fnan  Tul 


""  or  Were  di 


H'V 


ridssiilu-  (, 

at 


U\ 


'••"""I'V,    ii.ehid 


-r;'/lr>''--i-<iArti[ 


■•'^t    they  lu.held    tl 


:'"'!!'^''l'^'":'toinala,and;i 


'^'     '^"'1.        .Aft     If; 


".'7   •M'l'-'"vntlv  a 
'<•••' vitz,  wlh.,v 


tli..   I 


•t-avKz  wa 


I'cor, 


as  I 


i.i\-|ii(.'  ( 


'"'T;:'  ^''^'''^N  althou-d 


'('(•lined  s„i 


^'vonts  mentioned 


s  an- 


V 
ill 


low  can   I 


»o  a.ss|M.,n,,j  f 


1  many  are  of 


0 


Ulcli, 

af 


:'  '"o'orred  to  tl 
-^  alvehiqiud 


"  '"ly  do/init" 


'>*o.jnently    to   th 
iJ'iythical  nati 


'^'  ."""o  modern  )iis( 


o  ejiocli^  „ 


ire 
lav 


!"*''    nations    iu    (j 


',';;:'  "•  ^  '"f"'--  H.a,.ter, 

. ."""/'^-^-''ts  l.rere,Iin...  tl 


uutemj 


II 


>  ''ii"o  not 


oa.sjiv 


'('  I'lsiiiM.  ,,('  fj, 


'"l"''!""  imd  \l,,l 


"'""'^v  "1  chronol 

T'-^tion  reflect 

fill 


lll<|IU 


'••Mlll.vfcd    will,    (I 


'"•y    «'f     tho 
l'-',      to      h,. 

uin  on  Air 


I'lK   ( 


10  e\ 


(■(111 


that 
^iNtont 


J»'ovailed 
as  anv  (h 


o,-;io  order 
),y'"oIy  the  J 


"•s|,,,,„,se  (|,..,t  (I 


I'loK 


\-..|. 


".^••"ist  Xihali 
^•ory  that 


','"'  ^'"'t  the  tra.j 
"^story  ,,r  the  hero.' 


lev 


Itloiis   ill 


S     (,(• 


III, 


"Z"'/  /"((/, 


PI'.  IT-.-.l. 


•'^  i'^  at   l,;ast   . 
^■aii   he  formed.      Tl 


as 

10 


I'J'. 


.'I--'. 


182 


THE  rUi:-TOLTKC  rEIMOl). 


cliiof  ()l)jt!cti<)n  is  tlie  implied  orossiiii*-  of  tlio  soa  dur 


iiii 


'^  tl 


11!  luiirrutiou  from 


Till 


III.  \v 


l.ic-1 


I  iiiiiv   lie  an   in- 


tt'ri)(>lati(»ii.      A    lainoiitatioii   wiiiih  tlu'V  cliaiitcd  (ni 
Mt   Hacavitz  lias  coiisitleralde  liist(»ri('al  imjiortaiux'. 


Alas,"   thov   said,    "wo    were   ruiiu'd   in  'I'ulaii, 


\V( 


were  separated,  and  our  Urotliers  still  remain  Itehind. 
Truly  we  liave  Uelield  the  sun,  l)ufc  they,  wlieii'  ar«; 
tliey  now  that  the  dawn  has  aj»peared?  Truly  Toliil 
is  the  name  of  tlu'  ijfod  of  the  ^'a(lui  nation,  who  was 
called  Yolcuat  Quit/aleuat  ((.^iH'tzalcoatl)  when  \V(; 
jiarted  yomler  in  Tulan.  lU.-hokl  whenee  we  set  out 
tojjfether,  hehoM  the  common  cradle  of  our  rate, 
whence  wo  have  come.  Then  they  remembered  thtir 
brothers  far  behind  them,  the  nation  of  the  Ya(jui 
mIioiii  their  dawn  enlightened  in  the  countries  now 
called  ^[exico.  There  was  also  a  part  of  the  natidii 
which  they  left  in  the  east,  and  'IVpeii  and  Oliniaii 


weri!  the  placi's  where  tliey  remamef 


th 


d. 


A  ('al\chi(pii'l  reconl  of  what  would  seem  to  l)e  tli 
ame  jirimiti^'e  traditions  contained  in  the  I'ojk)!  Vnh 


e.\ 


ists  but  has  never  been  published.  1 1  is  only  kii(»\\  ii 
through  ail  occasional  reft'ivnce  or  ipiotation  in  tlu' 
writing's  of  Brasseur  do  Bourl)our,L,^  From  one  ef 
these  references*'"  we  learn  that  the  l)arbarian  rtui, 
Jackal,  or  (V-yote,  that  conducted  C^uieumatz  to  Paxil 
wliere  mai/e  was  discovered,  was  killed  by  one  of  tlic 
heroes  or  di'ities;  heiico  the  name  ]funah|)U  I'tiu, 
•shooter  of  the  blowpi[)o  at  the  coyoto.*  The  foljew- 
m\f  (piotation  IVom  the  same  document  refi'rs  to  the 
iiaiiu'  Tulai),  which  with  its  dillerciit  spelliiiii's  (kcius 
so  }ierple.\in,L>ly  often  in  all  the  primiti\o  traditions  et' 
American  civilization.  "l^'oiir  persons  came  IVeiii 
Tulan,  from  the  direction  of  the  I'isiiiijf  sun,  that  is 
one  I'ulan.  Tliere  is  another  Tulan  in  Xibalbay  ami 
another  where  the  sun  sets,  and  it  is  thei'o  that  wc 
eame;  and  in  tlu'  direction  of  the  setting'  sun  tluii'  is 
another   wlu're    is    the    i^od:    so   that   there  are  four 


% 


'■•  /'()/)')/  \'iili,  |i|i.  'JI.">-7;  Xiniiuvz,  Hist.  Iiid.  (iin(t.,  jip.  OS-0. 
^'•' Null's  !<•  Pii/iii/  ]'ii/i,  ['[I.  I.wxv,  ftli\. 


MKANINd  OF  TUV.  l^ICHi:  TUAKITIONS. 


1S3 


Till 


III:- 


ai)( 


1  it 


is  wIkto  (Ik;  sim  si'ts  tliat  \vc  came  to 


Tiilaii,  iVoiii  the  other  side  of"  tlie  sea  where  this  'I'ulaii 
is,  and  it  is  there  that  we  were  conceived  and  hej^ot- 
tiii  li\'  our  mothers  and  <^ur  fatlien 


'40 


Siith  in  a  condensed   foi'm   are  the  tales  tliat  mal 


Ke 


ii|i  the    j)rimitive    am»als   of   the    (.^)uiche    nations   ot" 


( iiiatemala. 


\y 


o   nniy    l)e    very   snie 


that. 


tl 


le 


iiiaiNfloiis   or  conimon-|»hice,  each  is  I'onnded  on    an 


actual  occurrence,  and  has  its  meanmn' 


'I'hat 


mean- 


iii4,  so  tar  as  details  are  concerned,  has  heen  donht- 
kss  in  most  instances  lost.  We  may  only  hope  to 
extract  iVom  the  tenor  ot"  the  record  as  a  uliole,  a 
miirral    idea   res[»ectini;f    the    natnre  of   the    historic 


cvtiits  thus   va 


o-uely 


recon 


led 


and  oven 


tl 


us  won 


Id 


Im'  |k  iliaps  a  h(t|)eless  task,  were  it  not  for  the  aid 
diiivi'd  from  tlie  Tzendal  tratlitions,  with  monn- 
niciital,  institutional,  and  linguistic  arnnments  al- 
ivadv  cousidrrt'd,  and  tho  Nahna  records  vet  to  ho 
cxainiiii'd.  It  is  nt)t  altot'ethej*  visionarv  to  hehold  in 
the  successive  creations  hy  Ciucumatz,  the  'plumed 
siipcnt,'  and  his  companions,  as  we  have  done  in  tho 
(•oiiiiiin'  of  X'otan,  tlie  inti'oduction  vv  growth  of  a  new 
»i\  ili/ation,  new  forms  of  i^overnment  or  religion,  new 
lialiits  of  life  in  America;  even  if  we  cannot  admit 
Htcially  the  arrival  at  a  detinite  time  and  place  of  a  ciN- 
ili/(  r,  ( Jucuinatz,  oi"  hope  to  reasonably  explain  eacli 
of  his  actions.  It  is  not  necessary  to  (h'cide  wlietiier 
tlio  new  culture  was  indii^enous  or  of  foix'ii^n  origin;  (,i* 
even  to  supposv>  it  !adically  ditfeient  f"roin  any  that 


prcccili'd     oi' 


w 


contemporaneous    with    it. 


W 


need  iKit  Li(»  hack  to  ancient  tinu's  t 


o  si'e  partisans  or 


devotees  attach  the  greatest  importance  to  the  shuht- 


Os 


t    ditl 


ereiices    in    i;'o\ernmeiit    or    religion 


loots 


illLT 


with  pity  or   hatred    on    all    that    are    indillrrent    or 
o|)pose(l.      Thus  in   the  traditions  helore  us  opponeiitji 


ess. 


and  ii\als    are  |>icturi'd   as    the  ])owers  of  daikn 
\\liile  tiihes  that  idiiiy'  to  the  treedom  of  the   t'ori'sts 
-nid  are  slow  to  accept  the  hlessings  of  civilized  life, 


/'/., 


I'p,    Ml-ll. 


184 


THE  IMIE-TOLTEC  PEUIOD. 


'■-  '.*- 

i 


'.',ti 


\h. 


arc  almost  invariaMy  spoken  of  as  lu'iitcs.  Tlic  final 
creation  of  man,  and  the  discovery  of  maize  as  aii 
essential  element  in  his  composition,  refer  ;i}ipaieiitly 
to  the  introduction  amonj^  or  adoption  hy  the  luw 
people  or  new  sect  of  aijcriculture  as  a  means  of  su[i- 
port,  hut  possihly  to  the  creation  of  a  hiui'li  rank  nf 
secular  or  reli^-ious  rulei's.  Utiu,  the  Jackal,  a  l)ai- 
harian,  le<l  Gucumatz  and  his  comjtanions  to  Paxil 
Cavala  where  maize  was  found,  hut  was  killed  hy  tlio 
new-comers  in  the  trouhlus  that  ensued.  Early  in 
the  narrative,  however,  the  existence  of  a  rival  power, 
the  t»'reat  emiiirc  of  Xihali)a,  almost  svnonvmous  with 
the  infernal  rejji'ions,  is  exjtlicitly  indicated,  and  a 
larg'C  portion  of  the  Popol  Vuh  is  devoted  to  tlic 
struiift,de  hetwcen  tlie  two.  The  princes  and  nations 
of  Xihalba,  symbolized  in  A'^ukuh  Cakix,  Zipaciia, 
Cahrakan,  Hun  Came,  and  Vukuh  Came,  weiv  nn- 
merous  and  powerful,  hut,  since  the  history  is  writt(  ii 
1)V  enemies,  they  were  of  course  had.  Tlieir  cliitt 
fault,  their  un[)ar(lonal)le  sin,  consisted  in  hcin^' 
])uffed  up  with  pride  against  the  Ifeartof  Hcaviii, 
in  refusiuLif  to  accept  the  views  of  the  new  snt. 
Conseijuently  the  nations  and  chiefs  that  had  arrayed 
tliemselves  on  tlui  side  of  (Jucunnitz,  re[)resente(l  ly 
XhalaiKjue  and  Hunahpu,  of  several  ^enei'ations, 
strun'.^'le  loni''  and  desperately  to  humhle  their  own 
enemies  and  those  of  the  suiireme  j^od,  llurakaii. 
The  oft-re|)eated  stru!.(nles  are  symliolized  l»y  ^anns 
at  hall  between  the  rival  chiefs.  The  ball  "••reniids 
t)r  halls  are  battle-Helds.  The  aninnds  of  the  fen  >ts 
often  take  a  promiiu'ut  ])art  on  tnie  side  or  tlu'  ntlur; 
that  is,  the  savaj^e  ti'ilies  ai'c  emjiloyed  as  allir-. 
( )i'casionally  men  are  for  some  offense  or  stu|>i(hiy 
champed  to  monkeys,  <>r  tribes  allied  with  the  mII- 
styled  reformers  and  civdizers  ])rove  false  to  tlnir 
alleyianco  and  return  to  the  wild  freeditm  of  \\v 
nniuntains.  it  is  dilHcult,  if  not  impossible,  to  (K- 
teiiiiine  tlu^  meaninLT  of  that  )»ortion  of  the  narrative 
which    ret'ouiits    the    immaculate   conception    of   tlio 


CONQUEST  OF  XIBALDA. 


183 


jtriticess  X<iiii(|;  Imt  Brasscur,  not  Avitliout  i-t;is>ii, 
sii's  ill  tliL-  l)irth  of  }fun!ilij)U  and  Xl)alaii<nk'  iVoiii  a 
Xil)all»aii  luotlicr,  an  indication  that  tlie  rival  nations 
la'i'ame  njore  or  less  niixcd  l>v  intfnnarrianv.  The 
siiinu  anthor  e  njectnres  that  the  (juancls  hctwcLMi 
the  two  twins  and  their  elder  halt'-hrothers  record 
dissensions  that  arose  between  the  chief's  of  pure  and 
mixed  Mood.  After  a  hnvj;  series  of  wars  with  vaiv- 
hvj;  ri'snlts,  syndxdized  l>y  tlio  re})eated  ^anies  of  Iiall, 
and  the  ordeals  to  M'hich  Xhalaiuiue  and  his  hiother 
were  suci-essively  suhjected,  the  princes  of  Xil»all>a 
Wile  defeated.  From  the  terms  in  which  tlie  \  ictoiy 
is  described  in  the  tradition,  the  jji-eneral  iiii|iiessiiin 
is  conveyed  that  it  Avas  not  a  ctmcjuest  iiivolvinn"  tlie 
destruction  of  cities  and  the  extermination  or  eiisi.iv- 
iiij^-  of  the  people;  but  rather  the  overthrow  of  a 
dynasty;  the  transfer  of  the  su}>remo  pt>wer  to  na- 
tions that  formerly  occupied  suboi'dinate  [)ositions. 
The  chief  featui'o  in  the  celebration  of  the  triumph 
was  tlie  apotheosis  of  the  heroes  who  had  fallen 
duiiiiL;'  the  stru^'^'lo. 

After  the  triumph  of  Oucumatz'  followers,  tlie 
written  tradition  is  practically  silent.  Of  the  n'leat- 
noss  of  the  ncM'ly  constituted  empire  we  know  noth- 
ing'; the  record  only  re-opens  when  misfortune  has 
!iL;ain  come  upon  the  nations  and  they  are  forced  to 
ahandon  Tulan  for  new  homes.  N^either  tlieir  defeats 
iKir  the  names  of  tlu'ir  con(piero)'s  were  thought  W(ir- 
tliy  of  a  i)laco  in  the  annals  of  the  (^)uicli('  Jiatioiis, 
iifteiwards   ao   i>owerful    in    (Juateiiiala;  vtt    we 


1 


an 


hardly  doubt  that  the  princes  of  Xil'alba  cuntributfd 
to  tlieir  overthrow.      Forceil  to  leave  'I'ulaii,  spoken  of 


a>; 


the   cradle   of  their  I'ace,  they  miiicrated   in   tli 


rei! 


dixisidiis,  one  towards  the  mountains  of  ( uiatcmala, 
one  towards  Mexico,  and  the  third  toward  the  c'asl  liy 
way  of  Tepeu  and  ( )limau,  which  the  ( 'akchinuel  inaii- 
iixiiiit  is  said  to  hx'ate  on  the  boumlarv  of  IVteii  and 
1  iicatan. 
The  Quiche  traditions,  then,  point  idearly  to,    1st, 


isr, 


Tin:  PIJK-TULTKC  I'KlUOl*. 


^i 


the    oxistonco   in    jviu-loiit    tlincs    of  a    qri'.it    t'in|tii'. 
s(>nu'\vh(  It'  ill  Coiitnil  Aiiu'iii-a,  talK'd   Xil»all»a  l>y  it> 
fiii'iuii's;  'J«l,  the  u^rowth  of  a  rival  iK'i_inhli«>rinii^  pnun 
.■{il,  a  Ioml;-  struij;;olo  extondinuf  tliroiii^li   several   mii 
t;rati(His  at  loast,  aiul  rosultini^  in  the  (lowMlall  of  tin 

4th,   a  sul>se(|iient   seatteiiiiin",     tht 


1<>'S 


Xilialh.in   kii 

eaiise  of  wliich  is  not  .stated,  l)nt  was  evidently  war 

civil   or   f'oreii^Mi,    -of  the  I'onnerly  victorio'.is  natioi 


tVoin  'I'liliiii,  their  eliief  city  or  jn'ovince;  r)th,  tl 
identifieatioii  of  a  j)ortion  of  the  nii^r.dini;' ehiefs  with 
the  founders  of  the  Qui(']ie-( 'aki'lii<jnel  nations  in  pos- 
session of  (Juat(.'inala  at  the  C'on(|nest.  The  National 
Book,  unaided,  would  hardly  suttiee  to  (U'tennine  the 
location  of  Xihalha,  Avhieh  was  very  likely  the  name 
of  a  capital  city  as  well  as  t)f  the  empire.  Utatlaii, 
in  the  (iiiatemalan  hii^ldands,  is  clearly  ))ointed  out 
us  the  place  whence  Xhalaiupie  set  out  for  its  loii- 
(juest,  and  sevi>ral  other  names  of  localities  in  (Juatc- 
mala  are  also  nientitnied,  hut  it  should  he  noted  that 
the  tradition  comes  through  (Juatemalan  sourcis,  and 
it  is  not  lUH'essary  even  to  suppose  that  I'tatlan  was 
the  i'e!itri>  of  the  I'orces  that  stru,n",L;'led  against  tin: 
])owt'rs  of  darkness.  Yet  since  we  know  throu^Ii 
Tzeiidal  traditions  and  monumental  relies,  of  the  ijreat 
A'otanic  ciupirt!  of  the  Chanes,  which  formerly  in- 
cluded the  renion  of  J^deiupie,  there  can  hardly  he 
room  for  hesitation  in  itlentifyiiii;'  the  two  jioweis. 
The  ilescription  of  Paxil  C'ayala,  'divided  and  stannaiit 
Avaters,'  "a  most  excellent  land,  full  of  i^'ood  things, 
where   the  wliite  and    yellow  mai/.e   did  ahound,  al- 


tl 


le  cacao,  w  liert^  were   s 


iipott 


c's  and  many  fruits, 


lioiiey 
food." 


wlici'e  all  was  overnowiiiL!'   \\ 


anil 
ith   the    hest   of 


arrets  at  least  as  well  with  the  Usumacinta 
region  as  w  itii  any  other  in  Central  America.  The 
M'ly  steep  di'sci'iit  l»y  which  Xhalanque  reached  Xi- 
l»all)a  iVom  I'tatlan,  corresponds  ])erfectly  with  tlu; 
topo^raj)hy  of  the  country  towai'ds  the  Usumacinta. 
The  statement  that  in  tlu;  final  min'ratioii  from  Tulan 
to   Cuiatemala,   two  parties  were   left   hehind,  one  of 


A'/n.\Ln.v  Tin:  v 


AvIii.Ii  wont  to  M 


OTAMC  E.Ml'IliK 


f.i-^f,  ul 


OX  ICO.  a 


,  Ulsu  sct'llis  to 


in  Xihall 


!'<J  t'lo  other  was  left 


187 


i'oiut  i„   tjie 


.V( 


s.-lli 


iC    (1 


>''i,  evR 


Icntly  tl 
!""    t;'"'-'    I'Inco,    ami 

thldilL'Il  OivImm-..,  I 


'-'pfMU  u.s  that  tl 


in  thv 
"•ectfoM.      TJio 


•ortMva.saTi.Iai 


";.  ""u  uhonre  tho  final 


•  iii-n-a- 


I 

wliici 


I",  w.ts  one  of  tl 


i'l.rr','/'''">."f  Vot„„»  i 


lOJl 

t 

li- 


nt 


Xihall 


P'""t.s  to  any  other  I 


Jy  noti 


ni|iii- 


>t'atioii 


,""^'-  J'»   the  i.anat 


ive 


wIlK 


ii'.'UDa  Was  til, Ml  ^1,     T^       -""i. 


'  <'i.s  a  roundel-;  tl 


(> 


lo  .saiiK! 


"■""<■  «■.■!»  ,,|,,,|i,,,l,,|„„(.  


""'  centre  of  nat 


allies, 
III'  con 


nval.v 


and 


lon.s  wliich 


l^o;   and  Tiil, 


I",  or  'I'lill 


Xi'hall 


jectii rally  id 


<'<>n(jiieror.s  of  tl 


\^:  ,.  -•■<"',   or      I  llii,;, 

ro  successively  .nl^e<.ts 


ontilicd   xvith  t] 


'^'  nnperial  nty 


nia 


ul 


■>::':':  ^'"'-''<-'<ix,u:o,::nrt;:'7"^^' 


'•■'n  nionarchs  av 
"f('nj)ied  the 


IS  perl 


tl 


( 


\v/io  occupied  tho  ^.,..       '  "'  ".^J'-^  tne  same  as  ( '| 
I .1  ;     J^nt  wJio  Wen.  fiw.  c  II 


le 


iina.v 


""•'""'•'f>^,  the  nat 


^vere  the  foil 


t 


I'll  aiK 


1  Xhal 


'ons  I'en.i-e  whose  lead 


ra- 


"Uers  of 


"'".^    to   u-hom  the'  trad 


'"l>'^'>the,,ri<IeofXi|,aI| 


ei's. 


/[ 


nnah- 


assiMiK-d   , 


■■^  ^^ashiimMed 


tl 


l('!ll 


"<>   name.?     /t 


^^•'■^''.  ^''-'  Txecpiilcs  ,wl 


'tions    thu.s  f 

'\,m»«t  n.t,M,,rt,;'i;i,,;;u; 


u'  studied  I 


lave 


.>' 


:<::-  --v.!  .luni,:  v;,: ::  :;ir ''"^- "- 1^-  *.v;: 


'"Wi'i's   ne 

.'issj 

T„l, 


^"ed   land 
'II  as  thcii 


\\'   nleas  of 


"'II  niu( 


and  1 
♦'••ipltal.     Tl 


m  s  ahsi'Dce 
.i^overnnient  and  \vi 


H'eame  a  powcrlul  ^.rnu\ 


ive  his  f„l. 

'.^•'•>ii,   Were 

|''e   \\it]i 


:.i     ..       ■^' "^  -'nd  conii)  ..f. 1 


".""•''  '"'tter  with  tl.. 
•ne   a(lopf,,d    witi 


>i( 


'o  Qnich 


0 


'nij)Ictt 


1 


)r,is 


S( 


r\\ 


'"•'  (le    I{,,nrl 


lout 


;"t(.f  lainentat 


'our: 


a  I 
.A 


•■^"<'<>'-<l,  than  tl 
'y   'ippaivjit 


(lid 


ra- 


a.iJ'ree; 


i<;   o 


'on,  one  div 


'eor<li 


ij)J.O- 

I'eason    hy 


;;i'U;  tlK.i,.  ^.eat,ies;- T, 


'"  ,^v^"nt  north  to  .AI 


ex  I  CO. 


'•^""1  of  the  vvl 


'•^'    ^"    th,.  Q„i,.j 


le 


"'.l^ecs  fi',,ni 


^viiei-e  they   lo'nnd  (1 


ii'ir 


y\ 


''^!'''^'''''^^vI.iehal2''!^*^'''''''^^-^•'''^^^ 


''^i»'o  diirin-r  ],i..f 


•>nc  tun 


'""'"'^'•tl'NVard  are  called 


'(-'  achieved 
'^      The  tril.es  wliV.'i 
'"  the  A>y.,7  |v>    ^ 


.^''•eatiK  ss  in 
t  mi- 
aoiii. 


188 


Tin:  riti:-T»)LTi:f  i'kkhjo. 


'it: 


a  nanio  wliicli  ncoordlnuf  to  Ilnissour  de  Bouilx)!!),;-. 
has  imich  tlie  same  siLi'iiiHcatioii  otviiiolo'jicallv  as 
Naliuatl,  aiul  was  cominonly  applied  l>y  tlie  Maya- 
Qiiiclic  jteoples  of  Central  AiiieiR'u  to  tlie  M<\i 
cans,  ^toreover,  their  ^od,  Tohil,  was  called  I'V 
these  Yatiui  trihes,  oven  while  they  were  yet  in  Tulaii, 
YoKniat  Qnitzalcuat,  while  tlie  most  prominent  nf 
the  XaluiJi  divinities  is  well  known  to  the  readers  of 


th 


10   precedms^   volnmes 


h 


to   1 


lave    heen 


Quet 


/.alfoatl 


Chanes,  the  only  name  «;iven  to  the  snhjects  of  ^^)tall 
and  his  successors,  is  the  ecpiivalent  of  Culhuas,  a 
word  which,  especially  in  co)ni)osition,  is  of  fretpitiit 
occurrence  in  all  the  native  toiiij^ues.  Culhuacan  \\a> 
one  of  the  most  celehrated  cities  of  Anahuac,  as  the 
Acolhuas  were  anions?  the  most  noted  peoples.  Ai;aiii 
Tulan  Zuiva  is  defined  as  the  Seven  Caves,  in  tin 
Nahua  tonu^ues  Cliicoinoztoc,  uhich  the  Aztecs  are  Wtll 
known  to  have  claimed  as  ;i  former  liome,  ( )uv  of  tin- 
divinities  en^'aged  in  the  creation,  or  in  the  |»roj»ana- 
tioii  of  the  new  doctrines  in  the  region  of  Xihalha  was 
the  chief  of  Toltecat,  another  name  j)romineiit  in  all 
Nahua  traditions  .is  that  of  their  most  famous  iiatimi, 
the  Toltecs;  and  finally  CJucuniatz,  the  <»'reat  leadci'  ><\' 
Xihalha's  con(|uerors,  was  identical,  with  Quetzalcojitl, 
since  hoth  names  si^iiity  ecjually  the  'plumed  m  r- 
pent,'  the  former  in  Quiche,  the  latter  in  .Vztrc. 
These  facts  seem  significant  and  naturally  direct  our 
attcvition  to  an  examination  of  the  early  Nahua  iv- 
cords. 


K  <l 


The  records  of  the  Nahua  nations,  so  far  as  tin  y 
relate  to  the  pre-Toltec  jieriod,  if  more  extensive  ami 
inimerous,  are  not  less  confused  than  those  of  i!' 
south.  To  hrini^  into  any  senihlance  of  order  tiii- 
mass  of  contradictory  semi-mythical,  semi-histoiie-  »1'  - 
tills,  to  point  out  and  defend  the  historic  meanini^'  ot 
each  ahorij^inal  tale,  is  an  ini[)ossil)le  task  which  I  •!" 
not  propose  to  undertake.  The  only  j)ractical»le  i-our^i' 
is  to  present  the  leading"  points  of  these  early  tiaiH- 


it 


THE  NAIHAS  IN  TAMoANCIIAX. 


1S9 


ly    u> 
lava- 
Mrxi 
..1   l.y 
rulaii, 
nit   of 
lors  of 
liM.atl. 
Votaii 
ivias,  a 

l-(jUL'llt 

111  \va> 
as  tbo 

ill  tlif 

iVO  AV<H 

•  of  th'' 
I'ojKiu'a- 
^l»a  \\a> 
,t  in  alt 
iiatinii, 

i\(\vV  <'f 

lalfoall, 

'A   »v- 

A/.tr.-. 

lua  1'- 


Is    tll'V 

Ivi'  ati'l 

lof  t!;- 

ll-   till- 

jrir  (!'■- 

liu'j,'  "I 

Ih  l  ''"' 
[(•our-'' 

tra.l'i- 


tions  as  tliev  aro  i^nvoii  l»y  tlic  best  aiitlioiitirs,  and  to 
(I  I  aw  from  them,  as  1  liavc  done  frciiu  the  Tzfiulal  and 
(Jiiiclie  records,  noma  ij^oneral  L-oiiclnsions  rt'sjioctiiiL;' 
the  most  jtrohahlo  eoiirse  of  jirimitive  liistoiy;  for 
1  iiiirliisions  t»f  a  very  n'eiieral  nature,  and  hearing"  on 
|Miil)ahilities  only,  are  all  tliat  we  can  expect  to  reach 
n  -pcctiiii,''  ])re-Toltec  America.  Saha^un,  justly  es- 
tiriiicd  as  one  of  tlie  best  authorities,  speaks  in  .sul»- 


>tance  as  toliows 


Ih 


.41 


W 


(  ituntless  years  a<^o  the  first  settlers  arrived  in  Xew 
Sjiain.  (.'oinini>'  in  ships  hy  sea,  they  appr(»ached  a 
iinrthern  port;  and  because  they  disembarked  tlieiv  it 
as  called  Panutla,  or  ]*anoaia,  'jdace  where  they 
aiiived  who  came  by  sea,'  now  corruptly  called  ]'an- 
il an  ( IVinuco) ;  and  from  this  p(>rt  they  beij^an  to  follow 
the  coast,  belioldiiit^  the  snowy  sierras  and  the  \ol- 
•  aiHK's,  until  they  reached  the  j)rovinceof  (Juateinala; 
litiii'^-  guided  by  a  priest  carr^'imj^  their  i^'od,  with 
wlmiii  he  continually  took  counsel  respectiiiLf  what 
till  \'  ouyiit  to  do.  Thev  came  to  .settle  in  Tanio- 
aiitlian,  where  they  remained  a  Ioiilj  time,  and  never 
•d  to  have  their  wise  men,  or  j)rophets,  called 
ii/'ic,  which  means  'men  learned  in  the  ancient 


iiast 


''  iiiii.i'ni 


jMiiitiiins,'  who,  altliounh  they  came  at  the  same  tinu 
ilid  not  remain  with  the  rest  in  Tamoanchan ;  since 
liavinn"  them  there,    they   ro-embarked   and    carried 


awav  wi 


th   tl 


lem 


all   tl 


le  jiaintmn's    \\ 


hich    tliev  had 


li"!i;;lit  relatiiiij^  to  reliL;'i»>us  riti-s  and  mechanical  arts, 
li  .fore  their  dei»arture  they  spoke  as  follows: — "  Know 
iliat  our  i^od  commands  you  to  remain  here  iu  these 
1  iiids.  (tf  which  he  makes  you  masters  and  oives  you 
|Mi»,ssioii.  lie  returns  to  the  jilace  whenct.'  he  an<l 
aiue;  but  he  will  come  l)ack  to  visit  you  a\  hen   it 


Wi'   I 


hall  he  time 


for  th 


le  world  to  come  to  an  end:  mean 


nine  you  will  await  him  in  these  lands,  jiossessiijo- 
'lit  ni  and  all  contained  in  them,  since  for  this  puip(»se 
vou  came  hither;  remain  therefore,  for  Me  _o<)  witli 
"111'  vod."  Thus  they  departed  with  their  g-od  wra[)[>ed 
'I  .<iihiiijiiii,  Hist.  Gen.,  toni.  iii.,  lili.  x.,    pp.  13D-I.J. 


100 


THE  PRE-TOLTFX*  PEIIIOD. 


in  hlankcts,  towards  tlio  east,  takliii,'  all  the  paiiitiiii^'s. 
Of  the  wise  men  only  four  remained,  ( )xomoeo,  Cipac- 
tonal,  Tlaltetecui,  and  Xuehicaoaea,  who,  after  the 
others  had  dfi)arted,  eoiisulted  to^jether,  sayini^:-  A 
time  will  come  when  there  will  ho  li«rht  for  the  dircc- 
tioii  of  this  repuhlic;  but  durini;  the  ahsence  of  our 
j,n)d,  how  shall  the  peo})le  he  ruled  ?  What  order  will 
there  he  in  all  things,  since  the  wise  men  carried  away 
their  iiaintinjjfs  bv  which  they  lifoverned?  Therefore 
did  they  invent  judicial  astrology  and  the  art  of  iii- 
ter[)reting  dreams;  they  composed  the  calendar,  which 
was  followed  during  the  rule  of  the  Toltecs,  ^Fexicaiis, 
Tei)anccs,  and  Chichimecs.  By  this  calendar,  how- 
ever, it  is  not  possible  to  ascertain  how  long  they  n> 
mained  in  Tamoanchan, —  although  this  was  known  by 
the  paintings  burned  in  the  time  of  the  Mexican  ruler, 
Itzcoatl,  in  Mhose  reign  the  lords  and  princes  agreed 
tliat  all  should  be  burned  that  they  might  not  t'liU 
into  the  hands  of  the  vulgar  and  be  unappreciated. 
From  Tamoanchan  they  went  to  sacrifice  at  Teotihua- 
can,  where  they  built  two  mountains  in  honor  of  the 
sun  and  moon,  and  where  they  elected  their  rulers, 
and  buried  the  lords  and  princes,  ordering  the  tunnili, 
still  to  be  seen,  to  be  made  over  their  graves.  Some 
description  of  the  mounds  follows,  with  the  statement 
that  they  were  the  work  of  giants.  The  town  of 
Teotl,  t)r  god,  was  called  Teotihuacan,  because  the 
])rinces  who  were  buried  Miere  were  made  gods  after 
<leath,  and  were  thought  i  >t  to  have  died  but  tt)  have 
wnked  from  a  sleep.  Fn  -  Tamoanchan  certain  fam- 
ilies Nvent  to  settle  the  \n\  inces  called  Olmeca  Vix- 
toti.  Hero  are  given  son  details  of  these  Olniees 
and  of  the  Huastecs,  to  be    poken  of  later. 

After  the  centre  of  pow*  had  been  a  long  time  in 
Tamoanchan,  it  was  afterwards  transferred  to  the 
town  called  Xumiltepec.  Here  the  lords  and  priests 
and  the  old  men  discovered  it  to  be  the  will  of  the'ir 
god  that  they  should  not  remain  always  in  Xumilte- 
l>ec,  but  that  they  were  to  go  farther;  thus  all  gratl- 


)i 


'•'•'![,^'  ^Med  on  th 


^"'^^^vm:.ATR,nIT^o^x 


oir  iiiio-ratfo,,   J 


!"'^:;'''Sr-^i;r ''-'■•  w 


191 


von  Caves      'n     ""."•>^  ^'•••'"^  to   tl     ',"•'"' "'^'" 


-:f!'!^-,';:-::,;i;r^v-:ni:^r'^,- 


■  ■-.iinu  i/iej-e    hiif  a     n     """^""wi  or  t/if 

liiiir  •11,  4  "^    ^"*'«t  loturFi  /fl     i.   •       ^'^'^    t'^iU    Ijv 


a 

Tnll 

Ian). 


'y 


'I'ICln.ro 


(Tul, 


■^'),  wliicJi  t} 


^"'^'■"^'•o),  and  fi 


'^'J  <JhI  an,i 


In  tl 


Is:;  rr-^-tion  to  ti 


"•'Hy  t.  Ti![ 


;ii(l.s  'I 
<''iino  to 
'i'l  ('ioi- 


•-  t/iat  th^  first  sottl.  ,.  '^"'^  ^^'^"■^^'"  we  n, 


n 


Wt'?-o  call.. f J  T  '"^'1 


'"Hied  at  tl 


of  tl 


'^'  I'ort  of*  J> 


/otold 
''•>n'da. 


in\sv 


J 

'''>iin(i.     "] 


«"<!  settled 


whieJi 


l*^,  't^n-e.t,ial 


UKI 


CO. 


mean 


J'''";i(li«e, 


^'^'"' the  hi:Qt  'r  ^^"'^  -'i- 


EE'-"?;rir--?i-urst,;i 


I'l  Sal 


""w  tliat  it 


'  «ince  it  I 


i«  under  tJie 


f^^^  the   earthi; 


'/'"lion  of 


V'i""i(»\ial  iin 


.\ 


ituvu-n,  i 


'^-■''^i;t.;;:r,r::,'^-^^ 


""<i  uatioi 


7; 


IS   111 


"f   tabasco  Ai-.c.  ,  '.'^"•iteinahi      T?.-.       """'  J  a- 


as  t/i 
Tl...  J, 


iteniaf 
'Jovv-conie 


■rs  c 


Js  as 


iiiid    tJie    \ 


l^'ation  theref 


at  least  it     •  , 
could  o-et  I,r/n  ''^•^''  ^"'"'"itonjal, 
ore  ao"_  Z:!?^^'^}^'^^^^  the  eo. 


•^   C"e  eoast. 


"^••""•o     en.nin!   ?J'^/\t^'^'t   of  X 


T^-i^^^TLrr^^^^^^ 


"I  tile  n,  •  I      -^     ^  ''i?)n  i..r    ^,.  XI        *■ 
Ji:'^'''^^^   trad 


>iii    otJ,e2 


lis    c 


ir'\'j'''^t«Gi 


tl 


\m^^i<-'d  to  the  el     7  ";'•>'  ^^'^^^ 
.     -'t^'>n-the    -or;         '"'  ''^••^'•'•'■''^"d 

:;;&f^-  (i'itho.;  ,;"^ ;: i::^  <:u..in,ati 


K_.    ..• 


^'^^^vth  of 


''^'  ffrea 


«.tiio  ioiulor  of  tl,.?        '."-■'*     ""t 


'■  '"'-'•  ■•"  ti,r:,,:.'':.'.:i'^'-i''^) 


--^^^.'^i!';;&'^:»r.H^^ 


central  i 


tl, 


a 


T 


|"ii.  i 


"•'li:ilii(.  sli 
'(■.111 


.'  J'-  xviii. 


■t*sGneo  of  ti^Q 


■ciTion. 


name  Tul 


\'.'i,  tl 


ciwi;:;:':,;:/'''-"vvc.as, 


•"^t'fcl!!^'^" 


le 
in,  as 


''^V'«-!<'.a"  toariH:.^^?-  ^''.  o 


'"-'-^^'»«i^irErS'li^a 


■»'•.  toin. 

''.■■'^'•""'•s,l,.(j„'i,' 


...  j>.  ri'j. 


•    "((in     Jill    fllrli."      r       "  """'oil 


19J 


TlIK  rilE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


uppliod  to  a  city  or  county  in  Central  America,  from 
the  nortliern  traditions  as  tliey  have  l)een  prescrvi'il 
for  our  examination,  may  be  very  satisfactorily  ac- 
counted for  by  the  fact  that  another  great  city 
founded  nuich  later  in  Anahuac,  tlie  capital  of  tlir 
Toltec  monarchy,  was  also  called  Tollan  ;  consequently 
such  traditions  as  the  Spaniards  gathered  from  the 
natives  respecting  a  Tulan,  were  naturally  referred  Ity 
them  to  the  later  city.  It  is  to  be  noted,  moreover, 
in  this  connection,  that  the  descriptions  given  by  the 
Spanish  writers  of  Tollan,  with  its  luxuriant  vegeta- 
tion, and  birds  of  brilliant  plumage,  often  a[t[>ly 
much  better  to  the  southern  than  to  the  northern 
Antihunc.  In  addition  to  the  points  mentioned  in 
the  Quiclie  record,  we  learn  from  Sahagun  that  tlio 
Toltec  calendar  was  invented  or  introduced  during' 
the  stay  in  tliat  soutliern  country  o"  T'lUKjanchau ;" 
that  the  Nahua  power  in  the  soutli  extended  noitli 
to  Aniiliuac  and  embraced  Teotihuacan,  a  holy  city 
and  rt'ligious  centre,  even  in  those  remote  times; 
that  the  Olmecs,  Miztecs,  and  Huastecs  belonged  to 
the  same  group  of  nations  and  their  rise  or  appear- 
ance to  tlie  same  period;  and  that  from  the  Seven 
Oaves  tlie  Toltecs  migrated — that  is  their  centre  er 
capital  was  transferred — to  Tulancingo,  and  later  tn 
Tollan.  All  these  i)oints  we  shall  find  confirmed  nieio 
or  less  directly  by  other  authorities. 


I'C 


A  veiy  important  Naluni  record,  written  in  Azt 
with  Spanish  letters  l>v  an  anonvmous  native  autlmr. 
and  copied  by  Ixtlilxochitl,  which  belonged  to  tlu- 
i'amous  IJoturini  collection,  is  the  Codex  C/iiiii((li>n- 
pocK,*^     Unfortunately  it  has  never  been  publisl 


ill  (I 


«i  fl  "I  T 


ilB 


' 

1 
t 

4 

<!; 

vk 

m 

!'! 

!     fi 

■{ 

, 

I'    K 

1, 

*'  l>nissiMir  lii'Iiovi's  Unit  tlu;  Oxoiiioco  and  ripiictonal  of  tlic  N.iliiia 
iiiytli,  ail'  till'  saiiic  art  tin-  Xpivacoc  and  Xniiicani'  nf  llic  J'ti/ml  I'li/i,  >iiii'(' 
tilt' I'lPriiii'i'  ail' two  III'  till' iiivi'iilois  of  tin'  rali'inlar,  wliiii'  llii'  iattiiari' 
ralli'il  uraiKliiiollii'VH  of  tlio  sun  ami  li^;lit.    I'a/ni/  Viih,  \\\\.  4,  '-Ml. 

*">  '  I'lia  lli.sttiriii  (Ic  /lis  li\i/iii)s  ill'  Cii//iii(iriiii,  //  Mrx'rn,  I'll  li'iijiua  Vw. 
hnntl.  y  pajii'l  Emoiieo  tlo  Alitor  Aiioiiyiiio,  \  tioiio  auailiila  una  linn  Iv- 
/iin'ini  i/r  ins  Pinsi  .,  i/  Ixitus  di'  In  Uiiililiiliul  \'\\  li'ii;,'iia  ( 'avti'llai'a,  rti'. 
E^sta  toilo  loiiiado  ilc  lotia  ilc  Duii  rtriiaiiilo  do  Alba  y  le  falta  la  [ii iiiiini 


TilH  CODKX  ClIIMALPOroCA. 


193 


mill  Its  contents  are  only  known  by  occasional  refer- 
ences in  tlu!  works  of  Brasseur  de  Bourl»onro",  who 
had  a  eopy  of  the  document.  From  the  passai^'es 
(jiidtcd  hy  the  abhe  I  take  the  following  brief  ac- 
count, which  seems  of  some  importance  in  connection 
with  the  preceding: 

"This  is  the  be«ifinnin<jf  of  the  history  of  thini/'s 
whicji  cami;  to  pass  long  ago,  of  the  division  of  tlu; 
caith,  the  ])ropei"ty  of  all,  its  origin  and  its  Ibuiula- 
tidii,  as  well  as  the  manner  in  which  the  sun  divided 
it  six.  times  four  hundred  })Lis  one  hundred  })lus  thir- 
ttcii  years  a<>'o  to-day,  the  twenty-second  of  May, 
IJjS."  "  Karth  and  the  lieavens  were  formed  in  the 
vtar  Ce  Tochtli;  but  man  had  already  Iteen  created 
t'mir  times.  fJod  formed  him  of  ashes,  but  Quetzal- 
coat!  Iiatl  poi-fected  him."  After  the  Hood  men  were 
cliaiigod  into  dogs.*"  After  a  new  and  successful  at- 
tempt at  ci'cation,  all  began  to  serve  the  gods,  called 
.\|iaiitc('utli,  *  master  of  the  rivers,'  J  liiictlollincjui, 
'lie  wlio  causes  the  earth  to  shake,'  Tlallamanac, 'he 
wild  presidt>s  on  the  earth,'  and  Tzontemoc,  'he  whose 
hail-  (It  sccuds.'  (.^uetzalcoatl  remained  alone.  Then 
tin y  Slid,  "the  vassals  of  the  gods  are  born  ;  they  have 
alicady  begun  to  serve  us,"  but  tiiey  added,  "what 
will  you  cat,  ( )  gods?"  and  Quet/.alcoati  went  to  search 
till'  means  of  subsistence.  At  that  time  Azcatl,  the 
'ant.'  going  to  'I'onacati'petl.  'mount  of  our  sid)sist- 
•  iice,'  for  mai/e,  was  met  by  Quet/alcoatl,  who  said, 

f'ljn  "  I'litiiriiii,  ('iihifiifin,  |i|).  171S.  'M.  Aiiliin,  (|iii  ]ii»-^i'ili>  Irs  cdiiicn 
l.iitis  |iiir  (Jaiim  cl  I'icliMrdo,  ajiiiilc  iiii  suji'l  i\v  ci-  iliu'imu'iil  ;  "Cello 
lii-lniii',  t'iiiii|)iisi'i>  en  l."i(l.'l  el  I'li  \'uV  ]>t\r  iiii  r<ii\aiii  <U'  <i>iiiinlililliiii 
<!  Ill-  |i:u'  I't'i'iiaiiili)  lit'  Mlia  (Ixllilxiic'liii  I},  ('(iiiiiiit'  I'a  cni  riiliaiilii, 
ll'i'^l   jLTIli'lt'    ninilis    lUi'iMi'lIsi?    ([lU!    Ics    |il('fC(lcilft's    (ill     lililHSflir's    li.sl),    ft 

ii'iiiiiiiii',  aiiiu'i'  ]iai'  aiiMiM',  mi  iiiniii.s  jii.M|ii"a  I'aii  7")l  ili'  •!.•'.  A  In  hiiito 
ill' lis  aiiiiali'H  M'  tiiiinc  riiistnirc  iiiuiiiviiic  (T  l!i>lciirt'  di's  snlciU),  d'nii 
'i.iiiia  a  I'Miail  If  tt'Xli'  iiit>\ii'aiii  dt'  la  tiaililimi  Mir  li's  sulfils.'"  /.'/7/,v. 
>((/■(/.•  Uniirhiiiinj,  His/.  Xiil.  Cii'.,  toiii.  i.,  \>.  Ixxix,;  /(/,,  t'n/n,/  I'liii,  |i, 
xi. 

*'■  I'/ti'-liiiiir  or  'ilii;,'s,'  a  fi'aiisfnrmatiDii  wliirli  may  mil  iiii|inilialil.v  liavti 
"'Hiii'ilii!!;,'  Ill  (III  wilii  llii>  iii'i;:iii  iil°  the  iiaiiib  ( 'liicluiiico,  a  iiaiiii' a|>|>lii'il  Id 
>'i  iiiiiiiv  liilii's  ill  all  [larts  uf  llic  ciiiinti  v.  'I'lir  ( 'm/ir  ( '/iiiii'i//iii/in,ii,  Imw- 
I'Vir.  siu'ak-.  also  uf  a  liaiisl'iiiiiiatiini  iulti  iiuiiiki'\s  us  ii  rt'sull  til'  ii  ;;rL'at 
liiinii'aiu',  I'll/Ill/  ]'ii/i,  p,  l\\x, 
Vol,  V.    lU 


■1'  i ' 


^1 

I'f 


194 


THE  PRE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


I  ? 


M 


"wlici'G  li.ist  thou  been  to  obtain  that  tiling?  Toll 
mo."  At  first  the  Ant  would  not  tell,  but  tlu; 
Illumed  Serpent  insisted,  and  repeated,  "wliitlur 
shall  I  go?"  Then  they  went  there  together,  Qiiet- 
zaleoatl  metamorjihosing  himself  into  a  'black  ant.  *' 
Tlaltlauhqui  Azcatl,  the  'yellow  ant,'*^  accompaniod 
Quetzaleoatl  respcetfully,  as  they  went  to  seek  maize 
and  brought  it  to  Tamoanchaii.  Then  the  gods 
began  to  eat,  and  put  some  of  the  maize  in  our 
mouths  that  wo  mi<dit  become  strong.*''  The  same 
ro'.'ord  imj)lies  that  Quetzaleoatl  afterwards  became 
obnoxious  to  his  companions  and  abiindoned  theni.'^ 
In  this  document  we  have  evidently  an  account  of 
substantially  the  same  events  that  are  recorded  in 
the  Tzendal  and  Quiche  records: — the  division  of  the 
earth  by  the  Sun  in  the  year  955  B.C.,  or  as  ()rd(iri('Z 
interprets  the  Tzendal  tradition,  by  \"()tan  'about 
1000  B.C.';  the  formation  of  the  earth  by  the  su- 
preme being,  and  the  successive  creations  of  man,  ni' 
attempts  to  introduce  civilization  among  savagis 
through  the  agency  of  Quetzaleoatl, — acts  ascribed  hy 
the  (.^)uiche  tradition  to  the  same  ]»erson  undi'r  tlic 
name  of  (Jucumatz;  the  Hood  and  resulting  tinns- 
ibrmation  of  men  into  <logs,  instead  of  m(jid<i'ys  as  in 
the  Popol  Vnh,  symbolizing  perhaps  the  I'elajise  into 
savagisin  of  partially  civilized  tril)es; — the  adoption 
of  agricidture  r(>presented  in  both  traditions  as  an 
expedition  b.y  Quetzaleoatl,  oi'  CJucumatz,  in  seardi  nt' 
maize.  AcconUng  to  the  /*()y>r>/  Viih  i<e  sought  ilu' 
maize  in  Paxil  antl  Cayala,  'divided  and  stagnant 
watei's,'  by  i\w  aid  of  Ctiu,  'the  c(»yote;'  while  in 
the  Xahua  tradition,  aided  by  Azcatl,  'the  ant."  W. 
finds  the  dcsiretl  food  in  Tonacatepetl,  'mount  of  eiir 
subsistence.'     Finally,  the  Codec  Cliiiitn/jx'j'ocK  iden- 

<'  Ov,  (IS  IlnisKiMir  sn^';:('«|s,  ji(1ci|itiii;j;  tlic  (MistninH  of  (lie  |ii'(i|i1i'  in  (Uilir 
to  nlitaiii  the  ciilirM'  (if  'ri)iiiiciil('|i('ll  ainl  llic  hccivI  nl'  tlii'ir  nmiciillmc. 

*•*  Miiliiiii,   \'iiri(l)iiliiri(i ,  tiiinslalcH  ilic  iiniiic,   'rt'd  nut.' 

^i  Ciii/i.r  i7u'iii(iljii)ji(irii,  ill  Jlnoi-icur  tic  JtuKrIioitn/,  Jlisl.  Xat.  i'ii\,  tmii. 
j,.  iH).  TilMt.  7(1-1. 

■>^  Jif.,  p.  117. 


I'UIMITiVE  NATIONS  OF  MEXICO. 


195 


tifios  tlio  home  of  the  Nuluia  iiatii^ns,  \vhcncc  tlic 
scaivh  lor  maize  was  made,  with  Tamoauchaii,  whieli 
.Sahagiiu  has  clearly  located  in  Tabasco. 

ncforc  coiisideriiiijf  the  traditions  that  relate  th(! 
iiiii^iatiou  of  the  Toltecs  proper  to  Tollaii  in  Anahuac, 
it  will  he  most  convenient  to  give  the  little  that  is 
known  of  those  nations  that  arc  snj)posed  to  have 
preceded  the  Toltecs  in  Mexico.  The  chief  of  these 
ai'o  the  Qiiinames,  Olmecs,  Xicalancas,  Totonac 
Hnastecs,    Miztecs,    Zapotecs,    and    Otonu's, 


51 


Tl 


le 


Olniccs  and  Xicalancas,  Avho  are  sometimes  rep- 
rrst'uted  as  two  nations,  sometimes  as  divisions  of 
the  same  nation,  are  regarded  hy  all  the  authorities 
;is  Xaliuas,  si>eakin<»'  the  same  lan!'r.a<'e  as  the  Tol- 
tcrs,  hilt  settled  in  Anahuac  long  oefore  the  estah- 
lisluncnt  of  tlie  Toltec  Empire  at  Tollan.  As  nations 
they  hotli  hecame  extinct  hefore  the  Spanish  Con- 
(piest,  as  did  the  Toltecs,  hut  there  is  little  douht 
tli.it  tluir  descendants  under  new  names  and  in  new 
national  cond)inations  still  lived  in  ]*uel)la,  southern 
A'cra  Cniz,  and  Tahasco  — the  ren'ion  traditionallv  set- 
tied  liv  them  down  to  the  cominn'  of  the  Spaniards. 
Tlicy  are  regarded  as  the  first  of  the  Nahua  nations 
111  this  region  and  are  first  noticed  hy  tradition  on  tin* 
MUith-eastjrn  coasts,  whither  they  had  come  in  ships 
iViini  the  east.  Sahagiin,  as  we  have  seen,  identities 
th(  lu  with  certain  families  of  the  Naliuas  who  set  out 
tVoiu  'i'anioanchan  to  settle  in  the  northern  coast  re- 
';iiin.  1  xtlilxochitl  tells  us  they  occupied  tlic  land  in 
the  tliird  age  of  the  world,  huuling  (»n  the  east  I'oast  as 


M 


Suit 


111' Ciiiciitccs,  Tiiiinis,  riiitinntors.  Miizntros,  riintiims,  rniMilmcux, 


I'rns,    (  'liiililalc; 


ll'ilril    li\-  (  )rn/ici  V    ilt'll' 


<l    Cull 


ll 


ic  Miiilli-NM'wii'i n  ici'Miiis,  urc  re 


I  i  -t  ti'ii:,'iii('iils  III  |ir 


•{'.lit 


I'C    llMllllll> 


K/rii/i 


]<y.  I'.'l,  l'J(i.  I'ricliiiiti.  Xi't.  Ihst.  Mini,  Mil,  ii.,  p.  r.l'J,  miIiIh  tlic  Cmii-, 
IriiMiii'i's,  iiikI  'i'iinio'o.s.  Tlic  CiiiliccH  N'liliciiiiiiH  ami  'rcllciiiiiiiis,  yivo 
till'  iiiiiiics  of  tlic  tiilii'H   lliiit   iiii'Miitcd  fidiii  tlic  (*cvcii  ciivcs.   as  (MiiicrH, 


llMIIIlll'IIH, 


x 


mill  ( 


nil 


Clii.l 


l\  ll 


lll'\tci'||S. 

ic  same 


IIIIICI 

The 


s,    Niimiliualcas,    Miiliiiiacas,   Cmiixi' 


IS, 


Tc.l 


iiiiacs. 


ami 


tiiim 


liiial 


I'as  am 


I   Xicali 


aiicas,  however,  wen    |iroii- 


I  tiilial  name  at  all.   tlulliilin,  in  Am 


ee  later  that  Cliieliiniees  was  |inihalil.\   never 


Etin 


Trini.sart.,  vol, 


1' 


I'i     !>*; 


r.»(; 


Tin-:  ruK-TOLTi:c  pkriod. 


far  a.s  the  laiul  of  Papulia,^^  'muddy  water,'  or  in  tlio 
reu'loii  about  tlie  Lai^una  de  Terniiuos.  Veytia  nanus 
IMnueo  a.s  tlieir  landing-place,  and  gives  the  date  as 
a    few   years   after    the    regulation   of    the    calendai, 


ih'eadv  noticed  in  Sahairun's  reeoi'd, 


5:1 


T\ 


leir  national 


nanu's  are  derived  from  that  (jf  their  first  rulers  ()1- 
inecatl  and  Xicalancatl.  Two  ancient  cities  talKd 
Xicalanct)  are  re})orted  on  the  gulf  coast;  one  of  tluni, 
uhich  nourished  nearly  or  (|nite  down  to  the  time  of 


the  ( 


on 


qu 


es 


t,  and  whosi,'  ruins  are  still  said  to  he  v 


ihle,"'*  was  just  l)elo\v  Vera  Cruz;  the  other,  piohahlv 
the  more  ancient,  stood  at  the  point  which  still  hears 
the  name  of  Xicalanco  at  the  entrance  to  the  La- 
guna  de  Tcrminos.     This  whole  region  is  also  said  to 


have  home  the  name  of  Anahuac  Xicalanco. 


M 


fii- 


dieta   and   Tonjuemada'"'   relate  that  the  followiis  nt" 
XicalaiK'atl  peo[)led  the   I'ogion  towards  the  (Joaza 


cu- 


K'll- 


ilco,  where  stood  the  two  cities  referred  to.  Thf  | 
pie  oi'  that  })art  of  the;  country  were  generally  known 
at  the  time  of  the  Ct)n(piest  as  Nonohualcas.  The 
rhief  develoi)inent  of  this  people,  or  of  its  ()hii<r 
hranch,  was,  so  far  as  ri'corded  in  tradition,  in  tin; 
state  of  Puehla  furtluM'  north  and  inland. 

This  tradition  of   tlu^  arrival  of  strangers  on  tlic 
<ast(,i'n  coast,  and  the  iirowth  of  the  Olmec  and   Xi- 


ca 


laiica  powers  on  and  north  of  the  isthmus,  in  \  i 


rW 


(»f  the  facts  that  these  nations  are  universally  rcganl 
ed  as  Nahuas  and  as  the  first  of  the  race  to  setlK'  in 
Aniihuac,  cannot  he  considei\>d  as  distinct  from  tli.it 
gi\('U   hy  Sahagun  respecting  the  Naliua  race,  csik' 
'  ially  as  the  latti'i'  author  spi'aks  of  the  dcparturr  nf 
certain   iamilie.s   I'rom   'J'amoaiu'han   to    settle  in   tli< 

'"  III  fiiri'oiir.i,  in  TCiiKlsfiovnuijh's'  }fi:Y.  Aiifi'i/.,  Mil.  i.\,,  |i.  I.'i'.t.  I'lipiiliv  a. 
'river  III' iiiikI,  is  i  iiaiiit'  mIsh  a|i|ilii'ii  li\  tlic  (,liiirlii'  tniililinii  t<i  iiii^>r 
i]i|iari'iillv  ill  tliis  i(';;ii)ii.   Si'c  p.  IT'^;  Pii/m/  I'n/i,  U]i.  l|(t-l.     11 


I  In-    NillllC   Willi 


1\\ 


\ii-\  I 


I'liii.    Ill 


liip.     CXXUI-IV 


icliiti 


Il'tl'IS     III 

il 


/: 


r 


i'iis»i'iii  III 

11, sf.  Af'i. 


ti''i'lziil((iiill  ami  twenty  eliiefs  at    I'tiint   Xicalanco, 
I'l/Hit,  /l/s/.  .ill''  MrJ,,  tiiiii.  i.,  [).  150. 


my:  the  airi\a!  oi   tiiese  natimi-  iin 'ci 


'■"  Sei 


p.  i:i». 


''■'  See  Mil,  ii.,  p.    I  I 

!"''  His/.  I-Jf/is.,  p,  140;  Muiiiir<2.  Intl.,  (oni.  i.,  ji.  ;i-'. 


m 


'''I^MKCS  .VXD  A- 


f<^^"ALA\C.\.S. 


I'n'Vinoos  of  ()J,j, 


e( 


■'»  Vj'xt( 


197 


W;il- 


>ti.      It 


IN  most  Jintural  t, 


;:'""^'  iiK.ru  <Iiivctl 


view  of  tl 


y  Ml 


inland 


.i'f  that 


'«-'  'natter  is  ij], 


('11  tact  M-it Ji   it 


'^^:'  <:'''iai.a;,  mJ 


;i'eat 


y  Ju.rth- 


iei(- 
i'i\al. 


^  Qnetzaleoatl,  the  .XMn>t '''^'l'''''^-'  ''y  tl,,: 


"7^!'^   'i-  A^roatwork 


in-e-I 


'1  Xiral 


hiTl 


'    then-   lead 


mcas-  -aeeoid 


<«  in  tliu  t 


't-'i-o,  j.s 


aid  t 


n 


'",ir  to  s( 


"^-   of  the  OI 


oiiav: 


■nia.'^uu   also 


L-r   MJien    th 


""V  f'<'^li"tioMs  to  J 


nil 


cs 


IJ'pIies     tl 


*-'y  an-i\t'd 


'■'•■'.'^■•'^-  ."'•  'tenvstrial 


i'arad 


'^'.nanie    Tial 


on   t) 


10    (' 


'•^^     to   t/ii> 


t'K'ir   th'st 


""\\^<l,i;e  of  ()] 


with  1 


ocan, 
soutl 


<|'J'eai-an 


<'0,     IN 


^;  "rh  ocvinTe<i  in   |>,„.l,, 


'"^'^'    Iii.stojy  sul 
t'on fined    t 


anioandian." 


ia\'(' 
<»ast. 
and  of 
i-eastei'ii 


-\t 


""y  'oiind  i\\^  () 


If 


o  a  \ 


'«('<inent    to 


•T;    'T'   J^"^^''ln    <le'los 


eiv, 


I'K'    who   J 


t'ninainu; 


^'".M"    kept    tl 


Anoel 
*"■  ,i^iant> 


•IiieM 


on-  events 


es 


y  ""  tlie  /{,•,, 

•»"<t    Cliolnla 


';:;:'■':•  ^:i:^  -  ^'h'  trad 


'vji   suhordiMat 


'■•'  J'owerfnl 


]'eo- 


tli 


nil. 


Tl 


1  eso 


(,) 


iti 


on 


le 


i"'\i\()rs  of  tl 
;':'■' "i< I  a,o'(.  ,,f  tl 


t'nuianie 


•-'•^  I  "'esses    it 


""   .'"    i-anlv    and 


»'^  ^•\tlil.x,„.hifj 


ens 


\ 


'•eat  destruction  wl 


.stat 


laved 


<-'s,  Were 


'■yf''.  "more  \\U  I 


le  World.      Tl 


inu( 


»''ntes  th, 


'('y   ^\■eI 


"eh   closed    tl 


le 


nun 

tllrv 

|'iil'(ii 
I'nrii'i 


fi'l  ind 


'  -nnnnately,  ,V„its  „,, 


'"  lational  1 


*-'j    accoi'dl,,,,.   t, 


»ejn< 


(li 


••'"f'vated  notl 


It  (I 


^"^'1  ^'"■<•'!  fo  make  i\ 


lev 


"'•■'■'^fN     which    {\ 

wild 
:iiew 


eir 


l(  \- 


iinkrd 


i-l'U 


aiK 


witl 


Uiii,- 


1    ( 


nuiv 


>i'oiid. 


yt  w 


iisllev,.|,,|     I 


(■l\. 


herl.s,  sii 
'ow  to  niak 


ICC 


S    ( 


Ininl, 


lair, 


tin  \- 


!"'''''"|'.s  tIir,„,Mh  ( 


ii'iii 


M'V    r, 
"e.'ir  (J 


'"VMvd     (h 


Tl 


.i^oin. 
'('y    Wer. 


tl) 


*'1U    to 


'A    NO 


Ne 


tth 


lew, 
Jll     tl 


and 


tl 


sir, 


leir 


nia,L{nanin 
In.      Tl 


'.•'"■,!^'i'<'at  niinil 


'll'd: 


H'i'S. 


UK 


'•"'•"'y   i'<Tniirted 
le     (dniec; 


■I  111,1  r. 


/"",  iv^i.  a 


'J.    ///v/,    '/•/, 


■inn 


Is     ,1 


III  .\', 


Illlll, 


11  IIIM 


'•■•niMi 


'!'.""'>■  iiiiti 


'//, 


III 


I'."'  "  lln    .lill 


.\  II  mil, 


Vl''"'.''"'vui(|,,|„,  / 

•'li'Mn.   'I'., ..!.:.     -i 


M.|( 


\\u\ 


lllllll 


'■iiii'iit  ill  •y\ 
"I'    ITS  !l,  f 


nil. 'Ill    l.f(l|,,(,| 
:il'ilt( 

Atl 


■s(||,.\ 


III! 


"">•  iii..  in,.  V 


••Hill    .\i,.,.||. 


y  III  ii 


Weri 


|i.  I.'Jr 


:■'""'   '"'III    |||,,S: 


'•■''■.•Il;i   \\ 


ll 


K'H'  jijil 


"!■  Iliiti 


'":'■'•  III"  \iii,.| 


iiii',i> 

''\rn   (  ';, 


II 


"■l''lllllt  ,.(" 


lll'X 


'■'■  "I  lllill 


H'li.N  (niii,  thy  ,s 


C 


t-Vcll  (•|,\, 


It'  \,i( 
'iii.'ira,  r, 


;ii/iii.(.,  I',, I,, I 


'•  si, III',-,   I 
l"lNM(||||, 


l\  I 


Iiii;l^i1 


l.ll    l!l 

"11- ll 


"•'"'  'i"«  Nl.iii.N  s, 


K'Ui'llict' 


I'c  \nl 


;»;i-.'i()(i,  „Im 


19S 


Tlir.  PKI-:  TOLTKC  rKKIOI). 


treated  well  ciioui^li  at  first,  although  tlioy  lonktd 
with  terror  upon  the  ir-iant.s.  The  latter,  awai'e  of 
tlie  fear  they  inspired,  hecamo  more  and  nion^  inso- 
lent, elainiinL*'  that  as  lords  and  masters  of  the  hiinl 
they  Were  showing  tlie  stran^'ers  a  great  favor  in  [n  i-- 
mitting  them  to  live  there.  As  a  recom})ense  I'm- 
tliis  kindness  they  ohliged  the  Olniecs  to  serve  ;i:^ 
slaves,  neither  hunting  nor  fishing  themselves,  l.iit 
de[)ending  on  their  new  servarits  for  a  suhsistciicc. 
Thus  ill-treated,  the  Nahuas  soon  found  their  condj- 
tion  insu[)|»ortal)le.  Another  great  cause  of  otfciKc 
w;is  that  the  Ouinames  were  addicted  to  sodoniv.  a 


vice  Avluch  they  refused  lo  ahandon  even  when  tlhv 
were  offered   the    wives   and    daughters  of  the   ii 


e\v- 


comers. 


At  last  it  was  resolved  at  a  c 


ounci 


1  of  tl 


ic 


Olmec  chiefs  to  free  themselves  once  for  all  iVom 
tlieir  o})[)ressors.  The  means  adopted  were  peculiar. 
The  giants  were  invited  to  a  magnificent  haiujiiet; 
the  richest  food  and  the  most  temj)ting  native  Ikv- 
erages  were  set  hefore  the  guests;  all  gathered  at  the 
least,  and  as  a  result  of  their  unrestrained  appctiti  ■< 
were  soon  stretclied  senseless  like  so  many  hlo  i<s  of 
wood   on    the    ground.     Thus   they  hecame   a 


n   easy 


l.rey 


to  tl 


le  retormei"! 


an( 


1 


XM'IS 


hed  t 


o  a  man. 


( )lmecs  were  free  and  the  day  of  their  national  i)i 


perit 


V  (lawiiet 


I 


ly 


V 


()S- 


'I'he   (.^)uinanies,   ti'adltlonaliy  assigned   as   tlit 


lli>t 

inhahitaiits  of  nearly  every  i»art  of  the  country,  liaw 
heen  tlie  suhjcct  of  much  discussion  among  the  Spaii- 
ish  writt'i's.  \'('vtia  indeed  reiects  the  idea  that  a 
race  of  giants  actually  existed,  and  Cla\igei-o  coiislil- 
crs  their  existence  as  a  race  very  douhtful,  altlinii'^h 
admitting  that  there  were  douhtless  indivichials  ni' 
'^I'eat  size.  Most  other  writers  of  this  class  aci'i|if 
nn»re  or  less  literally  the  tradition  of  the  giants  wlm 
\\ci-e  the  first  dwellci-s  in  the  land,  deeining  the  ili^ 


c  >M"T  of   lary-e   Itones  in    vai'ious    localities   an 
.Tti|»tural  tales  of  giants  in  other  parts  of  the  w 
to  he  sulUt'ient  corrohorative  authority.     N'tytia  li 


link 


y     lonkdl 

aware  of 

(>l'(^    ilisn- 
tllO   lilllil 

)r  ill  |Hi'- 
)oiise   l"(ir 
serve  a>i 
Ives,  1,1  It 
)sistciicc. 
ir  eoiidi- 
t'  uiW'Uvij 
xloiiiv.  ,1 
leu  t\u'v 
he   iH'W- 
il  of  tli(." 
all   iVuin 
peculiar. 
l)au(jiiL't; 
ive  lu\- 
!(l  at  the 
ipjx'titi-s 

)1()    I<S  (if 

au  easy 
U.  Til'.; 
lal  pros- 

■he  lii>t 


I  CollsKl- 

Itlidiinii 
liials  i>\ 
i  accept 
uts  wild 

the  (ii-- 
■111(1   ill' 

'     Wiilll, 

II  tiiiiik- 


'J'^"'  <nix.v.Mt 


''"'  Qiiiua 


^'  <'ii  (MA XT; 


III  tecs 
Ixuelii 


'"OS  u-ore  j.rohahly  of  tl 


VJO 


rl 


"ft  Wei-e  tril 


l\;e()j-{ 


tliat  \hry  w^Tc  (] 


l.s    tl 


't's  cast 


'0  .sauu>  ]-a 


le 


out  fur  their  sloth;   J 


•'I>;|»iuu   eutertaine.I    I 


»'o  as  tin 
xt- 


3[ 


"■'"oi-  hxes  the  (lite  of 
irter  as  -1).,,  A.  J).      (> 


o.sceiulo(I  from  tl 


tJ 


io  (,'liiel 


some 


iojr  cle.struet 


uuiees. 


Tl 


'.''"^••t    tliat    the 


•^fJ-ait  of  Afa-ell; 


\\vl\ 


in,  tl 


I'laut- 


yi^do  a(lor)ts  tJ 


I>iohaI)Iy 
..the  oulvplaee  wh 


'•>u  as  lo;^  tj 
'o  couehlsioii  of 


ie 
le 


t'auie   fi'oin    tl 


iiht  tl 


vnou-u    to   exist.      U^k 
10   existence  of  tl 


"'■I'll   .saw   u 


oi'e  ,such  I 


le 


'eu)*> 


<>    rea 


sou    to 


■-'^"";v,  tiK.y  „,uid  <,ut:  ;,r:r;r  i^'-^w  '■■n;.c  ,■ 

:""'  »''-  -an.o  Mat,,,,  it:  ,.-'.'"  ''V'".'  "I'  '"■•'„k,„, 


u 


|i-'Wtsof  th 


itlciitilies  tl 


e  World.      T 


'I '("'area   at 


leui  with 


^'Jy  the  first  settl 
'"?I".o'aa(la,follou.ecri;;:A 


«  verv 


^^';;};'i-stn,ye,ih3^ii,^'^ 


'1-  .similar 
Jy  til 


<--i;s  of  (I/.staiit 
eytia. 


ear 


The  U 


c'l'iiames  were  of 


''''"^'•^'Ml'-ohahlethattl 


no  m  J 
'•om  heaveii.«« 
oourse  not 


lyo  that  traditi 


oiia 


in 


les  are 


tlie  A; 


tiescrihecl  in- 


.loy  were  .savaije  tril 


o'-ii,  where  tl 
'^I'lts,  and  it 


iiy 

ley 


IS 


"aiT;it|\^.,   f) 

''"■'I'  khul 


"oricau  tradit 


•■I'l'nials  rather  ll 


'o.s.   ,Such 


lo  .i^Teat 


'""•■I'T  aiiual!- 


Tl 


"1"  .i^iants  in 


rec 


(•! 


power  ascribed  to  the  (.) 


ill 


-"•ii.v,  even  theii 


I'uon   ot  the  .St 


'■•infers,  th 


'0  spint  of  the 
chiiiiaiues. 


eir 


l';'S  to  a  power/'iil 
'hen  hated 


V'oos,  j,oi,it   elearly,  J 


nat 


on. 


her 


it  first  feared 


^'rowiUL{- 
0  as  in 


'^-!"'.."-w:;.H':;:-:;''''{'i'«i'ynii:."r';. 


as  nias- 


Uri'1,1 

.i^'aided 


'•'fhoritatively   i„   tl 


l;<'^or.      While 'it 


ni:;; ::;::;;::: 'l':"!  '"-'>•  ''«t  ;i 


lo  matter,   i( 


'jects 
l^nupos.sihle   t 


(J 


uiav 


>t'   re. 


j'0\\(.|. 


"^'•'■fhrowii  in   (I 


"■^  '"o  \\"s  a  hrancl 


Well 


.!,>/,, 


III,.  (.1 


"lli'iTllill;,'     till 


••IS   that  of  thu  \.al 


'io'itli;  that  the  Mh;,!! 


Ill; 


>an 


i\. 


la-,;||| 


/h. 


'ini.iiiii.H  its  h 


^nuis    s,.,.    r.r^/;/^„,/, 


OXteuded    f 


ir 


''';-^"^;<!.;w.  i^.i;i 


i'/. 


"•  Il'i^/.  Iwli 


mil 

Hut 


;''■•* "'"'  Ii.'mi  imi, 

^^I'lTllt 


mil.' 


veil 


.Ms, 


liilii, 


,;/''/",  ///,v/.  ,1 


111    Kin  I, si, 


i'iiiiu-uiiiiii's    ;\f, 


'■'•'I   Im'II.',!   wl.il 


''.•I p.  II 


'rii 


.lA 


/■.  I. .III. 


VV' 


'"■"II,  1,1, 

.  toll 


''  I'l'^lsfiiii,., 


jM.S 


^l"ll    "if     III,, 


''■■"I";;-  iiii'l   iliinj, 


I'.llinr  r,.|,|-,,^,,,|j 


I.  III. 


I'l'-   I.'KI--);  Arl, 


i''li('iii,i,/,i,    ]/„ 


II'  iiiiii 


II 


'i';s.i,„r  ,1,.  I 


I,      ,  ,, "'   ," 


l;]>-  ;'.■)!»•  II;  <7, 


.'/'",  r/i, 


T'ir,l, 

IA,r,  ^ 

I'  iWi). 


.1, 


'.'/•,    /.'-//, 


IVMli. 

I'l'.  I.\ 


y.i 


"''/•  ///'/..  t 


,'■  Nly.s   ll, 


^1"".    I'.V    III 


il<;itf 


uTr'"'  '''■''■ 


'■'",  tiiiii. 


iii. 


II'. 


I  '^■s,/iit.s.\,.^ 


i'[   -Inf.  ,lrl    I)/, 


"III.  I. 

!.»■  •>;  <h-i, 


I 


loi 

I'- 1'. 


II.  I. 


'■•v.svr,,,    I, ,11 


,\lVl,|,.,| 

;ii-(;; 

Ih'.st. 

I.  i. 


."'/"■'"'.    ///.v/.    .)/, 


!'•  •■ll(i;    / 


I'l'.  '!(!,    I.Vil;    / 
'  ■'"'  '/  '/'//, 


I' 


III, I,/, 


iiiiiiitiL 


III     IJilT.     ( 


i'„h4 


ir; 


",  III  ,sv, 


lul 


II.  \. 


200 


THE  PIIE-TOLTF.C  PEHIOD. 


i    ! 


b^wnnls  Analiuac  in  tlio  earlv  days:  that  tlio  ^reat 
stru.ijfulc'  was  carried  on  in  the  north  as  well  a.s  iu 
the  soiitli. 

About  tlio  time  the  Quinamcs  Avere  defeated,  tlic 
pyramid  of  Choluhi  Avas  erected  under  tlie  direction 
of  a  chief  named  Xelliua.  The  occasi(»n  of  its  hciu'j; 
huilt  seems  to  have  heen  connected  in  some  way  witli 
a  Hood,  ])ro1)ahly  tliat  mentioned  in  tlie  Quii-he  tra- 
dition, the  reports  of  which  may  or  may  not  1  v 
foundtul  on  an  actual  inundation  more  tlian  usually 
disastrous  in  a  country  suhject  to  ])eriodical  overflow . 
The  authoritie-i  are  not  a^^reed  whether  the  mighty 
mound  was  intended  as  a  memorial  monument  i;i 
honor  of  the  builder's  salvation  from  a  former  thxxl, 
or  as  a  place  of  refu_L>-e  in  case  the  Hoodi^ates  of  tlir 
skies  should  au;'ain  be  opened;  neither  is  it  si'ttlrrl 
whether  Xelhua  was  an  Olmec  or  a  Quiname  chiit- 
tain,  althoui^li  most  authors  incline  to  tin;  IbniK  i' 
opinion.  ]\'dro  de  los  Ilios  tells  us  that  the  bricks 
Ibr  the  construction  of  the  })yranii(l  were  maiiu- 
i'actui'cd  at  Tialmanalco  and  jtassed  by  a  line  of  nun 
iVoni  hand  to  hand  for  a  distance  of  several  leanuts. 
Of  course  the  S[)anisli  writers  have  not  failed  t<> 
connect  this  pyramid  in  some  way  witji  the  Hebrtw 
traditions  res|)ectini>'  the  tower  of  Babel,  esjiccinlly 
as  work  on  the  Cholula  tower  Avas  sto]tpcd  by  tii", 
sent  from  heaven  by  the  ii'iMtated  deities."''-' 

]3urin,L,^    the    Olmec    pei'iod,    that    is,    the    earlir>t 
]>eriod  of   Nahua  powi'r,  the  oreat  Quetzalcoatl  aji 
jieared.      We  have  sc>eii  tiuit  in  the  /^<^>r>/  Vnl,   ami 
(\i(l('.r  C/iiinii/p(>i)n<-(i.  t]\\s  beinu^  is  represi'ntevl  as  tin 
half-divinity,  half-hero,  who  i-amo  at  the  head  of  the 
first  Nahuas  to  America  from  across  tiu-  sea.      (Itlici' 


t; 


M  On  liiiililin^  uf  Cluiliilii  ])vriiiiii(l.  sco  I'm/ix  Miiliiiiio.  in  Kiniislmr- 
iiiiii/i'.i  .]fix.  Atili'i/..  Mil.  v.,  |i.  I7-;  l.itlil.iitchill,  in  Id.,  m>1.  ix.,  pii.  -iH'. 
4.")'.!;  (liiHilrii,  in  I'nsfult,  Hist.  ('oiii/.  Mr.r.,  tciin.  iii.,  ]>]>.  -I."),  (i'.t;  i'' '/'<'>. 
lli.if.  All/.  M'J.,  linn,  i.,  iip.  1.").  IS,  1.')^;  lUiliiriiii .  Idm,  pit.  Il.'t-ll;  //■""• 
hnhll.  Ml /iiiiifi.t,  |i.  r>.">;t;  /(/.,  I'lir.f,  toin.  i.,  J).  Ill;  /'ii/iui  Vii/i,  ji.  cwv,; 
lirii.\.'<iiir  </<'  /liiiit'/iiiiirif,  lli.i/.  Xnf.  Cii:.  tttin.  i.,  |i|i.  I."i."i.  .'!(ll-.'!;  Urn.''"  H 
llirrn.  iniK/rn/iii,  [>.  \'.i'2;  dailittin,  in  .\iiin:  Kllmu.  Sur.,  Tritn.-iin-l..  vnl, 
i.,li.  KiT. 


glKTZALCOATL,  THE  CL'I/nUE-Tir.KO. 


201 


ai;i.1iiii'iti('s  iinj)ly  ratlier  that  lie  oanic  later  from  the 
i.ist  or  ii"ith,  ill  the  jjeriod  of  the  ^Tcatcst  Olmee 
iiiospnity,  after  the  rival  Quiiiaiiies  had  heeii  de- 
i',;it(  il.  To  .such  diflereiiees  in  detail  !»(>  <^reat  im- 
jKirtaiice  is  to  be  attached;  since  all  that  can  he 
(liliiiitely  learned  from  these  traditions  is  the  I'acts 
tliat  (.)iietzalc()at1,  or 


(Jucumatz,  \vas  tlic  most  j-rom- 
iiciit  of  the  Xahua  heroes,  and  that  his  existence  is 
t)  lie  attrihuted  to  this  earliest  period,  known  in 
\ico  as  ( )lmec,  hnt  ^ithont  a  distincti\(!  name 
th.      Qnetzaleoatl   was    a    white,    hoarded 


i:i 

111 


le   sou 


tl  ,_ 

;in,  veiierahle,  just,  and  holy,  who  taught  hy 
piiMcpt  and  exaieplc  the  paths  of  viitue  in  all 
(he  Xahua  cities,  particularly  in  Cholula.  ]iis 
teacliiiiu's,  according  to  the  traditions,  had  nuicli  in 
cominou  with  those  of  Christ  in  the  Old  W'orltl,  and 
most  of  the  S[)anisli  writers  firndy  helieved  liim 
to  \)c  identical  with  one  of  the  (.'hristiaii  ajiostles, 
]ii(iha])ly  St  Thomas.  During  his  stay  in  tliis  reni(.n 
iiis  (li.ctrines  do  not  seem  to  have  met  with  a,  satis- 
factoiy  rece})tion,  and  he  left  disheartened.  He  jire- 
diited  hefore  his  de[)arture  great  calamities,  and 
]iioiiiiscd  to  return  in  a  i'uture  year  Ce  Acatl,  at 
wliich  time  his  doctriiu's  were  to  he  fidly  accepted, 
ami  liis  (K'scendants  were  to  possess  the  land,  ^ion- 
tr/aniia  is  known  to  have  re^■arded  the  comin-"'  of 
('ortes  and  the  S[>aniards  as  a  fulfdlment  of  this 
pi'rdii'tion,  an( 


1  inh 


lis  speecli 


to  tl 


le  new-comers  states 


riiitlKT  that  after  his  lirst  visit  (,^)iU't/.aIcoatl  had 
ah'ca<ly  mice  returned,"'^  and  attempted  unsuccessfully 
t<t  induce  his  lollowers  to  go  hack  with  him  across 
the  M'a.  'file  tirst  ]iart  of  the  ]»ro|ihet's  ]iredictiou 
iu'tiially  came  to  pass,  as  traditions  \v]\  ns,  for  only  a 
few  (lays  after  his  de[)arture  oi-curred  the  eartluiuake 
which  (h'sti'oyi'd  tlie  pyramid  at  ( 'liolula,  the  .\iiicr- 
i'aii  liahcl,  and  ushered  in  tlu.-  new  or  foiirtji  a-^c  of 
lire,  aecordiiiij' to  I  xtlilxodiitl.      ( )n   the   ruins  of  the 


•*"  Cur'i's,  Ciirtiis,  p.  .S().     (jiiii't/ali'oiitl  lidwcvcr  is  ncit  iKuiii'il. 


202 


THE  PIIE-TOLTEC  I'EllIOD. 


jiyramid  was  l)uilt  a  temple  to  Quetzuleoatl,  who  was 
atterwurds  \vor.slu[)ed  as  a  i;'od/' 

AVe  sliall  find  very  similar  tradititnis  of  aiiotliir 
QuetzaU'oatl  who  a})[)(,'ared  much  later,  diii'iii^-  the 
Toltec  }teriod,  and  who  also  made  Cholula  a  ce'iitre  ot" 
his  reloi'm.  As  we  shall  see,  the  e\  iileiiee  is  toleiahly 
coiiclusive  that  the  two  are  not  the  same,  yet  it  is 
more  than  likely  that  the  traditions  respeetini;-  them 
have  heen  considerahly  mixed  hoth  in  native  and  Va\- 
ropean  hands.  After  the  time  of  Qiietzalcoatl  we 
know  nothing'  of  Olmec  or  Xicalanca  history  down  tn 
the  estahlishment  of  the  Toltec  emi)iie,  whe!i  tluso 
nations  were  still  in  jtossession  of  the  country  of  l\iel>la 
and  IMascala.  Boturini  conjectures  that,  hein^-  driven 
from  !N[exico,  they  mig-rated  to  the  Antilles  and  to 
South  America.  There  is  not,  however,  the  slightest 
necessity  to  suj>pose  that  the  Olmecs  ever  left  tlic 
count rv  at  all.  Their  institiitit)ns  and  lanijuane  weiv 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Toltec  i)eoples  that  nominally 
■succeeded  them,  and  although  like  the  Toltecs  tlu  v 
became  I'xtinct  as  a  nation,  yet  there  is  no  reason  to 
douht  that  their  descendants  lived  lony-  in  the  land, 
and  took  ])art  in  the  new  political  cond)inations  that 
make  up  ^«ahua  history  down  to  the  Contpiest.'" 

'■'  lii's]u>ctin.<r  Qnetziilcoiitl  in  Iiis  inytliolot;ic;il  !is]ii'cts  as  ;i  (li\iiii(y,  mm- 
vol.  iii.,  pji.  •J4S-,S7.  'I'lic  story  of  liis  \  isit  to  the  ( •liiiccs  is  toicj  in  l.illd.vn- 
vhill,  in  hiiii/s/i<irijiii//i,  vol.  ix.,  ]i]i.  "JOli, -I.')',!;   Viijliit,  lli.st.  Aiil.  M'j  ,  tuni. 

"•'•i  /!f)/iiriiii,  i(/i(i,  |i.  l;5,");  Chiviifrrn,  Sfnri'ti  Aiif.  ild  .l/r.v.v/co,  loni.  i\  .. 
]i.  T)'-',  toiu.  i..  ]i.  117.  rii'twccn  ('liiii|i;is  and  Zacalccas  is  a  vast  spaic.  nf 
>vliii'ii  tin-  only  notion  j;ivon  ns  l>y  liistoiy  is  tlu'  tart  tiiaf  the  Olnii'is,  .\i- 
calatiiM-',  and  /apoti'cs  li\i'd  in  liic  i(';;ion  of  I'uchla  and  Tlascala.  'I'iicv 
wore  tin'  priMiitive  ])('o|il('s,  that  is,  the  liist  known.  (lriir.vii  if  /lirm,  '/■"■ 
;frii/'ii(,  \<[>.  I'-'l-.").  'I'lu,' Xicalancas  fonndcil  Atlixco  and  Itxncan,  Init  mi- 
;:ial('il  to  Sontli  .Anu'iica.  'i'ln-  Olnu'cs  who  iiad  hcon  diiviMi  to  the  .l;ii1i 
roasts  followed  them,  ('iirlmjiil  Kspimisd,  lli.\l.  Mr.i-.,  toni.  i.,  p.  'IVl.  Tin' 
Xicalancas  possessed  th(>  conntry  hi-foro  the  Chichiinecs,  liy  whom  tlnv 
vi'i'e  re;;aided  as  en<'niies.  IxlliLyarhitl,  in  Kiii<i.\liiiriiiiifh's  Mix.  Aiili'/., 
V(d.  ix.,  !>.  1(11.  .Mexiciins,  Culhnas,  Tepanecs,  Olmecs,  .Xicalaneas,  'I'aia-- 
«'os,  ancl  ( 'hichinu'cs  wei'e  all  of  the  same  I'ace  and  lani^na^c  Ciiiniiiiin, 
llisl.  Tliix.,  in  Siiiirrllix  Aniiii/rs  r/c.v  ]'i>i/..  ISI,'},  toni.  .xeviii.,  pp.  Kil, 
i;{."),  ISS.  See  also  llriismiir  i/r  Jioiirlioiirif,  Hist.  \<it,  Cir.,  Unw.  i.,  p|'. 
(i7,  nil),  toni.  iii.,  Ji.  it;  nnii/f„ri/'s  Amrr.'  A)ifi(/.,  ]ip.  "JOO,  •Jl.'j;  IhllinihK 
in  Si,ii//i.^i)niini   li'/i/.,  IsdCi,  II.  ;t;!7;  Miillir,  Itisiii,  loni.   iii.,  pp.  X\  A. 

The  ( )hnecs  |)assed  from  Sle\ico  to  (inatemala,  whicli  they  ('nni|in'ri  d. 
AliriUi,    Jjic,    torn,   iii.,    p.    U7t.     I'aleiniue,   the   oldest  Anieiiian   cii,\, 


Tin:  TOTOXACS  AND  TKOTIHrACAX. 


203 


'I'he  Totonacs  arc  incliuleJ  liv  tlio  autlioritiis  ainoiiLr 
tlic  primitive,  or  Pre-Toltec  nations  in  Aniilmac.  At 
tlir  time  of  tlie  CoiKjUest  they  occnpieil  central  Xvnx 
(ill/,   their    ehief    city    l)ein^'    Zenj})()ala;    lait    they 


fl;illiie( 


Itol 


lave  \uvj[v 


ated  f 


roin  tne  v 


all 


f  :\rc 


ev  (»T   J I  ex  let 


;intl  to  have  lived  lttn<j^  near  the  hanks  of  Lakt'  Tez- 
ciico,  Avhere  they  hnilt  the  i)yraniids  at  Teotihnaeaii, 
;i  jilace  already  noticed  as  a  religious  centre  in  this 
earlv  ])eriod.  Tonjneniada  seems  to  he  the  oriL;iiial 
;iuthiii"ity  lor  the  Totonac  traditions  res])ectiii^-  their 
juimitive  liistory,  having*  t)htained  his  infoiination 
from  an  ai^ed  native.  His  hrief  account,  (juottd  in 
siihstance  hy  all  others  who  have  mentioned  the  suh- 
jict,  is  as  i'ollows: — "Of  their  origin  thtv  sav  that 
thry  set  out  from  the  })laco  called  C'hicomo/loc,  or 
Sivcn  (  uves,  to^'ether  with  tlie  Xalpanecs;  and  th;  !:, 


tlu'V  \vei"e   twen 


tyd 


ivisions,   or   tanulies,    as   many  or 


oiic  as  of  the  other;  and  although  thus  divided  into 
faiiiihcs,  thev  were  all  of  one  lann'iiane  and  of  the 
same  customs,  'J'hey  say  tlu>v  started  IVom  that 
])lac(\  l(>avin^-  the  (."hichimecs  still  shut  up  tliere;  ami 
tluy  directed  their  journey  towards  this  ]»ait  of  ^Fex- 
ioo,  and  having"  arrived  at  the  jtlains  on  the  lake,  they 
halted  at  the  place  where  Teotihuacan  now  is;  and 
they  allirm  that  they  huilt   these   two  temi)h's  which 


wc 


le  dedicated  to  the  sun  and  moon.      J  lore  they  i( 


inaiiied  lor  some  time,  hut  either  not  contented  with 
the  place,  (»r  with  a.  desire  to  pass  to  other  places, 
tlhv  Went  to  Atenainitic,  wheiv  Zacatlan  now  stands." 


1  Ihiii-e  they  gradually  moved  eastward  until  at  last 
thty  settled  on  the  coast  in  their  present  location. 
That  tht>  pyi'amids  of  Teotihuacan''''  were  huill  hy  the 
Xaliuas  the  ( )lmecs  or  one  of  tlieir  companion  na- 
tions and  hecanii!  their  relin'ious  centre  ami  tlie 
hniial-|)laci!  of  tlieir  kin<^s  and  priests  Iohl;'  hiTore  tin 


n 

! 


\v;i-.  lull 
i:iiiiii;il\iMl 


It  Iiv  tli(>  Olmccs,  a  mixture  (if  vollow  iilxiriitiiii's  niul  tlic  liist  wliitf 


]'iii//(/-/i-/hir,  ill  ('/iiiriiiii/,  Ji'iiiiiis  .(/ 


lni;i- 


Miiil  (Minces  licjiiii"-  to  tlic  almri^iiics  of  (iuatcmal 


1..   1. 


•IhcMi 


Mll//r 


.1- 


r/ll-  I'm  I. 


for  il 


I'fiiiiii-ii, 


]i.   4."i(i 


CMCnilllOll  M'C  \v 


1.  i\ 


I'l'- 


■U. 


204 


THE  PRK-TOI.TEC  rEIUOD. 


f 


cst;il»lisliinciit  of  tlio  cin])iro  of  Tollau,  tlien^  (';m  lie 
l»ut  little  di)ul)t;  nor  is  it  iin[)rol)al>le  that  the  Toto- 
nacs  wx've,  as  they  claini  to  he,  a  pre-Tolteo  trihe  in 
Analuiac;  hut  that  they  were  in  this  early  time  a 
Xahua  ti'ihe,  a  nation  eonteniporaneons  with  tlie  ()1- 
niecs  and  of  the  same  institutions,  that  they  wereth.' 
huilders  of  Teotihuaean,  is  only  proved  hy  their  own 


elann  as   reeori 


led    1 


>v 


(»r(iuem 


<|U 


id; 


Tl 


lis    evideiict 


must  iti'ohahlv  ho  reirai'ded  as  insufficient  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  the  Totonae  lani;uaL;e  is  Avholly  tlistimt 
from  the  Xahua/**  It  is  true  that,  as  will  he  seen 
later,  all  the  aiuient  trihes,  that  adopted  more  or  less 
the  Nahua  institutions,  and  joined  in  the  struiji-yle 
aiji'ainst  the  rival  ^[aya  powers,  did  not  sj)eak  the 
same  lan^'na^'o;  but  it  is  also  very  prohahle  that  many 
nations  in  later  times,  when  the  Nahua  power  as  rcji- 
resenti'd  hy  the  Aztecs  had  become  so  j)red()minaiit. 
claimed  ancient   Nahua  affinities  to  which  they  ha<I 


no  riii 


ht, 


In  addition  to  what  has  alri'ady  been  said 
I'espectinLif  Teotihuaean,  only  one  event  Is  nienti(iii(d 
in   its   pre-Toltec   history, — the   apotheosis   of  N 


aiia- 


huatzln,  an  event  which  probably  preceili  d  I'ather 
than  followed  the  erection  of  the  pyramids.  Tlu' 
stran_L;-e  fiible  respecting'  this  event,  already  related  in 
a  ])recetliniif  yolume,'"'  is,  brielly,  to  the  effect  that  tlic 
H'ods  were  assembled  at  Teotihuaean  for  the  ])uip(tM' 
of  inducing-  the  sun  to  ap})ear  and  illumine  their  daik- 
noss.  A  ufreat  fire  havinL"'  been  kindliui,  and  the  an- 
nouncenient  made  that  the  honors  of  ap'otaeosis  would 

•J'  Hrassour  do  I)(iiirlHiiiru',  Ifisf.  Xaf,  dr.,  ir.u;.  i.,  ]>.  ri(5,  jiroiKniuii-^ 
the  Tdtniiiic  very  liUe  the  Maya.  Oro/i'o  y  JU'ira,  (ritii/rtijia,  \t.  r.'T, 
(li'i'iiis  till' ii'latiiiiislii|)  (liiulilfiil.     Si'c  viil.  iii.,  ]i]>.  77(! -7. 

•'■  On  till"  TiitKiiai's,  SCO  Tiir'/iuiiiin/n,  MuiKiri/.  Itid.,  tuiii.  i..  ]>.  27S:  /'/- 
iiifiitc/,  CiKi'/ro,  tom.i.,  i>]i.  •J_';{-7;  ClKriiimi,  Sluriii  Ant.  del  Mc.ssicii.  imn. 
iv.,  ]i]).  .">!-•_*;  Jlni.s.si  III-  ill'  Jtiiiirhiiiirif.  Hist,  Xnt,  Cir.,  toiii.  i.,  jiji.  l.")l  (il. 
tuiii.  iii.,  |i|i.  ;}"•(>  1.  'I'liis  aiillior  says  that  tilt'  'I'otdiiacscaiiK'frum  the  iiniili 
at  ahinit  till"  same  tiiiic  as  till' Oliiu'cs  canii' iVoiii  [hv  siuilh.  'I'hcii'  sc('ni> 
t(i  he  iiDaiilliority  for  this  save  the  |)(i]iular  npiiiioii  that  Im-aft's  ( 'hil•|)|nll/Il»• 
ill  the  iiciilh.  (Iriir.rii  y  lUrrii.  Uiiiifrnfiii,  jp|i.  I'Jd,  l-t(t.  'I'lic  .V/tcr^  al- 
ti'ihutcil  'ri'otiliuacaii,  ("hnliila,  I'apaiitla,  ctf.,  to  tlio  'I'ciltt'cs  licran-r 
tlii'y  wi'iv  the  (ildcst  |u'iii)lc  tlicy  kiu'w  ;  liiit  thi'v  may  have  he^-ii  liiiilt  In- 
fol'c  the  'I'lillec  invasion.   Ilii/i'ho/ift,    I'miv,  toni.  !.,  J).  ItS, 

"^  \'ol.  iii.,  i>.  t)0,  et  setj. 


AroTIIKO.SiS  OF  NANAHIAI'^IX. 


20- 


lio  t^ivoii  to  liiin  who  should  <r'wc  liiuisi'lf  up  as  a  liv- 
iii'f  sacritice,  Xaiiahuatziii  threw  liiuisclt"  into  the  (liv, 


\va 


s  instantly  devouivd  and  transl'ornied  into  ihe  sun, 
whiih  at  once  apjjcared  in  the  east.  Met/.tli  iollownl 
t',K'  example  i»t'  Nanahuatzin,  and  took  his  place  in 
llie  heavens  as  the  moon,  less  hi'illiant  than  his  eoni- 
jianion,  since  the  heat  of  the  tire  had  somewhat 
ahated  het'oce  his  sai'ritice.     The  true  historic  sii;nili- 

tinii   (if  this  account  ^\e  cannot  h()i)e  to  ascertain. 


I 'a 


I' 


Vet  it  is  of  i;reat  interest,  since  it  seems  to  point  to 
ibc  iiiti'oduction  in  these  regions  of  sun-worship  and 
I'f  human  sacrifice;  indeed,  the  Codec  ChiiiK'J [>i>inH-<i, 
anoidinn'  to  Brasseur,  ex})ressly  .states  tli.-rt  "then 
it  Lian  divine  immolation  at  leotihuacan."  The  same 
authoiity  gives  this  event  also  as  the  heginning  of  a 
luw  clironologic  [)criod  called  Nahui  ()llin  Tonatiuh, 
'the  sun  in  its  four  movements,'  thus  sui^'-u'esting  s(»]ne 


niiiiection 


het 


ween 


tl 


us  assemolaii'e  ai 


l.h 


nd   that   men- 


tinned  hy  Sahagun  as  having  taken  place  in  the  south, 
\\\\y\\  the  new  calendar  was  invented.  The  remark  in 
the  same  document  that  "on  that  day  the  kings  did 
titiuhie,"  may  ]>oint  to  this  ej)och  as  that  oi'  the  great 
reviihition carried  on  chiefly  in  ( 'hiai)as,  hut  w  iiicli 
may  have  extended  to  Anahuac-  hy  which  the  kinus 
•  )('  Xihaiha  were  overthrown;  especially  since  the  nar- 
rative of  the  sacrifice  at  IV'otihuacan  hears  a  stiikiiig 
resemhlance  to  the  a])otheosis  of  Hiudiunahpu  and 
liis  t'ellow-heroes  at  Xibalha.'' 

Si)  far  as  the  other  so-called  })rimitive  nations  of 
New  Spain  are  concerned,  little  can  he  said,  i.'xcept 
tliiit  tlicy  claim  and  hav(!  always  heen  cndited  witli 
.1  veiy  ancient  residence  in  this  land,  dating  hack  far 
ml    the    heginning  of  the   historic    jK-riod.      The 


lie\  I) 


<>l 


'Hins,  one  tlivisiou  ( 


)f  wh 


lorn  are  known   as 


:m 


i/a- 


Has,  differ  entirely  from  the  Nahua  nati(jns  in  lan- 


i""',. 


/, 


t'tf.ssf  tir  f 


/.■  11 


l']!.    CXllI     111 


!„i,rfn,ifrfj,    Ili'sf.    Xaf.  fir.,  tmti     i.,   lip.   ISO-S;   P,./,,/ 


xi'nriiit. 


1,1, 


!.(;.  it  SI' 


I'l' 


see  ills" 


rt'lcll'lKl's    III    Mil 


206 


TI^E  PRE-TOLTEC  rERIOD. 


ii.i: 


iifuaijco,  liaviui^  possibly  a  sliiji'ht  linguistic  affinity  \\  itli 
tlio  Totonacs,  and  altlu)U<»li  far  from  being  savayLs, 
they  have  always  boon  to  a  certain  extent  an  outcast 
and  oppressed  race,  tlio  'Jews  of  Anahuac,'  as  one 
Avriter  terms  tbem,  down-trodden  in  succession  by 
Toltec,  Chichimec,  and  Aztec.  Tbey  probably  occu- 
])ied  a  very  largo  portion  of  Anabuac  and  tlie  sur- 
rounding mountains,  Avlien  tlie  Toltecs  proi)er  es- 
tablisbed  tlieir  power.  Ixtlilxocbitl,  followed  by 
Yeytia,  represents  tbe  Otoniis,  tliough  dirtering  in 
language,  as  having  been  one  of  tbe  Acolbua  tribes 
that  made  tbeir  appearance  in  Anahuac  many  cen- 
turies later,  but  the  event  referred  to  as  their  coming 
to  tbe  country  at  that  period,  may  probably  bo  tbeir 
coming  down  from  the  mountains  and  adopting  nioii^ 
or  less  the  civilized  life  of  the  Acolhuas  at  Tezcucn."* 
Tbe  INIiztecs  and  Zapt)tecs  are  simj)ly  mentiouid 
by  tbe  authorities  in  connection  with  the  Olmecs  and 
Xicalancas  as  having  occupied  the  south-eastern 
region  during  the  primitive  ]>eriod.  Later  they  be- 
came powerful  nations  in  the  country  now  consti- 
tuting the  state  of  Oajaca,  and  Avere  jirobaldy  .it 
least  tlie  equals  of  the  Aztecs  in  civilization.  Tlicii' 
own  annals  do  not,  so  far  as  they  may  be  interpreted, 
reach  back  to  the  r>re-Toltec  times,  and  altbongli 
they  may  very  likely  have  come  in  I'ontact  with  tin; 
Olmecs  in  Puebla,  or  even  have  been  tlieir  alliis, 
receiving  from  them  or  with  them  the  elements  nt' 
Nahua  culture,  yet  the  fact  that  their  languagt's  ;iiv 
distinct  from  the  Naliini,  shows  that  they  like  tin' 
Totonacs  were  not,  as  some  authors  ini])ly,  sim|ily  ;i 
branch  of  the  Nahua  people  in  Tamoanclian.     it  is 


!  '!' 


«' Oil  ttu' OtoiiilH,  SCO  C/iiriiirro,  Storia  An/,  (fif  ^fl^x.1iro,  toni,  i.,  I'l'. 
It7-S,  torn,  iv.,  ji.  !S\;  Vcjilm,  Hist.  Aitt.  Mr/.,  toiii.  ii.,  )i,  'M;  Alnio, 
Hist.  Comft.  (tt)  Jcsiis,  \{\m.  i.,  p.  iU);  IxtliLtiithill,  in  KiiKj.slitiniiiiih's  }ti '. 
Aiifio.,  vol.  ix,,  \i.  '2\{)\  <'(irliiij,il  J:'s/inn).sii,  Hist.  Mi.f.,  toiii.  i.,  \>.  -1^1; 
JiriLwiir  (tr  llii>irlii)in(i,  lli.vt.  Xiit.  <'ir.,  titm.  i.,  ii|).  l.")(i-i(,  liMi,  toiii.  ii  , 
)i,  'JH.'i,  tiilii,  iii.,  p.  ')(!;  Mn/ii/iiiiil,  ill  litizlmlri  til,  Cnl.  i/f  iHir.,  tnlii.  i.,  p. 
i»;  Ofi'.cii  ji  llirni,  (t'liiiini/ni,  j)|i,  l'J(l,  i;i(»-7;  I'iihnilil,  Ciiiii/rn,  tmii.  i,,  \<y. 
IIT-I'^;  iiniiilni,  ill  I'rr.-o'iilt,  llist.  Vainj.  Mi.i:,  toiii.  iii.,  p.  20;  l'rir/,iirii'-i 
Sitl.  JJi.it.  iMmi,  vol.  ii.,  p.  512. 


THE  HUASTECS  I\  VEKA  CIIUZ. 


207 


more  natural  to  suppose  tliat  these  three  nations  were 
tither  M'ilcl  tribes,  or,  if  partially  civilized,  connected 
witli  the  Maya,  Xil)all)an,  or  Quinanie  nations,  and 
that  they  accepted  more  or  less  i'ully  the  Nahua 
ideas  after  the  Olmec  nations  had  risen  to  jiower  in 
Aiiiiliuac.  The  statement  of  Brasseur  that  the  tril)es 
of  Oajaca  received  their  civilization  from  the  two 
hrotliers  of  Xibalba's  conquerors,  Hunbatz  and  Hun- 
cliouen,  is  probably  unfounded,  since  ncjthin^'  of  the 
kind  appears  in  the  chapter  of  Garcia's  work  to 
Avhich  the  abl)e  refers/" 

To  the  JIuastecs  of  Xorthern  Vera  Cruz,  tlie  pre- 
cediiin'  remarks  may  also  be  ai)plied,  save  that  their 
laiii^niagc,  while  distinct  from  the  Nahua,  is  also 
very  evidently  connected  Avith  the  great  ]Maya  lin- 
miistic  family  of  the  south.  Yet  the  ruins  of  ]  luas- 
U\'  and  Totonac  Vera  Cruz,™  are  more  like  the 
Naluia  monuments  than  like  those  of  Yucatan  oi' 
(  hiajias,  showiuL;-  how  [)owcrful  was  the  iiilliieiice  of 
the  Nahua  element  in  the  north.  The  only  historical 
ti-adition  I'elatiuiL*'  to  the  ILuastecs  is  the  followiuL;' 
I'loin  SahaL'un:  -In  the  time  of  the  ( )lmecs,  after  the 
art  (if  nialdnn'  [)ul(jue  hail  been  invented  in  the  moun- 
t  liii  called  thereafter  Pt)})oc()nalte[»etl,  'mountain  of 
tii;im,"  the  inventors  prei)ared  a  baiupiet  on  the  same 
iiHHiiitain.  .Vll  the  princi[)al  old  nu-n  and  old  women 
wri'c  invited,  and  bel'ore  each  ^ucst  \\\re  jilau'd  I'our 
Clips  of  the  new  wine,— the  (|uantily  dt. -nicd  sullicient 

'■'' S;ilia,Miii.  JVst.  Gcn.,\tm\.  iii.,  lilt,  x.,  p.  1.1!',  Iicmls  ii  imiii;,'ni|ih  'Ol- 
inciiis,  \i\tiili  iukI  Mixtcciis,'  spcuUiii.u''  of  all  lit^'i'tlicr,  imkI  ii|i|ii\  Iiil;'  tn  (Ik  in 
lilt'  iiiiiiii'  Tniiiiir.s,  or  tlnisi!  \\\u>  s|ii'iik  a  liailiarmis  iiiiiv:iii'.  ( lio/cn  y  lie;  ra, 
I'll ^■[li-'i I'm,  \\\\.  I'JO,  l'J.'»,  I.Tl,  speaks  df  tjic  'I'liiu'ras  or  MiMci's,"  ainj 
thinks  ilii'v  were  ilrivcii  I'loiii  tln'ic  t'iMiiicr  iioHitioii  liy  tlic  liift  Ni'lma  in- 
\a.>iip|i,  diivin;,'  ciiit  in  tiuii  tin"  ( 'Iiui'Iikmi's,  IIo  pninoiiuci's  tin  Miztcc 
irnl  /iipiitcc  kindfcil  d  nirucs,  iiiid  stall's  tliat  tlicsc  iialiniis  j(iiii"(l  llicir 
t'liitiiMi's  fnim  an  i-arly  pc  '  ••  Vcytia.  Iliil.  An/.  MiJ  .  turn,  i.,  \\.  i.'iO, 
i.iys  liii'  Zapiiti'cs  an!  rcpi.  .i  to  liavc  conic  with  tlic  Olnicis  icid  Xica- 
la;n,is.  ('/iiriiin'ti,  Sfurin  An/,  i/rl  .]fissiiii.  toni.  i.,  p,  iTid;  llriif,sriir  i/r 
liiiiirliininj,  llitf.  .\'iif.  Cir.,  titlli.  i.,  p.  l.M;  ///  ,  J'li/ni/  ]'in'i,  p.  ci'lv.;  d'nr- 
n  I.  "ri'ini  i/f /us  liii/.,  pp.  .'<27-H;  .Mni/ir'l  Mi  .r.  /Ic/cc,  (7".,  \ol.  i.,  p.  IIS; 
II  ll"ii/'/,ui  Smi//i.suin(in  Itrpt.,   ISOt)',  p.   ;);i7i  Piiinuhl,  Cttiu/ru,  Utm.  i., 

''   '}"■, 

■"  Sit  Vol,  iv,,  ji.  4'25,  ot  ncii. 


11  l(f 


208 


THE  PUE-TOLTEC  PEIIIOD. 


to  c.\liil)it  Hio  excellonco  of  tlio  iiewly-discovt  .vd  l)ov- 
cni'^v,  and  to  c'.olt  without  iiiohriatiiin"  the  dii^ni- 
taries  present.  But  one  chief,  Cuexteeatl  1)y  naiiu', 
was  so  I'asl)  as  to  indul<re  iu  a  fifth  cuj),  and  was 
moved  thereby  to  discard  the  niaxtli  whicli  consti- 
tuted his  court  dress,  and  to  conduct  liiniself  in  a 
very  indecorous  manner;  so  mucli  so  that  alter  ic- 
coverintj;'  liis  sound  sense,  he  was  forced  hy  vciy 
shame  to  Uee  with  all  liis  followers,  and  all  those  of 
his  lanj;"ua»ji"e,  to  the  re^'ion  of  Piinuco,  where  tiny 
settled,  .liid  were  called  from  their  leader  Cuextecas, 
afterwards  Ouaxtecas  or  Huastecs." 


[  now  come  to  what  may  he  termed  the  rei^nilar 
annals  of  tliat  ])ranch  of  the  Xahua  nations  wliicli 
liiially  estahlished  a  kingdom  in  An.ihuac  with  Tollaii 
for  a  ca[)ital,  and  which  ac(juired  the  name  of  'J'oltc'. 
'I'hese  annals  will  he  found  not  more  satisfactory  ni- 
less  mythical  than  the  traditions  that  have  hern 
L-ivi'n  in  the  preceding  pages,  although  in  their  ukuv 
salient  points  they  seem  to  agree  with  those  tradi- 
tions. 'I"i;ey  wei'e  I'ecoi'ded  in  a  most  careless  and 
confused  manner  hy  the  ..ativo  writer  Fernando  (!>■ 
Alva  I  xtlilxochitl,  who  derived  his  information  frnm 
the  documents  which  survived  the  destruction  ly  tlif 
Spanisii  priests.  'Vliv  comments  of  later  writers,  and 
tlu'ir  attempts  to  reconcile  this  author's  slatcnniit- 
one  with  another  and  all  with  scriptural  traditions 
arid  with  the  favorite  theory  of  a  u'eiier.d  iniLiraliMn 
I'rom  the  north,  have  still  further  confused  the  miIi- 
jei't.  I  have  no  ho|>e  of  hidng  ahle  to  n-duce  I  \lli' 
xochitl's  statements  (o  ])(>rfect  (»rder,  or  (o  ('Xjilaiu 
till'  exact  hist<»ricai  meaning  of  each  statement;  still. 
hy  the  omission  of  a  large  anuyunt  of  prolltless  cdu- 

"  Siilm'jiin,  Ifi.t/.  fifii.,  dim.  iii.,  lili.  x.,  jip.  I  I'J-H;  S''/iii<r'.'<  iVn/.  .I////'., 
|i|i,  .'lliJ  I7>  lln;i\lliiii  means  'wlicrc  tlic /""i/ (;i  iviinl  nl'  I'niil  i  iiImiiiiiiN  ' 
I'iiiniilil,  ('mtilrii,  loin,  i.,  pp.  riti;  Onr.ra  if  /lirnt,  (I'ldi/riif'iii,  p.  Ml;  ''■'/■ 
liiliii.  in. •(//('('.  Klhiiii,  Sin\,  TniiiMii'l.,  Mil.  i.,  p,  17.'t;  ilriiilnii,  in  //'^'. 
^f|'|..  n.  K.,  veil,  i,,  p.  !(!;  I'l-icliitnl's  Snl.  /lis/.  Mmi,  Mil.  ii.,  p.  ."illl;  /  '. 
Jt  .Miiir/iiit,  Mil.  v.,  p.  .'tl_,  ;tl,"i. 


T'li:  T(n,TErs  i\  iiUEiirE  tlapallax. 


203 


jiituri^  scri[)tiir;il  comparison,  and  hopelessly  entan- 
gled chronoloiji'y,  the  tradition  may  ho  somewhat 
simplified  so  as  to  yield,  as  other  traditions  have 
(liiiK",  some  items  of  o'eneral  information  respecting- 
tlir  |)i'imitive  Xahua  pei'iod. 

At  the  end  of  the  first  a^'c  of  the  world  or  the  'sun 
of  waters,'  as  we  are  told  hy  [xtlilxochitl,  the  eartli 
was  visited  hy  a  flood  which  covered  even  the  nu»st 
Idt'ty  mountains.  After  tlie  re[)eoj)lin^"  of  the  earth 
by  the  descendants  of  a  few  famihes  who  escaped  de- 
stnicticn,  the  building"  of  a.  tower  as  a  protection 
a!.Ta"')Rt  .  possible  future  catastrophe  of  similar  na- 
lui't'  .,!:ti  ..le  confusion  of  tongues  and  conse(|uent 
scaiter^iii,  of  the  population — for  all  these  thinuj's  were 
t'dUiid  in  the  native  traditions,  as  we  are  informed— 
si\en  families  sijeaking  the  same  lanj^uage  kept  to- 
Hfther  in  their  wanderings  for  many  years;  and  after 
crossing'  bri)ad  lands  and  seas,  endnrint^'  great  hard- 
>hi|>s,  they  reached  the  conntiy  of  J Ineluie  Thipallan, 
nv  'Old'  Tlapallan;  which  tlu!y  found  to  be  fertile; 
and  desirable  to  dwell  in.''^  The  second  age>,  the 
'sun  of  air,'  terminati'd  with  a  great  hurricane  whii-h 
swept  away  tre'es,  i''>cks,  houses,  and  ])eo|)le,  although 
many  men  ai.d  women,  (,«scaped,  chielly  such  as  took 
lefiige  in  caves  v  laei;  the  Imrricane  could  not  reach. 
Alter  severa'  d  i ,  ■<  t'.u  survivors  <'anie  out  to  lind  a 
iii',d(itud(3  of  a;H  -f  i  '■  'I'g  isi  Mic  land;  and  all  this  time 
tliey  wer(f  in  dii'kn  -s,  eeing  lU'ither  th(!  sun  nor 
ineen.     Till!    next    e\eiit   recorded,  although    Wsytia 

'-' 'I'lii' iliilc  (if  llic  ;iiii\i(l  in  IIiu'liiu'  'I'lainillim  is  ^''ncii  liy  Kllilxmlilil 
ill  Ills  liisi   'I'liiii'i'  I'i'liitiiiii  (|i.  ,'t'JJ)  ii-^  •2SM')  >(',iiH  iil'lrr  llic  ciciil  inn,  or  ri_'i» 

>i'in>  ufli'i'  III"  IliMiil.     'I'Inil   i-i,  it  nni'il  Inn;;  lict'iirc  tlii>  ( 'liri^lian  ciji. 

Ill  iiiiii  I'  iiliii'cH  ({i{i.  'idfi,  ■[''.))  tin'  Niinn-  jinllnii-  ri'incscntH  tin'  'I'nllciw  jis 
Imiu^ImmI  '111111  1 1  It'll'  ('iiniili'V  Mini  niiu'iiil  in.u  tu  llnillM|iiiliin  in  ( 'a  I  in  iiiiii  mi 
ilu'  Sdiiiii  Sra  in  Us"  A.  I  •.,  w  licnii'  liicv  cnniiniiccl  tlicir  JiPiiiiicv  In  'I'lilaii- 
iiii','11.  N'ltw,  tillliiu.'  •  I  iitlai'li  vt'iv  little  iin]piiitain  ('  to  this  anllim's 
1  llhi||(il(i;;y,  mill  slui!;  >  \\'X  illin  lni  ili.scnssicin  with  a  \i('\v  cillli'f  til  renin- 
I  ill' 111' iiveltlildW  it,  ,■  ■■  I.  iw  lilaili  dial  tllis  |a>l  Ntalenieiil,  mil  w  illiNtalid- 
iii'i  llie  ii^e  iif  tlie  iiaiin'  '. '  .;la|ialiMi,  I'd'ei'M  tu  a  ini^iraliini  Inii;;'  Hiilisei|ii('iitr 
111  lliiil  iiieiitiniieil  ill  li,  !('\t,  'I'lie  dati  ;IS7  A.D.,  llierel'me,  ;;iveii  liy 
I'lilliiliii.  (ill  Sr/,,,<i/iriifr.i  .\irh.,  viil.  v.,  |i.  W\)  mid  Miiller,  (/A/x-//,  Imii. 
i'i.,  )!  '.iTl,  ii'H  thai  111'  I'lii'  aniviil  in  lliii'line  'riaiiallaii,  ai'cnrdiii.^'  to  l\llil- 
■  II  .ill,  in  ealriilali'd  lo  eoiivev  a  l'al>o  iiiiinvHsiijii. 
Vol..  V.    u 


no 


THE  PRE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


makes  it  precede  tlie  hurricane,  is  the  stopping  of  tlio 
sun  for  a  whole  day  in  his  course,  as  at  the  coinmaiul 
of  Joshua  as  recorded  in  theOkl  Testament.  "Wlu-ii 
the  mosquito,  however,  saw  the  sun  tlius  suspended 
and  ])ensive,  lie  addressed  him  saying,  'Lonl  of  the 
world,  why  art  thou  thus  motionless,  and  doest  not 
thy  duty  as  is  connnanded  thee  ?  ]Jost  thou  wi.sh 
to  destroy  the  world  as  is  thy  wont?'  Then  seeing 
that  he  was  yet  silent  and  mode  no  response,  tliu 
insect  went  up  and  s  .ij?  him  in  the  leg,  whereupon 
ho,  feeling  himself  stu  ;  irted  anew  on  his  accus- 

tomed course." 

Next  occurred  an  earthquake  which  swallowed  up 
and  destr(\ved  all  the  Quinanu'S,  or  giants  at  least 
idl  those  who  lived  in  the  coast  regions-  togetln  r 
with  many  of  the  Toltecs  and  of  then-  neighbors  the 
C'hichimecs.  After  the  destructit)n  of  tJii.se  ]'liilis- 
tines,  "  being  at  peace  with  all  this  ncM'  world,  all  (he 
M'ise  Toltecs,  both  the  astroh)gers  and  those  of  othrr 
arts,  assembled  in  Jlr.ehue  Thi[)allan,  the  chief  city 
of  their  dominion,  where  they  treated  of  many  things, 
the  calamities  tiiey  h.id  siilKered  and  the  movenu'Uts 
of  the  heavens  since  the  creation  of  the  world,  and  <4' 
manv  other  thinns,  which  on  account  of  their  histories 
having  been  burned,  h;ive  not  l>een  ascertained  liiithir 
Ihiin  what  has  been  written  here,  among  which  they 
added  tlie  l)issextile  to  regulate  the  solar  ve.-ir  with  the 
equinox,  and  many  other  curiosities  as  will  be  seen  in 
their  tables  and  Jirrangemt'iit  of  years,  months,  \\('iks, 
days,  signs,  and  jtlanets  as  they  imdi'fstood  them." 

( )ne  bmidred  and  sixteen  years  aftei'  tliis  regi'l'i- 
tion  or  invention  of  the  Toltec  cali'iidai",  "tlie  siin 
and  moon  were  ecli|»se(l,  the  I'artli  shook,  and  thi' 
rocks  were  rent  asunder,  tiiid  manv  other  thinus  ai;(l 
signs  happem-d,  though  there  was  no  loss  of  li!e. 
This  was  in  the  year  t'e  I  alii,  whii-h,  the  chroiiolegv 
being  ri'duced  to  our  systems,  proves  to  be  tlu'  same 
date'  when  Christ  our  Lord  sutfered"  (:{.'!  A.D.) 

Three  hundred  and   live  vears  later,  when  the  ein- 


i:xiLK  OF  Tin:  toltecs. 


211 


|.iio  liiul  1)0011  lonj,^  at  peace.  Clialoat/.iu  and  Tlaoa- 
liiilitzin,  oliiof  dosoeiulants  of  the  i\)yal  houwe  of  tlie 
Toltirs,  raised  a  revolt  for  the  purpose  of  dcjjosiiii;' 
tlio  legitimate  siiooessor  to  the  throne.  The  rehol- 
lidus  chiefs  were  after  long  wars  driven  out  of  their 
city  Tlachicatzln  in  Huohue  Tlajjallan,  with  all  their 
numerous  families  and  allies.  Thov  were  i)ursued  l»v 
their  kindred  of  the  city  or  country  of  Tlaxicoluicau 
tor  sixty  leai^'ues,  to  a  place  discovered  hy  Cecatzin, 
which  they  named  Tlai)allanconco  or  'little'  Tlaj)al- 
laii.  The  strim'ole  bv  which  iln)  rebels  were  con- 
(|uered  lasted  eii^ht  years, — or  thirteen,  according"  to 
V(ytia — and  they  were  ac^'ompanied  on  their  forced 
luii^ration  by  live  other  chiefs.  Tlie  departure  from 
lluehue  Tla[)allan  seems  to  have  taken  place  in  the 
lit'th  or  sixth  century." 

They  remained  at  Tlapallanconco'*  three  years, 
and  towards  the  end  of  their  stay  the  seven  chief- 
tains assembled  to  deliberate  whether  they  shoidil 
nil  lain  there  })ernianently  or  ^o  farther.  Then  rose  a 
uieat  astrologer,  named  Jtuom'an,  or  Huenuitzin,  say- 
iiiL-'  that  according  to  their  histories  thev  had  sutfeicd 
threat  persecutions  from  heaven,  but  that  these  hail 
always  been  followed  by  _L>reat  ])rosj)ority ;  that  their 
jieisecutions  had  always  occurred  in  the  year  Ce  Toc- 
[latl,  but  that  year  once  passed,  jU'reat  blessings  en- 
sued; that  their  trouble  was  a  o-reat  evil  immeiliately 
]ii'ece',linn'  the  dawn  of  a  ti^roater  ,i;ood,  and  conse- 
(jueiitly  it  dill  not  behoove  (hem   to  remain  so  near 


i% 


II 


"■•  I\llil\(nliitl,  ]t.  ;VJ-,  sn>s  it  was  ,'i(t,")  years  afliT  tin-  ilcatli  of  ('lui-t, 
I  r  iilinut  .S.'iS  A.  1>. ;  lull  1)11  till' same  |im;,'c  lie  at:aiii  makes  ||u'  date  IH'.t  A. 
It,  \'t>lia,  tiiiii.  i.,  p.  •_'(»S,  ilates  the  lelielliiin  ."iSH,  tlie  exile  .V.Mi.  ami  tlie 
I'MiiiiliM.:  (if  'ria|iallaii('niicii  (idt  A.  1>.  < 'Ia\ ';:('iii,  toni.  iv.,  p.  -Ki,  ;;i\('s 
"illa-^  the  (late  dt'  (le|iartiii'c,  imt  on  p.  I'_'(l  nf  linii.  i.,  lie  ^rives  MMi.  a;;iee- 
iiiuMviili  N'cytia.  Miiller,  in  liis  taMes,  llci.^in,  toiu.  iii.,  p.  >)7,  datv^  tlie 
nMtliieak  iif  war  I'JT,  the  ilepattiire  l.'t'.l,  the  iiii;,'iatiiiii  117  .'v.  i  •.  I!ras-.eiii', 
I'"/'"/  I  "/',  p.  elv.,  ^iives  the  last  i>(  the  fuiirlli  eeiiliiry  as  the  date  of  the 
Tiller  iiiiniatimi.  t'alnera,  Tfntm,  pp.  (Kt-I,  iiiakes'the  date  ISI  Ji.C, 
"'I  I  A.  I).,  line  III"  ( 'lavii^eni's  dales,  is  that  wliieli  has,  perlia|is,  lieeii  iiinst 
iiiiiiiiiiiiily  ad<ipti'd  liy  iiKidern  writers. 

'*  lliasseur,  His/,  A"'//.  'Vc,  iniu,  i.,  p.  I'.Ml,  writes  this  name  'I'lapal- 
|iiMl(incci;  and  in  /'upn/  ]'ii/i,  p.  elis.,  he  insists  tlmt  it  s  mild  he  'I'lapal- 
^nii/.iiuii.     Miiller,  Ji'iisni,  toiii.  iii.,   p.  IKH,  ealls  it  iil.sn   i'hipimllaiuiiij,!!. 


m 


m 


M 


E<ai 


ii: 


lf1:: 


!!{■ 


:t 


THE  rUE-TOLTi:(^  PElIlon. 


lliL'ir  enemies.  !Nroreovor,  liis  astrology  liad  tau^lit 
liiin  that  towai'ds  tlio  risiii<>-  sim  there  was  a  l)r('ail 
and    liappy  land,  wliere  the  Quinauies  had   lived  i'lr 


lee 


many  years,  hut  so  Ion*;'  a  time  had  now  passed  sii 
lli'.'ii'  destruetion  tliat  the  country  was  dep()})ulatr(I ; 
Isesides,  tlie  tieri-e  C'liiehimees,  their  neiujhhors,  rarely 
]H>netrated  those  regions.  The  planet  ^\hil'h  rulid 
I  lie  destinies  of  that  new  country  yet  lacked  maiiv 
years  (»t' carry  in  il»*  out  its  threats,  and  in  tlie  nieantinu! 
llu'V  and  tlieir  descendants  to  the  tenth  eeneratieii 


-ht 


miij;lit  enjoy  a^'olden  and  prosperous  cenniry 


Ai^' 


nil. 


(iie  thrt-'atenim;'  planet  did  not  rule  their  nation,  Imt 
that  of  the  giants,  so  that  possibly  it  mitiht  do  no 
;_;reat  injury  even  to  their  descendants,  ]Ie  advised 
that  some  colonists  l>e  left  here  to  peoi)le  the  country, 
hecome  their  vassals,  and  in  tiuie  to  turn  upon  their 
enemies  and  recover  tlu'ir  native  land  and  orii;iii;il 
power.  These  and  otlu'r  things  <lid  ]luenum  couiistl, 
and  they  seemed  o-ood  to  the  seven  chiei's;  so  that 
al'ter  three  yeai's  Avere  passed,  or  eleven  yeai's  IVeiu 
the  time  when  theyleft  1  luehue  Tlapallan,  they  staited 
on  their  migration.  The  first  stoppiny-plaet',  ahoiit 
si>vt!ntv  leagues  distitut  and  reached   in   twelve  Aaxs 


was  lluevxalan      'n'l'eat  saiK 


ly 


as 


Vevt 


la   interprets 


it  -a  |)lace  diseo\  (jred  hy  L"ohuat/on  where  they  re- 
mained foui'  years.  'I'hey  next  halted  after  a  Jouiimv 
ol' twenty  days  at  Xalisco,  a  country  ahout  a  huntlred 


lea'j'uoH 


farth 


ler  east     or  as  Vevtia   savs   Avest      ne 


the  seashore.  'I'hey  lived  eiLjht  years  in  this  land, 
•h  was  discoV(>red  hy  Ziuhcohuatl.  ()tlu'r  twenty 
*  and  hundred   leairues   took   them  to  Chimalhiia- 


w 


eatl 


At. 


eiico  on   the   coast    where   tiiere    were  t'ertam 

At  the  start 


ars. 


islands,  and  hen^  tlu^v  dwidt  live  ye 
tliey  had  taken  a  vow,  under  |»enalty  of  severe  puni>li- 
)uent,  to  have  no  intercourse  with  their  wives  fer 
t wciity-threo  years;  hut  as  the  time  was  now  expired 
they  hei>an  here  to  increase  and  midtiplv.  .\fter  the 
li\'e   vi'ars   they    I'csumed   (heir   iou.rnev  eastward   fer 


i;^'hteen  days  or  eighty  leagues  to  loxpaii,  (Uscoverei 


tc  T. 


di 


Tin:  TOI.TKC  .MICU.VTIOX. 


so. 


Iiv   Mi'zotzin,    Avliorc!   tliry   lived    foi'   i\vo  years  ;;1 
(^)iilvalinit/.tl;m  AiiiiluKU',  tliseovercd  by  Ai'ai)ichtziii 
was  tweiitv  ilavs'  ioiinirvor  a  luiiidi'i'd  leaiJiU's  east  (4' 
Tiixpan.  also  oil   the  coast,  with   inlets  so  that   they 
wi'ic  ol)li;4e(l  to  pass  in  boats  IVoiu  one  place  to  aiiothei'. 
They  icmained   hei-e  six   yeai's  suireriii^-  yi'i'at  luird- 
i|is.     'J'lie  next  lialtiiiLj;'-i)laeu  was  Zacatlan,  distaiit 


s!i 


tiL;litceii   (lavs   or   eiL;hty    lea^i^'ties    m  a  c 


direct 


ion  not 


stated.  Chalcatzin  was  the  discoverer,  and  durinL;' 
till'  lirst  of  their  seven  years'  stay  here  just  lif'ty-two 
vcai's,  or  a  .vtnhtliil jtiUi,  after  their  wars  he^-an  -a  son 
was  l)orn  to  the  chief,  and  named  iVoni  the  place  Za- 
cMpaiit/in.  At  Tot/apan,  ei^'hty  l(>ai;iies  distance  lVo!ti 
Zacatlan.  thev  lived  six  vears,  in  the  last  of  which  a 
snii  named  'I  otzapantzin  was  horn  to  ( 'ecat/in,  who 
(lisro\-ei'i'd  this  place.  This  was  just  lift}'  two  years 
iil'trr  tluy  left  their  native  countiy.  Twenty-eii^ht 
(lavs  or  one  hnndred  and  forty  lea^'nes  l»roiiiL;-ht  tlieii 
to  're|H'tla,  ( 'ohuatzon   Ixmiil;'  the   (liscov(,'i'er   for  tli 


.1  ti 


■h 


sii'ond  time,  where  they  remained  seven  yeai's.  At 
Ma/.atcpec  einl'.teen  days  or  eighty  leagues  distant, 
(liscoNcicd  liy  Ziuhcohuatl,  they  tarried  eii^ht  years; 
at  Ziuhcohuatl,  at  the  same  distance,  discovered  1  y 
Tla|iahiiet/.in,  also  ei^'ht  years;  at  Yztachiiexitcha, 
twenty  (lavs  or  one   hundred   lea^'ues  nortliward,  dls- 


rM\i'rc( 


1    hv   ^^etzotzill,   twentv-six    vears.      Finallv 


1(11 


iiiH'V  of  ei'4ht<'en   (lavs   or  ei^iitv  le.c.;'Ues  lii'oUiniit 


tiniii    to   Tulanciii', 


;•( )      W 


I'itteii    also    Tulanl/iiico   and 


T'lllaiit/.inco       liscoN'ered  hy  Acapithl/in.      Ilcrethiv 


[o    coiitain    a  I 


(h. 


milt    a    house   suliicieiilly    lai 

iii'<i|i|(',  and  remained   eighteen  y(_"ars  hefore   (ransft  r- 

iiii'4'  their  capital  to  ToHan  farther  east  and  estaMi 


sli- 


ni'4'  what  was  afterwards  known  as  the  Toltec  empire, 
fill' third  year  of  their  stay  in  Tiilancin^'o  comph'tcd 
;iii  a'^c,  oi'  one  hundred  and  four  years  since  the  depart 

According'  to  I  xtlilxochitl. 


iMv  h'om  their  countrv 


\l hIsiM 


liill,  |i.  .'t'.'l,  iimki's  lliis  thin!   ycMi-  ."il.'t,  ;iinl   llicir  iiiriv 


Olllllrili;; M -C  1 1  H '11 1  iv   Tl  II I    A  .     1  >.  ;    nP  ilN   In  1 II 1 1  i|  il'l  I   I  Ml     |1.    ."KtT,     1^7     A.     I>. 

'I  .I'Miiii  liM  \(';iis  to  till'  liisi    (liilc  yivcii    liv  tills  iiiilliiii'  in   imtc  71.  w. 


i.i>'   IIJ  A.  1».      N.M 


lii,   liiiii.    I. 


(i',17  A.  1».      /  /.,  al'li'i-  iioiiiii  li, 


i: 


1^. 


2U 


THE  PRK-TOLTEC  PEItlOD. 


tlic  Toltecs  readied  Aiuiliuac  iu  the  s^ixtli  century,  i>v 
{iceordini''  to  Vevtia  and  otliers  Avlio  liave  attenii»t!(l 
to  recon.striict  liis  clirouology,  near  the  end  of  tlic 
seveiitli  century.'" 

This  tradition  of  tlio  Toltecs  aftoi'ds  in  itself  ud 
sufficient  data  from  which  to  locate  accurately  Hue- 
Inie  Tlapallan,  their^most  ancient  lionie  in  .Vnierici. 
The  name  is  ijiterpreted  as  'ancient  red  land,  or  land  of 
color,'  and  might  |>er]ia})s  a])i)ly  as  well  to  the  north  as 
to  the  south.  Pedro  de  Alvarado  writing  from  Santi- 
.•lu'o,  or  Old  Guatemala,  to  Cortes  in  1524,  announrrs 
his  intention  to  set  out  in  a  few  months  to  explore  tlio 
country  of  Tajialan  "which  is  in  the  interior  fifteiu 
days'  march  from  here.  It  is  pretended  that  tlio 
ca[)ital  is  as  large  as  ^Mexico.""  This  indicates  tli;it 
;it  tlie  time  t)f  tlie  CJonquest  the  name  was  stil! 
a[)plied  to  a  region  wliich  may  corresp<?nd  very  \\i  II 
to  Honduras,  l*eten,  or  Tabasco.  Ixtlilxochitl  liiiii- 
sclf,  in  relating  tlie  expeditions  on  wliich  liis  ancoti.r 
of  the  same  name  accompanied  Cortes,  mentions  diiv 
to  "'I'lapalan,  a  province  wliich  lies  toward  Ihuer.is," 
or  Ihueras,  heiiig  the  lormer  name  of  ICondura-^.'^ 
J)rasseur  says  that  "]\rexican  geography  at  the  tinu' 
of  the  disc-ovi.'iy  applied  this  name  only  to  tlir 
jirovinces    north    of  Cuatemala,    between    the    trilm- 

Tr-i'iiri)  ni  lii.i  I'lliiiKin  Tiriiipos,  (1S7  A.  T).  ^MiilliT,  7i''/Wc((,  tiini.  iii..  i'. 
<,I7,  .V)S  A.  I).  I'hivi^oni,  toiii.  iv.,  p.  .'")l,  (U8  A.  D.,  ur  torn,  i.,  i>.  I'JC,  Tim 
A.    I). 

"'■  111  otlicr  imits  (if  liin  work  lNtlil\(nliitl   lias  a  very  ilitrcinit  a hui; 

of  this  iiiiuratiiiiitii  (lie  circct  tliat  the  TdIIim's  witc  liaiiislicil  fiiiiii  lliiir 
ciiiiliIlT,  Milled  ami  eoasleil  on  the  Sinith  Sea,  aiilveil  at  llultlaiialaii  "r 
lliiilia|iallaii  ihediiif  (if  ( 'ailfnniia,  or  a  plaee  mi  the  eiiasi  nf  (aiili'iiiM 
ill  SS7  A.  I).,  eoasteil  Xaliseo,  arilxcil  at  ( Jiiatiilcu,  then  at  'i'cielite]ier  ni' 
'i'iiilile|ieiHie  oii  the  Niiilh  Sea,  ami  liiiali.v  at  'I'll  land  ii^ju.  l'|i.  "iOli-T,  -l.V.l-liO. 
On  the  'I'dltee  iiil;:;iati(iii  see  l.illll.iin'liill,  hi  l\iiiiisliiiriniiili''f  M.f'.  AnHi.. 
vol.  ix.,  iiji.  ;Vl\-\\  \'ri/fi<t,  JL.st.  AnI.  MrJ.,  ton'i.  !,,  jiji.  (I-.'W,  l.S'.t,  l."'7. 
■Jn.")-'JI,  'J.'ll;  C/iiriijini,  Stiiri'd  Aiit.  ilrl  Mrssnn,  toni.  i.,  J).  I'JC),  toiii.  i\..  |l'- 
•ill,  .")!;  Ti>riiii''iiiiii/ii,  Mdiiarq.  fix/.,  toni.  i.,  |i)i.  .'tCi-T;  tSiiliiiiiu',  Ii/'n.  pp. 
i:Ul-7;  Cdrliiijii/  /■Js/ii'iiiinii,  Hist.  J/cc. ,  toni.  i.,  pp.  "JKi-IS;  llmssniri/r  Hmii- 
liiiiir;/  Hist.  \ii/.  <'ii:,  toni.  i.,  |ip.  IO(S,  l'J(!;  J'u/h,/  ]')i/i,  ]i]i.  elv.,  clK  \'i\ 
J'l.,  /:'si/in'n>if.s;  pp.  li,  \',\  It;  (liiUiidii,  in  .limr.  E'lnio.  Xoc,  Tnnisivt., 
vol,  i.,  p. 'JOU;  yi'/v^f'/"'"'''''' -'""''•  -'"'"y-.  !•■  -"'-;  Miillvr,  Joisni,  tniii.  iii.. 
pp.  <)l-7. 

'T  A/niniifii,  ill  Tiriifni.r.Coni/iinin,  rn;/.,  si'rie  i.,  toni.  .\.,  ]>.  117;  /  • 
ill  I'lninisi'i),  Xiiriiin/iiiiii,  toni.  ill.,  I'ol.  .'JDll. 

"■^  l,vf/i7.iiic/ii//,  in  Kiuijsliiiriiiijli's  Ml .i\  Aii/nj.,  vol.  i\.,  ]>.   1  Hi. 


Tlir:  COUNTRY  OF  HUEIIUE  TLAPALLAN. 


215 


taiics  f)f  tlio  Rio  Usumaciuta  and  Hoiuluras;"  and 
;il>u  that  the  country  was  s])()kL'n  of  by  authors  at 
the  tinio  of  tile  Conquest  as  Thi))allan  de  Cortes,  on 
account  of  Cortes'  expedition  to  Honduras,  but  he 
mentions  no  authors  except  those  I  liave  referred 
to.'^  Tiie  same  author  believes  tliat  the  name  'Jla- 
jiiilhuiconco  i^iven  by  Ixtlilxochitl  to  the  first  station, 
f^ixty  leagues  from  Huehue  Tla})allan,  should  be 
Tlaj»alIantzinco.  Ho  tells  us  that  the  CJuatenialan 
histories  mentions  such  a  city  con(jueretl  by  the 
(jIuicliLS  in  8oconusc(^  on  the  coast,  at  a  point  not  fai" 
tVom  sixty  leagues  distant  from  the  Ococingo  region.^ 
Ag.iin,  according  to  Sahagun  and  Torquemada,  when 
(^|u('tzal('oatl,  the  second  of  the  name,  mIio  flourished 
while  the  Toltecs  were  at  Tollan,  left  the  country,  he 
I'lnburked  or  tlisai)peared  on  the  gulf  coast  near  the 
(loazat'oalco  liiver,  announcing  his  intention  to  go  to 
Tlapallan.  This  would  certainly  favor  t'.j  idea  that 
Tlapallan  was  a  southern  country. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  eastward  direction  attrib- 
uted to  the  migration  from  Tlapallanconco  to  Anti- 
hiiac  is  not  consistent  with  any  Central  American 
location  of  the  starting-place;  but,  in.  connection 
with  the  fact  that  Xalisco  is  given  as  the  seciind 
station  about  a  hundred  and  seventy  leagues  distant 
iVoiu  Thi])allanconco,  would  agree  somewhat  bt'tter 
with  the  theory  generally  adopted  by  the  Spanish 
writeis  tliat  the  original  homo  of  the  Toltecs  Avas  in 
the  north-west,  ])robably  on  the  (lulf  of  California; 
yet  the  name  Tlapallan  has  never  been  found  in  the 
iiurth-we^t/^  Material  J'olics  of  any  great  empire 
are  wanting  in  that  regiju,  at  least  biyond  (.^)uemada 
ill  /.aeatecas,  and  the  itiner.iry  is  full  of  inconsist- 
t'licics  which  prove  it  to  be  unreliabK-  as  a  historic 
record.      L''or  instanc.-e,  an   eastern   course  of  a   bun- 


l!lH 


■■'  I'li/ii,/  Villi,  1)1).  Ixiv.,  cxii.,  cxxvi-viii. 

^J'/;/.,  j),  clix. 

^' Till' (liscDViTy  of  II  town  i)f  siiiiiliir  nimi(>  1)\  ('ortc's,  (1(iiililin;.My  rc- 
liHiii'ij  liy  N'l'viin.  Hint.  All/.  M'j.,  toiii.  i.,  ]i,  ■_';(.  iiiiil  dIIh'Is,  M'ciii.s  to  rt'^t 
I'll  no  iiiiilhiriis  w  liiiti'Vi'i'. 


!) 


216 


THE  rRE-TOLTEC  rEUIOD. 


dred  leagues  to  any  point  on  tlic  coast  of  Jaliscn 
would  1)0  an  inipossil)ility;  the  next  two  moves  led 
a  hundred  lea^^'ues  down  the  Pacific  (Joast,  and  then 
across  tlie  continent  to  Toxpan,  or  Tuxpan,  on  the 
i^ulf  coast  in  Vera  Cruz;  then,  although  'J'uxpan  is 
on  the  eastern  coast,  the  niiuration  contiinied  still  a 
hundred  leagues  eastward,  another  ini})ossiljility  of 
course.  How  they  returned  to  the  states  of  Vera 
Cruz  and  Mexico,  where  the  other  stations  would 
seem  to  be  located,  does  not  appear.  In  fact  tin' 
tradition  of  this  migration  as  it  reads,  so  far  as  di- 
rections, distances,  and  names  are  concerned,  is  mean- 
ingless, a  fact  due  either  to  the  carelessness  of  tlu; 
compiler  or  the  scantiness  of  his  materials.  In- 
trinsically then  the  evidence,  while  not  conclusive, 
favors  the  idea  that  Huehue  Tlapallan  was  in  tlir 
south. 

Comparing  the  Toltec  tradition  Avith  those  th.it 
have  heeii  already  given,  we  find,  except  in  names,  a 
strong  resemhlance  in  general  features.  In  the  suc- 
cessive creations  and  destructions  of  men;  the  njxs 
that  peopled  the  land  after  one  of  the  destructions; 
the  ancient  settlement  and  gi'owth  to  power  of  tin,' 
Toltecs  ill  a  fertile  country  named  Huehue  TIa])alliin; 
the  destruction  of  a  rival  })ower,  that  of  the  Quinanies; 
the  regulation  or  invention  of  the  calendar  hy  an  asscni- 
blage  of  wise  men  in  Huehue  Tlapallan;  and  a  lin.il 
forced  migration  to  new  homes — in  all  tlujse  I'eatuivs 
the  tradition  seems  to  represent  a  vague  memoiy  of 
events  already  familiar  to  us  as  having  occurred  iu 
the  central  region;  in  the  Votanic  empire  of  the  T/cn- 
dal  traditions;  in  the  Xihalha,  Paxil,  and  Tulan 
Zuiva,  or  Seven  Caves,  of  the  Quiche  record;  and 
es[)ecially  in  the  Tamoanchan  and  Tonacatepetl  of  tlic 
annals  gathered  hy  Sahagun. 

In  oi)j>osition  to  those  analogies  we  have  the  I'm't 
that  the  Spanish  writers  locate  Huehue  Tlapallan  in 
the  north,  as  they  do  also  the  original  homes  of  all 
the  nations  that  are  reported  hy  native  tradition  to 


SOUTIIEitN  OIIIGIX  or  TIIK  TOLTKCS. 


21: 


is; 

an; 

ii's; 
111- 
unl 

w  - 

n\' 

in 

y.rw- 

ulaii 

ami 

thr 

liirt 
II  in 
r  all 
n   I*' 


liavL'  ini^Tated  successively  into  Aiu'iliuuc.  It  is  not 
|(i()l)iil)le  that  this  idea  of  a  nc^rtheru  origin  was  a  pure 
invention  of  the  Spaiiiarda;  they  douhtless  lound 
ainonn"  the  Aztecs  with  wlioni  they  eaine  in  contact 
what  seemed  to  them  a  prevalent  i)o])ular  notion  tliat 
the  ancestors  of  the  race  came  from  the  north.  Yet 
the  ti-adition  uiven  V)y  Sahaij^un- — and  referrinn-  to  a, 
time  loni^  prior  to  the  Toltec  migration  of  thy  iifth  or 
hi\th  century — relatiiiL*"  to  the  first  appearance  of  the 
Xahua,  civilizers  on  the  i^ulf  coast,  whither  they  had 
come  hy  sea  from  the  north-east,  prohaltly  from  Flori- 
da, would  have  been  perhaps  a  sufficient  foundation 
for  such  a  popular  idea;  and  the  not  impi-ohahle  fact 
that  the  Aztecs  proper  and  some  other  nations,  prom- 
inent in  rank  and  ]»o\ver  at  the  time  of  the  ('oinpiest, 
ilid  actually  come  into  Andhiiac  fnjm  the  i"e,!L;ion  im- 
mediately adjoining  it  on  the  north  or  north  west, 
would  certainly  have  contributed  to  confirm  that  idea. 
In  other  words  the  Aztecs  when  (piestioned  by  the 
S[)aniards  may  have  rejdied  that  they  came  from  the 
nortli,  referring  in  most  cases  to  the  latest  move  of 
their  nation  into  Amihuac,  but  possibly  in  some  in- 
stances to  the  vague  traditions  of  their  fathei's  respect- 
ing tlie  very  earliest  j)eriods  of  their  existence  as  a 
race.  The  Spaniards  at  once  connected  the  vc[)oitcd 
northern  origin  with  the  world-peopling  migiation 
iVuni  ( 'entral  Asia  after  the  confusion  of  tongues;  and 
>lnce  the  old  and  new  world  were  sup)»osed  to  be  con- 
nected or  nearlv  so  in  the  north,  thev  I'ound  the  native 
ti'adition  str(.)ngly  couHrmed  by  the  scriptuivs.  A\'lien 
the  theory  of  successive  migrations  iVoni  tiie  north, 
thus  confirmed,  had  once  been  established  in  their 
niiiujs,  nothing  could  overthrow  it;  it  became  in  a  cer- 
tain sense  a  part  of  their  religion.  l^ach  migration 
siihseipujutly  found  recorded  in  the  nativt;  annals,  as 
means  of  connmmication  between  the  conijueroi's  and 
(•on(|nered  became  jierfectcd,  was  at  once  given  ;i 
north-to-south  direction.  The  natives  tlieuiselves 
wi  I'e  in  many  instances  not  unwilling  to  please  their 


218 


THE  PKE-TOLTKC  PEPJOD. 


! 


ir 
'% 

I*. 


II 


masters  Ly  ortliodox  interpretations  of  tlieir  ])i(tui'e- 
writiiigs.  Finally  the  rnins  of  C^ueniada,  tlie  (  usas 
Grandes  of  Chihuahua,  and  the  adohe  buildings  on 
the  (fila  were  discovered — doubtless  traces  left  by  nii- 
m'ratini>'  nations,  and  thus  the  last  doubt  on  the  sub- 
ject, if  any  could  exist,  was  removed  even  frijin  tlie 
jninds  of  later  and  more  intellii^ent  class  of  S})anish 
Avriters,  like  Clavinero  and  Vevtia.^^ 

In  the  Toltec  tradition  we  have  found  the  Cliiclii- 
mccs  mentioned  as  a  powerful  and  fierce  peo])le  and 
their  nei^libors  in  Huehue  Tlapallan.  Since  this  is 
the  first  mention  of  that  famous  people,  since  all  tlie 
best  authorities  insist  that  the  Toltecs  and  ChichiuKcs 
were  of  the  same  blood  and  lan»i;'uai4e,  and  since  the 
Chicliiniecs  afterwards  succeeded  the  Toltecs  in  Aiia- 
liuac,  we  naturally  turn  to  the  Chichimcc  traditions 
of  their  earlyhome  for  additional  information  res[)ectiiii;' 
Iluehue  Tlapallan,  although  the  Chichimcc  miuratioii 
occurring'  several  centuries  later  would  come  chroUd- 
logically  beyond  the  limits  of  this  cha])ter.  Our 
seai'ch  in  this  direction  for  data  i'nnn  which  to  dcti  r- 
mine  the  location  of  the  ancient  Nahua  em})ire  is, 
however,  fruitless.  Althougli  Ixtlilxochitl  is  still  the 
chief  authority,  we  have  no  mention  of  Huehue  Tlap- 
allan,    The    country — or  a  country,  for  it  is  not  cci- 

S2  Tin-  Niiliiijis  state  that  tliey  came  fnini  the  north-west.  Jfi  in/iif'i. 
Hist.  J:.'f/rs.,  ]i.  117;  TdrqiHiniKlii,  Mmiinij.  Jm/.,  toiii.  i.,  |).  ,'?.'{.  The  tia- 
ilitioii  of  tlie  'J'dltecs  will  not  allow  us  to  lix  eitliei-  date,  locality,  or  soiina' 
of  their  niinratioii,  l)iit  tlie  north  is  va;,aiely  ^.'iven  as  the  soiiree.  dnlhi'iii. 
in  Aiiirr.  Plthno.  Sof.,  Tnnisdi-t.,  voi.  i.,  ]>.  'Hy^.  lliu'luie  Tla|iallan  siliiaicil 
north-west  of  the  (iila.  Hiitii/joldf,  ]'iirs,  toiii.  i.,  \>.  'JOl.  Not  in  tlie<iil.i 
\  alley.  Siiii//i\s  IIiiukiii  S/icn'r.s,  ]>.  "J.")!).  Tradition  shows  Huehue  J'la|iall;iii, 
luiserahle  liUe  all  nations  aliaiidoned  to  luxury  and  [lower,  iinahle  to  feed  iN 
children,  rjistiu;,'  tiiein  forth,  llniiiircz,  in  lit  rLstx  i'n  ntifivu,  toin.  i, ,  n.  -I 
Prasseur  de  IJourliour;,',  Vnpitl  Viih,  p.  elix.,  speaks  of  Tlaxi  I'oliiilnaii, 
mentioned  hy  Ixtlilxoehill,  as  the  (dil  eapital  of  the  (^hiiuanies,  or  I'alciniur. 
He  perhaps  has  no  other  reason  for  this  than  the  reseinhlaiiee  of  the  iianir- 
Cidiuhean  an<l  Colhnaean.  He  says,  .7/.s•^  A'a/.  ''/c,  tout,  i.,  p  1(H),  that 
Huehue  Tla|iallan  may  lie  traiislateil  Maud  of  eolors'  or 'land  of  iiolilc- ' 
'I'hrou;L;hout  his  works  he  ]ilaees  this  country  in  tlie  south,  ideiilif\  iiii:  it 
willi  Xihalha.  It  is  jiroved  iucontestalily  that  thi'  Toltecs  eanie  ii'na 
'I'ulhii,  whose  ruins  are  seiMi  near  ( >cociu;i:o.  /</.,  Curtd.s,  ]\.  "JS.  (abrcra, 
Tcutru,  p.  1)4,  tiiinks  Tlapalla  inii.st  have  been  in  the  south-east. 


THE  PRIMITIVE  CIIICIIIMECS. 


219 


talii  tliat  It  was  tlio  orii»-Inal  Cliii-liiincc  liomo  and  not 
0111'  located  in  central  !^[c.\.ico,  altlioii^li  sonic  of  thu 
trailitions  seem  to  point  to  i)riinitive  times — of  im- 
iiKMise  extent,  is  called  AnuKjuemecan;  one  of  its  chief 
cities  seems  to  have  borne  the  same  name,  and  an- 
ollu  r  city  was  Ovome.  The  names  Necuametl  and 
Xariiix:  are  also  a})[ilied  to  the  conntry  l)y  Ixtlilxoehitl, 
ami  lie  further  states  that  the  Chichimecs  came  like 
the  other  nations  from  Chicomoztoc.  Some  fourteen 
kiiii^s  are  named  as  having*"  ruled  over  the  kingdom, 
hrLiiiiiiiiiL,'"  with  Chichimecatl  who  hrom^ht  the  people 
to  the  country  and  from  whom  they  took  their 
li.inie.  Nothing  is  known  of  the  reigns  of  any  ex- 
cept the  last  three,  the  first  of  whom  is  reported  to 
have  sent  his  son  at  the  reciuest  of  the  Toltecs  to  he- 


f  the  first  kiiiL;"  in  Tollan.  Ixtlilxochitl  in  hisac 
*-,  of  the  sending  for  this  king  says  that  the  Chi- 
cwiinecs  were  at  that  time  in  the  regit)n  of  Pamico, 
and  that  fear  of  hostility  from  them  was  the  chief 
motive  of  the  Toltecs  in  invitinij  a  Chichimec  to  rule 
over  them.  It  is  not,  however,  stated  that  the  Chi- 
cliiiiK'C  capital  was  in  that  part  of  the  coiuitry.  AVhen 
at  last  tlie  empire  came  into  the  hamls  of  two  hrothei's, 
oiie  of  whom  Xolotl,  with  all  his  people,  decided  to 
migrate,  not  one  of  their  halting-places  is  named, 
until  they  had  journeyed  for  a  whole  year  and  reached 
the  vicinity  of  Anahuac;  conse([uently  there  is  no 
clue  to  the  course  of  their  migration.  Besides  the 
statement  that  the  Chichimecs  came  from  the  Seven 
('iives,  and  another  by  A'evtia.  that  the  kiiii-s  wore 
quetzal-feathers,  there  seems  to  be  absolutely  nothing 
in  tlie  tradition  to  indicate  wliet]n'r  Ama(|Ueniecau 
was  ill  the  north  or  south.  Yet  the  Spanish  a\  riters 
have  no  hesitation  in  fixinijc  the  direction,  althoui'li 
(lis.igreeing  somewhat  about  the  locality.  From  tw<j 
to  three  hundred  leagues  north  of  Jalisco,  beyond  New 
^li'xico,  and  in  Alaska  are  some  of  the  decisions  in 
tliis  matter, — decisions  resting  on  authority  that  the 
reader  already  understands.     It  seems  probable  that 


!»-i 


THE  PRE-TOLTEC  PEIIIOD. 


the  qrc.at  original  Naliua  empire  ^vhcthor  it  1)e 
called  Hueliue  Tlapallan,  TaiiK)auclian,  Tulaii,  or 
AiiuKjiienieean,  was  the  CliiflHiuec  einjiire — that  is, 
that  the  Tultecs  or  revoltinyf  branch  constituted  hut  a 
small  portion  of  the  Chichimec  or  Nahua  people/ 


K) 


The  Chichimec  migration  was  followed  hy  many 
others  at  irregular  intervals,  ending  with  that  of  thr 
Aztecs,  all  of  which  will  he  spoken  of  in  their  i)rop('r 
place.  The  chronologic  order  attributed  by  tradition 
to  these  migrations  is  not  to  be  relied  on,  giving,  as 
may  be  sujiposed,  only  a  vague  idea  of  the  order  in 
wliich  the  different  nations  acquired  some  prominenc'. 
in  and  about  the  vallev  of  Mexico.  In  its  ancient 
centre — not  in  Andhuac,  whether  it  was  in  the  north 
or  soutii — the  pi'imitivo  Nahua  power  was  over- 
thrown, or  from  that  centre  it  was  transferred  to  bo 
re-established  by  exiled  })rinces  and  their  descendants 
on  the  ^texican  plateai;x.  This  transfer,  whose  na- 
ture we  may  vaguely  comprehend,  but  of  A\hos(' 
details  we  know  nothing,  is  the  event  or  series  of 
t'vents  referred  to  by  the  various  miiifration-tradi- 
lions.  The  recollections  of  these  events  assumed 
different  forms  in  the  traditioiis  of  different  trihes 
until  each  nation  claimed  or  were  deemed  by  (ho 
Spaniards  to  claim  a  distinct  migration  from  its 
Ibrmer  home.  The  accounts  of  the  migratit)ns  fob 
lowing  the  Toltec  will  be  given  in  their  ])ro[)er  [)laee, 
and    here  Ave    have    only  to  notice    that    the    Se\e!i 

**'  T.r'lil.rm'hitl,  in  l\iiiff.tlinrnuii/i's  Mr.r.  .Uifiq.,  vol.  ix.,  ji]).  20S-0,  -IT, 

:;;!;<.  :u.')  7,  ;<'.t2  t,  4.')0;  ri/zZ/W,  ih.s/.  Anf.  Mr/.,  tiiiu.  i.,  |)|).  '\:t,  i;;.),  •.';;!, 

I!  11 -2,  tinn.  ii.,  lip.  ',\  7;  TuM'tri^nKid,  Mmiafij.  Iml.,  toin  i,,  \\\\.  .'IS  Id, 
nnissiMir,  /A^s■^  ^nl.  <'ir.,  tiim'  i.,  \i]\.  l'J.')-(l,  tiiiiilvs  flinl  ("liiilcMl/in  iiml 
'riiicaiiiitzin  were  llii' HiicrcMKor.-t  of  .\liiiiiali|iji  h'I't  by  .\liiilnn<|iit'  in  cniii- 
iiiMiul  of  tli('  Nji1hi;is,  iiiiil  tliiU  llicy  wtTi'  ticfciiti'il  ami  <'\iliMl  liy  llic  iimii- 
arch  of  Xiliallia.  For  ilciailH  ami  fiirllicr  rcfcicnci  -i  rcsiiccliii'j:  tin-  <  'lii.  hi- 
iiicc  mi;,'iatioii  M'O  a  futmc  cliaptcr.  The  Cliichimoc  Uiii;4;s  wcri':  Cliirlii- 
iiu'call,  Mixcohnall,  lliiil/i!ii|io('litli,  lliKMiiac,  NaiilivotI,  (JiiMiihlr|M'il;i, 
Niiiioiiuaira,  llii<>l/in,  (^iiiaiihtonal,  NiaHat/in.  (^iiict/al,  Icoat/.iii.  Mo/iln- 
i|uit/iii,  Tlainaral/in  in  one  jilacc  Nt><|miiii('ti  ami  Naimwiiix  arc  niiiiicl 
insicail  of  I'liichiiiit'catl.  Ixtlilxmliill,  ji.  ;i<M;  Vcjitin,  ioiii.  i.,  |i.  'J.'il;  ''"(■ 
/'('/"/  h'tjiiiiunc,  Jliiit.  Mcx.,  torn,  i.,  i<i  l225-(i;  Miillcr,  liriscii,  lorn,  iii.,  I'l'. 

i;t-i. 


IKISC 

s    of 

I'ildi- 

nu'd 

riltt's 

tlio 

I    its 

lol- 

lliU'C, 

M'VOll 

-'X  -MT, 

'.1,  •j;ii, 
;is  111. 

in  :iM<l 

1    CUMl- 
(■  lliou- 

•lii.'hi- 
'liirlii- 
•|ii'|1m, 

InaiiK  'i 
(',<(■■ 


MIGRATION  FROM  THE  SOUTH. 


221 


raves  are  inoiiiioned  as  a  startin_2^-})laco  (ir  station  in 
mi>>t  it'  not  all  of  these  niii^rations,  and  that  the 
oiilv  names  that  ai)pear  in  the  traditions  a|)})lied  to 
the  ancient  Nahna  d\velling--i)lace  are  Azthm,  Cul- 
liuacaii  or  Teo  Culhnaean,  and  A(|nilaseo.  These 
iiaiiKs  are  perhaps  applied  to  cities  in  the  ancient 
hdino,  hilt  it  is  by  no  means  certain,  as  Avill  appear 
later,  that  they  did  not  all  helony;  to  localities  in  cen- 
tral ^[exico.  At  least  neither  the  names  nor  the 
I'veiits  of  the  niij^rations  as  reporteil  .dlord  any  proof 
of  .  vector  a  i)hical  location.  The  analoyv  between  Cul- 
huacan  and  Cidiacan  is  not  a  stroni;- argument  in  favor 


,f  a 


north-western  location,  or  at  most  does  not  ont- 


\veii;h  the  identity  of  the  names  Cnlhnacan  and  Na- 
ilian.     A   palm-tree  painted  on   the  pii'ture-writin^- 


su|t|t(^se( 


1  t 


o  record  one 


1 


of  tl 


le  mi<»'rations,  m  conned 


tidu  with  the  startin,<j;'-})lace,  as  has  been  remaiked  by 
M'veral  anthorities,  seems  to  favor  the  idea  that  the 
|i(iiiit  of  depai'ture  was  in  the  south  rather  than  in 
the  noi'th,  and  wonld  certainly  be  a  circnnistance  of 
(•(iiisick'i'able  weio-lit  against  an  extreme  northern  lo- 
cation i'or  Aztlan. 

The  Abbe  JJrasseur  de  Ijourbonri,^  atter.ipts  to 
nroneile  the  o'lMieral  fact  shown  bv  all  tlie  eailier  ti'a- 
(lit ions  that  the  ])rimitive  Nahna  })ower  was  in  the 
south,  witli  the  idea  of  a  migration  from  tlie  north 
ii]i|iarently  entertained  bv  each  of  the  nations  of  Ana- 
liuae  and  by  the  Spanish  writers.  Accordini;'  to  his 
itlra  tlie  Xahnas,  overcome  by  the  monarchs  of  Xi- 
lialha,  wei'e  tlriven  from  Chiapas,  dwelt  a  few  yi^ars  on 
tile    I'acilic  coast  at  Tlapallant/inco,  and   thenci>  mi- 


U'l'ated 


noi'th -westward    m   (hnerent   bands 


foil 


owiii:^' 


the  yciu'ial  dirtH'tion  of  the  coast,  to  Soiiora,  and  Tji- 
I'll'  ('aliibrnia.  Alono'  this  ronte,  as  this  anthoi- 
ilaims,  distinct  traces  of  their  migration  are  ajipareiit, 
I'loniiiH'  perhaps,  althonn'h  he  does  not  say  so,  to  lin- 
.Uiii-^tie    traces.      In   this    northern  re'>i'»n,   about  the 


^'u!f  of  California,  thev  establi 


died 


[leat   kingdoms 


and  iii'.ilt  o'reat  cities,  each  Nahua  colony  bucomtii«j'  a 


222 


THE  rPiE-TOLTEC  rER!Oi>. 


centre  of  civilization  to  the  wild  tribes  with  whom  it 
came  in  contact.  From  this  region,  to  places  in  wliich 
the  names  Teo  Culhuacan,  Aztlan,  etc.,  of  the  triuli- 
tions  may  be  applied,  the  different  Nahua  nations  de- 
scended into  Anahuac  in  successive  migrations  IVdiu 
the  seventh  to  the  twelfth  century,  impelled  by  cix  il 
convulsions  or  the  pressure  of  outside  and  warlike 
tribe; 


8i 


I  am  inclined  to  find  in  the  abbd's  theory  a  state- 
ment— ^too  definite  perhaps — of  a  general  fact.     That 
is,  the  Nahua  power — established  in  eastern  and  soutli- 
eastern  Mexico  by  the  Olmec  tribes  almost  simul- 
taneously Avith  its  growth  in  the  south — was  after  its 
overthrow  in  Central  America  established  bv  exiled 
nobles  over  western  and  north-western  Me..ico.     f 
find  no  evidence,  however,  that  the  Nahua  power  evir 
became  settled  and  flourishing  farther  north  than  ])n- 
rango  and  Sinaloa,  although  the  influence  of  thcii-  in- 
stitutions may,  not  improbably,  have  extended  to  tin' 
Sonora  tribes;  into  California  and  the  far  north -wr>.t 
the  Naliuas  never  penetrated.     If  a  Nahua  emjiirt'  dr 
political  power  ever  really  existed  in  the  north-west, 
its  centre  was  jn'obably  in  the  region  of  Quemadii,  in 
Zacatecas  and  Jalisco.     Soon,  however,  the  valley  of 
Mexico  became  the  political  centre,  and  the  sulise- 
(juent  history  of  the  country  was  essentially  a  liistdiv 
t)f  Auiihuac.     The  modern  aboriginal  annals  of  each 
nation  dated  from  its  rise  to  notice  in  Anahuac,  and 
in  the  traditions  of  previt)us  history  im})erfect]y  tdni- 
municated  to  the  Sjjaniards,  their  former  greatness  in 
the  s(»uth,  their  defeat  and  exile,  their  life  in  outsid; 
jtroviuces,  and  their  settlement  in  the  valley  weiv' 
sadly  confused. 

«♦  BrnMrurde  Ttnurhnurff,  Tfht.  Nnt,  Civ.,  torn.  i..  pp.  IW.  170-Rl>;  /'/ , 
Ciirfiis,  |»|).  ;U-4;  l(f.,  I'liiiiil  I'li/i,  i^i.  «'lix-t'l.\i.  niasM.'iir  <;ivfH  a  ii'innt 
of  till'  niiiis  of  II  luirtlicrii  Tula  in  ( 'aliforiiia,  which  of  com'H'  is  uiifonMilril. 
lit'  tliinlvM  tln^  Opalas,  VatniiH,  MavoH,  and  'rarahuinari's  arc  rcnimiiil*  "f 
tiic  old  Tollcc  jioinilatioiiM  in  iIiIh  ie;|ioii.  lie  docs  not  altiihntc  the  iiiiiK 
of  the  New  Mexican  and  Ari/ona  j,'roiip  to  the  ToltccH,  at  icant  ni.l  iil  iIim 
t'arly  |iciiod.  Uradford  also,  A  inn:  Anfii/.,  p.  '20'2,  «pcakH  of  the  lii>l  ii:-'' 
a>>  ilillitHin^  population  from  the  centre  throngli  the  north,  to  return  in  ;t 
relliix  of  nunieroiw  tribea  lit  the  wucond  ago. 


ANNALS  OF  YUCATAN. 


223 


Mondieta,  Torqiicmada,  Gomara,  and  others,  record 
tlio  p(){)ular  tradition  of  the  settlement  of  Mexico  as 
follows:  An  old  man  Iztac  Mixcohuatl,  by  liis  wife 
Ilancueitl,  in  Chicomoztoc,  or  the  Seven  Caves,  had 
six  sons,  Xelhua,  Teuuch,  Ulmecatl,  Xicalancatl, 
Mixtecatl,  and  Otomitl.  Tenuch's  descendants  were 
the  Aztecs;  Xelhua  gave  his  name  to  no  nation,  hut 
his  followers  settled  at  various  points  in  the  south- 
east; the  others  founded  the  natitms  which  took  their 
names.  Mendieta  adds  that  hy  another  wife  the 
same  old  man  had  a  son  named  Quetzalcoatl. ''•'''  Pi- 
neda tells  us  that  a  ne})heAv  of  Votan  divided  the  land 
of  Aiiiihuae.*'  Accordinsi-  to  Arlegui  the  Toltecs 
came  from  the  west  and  divided  New  Spain  between 
their  seven  families.^''  I  believe  I  have  now  j^iven 
all  the  important  traditions  that  seem  to  belonu!"  to 
the  pre-Toltec  period  in  Mexico,  and  I  deem  it  im- 
necessary  to  refer  to  the  authors  who  merely  ucive  an 
iihritlyecl  version  of  the  same  accounts,  many  of  them 
cDiitining  themselves  to  the  simple  statement  that  the 
Toltics,  a  very  skillful  i)e()j)le,  came  first  from  the 
north  and  settled  in  the  region  afterwards  known  as 
Now  S[)ain. 


Tvetiirninnf  to  the  south,  it  only  remains  to  examine 
lii'iiHy  the  ])rimitive  ^laya  annals  of  Yucatan,  which 
<<inliiui  in  a  few  pt^ints  those  of  other  })eoples,  so  far 
as  they  relate  to  the  great  Ameilrun  centre  of  civil - 
izaticn  in  the  south.  These  annals  will  be  given  in 
full  elsewhere;  a  very  general  view,  with  especial 
rcfircnro  to  the  ]»oints  i-eferred  to,  will  sulhce  here. 
A  pirvalent  belief  among  the  ^Mayas  at  the  time  of 
the  C'oiKpiest  was,  that  the  j)eninsiihi  was  settled  in 
ancient  times  by  two  races,  )ne  iVom  the  east,  the 
ether  fi'om   the  west.      It  is  not   implied  tliat   they 

*"■'  Mniih'rfii,  Hint.  Erlr.<>.,  pp.  llR--fi;  Torqurninrla,  Mitiinrq.  Tiid.,  l(iii). 
i,  ]<\>.  ;tl!-,'t;  (luiiKirn,  Com/.  Mi.i:,  fol.  L'iHI-.'UHl;  /V/./kov/'.v  jV((/.  7//,v/. 
'/'"',  Mil,  ii,,  p.  511;  Jini.ssnir  ih'    HdiirlmKni,  J'n/iii/  ]'ii/i,  jip.  xvix.-xxx. 

"'J  l>(Krri/i.  C/iiti/iiis,  in  Sur.  Mix.  Uioij.,  Jinlrfiii,  toin.  iii.,  i».  !iH. 

"'  (7i ivii.  Zaeutcats,  pp.  U-7. 


^'M 


M 


224 


THE  PRE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


camo  Jit  tlio  same  period,  but  rather  that  the  iiiioTa- 
tion  from  tlio  east  preceded  that  from  the  west  hy 
many  centuries.  Lizana  tells  us  that  in  ancient 
times  the  east  was  called  cenial,  or  'little  descent,' 
and  the  west  iwhenial,  or  'great  descent,'  believing- 
that  these  names  indicate  the  comparative  numbcr.s 
of  the  respective  colonies.  Landa  and  Herrera  re- 
cord a  tradition  that  the  oldest  inhabitants  came  from 
the  east,  the  sea  being  divided  to  afford  them  a  pas- 
sage. Cogolludo  concludes,  contraiy  to  the  opinion 
of  Lizana,  tliat  the  colony  from  the  east  must  have 
been  much  more  numerous  as  well  as  more  ancient 
ihan  tlie  other,  because  of  the  universal  use  of  the 
Maya  language  and  of  ]\Iaya  names  of  i)laces  through- 
out the  ])eninsula — a  coiidusion  that  carries  littlo 
Aveiu'lit,  since  it  rests  mainly  on  the  assumption  that 
those  wlio  came  i'rom  the  west  spoke  the  Aztec  lan- 
guage, an  assumption  for  which  there  is  no  authority 
Nvliatever. 

The  })ersonage  whose  name  appears  first  in  tlio 
^fava  tradition  is  Zanma,  son  of  the  cliief  deitv,  wiio 
taught  tlie  people,  invented  the  hieroglyphic  aljilia- 
bet,  and  gave  a  name  to  each  locality  in  Yucatan, 
J  [is  role,  so  far  as  anything  is  known  of  it,  was  )iro- 
cisely  the  same  as  that  of  Votan  in  Chiapas.  Zaniiid 
is  re[H)rted  to  have  lived  long  in  the  land  and  to  havo 
been  buried  at  the  chtse  of  his  career  at  Izaiiial. 
During  his  life  he  founded  Mayapan,  'standaitl  (or 
capital)  of  jSIaya,' — Maya  being  the  native  name  of 
thi'  country  and  signifyiuLj  according  to  some  authoii- 
ties  'land  without  water' — a  city  which  Avas  several 
times  ruined  and  rei)uilt  after  its  founder's  tiiiu'. 
Zamn.i  may  be  most  naturally  comiected  with  the 
traditional  migration  from  the  east.  Cogolludo,  it  is 
true,  states  that  he  was  at  the  head  of  tl.e  otlur 
(■(tlony,  and  liiis  statement  is  repeated  in  one  ]»hicehy 
I»rass(^ur,  but  as  the  Sjianish  writer  direi'tly  contra- 
dicts his  statement  on  the  same  ])age,  not  nnuli  im- 
portance is  to  be  attached  to  it.      N'ague  as  it  is,  the 


ZAMXA'S  EMPIRE. 


225 


tradition  of  Zamnii  and  his  followers  from  the  east 
seems  identical  with  that  of  Votan.  If  we  suppose 
that  sucli  persons  as  Zanina  and  Votan  aotually  had 
an  existence — a  supposition  wdiich  like  its  opposite 
forms  no  part  of  this  chapter — it  would  be  impossible 
to  determine  whether  the  two  were  the  same,  or  Zam- 
uil  the  companion,  disciple,  or  descendant  of  Votan; 
l)ut  we  may  well  believe  that  the  period,  the  empire, 
tlie  institutions  alluded  to  in  the  Maya  record  are  the 
same  as  those  connected  with  the  Votanic  or  Xibalban 
traditions.  The  ancient  jiower  whose  centre  was  in 
Chiapas,  Tabasco,  and  Honduras,  extended  north- 
eastward into  Yucatan  as  it  did  north-westward  into 
Aiiciluiac.  Ordonez  states,  as  usual  without  givin*jf 
jiis  authority,  that  Mayapan  was  one  of  the  allied 
capitals,  which  with  Naclian  and  Tulan  constituted 
tliu  Votanic  empire.  The  fact  that  the  name  of  the 
('ocomes,  the  most  ancient  people,  or  at  least  the 
oldest  line  of  kincfs  and  nobles,  in  Yucatan  sijifnifies  in 
the  Nahua  tonj^ue  'serpents,'  like  the  name  Chanes 
apjjlied  to  Votan's  followers,  may  have  some  signifi- 
cance, although  in  the  Maya  tongue  Cocomc  is  also 
said  to  m''an  'listener.' 

At  an  unknown  date,  but  subsecpient  to  that  of 
Zamna's  I'ulo,  we  find  three  brothers,  the  Itzaob, 
reigning  at  Chichen  over  a  people  called  from  them 
the  It/as,  as  the  city  also  w.as  called  thereafter  Chi- 
chon  Itza.  They  came  from  the  west,  were  just  and 
I'liaste  men,  and  their  reign  a  long  a!id  glorious  one. 
One  of  them,  however,  having  finally  left  the  coun- 
try, the  others  gave  themselves  up  to  innnoral  j)rac- 
ticos,  and  were  put  to  death.  Notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  tlie  brotho.'M  came,  according  to  the  Spanish 
writers,  from  the  west,  there  is  much  reason  to  suji- 
pose  that  the  nation  whose  ca])ital  was  at  Chichi'n, 
was  an  ancient  people  dating  back  to  the  time  of  Zani- 
iiii,  since  the  most  satisfactory  interpretation  of  the 
iianio    'It/a'    is  that   it  came   from    'Ytzamna,'  the 

lunio  ancient  form  of  the  great  founder's  name.     Con- 
voy. V.  15 


220 


THE  PRE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


ncc'tod  witli  the  throe  hrothers  in  a  manner  notelearly 
defined  by  the  tradition — either  riding  conjointly  with 
them  or  more  prohahly  coming  into  power  immoch- 
ately  after  their  downfall — was  Cukulcan,  who  also 
came  from  the  west,  who  was  also  famons  for  tlio 
])urity  of  his  life,  and  whose  teachings  in  fact  were 
identical  with  those  of  Quetzalcoatl  among  the  Nahua 
peoples.  He  also  is  credited  with  the  founding,  or 
re-founding  of  Mayapan,  M'hich  under  his  rule  becnnio 
the  political  centre  of  the  whole  country,  nlthougli 
Cliicheu  still  retained  great  prominence,  CukuUan 
havinsjf  raised  the  country  to  a  condition  of  the  hiufhest 
])rosperity,  finally  abandoned  Yucatan  for  some  un- 
known motive  and  returned  westward,  disajipearing  at 
('hamj)oton,  or  Potonchan,  on  the  coast,  where  he  dwelt 
for  some  time  and  where  a  temple  in  his  honor  was 
afterwards  erected.  After  his  departure  the  C'oconio 
princes  came  into  power,  their  capital  being  still  Maya- 
pan. 

The  identity  in  character,  teachings,  and  actions 
between  Cukulcan  and  Quetzalcoatl,  suggests  tlio 
first  a})pearance  in  Yucatan,  at  this  time,  of  Nahua 
tribes  or  Nahua  institutions,  corres[)onding  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  with  the  ai>pearance  of  the  Olmecs  and 
Xicalancas  in  Andhuac,  and  indicating  that  the  Na- 
hua influence  was  exerted  during  its  earliest  ])eii(id 
of  tlevelopnient  in  the  north-east  as  well  as  in  tlut 
iiorth-w^est.  Indeed,  Vevtia  records  a  tradition  to 
the  effect  that  Yucatan  was  settled  by  the  Olmecs 
and  Xicalancas  driven  from  JNTexico  at  the  coming  of 
the  Toltecs;  this  author  justly  rejects  the  latter  jiait 
of  this  report,  but  expresses  his  belief  that  bands 
from  these  nations  did  actually  settle  in  the  ]ienin- 
sula.  When  to  the  analogies  already  noticed  be- 
tween Quetzalcoatl  and  Cukulcan  we  add  tlie  fact 
that  their  names  are  etymological ly  identical,  both 
signifying  'plumed  serpent,'  little  reason  n-mains  to 
tloubt  that  the  Maya  tradition  refers,  like  the  oth<'rs 
that  have  been  noticed,  to  the  first  coming  into 
prominence  of  tlio  Nahuas  in  America. 


THE  TUTUL  XIUS  IN  YUCATAN. 


2£7 


lllUil 

ccr- 
iiiul 

Na- 
liotl 

tlU! 

II  to 
noes 
|io-  ot' 
jiart 
liuds 
hiiii- 

1.0- 

Ihrt 
l»otli 
IS  to 

linto 


The  next  prominent  event  in  Yucatan  liistory,  as 
it  is  also  the  last  that  has  any  sj^ecial  bearino-  ii})()n 
the  ])oriotl  now  under  consideration,  and  the  most 
iinj)ortant  in  that  connection,  is  the  arrival  of  the 
Tiitul  Xius.  According  to  the  traditions  of  the 
natives  Jis  recorded  by  the  Spaniards,  this  peaccfid 
hut  highly  cultivated  people  came  from  the  st)nt]i, 
|»crha[>s  from  Chiapas,  after  wandering  for  forty  years 
in  tlie  unsettled  and  mountainous  i)ortions  of  the 
coiiutry,  and  settled  near  Mayapan.  The  Coconies, 
siK't'cssors  to  the  Itza  brothers  and  Cukulcan,  having 
at  the  time  governed  the  country  long  and  prosper- 
ously, received  the  new-comers  kindly  and  formed  an 
alliance  with  them,  an  alliance  ^vhich  continued  ior 
a  long  time  until  the  Cocome  kings,  becoming  tyranni- 
cal, were  overthrown  by  a  revolution  in  which  the 
Tutul  Xius  were  the  most  prominent  actors.  It  is, 
huwuver,  with  their  arrival  and  not  with  their  sub- 
sequent actions  that  we  have  to  do  hero.  The  mere 
tradition  of  their  arrival  after  a  long  migration  from 
till'  southern  highlands  would  at  best  furnish  only 
slight  grounds  for  the  conjecture  of  the  Spaniards 
that  they  came  from  Chiapas;  but  another  document 
unknown  to  the  Spanish  missionary-authors  thi'ows 
groat  light  upon  this  peo}»le,  and  invests  their  appear- 
aiuo  in  Yucatan  with  increased  im})ortance.  The 
(loouniont  refen-ed  to  is  the  Maya  manuscript  trans- 
lated by  l*io  Perez,  first  i)ul)lished  in  Mr  Stoplu-ns' 
Avoik  on  Yucatan,  and  later  with  the  work  of  Bishop 
banda,  which  begins  as  follows: — "This  is  the  series 
ot'katunes  elapseil  since  the  four  Tutul  Xius  departed 
IVdUi  the  house  of  Nonoual,  which  was  west  of  Zuina, 
and  oanie  from  the  land  t>f  Tulapan,  Four  katu'os 
jiassed  after  they  set  out  before  they  arrived  hero  \>  ith 
Ibilonohan  Tepeuh  and  his  comjianions,  before  they 
reached  this  peninsula;  the  8  Ahau  had  i)assed,  the 
<•  Ahau,  the  4  Ahau,  and  the  2  Ahau — eighty-one 
viars  before  they  arrived  in  this  })eninsula,  eighty-one 
yoais  that   they  spent  in  their  journey  Irom  their 


m 


228 


THE  PRE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


country  to  this  peninsula  of  Cliacnouitan."  Hero  wo 
find  it  distinctly  stated  that  this  people  came  from 
Tulapan,  'capital  of  Tula,'  the  very  place  from  \vlii(  h, 
according  to  the  QuichiS  record,  the  Nahua  nations 
migrated,  and  it  is  more  than  likely  that  Zuina  sliould 
be  Zuiva,  defined  in  the  Popol  Vuh  as  the  Seven 
Caves.  This,  in  connection  with  the  Quiche  lamen- 
tation over  that  division  of  their  brothers  which  tliey 
had  left  in  the  east,  is  amply  sufficient  to  identify  the 
Tutul  Xius  as  one  of  the  Nahua  tribes  that  migi'ated 
from  the  original  centre.  The  family  of  Nonoual 
seems  to  have  given  a  name  to  the  tribes  that  occu- 
jiied  Tabasco  down  to  the  Conquest.  This  document 
assumes  to  give  the  date  of  the  Tutul  Xiu  migration, 
a  most  important  date,  since  it  is  also  that  of  the 
(overthrow  of  Nahua  power  in  Chiapas  and  its  tran.s- 
fer  to  Anahuac;  but  until  the  Maya  system  of  Aliau 
Jiatunes**  shall  have  been  the  object  of  much  addi- 
tional research,  there  is  little  hope  of  arrivin;*  at 
an  accurate  interpretation  of  the  date.  Sr  ]\'rez 
Li'ives  it  as  144  A.  D.  The  Abbe  Brasseur,  rolvintj' 
on  the  same  document,  gives  the  date  repeatedly  as 
171  A.D.;  but  in  his  translation  of  the  document  in 
Lancla's  w^ork  he  concluded  that  it  should  be  401 
A.D.,  reckoning  each  Ahau  katun  as  twenty  years, 
and  remarking  that  this  date  agrees  nuicli  better  than 
the  earlier  one  with  Ixtlilxochitrs  chron(do<>v.  Of 
tlie  Perez  manuscript  Mr  Gallatin  remarks  that  it 
contains  all  we  know  of  the  history  and  chronology  cf 
Yucatan.  To  ascertain  dates  is  out  of  the  questi(i!i; 
but  it  is  probable  that  the  events  are  stated  in  tliLir 
respective  order."'"* 

*'■'  Soe  vol.  ii.,  pp.  TO'i-.'. 

*")  For  details  iiiid  for  suhscquont  Viu'iiiiin  liistorr,  soo  ii  futiiro  cliapiir. 
^ily  iiullioritii'H  for  the  ])rei'0(liii;,'  n-miirks  arn  /.hik/k,  liilmitui,  jip.  'Js  M\ 
l.izanii,  ill  I(L,  pp.  .'US-oC';  VitiioUiiilo,  Jlisf.  Yin:,  ])]).  I7.S-".I.  l!l'-',  1!!!'  7; 
1.(1.1  t'lisiis,  Hint.  Ajmhiijvlli'a,  M  \,  I'U]).  12.'};  TofqitriiKuln,  M(iiii(vi[.  Im^., 
I  im.  ii.,  p.  .52;  Vci/d'u,  Hint.  Ant.  Mrj. ,  torn,  i.,  ]i.  2.S7;  Nrrrrni,  Jl.-'f- 
fi'i'ii.,  tloc  iv.,  nil.  .\.,  cap.  ii. ;  TrriKiK.f-Ciuiijuni.t.  in  Xiiiiri//(.s  Aiiiin/  < 
i.'i:i  Vol/.,  ISi;},  toin.  xcvii.,  pp.  ;U-((.  I'nrz,  in  t.itiiiln,  liiliicii)ii,\\\\.  42(1  .'!; 
Jil.,  \\\  SIr/i/ivii.s'  Viicd/iin,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  4(ir>-i);  llrc.s.snir  (tr  Ilniirtioitrii,  V/.v'. 
\at.  Civ.,  loni.  i,,  pp.  08,  70-80,  120-7;  M,  I'd/Hil  I'nh,  pii.  l.\.\i.\,  ilv.-vi.; 


OVERTHROW  OF  THE  NAIIUAS. 


229 


I 


Ji>.  li.s  •''"; 

\1,  VX  T; 

hii.  li"'< 
\„.  Ji:^t- 

All  11"^  ' 

clv.-\i.i 


A  ]Mc'xIcan  document,  known  only  through  Bras- 
seur  do  Bourbourg,  and  by  him  called  the  Codex 
dondni,  furnishes  some  additional  information  re- 
specting the  overthrow  of  the  Nahua  power  in  Cen- 
tial  America,  and  especially  resj)ecting  the  house  of 
Xonoual  alluded  to  in  the  Perez  document.  I  quote 
from  the  author  named  as  follows:— "The  mamiscrijit 
begins  with  a  description  of  the  twenty  wards  of  the 
great  city  of  Tollan,  or  Tullul,  IIuci/  ToUaii;  but  it 
gives  the  names  of  only  the  first  twelve,  the  trans- 
lator, who  apparently  attached  but  little  importance 
to  names,  having  deemed  it  proper  to  omit  the  other 
eight.  The  author  relates  the  events  that  precipi- 
tated the  ruin  of  the  throne,  occasioned  by  the  mi- 
nority of  the  last  Chane  prince,  whose  guardianship 
Avas  claimed  by  two  powerful  families,  one  called  the 
(  hicliimcc-Toltecs,  and  the  other  the  Chichimecs  of 
Nonohualco.  The  quarrel  terminated  in  the  insur- 
rection of  the  latter  and  the  assassination  of  tln,^ 
young  monarch.  But  the  prince  was  beloved  by  the 
jieople,  and  on  account  of  the  popular  indignation 
the  nuu'derers  were  forced  to  flee  by  night  with  all 
their  followers.  On  their  de})arturo  from  Tullia, 
Xelhua,  the  chief  the  Nt)nohualcos,  went  to  consult 
the  oracle  of  Culhuacan,  [Palen(|Ue?J  which  eiijoitied 
him  to  depart.  On  the  way  he  did  ])enance  for  his 
crime,  and  after  several  defeats  at  the  hands  of  the 
trihes  tlirough  whose  lands  ho  was  forced  to  pass,  lio 
;;t  last  founded  the  kingdom  of  the  Nonohualcos, 
living  tlio  capital  at  Quetzalte})ec  in  the  mountains 
I'Jiout  the  country  of  the  Zocjues,  who  were  compUMed 
ly  his  successors.  The  author  gives  the  names  of 
t'ae  tliirteen  })rinces  who  occupied  the  throne  alter 
Xeliuia  with  the  leading  events  of  their  reigns.  But 
Vvhlle  Xelhua  was  establishing  a  new  empire,  leyx- 
coliuatl,  ciiief  of  the  Toltec  ]»arty,  who  had  seized 
iij)on  the  power  after  the  death  of  the  young  king  of 

/'. ,  ('^iir/its,  |i.  1,T;  (Inlhtt'n.  in  Anirr.  E!huo.  Soc,    TmiisacL,   vol.   i,,  |)|i, 
171  :i;  Dmzco  1/  iicrrii,  l!(ti<jr,'/i)t,  [>.  126, 


280 


THE  PRE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


Tulhh,,  of  which  he  had  hcen  the  principal  cause,  Avas 
forced  after  a  few  years  of  j)ower  to  abandon  in  lii.s 
turn  the  capital,  with  all  his  followers,  to  avoid  the 
venijfeance  of  the  people.  He  went  into  exile  with 
the  Toltecs,  and  the  manuscript  oives  their  itinerary 
as  far  as  Tlachihualtepec,  or  Cliolula,  at  the  tinie 
occupied  by  the  Ohnecs  and  Xicalanca.s,  who  ruled 
the  whole  Aztec  plateau.""" 

I  have  placed  before  the  reader  such  historical 
traditions  of  the  civilized  nations  as  seem  to  bear 
upon  the  earliest  period  of  their  develoj)ment.  Their 
exact  meaning,  so  flir  as  details  are  concerned,  is  with 
the  aid  of  existing  authorities  beyond  the  reacli  of 
the  most  careful  study,  and  no  attempt  has  been 
made  to  attach  a  definite  significance  to  each  abo- 
ri'j'inal  tale,  or  to  form  from  all  a  svmmetrical  chroii- 
ologic  whole;  indeed,  their  interpretation  has  net 
been  carried  so  far  in  many  cases  as  the  authorities 
seemed  with  considerable  plausil)ility  to  justify. 
TakiuLT  1111  one  after  another  the  annals  of  the  leadin-j; 
nations  as  recorded  by  the  best  authorities,  I  have 
endeavored  to  point  out  only  the  apjiarent  general 
siixnificance  of  each.  The  evidence  thus  elicited  bv  a 
f^c'parate  examination  of  each  witness  has  pointed — 
Avith  varying  force,  but  with  great  uniformity  ol'  di- 
rection— towards  the  Central  or  Usumacinta  ivgieii, 
not  necessarily  as  the  original  cradle  of  American  eiv- 
ilization,  but  as  the  most  ancient  home  to  which  it  can 
be  traced  by  traditional,  inomimental,  and  linguist!' 
records.  In  obtaining  this  evideni-e  there  has  lieeii 
no  occasion  to  resort  to  the  sifting  process  of  reject iii'i 
all  testimony  seemingly  opposed  to  a  precoiicei\i  il 
theory.  Almost  the  only  argument  against  the  gen- 
eral tenor  of  the  traditions,  monuments,  and  languages, 

»"  Brn.ssrnr  etc  Bonrhnvrrf,  Cortrnt,  pp.  27-S.  Tlio  al)lii'  sfiMiis  tn  Iimi' 
niiulo  liiit  link'  if  any  use  of  (lie  (.'oilex  (loiitlra  in  his  sulistninont  wml. s 
allliiinj;li  it  may  lie  sii]i]i(is('il  that  fniin  it,  and  inilicd  fnini  tlic  very  limiii  !i 
ubovi!  (iiiiitt'd,  In;  talvcs  his  at'ctmnt  of  tlu-  ciosinjj;  evonts  of  the  Tolti'f  I'lii- 
I)in!  in  Analiuau  to  be  yiveii  in  a  future  ehiipter. 


GENERAL  CONCLUSIUNS. 


231 


Avas 
1  liis 
I  thu 

with 
J  vary 

t'mu.' 
ruled 


:orical 
1  )ear 
Their 
s  with 
ach  ttf 
;   been 
h  fiho- 
chvDii- 
as   not 
loritios 
iuBtiiV. 


til  li:nt' 

|nt  «'■';>  • 
,-v  jiiiriH  1' 


has  1)cen  tlio  provalunt  idea  amon<^  Spanish  writers 
iavoriiig  a  inii^ratioii  from  the  north;  and  the  force  of 
this  argument  has  proved  to  be  more  apparent  than 
real.  Coni[)arison  of  the  records  one  with  anotlier 
lias  i^reatly  strengthened  the  evidence  derived  from 
thorn  sei)arately;  and  tlie  cumuhitive  proof  afforded 
by  their  successive  examination  has  l)een  deemed  suffi- 
cient to  confirm  the  general  conclusions  of  the  preced- 
ing- i>ages,  'which  may  be  exjjressed  as  follows: 

Throughout  several  centuries  preceding  the  Chris- 
tian era,  and  perhaps  one  or  two  centuries  following, 
there  flourished  in  Central  America  the  great  Maya 
empire  of  the  Chanes,  Culhuas,  or  Serpents,  known 
to  its  foes  as  Xibalba,  with  its  centre  in  Chiapas  at  or 
near  Palenque,  and  with  several  allied  ca})itals  in  the 
surrounding  region.  Its  first  establishment  at  a  re- 
mote  ])eriod^^  w^as  attributed  by  the  })eople  to  a  being 
called  Votan,  who  was  afterwards  worshiped  as  a  god. 
AVhother  such  a  person  as  Votan  ever  had  an  actual 
existence;  who,  or  what  he  was;  whence,  or  how,  or 
among  what  peo[)le  the  civilization  attril)uted  to  him 
was  introduced  we  can  only  form  vai>ue  conjectures. 
America  was  certainly  ])eoj)led  before  tlie  Votanic 
era.  and  that  most  likely  bv  civilized  as  well  as  savage 
tribes,  but  pre- Votanic  nations  have  left  absolutely  no 
recoid."'  IVrhaps  the  most  reasonable  conjecture  is 
tliat  the  A^otanic  power  was  of  gradual  growth,  at 
liist  humble  and  subordinate,  but  constantly  increas- 
ing, oNercoming,  absorbing,  succeeding  other  i)owers 
us  otliers  in  later  times  succeeded,  absorbed,  and  over- 
came it.  The  Votanic  institutions  can  only  be  known 
l»y  the  traces  they  may  be  supposed  to  have  left  in 
those  of  the  later  Maya  nations.  The  ])re\ailing  lan- 
guage was  doubtless  either  the  Afaya,  the  Tzendai,  or 

»'  AlHMit  lOfX)  B.  C.  by  Ordonez,  and  95.")  H.  ('.  by  the  Codox  Cliimal- 
]iii|H.i  a.  nil'  the  only  detiiiite  dates  ;,'iven  for  this  establislinient. 

'■'  ISiiisscur,  Hi.sf.  Xiit.  Cii'.,  toni.  i.,  ]>.  44,  speaks  of  cyehipean  ruins  in 
'I'li.ral  AiiM-rica  left  by  civili/ed  nations  ])r('iHMiin<f  or  conteniiiorary  with 
tliu-'' iiiiiciii;f  w  iioni  \'otaii  introdiK'ed  his  cnllnre;  but  liiis  is  piirely  iina;,'- 
iiiii  \  ;  there  are  ruins  wiiieh  may  ante-dale  tiiee|in(h  in  iiuestinn,  but  none 
tn  wiiic  h  there  is  any  good  reason  for  assigniny  .-o  great  an  antiquity. 


m 


232 


THE  niE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


a  mother-tongue  from  which  these  as  well  as  the 
Quiche,  Cakchiquel,  and  others  of  the  same  linguistic 
family,  have  sprung;  although  it  is  not  unlikely  that 
the  empire  enihraced  some  nations  speaking  other 
laniruaufes.  From  its  centre  in  the  Usumacinta  rey^icjii 
the  Votanic  power  was  gradually  extended  north- 
westward towards  Anahuac,  where  its  subjects  vaguely 
appear  in  tradition  as  Quinames,  or  giants.  It  als> 
penetrated  north-eastward  into  Yucatan,  where  Zani- 
na  was  its  reputed  founder,  and  the  Cocomes  and  Itzas 
probably  its  subjects.  In  other  regions  where  its  in- 
fluence was  doubtless  felt  it  seems  to  have  left  no 
definite  traces. 

Much  of  our  knowledge  respecting  the  original 
Maya  empire  is  drawn  from  the  traditions  of  a  rival 
power.  It  is  not  quite  certain  even  that  any  of  the 
ruined  temples  or  palaces  in  the  central  region  were 
entirely  the  work  of  the  ancient  people  before  tliey 
came  under  Naliua  influences;  the  differences  loted 
in  the  monuments  referred  to  suggest  the  effects  uf 
such  influences  exerted  in  different  degrees.™  The 
Maya  empire  seems  to  have  been  in  the  heiglit  of  its 
prosperity  when  the  rival  Nahua  power  came  into 
prominence,  perhaps  two  or  three  centuries  l)efore 
Christ."*     The    origin  of  the  new  people  and  of  the 


93  It  may  he  well  to  <i;ivc  hero  the  conclnsions  of  M.  Violli't-lc-Duc,  tlie 
distiii^^uislied  Freiicli  (ircliitci't,  respect  in;;  tliese  ruins  and  their  Imil  k'rs, 
ivlth<)u;<li  they  carry  tlie  matter  hacK  to  tiie  question  of  orij,'in,  and  conso- 
(luently  beyond  tiie  sphere  of  this  chapter,  i'liis  author's  conchisioiis  iire 
]irofessediy  based  on  an  examination  nf  material  monuments,  but  were 
doubtless  much  atl'eeted,  l>ke  those  of  other  late  writers,  iucludinj,'  myself, 
by  the  study  of  Urasseur's  works. 

The  whole  continent  was  peopled  with  wild  tribes  of  yellow  bbiod  fmm 
Asia  via  the  nortli-west  at  a  very  remote  jieriod.  About  1(MM>  H.  ('.,  tiic 
Cnlhuas,  a  ndxecl  race  of  black  ami  white  Idood  ajipeared  from  thcea^t  ami 
introduced  ai,'riculturc  and  a  sli}j;ht  de;;ree  of  civilization.  Soon  after  tlie 
C'ulhuas,  the  Nahuas  a])))eared,  a  white  race  coming;  fnmi  the  north  of  I'.n- 
roj>e  via  the  Mi.ssissippi  Valley,  Florida,  and  West  Indies,  in  su((cs>ivo 
mi;,'rations.  I'aleii(|ue  was  built  by  the  yellow  races  under  a  stron;:  iiillii- 
<'nce  of  the  Culhuas  and  a  very  sli;,dit  Nahua  inlluence;  the  cities  of  \wii- 
tati  were  built  when  the  Nahuas  had  con(iuere<l  their  rivals  and  the  iiitlii- 
ence  of  the  white  race  had  l>ccome  predominant;  Mitla  owes  its  ori;,'iii  tnii 
still  more  recent  period,  and  was  built  by  a  mi^^ratinj;  tribe  in  wliicli  tlic 
yidlow  blood  seems  to  have  predominated.  Viollcf-lc-Ihc;  in  C/innnni, 
Jtiiiiic.'i  A  iiirr. 

«*  A  ilocumeut,  for  the  authenticity  of  which  even  Urasseur  dc  liiiur- 


GEXEllAL  CONCLUSIONS. 


233 


rival 

.f  tlie 

were 

they 

,K)ted 

cts  of 

The 

f  its 

into 
)oibre 
)t"  the 

)iic,  the 
mil  Uts, 
coiiso- 

oiis  iiro 
lit   wfie 

iiiysolf, 

0(1  from 
('.,  the 
I'li^t  aii'l 
~~|fur  tlio 
|i  of  Kii- 
lccfs>ivc 
inllii- 
|f  YiK'a- 
lie  iiillii- 

^ill  \n  11 

liicli  tlu" 
\lKiri"iiJ, 

lu  r>our- 


now  institutions  is  as  deeply  shrouded  in  mystery  as 
is  that  of  their  predecessors,  althoujj^h  the  nature  of 
the  institutions  themselves  is  well  known  to  us  in  a 
later  and  douhtless  somewhat  modified  state  of  de- 
vilnpinent.  The  language  of  the  nations  among 
-wliich  these  institutions  were  first  estahlislud  was 
(Ii)uhtless  the  Nahua,  or  old  Aztec.  The  Plumed 
Serpent,  known  in  different  tongues  as  Quctzaleoatl, 
(lueumatz,  and  Cukulcan,  was  the  being  who  tradi- 
tionally founded  the  new  order  of  things.  The 
Nahua  po\.«'r  grew  up  side  by  side  with  its  Xibalban 
])iv(lecessor,  having  its  capital  Tulan  a])parently  in 
Chiapas.  Like  the  Maya  power,  it  was  not  confined 
to  its  original  home,  but  was  borne  by  the  Olmec 
colonies  towards  Aniihuac,  where  it  came  in  contact 
with  that  of  the  Quinames;  and  in  the  persc^n  of 
Cukulcan  it  penetrated  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  to 
eXvirt  its  influence  upon  the  Itzas  and  Cocomes.  The 
two  powers  sec  ai  not  to  have  been  on  unfriendly 
terms  at  firsf.  In  fact  there  is  much  reason  to  sus- 
j)ect  that  their  respective  institutions  did  not  (lifter 
radically,  and  that  their  rivalry  developed  into  o])en 
liostility  only  after  the  Nahuas  had  succeeded  in  in- 
tnjdueing  their  ideas  among  so  many  Maya  nations, 
and  in  reducinii:  to  a  life  of  civilization  so  manv  wild 
trihes,  that  they  had  acquired  a  balance  of  political 
power.  For  it  is  certain  that,  whatever  may  have 
heen  true  of  the  Maya  culture,  the  Nahua  institu- 
tions and  power  were  by  no  means  confined  to  nations 
of  tiii  Xahua  language,  and  that  some  of  the  leading 
itioii.^  wiiich  accepted  the  Nahua  ideas  of  religion 
iiid  govei'nnient  s})oke  other  and  even  Maya  tongues. 
The  stru  ^le  on  the  part  of  the  Xibalbans  seems  to 
li.'  e  been  that  of  an  old  cftete  monarchy  against  a 
;    ling  and  progressive  people.     Whatever  its  cause, 

liiiiir;:  ilcclincs  to  vouch,  d.  s  tlio  first  appcarancp  of  the  Naliuas  at  '270  I?. 
I',  'riic  alilie  tliiiiks  that  o\t'iit  was  ]irohah!y  diiriii;,'  tlic  cfiiturv  licforo 
eiirist;  Imt  h(>,  it  must  ho  rcincnihered,  iici'cpts  tlic  ooiuinj;  of  (,tui'tzal- 
ci'iitl  and  his  folhiwt'is  and  tlie  introduction  of  a  new  civilization  literally. 
Hat.  X,it.  Civ.,  toni.  i.,  p.   101. 


2U 


THE  PKE-TOLTEO  ViiuiOD. 


HI 


tlio  result  of  the  coiKjiiust  Avas  tlio  ovurtlirow  of  tlic 
Votuiiic  monaivlis  at  ji  date  whicli  may  l>o  a[)j)i(»\i- 
luatoly  fixed  within  a  century  oefore  or  after  the 
1)01^1 1 uiinL*"  of  our  era.''''  From  tliat  time  the  ancient 
em[)ire  disappears  from  traditi(.iial  history,  and  tlicic 
is  no  conchisive  evidence  tiiat  tlie  Xihalhan  kin^s  or 
tlieir  descendants  ever  renewed  the  struggle.  Vit 
wo  read  of  no  great  destruction  or  enshivemeiit  or 
migration  of  the  Chanes  resulting  from  the  Xaliua 
victorv.  The  result  was  only  a  change  of  dviiastv 
accompanied  hy  the  introduction  of  some  new  featuivs 
in  govermnent  and  religious  rites.  The  old  ci\  iliza- 
tion  Avas  merged  in  the  new,  and  practically  lost  its 
identity;  so  much  so  that  all  the  many  nationalities 
that  in  later  times  traced  their  origin  to  this  central 
region  were  ]»roud,  whatever  tlieir  language,  to  claim 
relati(»nshi[)  with  the  suci  jssful  Nahuas,  whose  insti- 
tutions they  had  adopted  and  whose  power  they  had 
shared. 

Ive;-i})ccting  the  ensuing  period  of  Nahua  greatness 
in  ( \'iitrid  America  nothing  is  recorded  save  that  it 
ended  in  revolt,  disaster,  and  a  general  scattering  nf 
the  tribes  at  sonie  pei'iod  jirohahly  pret'cding  the  lit'th 
centuiy.  'J'lie  national  names  that  appear  in  connec- 
tion with  the  closing  struggles  arc  the  Toltecs,  Cliiehi- 
mecs.  Quiches,  Xonohualcas,  and  Tiitul  Xius,  none  of 
them  a])pai'ently  identical  with  the  Xihalhans.  In- 
deid  there  seems  to  he  very  little  reason  to  suppose 
that  this  final  struggle  was  a  renewal  of  the  old  e<Mi- 
ti.;st  hetween  the  followi'rs  of  Votan  and  Quet.'.aloiatl, 
although  i)rasseur  ue  .Iji>url.ourg  seems  inclined  to 
take  that  view  of  it;  hut  a  serii'S  of  civil  wars  iie- 
tween  rival  Xahua  tribes,  or  tribes  that  had  aceei'tiil 
X^ahua  government,  seems  rather  to  have  been  tl,e 
agency  that  brought  about  their  final  forced  migra- 
tions.    Of  the  subsecpient  history  of  the  nations  that 


"'  1  liiul  nil  Miitliitrity  fur  nrnsstMir  dc  niiiiil;inir;,''s  u|iiiii>)M  iIimI  lln'  iiH 
(if  Xiliiilliii  iiicrfdcil  till'  HiimI  Ncjilti'i'iii;;  of  llii"  Niiliiiu  iiutiiins  \i\  niily  i'\x 
I'l'iMiiiy. 


CiENERAL  CONCLUSIONS. 


235 


fi  I  Lilly  remained  masters  of  their  central  liomo  noth- 
ing- is  known;  it  niay  be  conjectured  tliat  the  Tzen- 
(lalcs  and  Chiai)anecs  found  l)y  the  Spaniards  in  that 
]iiiit  of  the  country  were  their  somewhat  deg'encrate 
(Irsrrndants.  Of  the  tribes  that  were  successively 
(IrCcnted  and  forced  to  seek  new  homes,  those  that 
;-|i()ke  the  Maya  dialects,  alth-jugh  considering;'  them- 
M  Ives  Nahuas,  seem  to  ha^  e  settled  chielly  in  the 
^(lutli  and  east.'*"  Some  of  them  afterwards  rose  to 
L;i(;it  prominence  in  Guatemala  and  Yucatan,  and 
thrir  annals  will  form  the  subject  of  future  chap- 
ters. The  Xahua-speakiny  tribes  as  a  rule  established 
tlicniselves  in  Anahuac  and  in  the  western  and  north- 
v.istern  })arts  of  ^Me.^ico,  as  their  companion  tribes,  the 
Oliiiecs  and  Xicalancas,  had  already  established  them- 
selves in  the  south-eastern  re,n'ion.  The  valley  of 
^bxico  and  the  country  innnediately  adjoining-  soon 
became  the  centre  of  the  Nahuas  in  ^lexico;  its  his- 
tniy  or  that  of  the  nations  that  successively  rose  to 
jiower  there,  will  be  continued  in  the  following"  chap- 
ter. 

Vvoxn  this  epoch  of  se]>aration  in  Chiapas  the 
Miiyas  of  the  south  and  the  Nahuas  of  the  north, 
wei'o  practically  distinct  peo[)les,  as  they  ha\e  been 
ciiiisidered  in  the  preceding'  volumes  of  this  work. 
At  the  (late  of  separation  all  were  in  a  certain  sense 
Nalma  nations,  ;>nd  the  Xahuas  pro])L'r  had  doubtless 
Iieeii  considerably  affected  l»y  tlu.'  ancient  ]»e(iple> 
wlioiii  they  had  overcome  or  converted,  and  with 
wlmiii  they  hail  so  lonu'  associated: —hence  the  analo- 
.uies  that  appear  between  the  institutions  and  moiiu- 
iiieiits  of  the  north  and  south.  <  )f  the  contrasts  that 
iil>o  appear,  some  date  back  to  original  dill'erences  be- 
tween the  two  rival  powers;  others  ri-sult  from  devel- 
"I'lneiit   and  progress   in  diU'ereut  paths,  during  the 


'"' till/I'd  y  Ticri'n,  Giuiirn/iii,  pp.  I'JS-!),  iinl;.'('H  frimi  llic  (icniiii'iiri' nf 
NiliiKi  iKiiiii'H  ii,  (iiialciiialii  liitit  iiiiticiiis  sju'akiii;.''  Naliiiii  smti'  I'm  iiicily 
I'". It'll  iliiTt',  ainl  were  oNcrrunn'  <'iilii'r  liy  Slav  a-spcakiii;;- (rilirs  ilial  llicy 
li 1  in  till'  ciaiiitiy,  in'  liy  otlu'ii  llial  iii\aili'i(  llic  cmiiitiy  at'tcr  llniii, 


236 


THE  PKE-TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


[ 


I 


ten  centuries  that  elapsed  before  the  coining  of  the 
Spaniards. 

Bradford,  Squier,  Tylor,  Viollet-le-Duc,  Bartlett, 
and  Miiller,"'''  may  be  mentioned  with  Brasseur  dr 
Bourbourg  among  the  authorities  wlio  i)racti('all\ 
agree  with  tlie  conchisions  expressed  above,  at  kast 
so  far  as  the  southern  origin  of  the  Nahua  culture  is 
concerned.  It  is  true  that  the  Abbe  Brasseur's  gen- 
eral conclusions  difl'er  in  many  points  from  those  tliat 
I  have  given;  that  his  opinions  expressed  in  dift'eri  iit 
works  and  even  in  different  parts  of  tlic  same  work 
differ  most  perplexingly  from  each  other;  that  his 
theories  in  many  of  their  details  rest  on  foundatiitns 
that  seem  purely  imaginary;  that  his  style,  while 
fascinating  to  the  general  reader,  is  most  confusing  to 
the  student;  and  that  his  citations  of  authorities  uiv 
often  inaccurate; — yet  he  must  be  regarded  as  the 
true  originator  of  the  views  advanced  in  this  cliaptrr, 
inasmuch  as  tlie  material  from  whicli  tliey  are  buih 
\\\)  was  largely  tlie  fruit  of  his  investigati(^)ns,  and  lii>^ 
researches  have  done  more  than  those  of  all  otlicr 
writers  combined  to  throw  light  on  primitive  Aiiiti- 
icaii  history. 


'■'"'  Aiiirrik>nii>irfii'  l'rri'li(j!niirn.  y\.  r)2-(.  Some  of  those  writers,  li"v 
over,  lielieve  stroii;;iy  in  a  niijirjilioii  of  trihes  from  the  iiortii,  altliiHi;jli 
attributing'  tiio  Ntiluui  culture  to  the  south. 


CHAPTER   TV. 

THE    TOLTKC    I'EllIOD. 
Tm.  Naih  A  OrcrPATioN  of  Mexico  i\  tiik  Sixth  and  Seventh  Cen- 

il  Kli:S  — ('(.NDITIDN    OK   ANAUrAt'— THE    MlXCOHlAS    AM)    CHKIII- 

MKc  CiLHiAs-  The  Tcd/rEcs  at  Tii^axcinoo  and  Toi.i.an— Estaii- 

I.ISIIMEN  r  (IK  A  MoNAUfllY  ANO  CHOICE  OK  A  KiNO,  710-720  A.  I).— 
KlMIIHiMS  (IK  ClI.lirACAN  AND  (^UAfllTITLAN-  THE  TEOAMOXTI.I  - 
I'lti^l'llKIIKS  AND  ])EATH  OK  HlEMAN  — IJlKTH  OK  Ql  ETZALCOATh  - 
I'lUNDAl'ION  OK  THE  K.MI'IIIE,  SoC),  A.  D. -ALLIANCE  BETWEEN  I't  I.- 
niACA.N,  OTOMI'AN,  and  ToEEAN  IvKKiN  oK  Tol'lI.TZIN  ("KACAII, 
(^M  KTZAIAOATL  AT  TOEI.AN  — KXCESSES  OK  IflE.MAC  II.,  OK  TecI'AN- 

«  Ai.TZiN—XocHrri-,  the  Kino's  Mistuess— Fi-ekieement  ok  tiii; 

l'i:til'MK.r's     I'liEDKTIONS    -TOVEVO'S    ADVENTIUES      I'EAtiCEH   SEN  l' 

I  I'liN  iiiK  Toi.TEcs— Famine  and  1'estii.en(  e-  IJEKiN  ok  Acxrn., 

(IK  i'dl'll.TZIN  DeHACCHEHY  OK  KlN(i,  NoilI.ES,  AND  PltlKSTS— 
TdKI.NS  OK  ItlVINE  AVUATII  — FoKEUiN  IN VADEltS— FiN AE  ItVEIi- 
TllltoW  OK  THE  TOETEC    FMI'IKE. 

Tlu'  sixlli  and  sovoiitli  conturios  of  our  era  saw  tlu; 
Naluia  |)()\ver,  rcpivsciitt'd  hy  tlu'  vai'ious  Tollcc  ('lii- 
'liliiiic  trilics,  traustbnvd  IVom  C'ciitral  .Viiierica  to 
i!i<'  Mt'x'u'an  plateaux,  witli  its  ci'iitro  about  the  lakes 
if  the  \alley.  The  ^'eneral  natiii'e  of  this  tr.'Uist'e'r  \V(! 
iiiiy  c(iin|treheMd  tVoin  whiit  has  been  said  in  tlie  |»i'e- 
''I'lliii'^'  chaiiter;  of  its  tie'tails  we  know  Utile  oi'  iioth- 
iM.;'.  Ivich  ti'ihe  that  rose  to  national  proniinenee 
ill  Aiiiiliiiae  durino'tiiu  succeedinof  centuries,  preserNrd 
a  sum,  what  vaouc  traditi(»nal  memory  of  its  ))ast  his- 
'"IV,  which  took  the  form  in  every  ease  of  a  loni*'  mi- 
-I'laiiiiii  from  a  distant  land.      In  each  uf  these  records 


'  IS 

)  lift 


238 


THE  TOLTEC  PEIllOD. 


there  is  pr  )1  ably  Jin  allusion  to  the  original  southeiu 
ein[)ire,  its  disruption,  and  the  consequent  tribal  scat- 
tering: but  at  the  same  time  most  of  the  events  tliiis 
reccjrded  relate  apparently  to  the  movements  of  pai'- 
tieular  tribes  in  and  about  Anjihuac  at  periods  long 
subset pient  to  the  original  migration  and  innnediatcly 
})receding  the  final  establishment  of  eaeh  tribe.  TIhj 
Toltec  version  of  this  connnon  record  has  already  Itecii 
given,  down  to  the  establishment  of  one  of  the  many 
exiled  tribes — the  Toltecs  proper — at  Tulanciiii^d 
just  north-east  of  the  valley  of  Mexico.  The  aiuials 
of  other  Nahua  tribes,  the  Chichimecs,  Nahuatlara>, 
Tepjinecs,  Acolhuas,  and  Aztecs — all  of  ^vhich  may 
be  regarded  to  a  great  extent  as  ditl'erent  versions  of 
tlie  same  common  record — will  l)e  i)resented  in  a 
future  chapter  with  all  their  i)articulars,  fabulous  nr 
historical,  so  far  as  they  have  been  preserved.  TIm' 
migi'ations  narrated  may  all  be  supposed  to  date  bark 
to  a  common  beginning,  but  are  ai'ranged  by  tlii' 
authorities  chronologically  according  to  the  dates  nt' 
their  termination. 

We'  have  seen  the  Olmec  tribes  established  1'ni- 
sevt'ral  centuries  on  the  enstern  plateaux,  or  in  tli'' 
tcrritorv  now  constitutinuf  the  states  of  J^uebla  ami 
Tlascala.  Cholula  was  the  Olmec  ca]>ital,  a.  Houri.'-l- 
ing  city  celebrated  particidarly  for  its  lofty  })yraiiii(l 
crowned  witli  a  magnificent  temple  Iniilt  in  holier  d' 
Quetzalcoatl.  Teotiiuiacan  within  tlie  valley  of  Aiiil- 
liuac  had  lon.g  been  as  it  long  contimied  to  be  tlie  n - 
ligious  centre  of  all  the  Nahua  nations,  }{v\v.  kiii;_;> 
iind  i)riests  were  elected,  ordained,  and  buried.  H  itln  i' 
Hocked  pilgrims  from  every  direction  to  consuU  lli' 
(d'aclcs,  to  worship  in  the  tempkfs  of  tlu' sun  and  niodii, 
and  to  place  sacrifu'iid  ofiV-rings  on  the  altars  of  tluir 
deities.  T\\o  sai-red  city  was  ruled  by  tlie  longliairiil 
priests  of  the  Sun,  faujous  for  their  austerity  and  t'"r 
their  wisdom.  Througli  the  hands  of  ihese  ])rie'^ts.  a> 
the  Spanish  writers  tell  us,  yearly  offerings  w<  iv 
m.'ide  of  the   first   fruits  of  all   their  lielils;  and  v;\rh 


AXAIirAC  IX  THE  siXTU 


yen 


1-  at  Iiarvest-timo  a  so], 


CEXTFRV. 


2S'.) 


'lot  iiiuittondod  bv  I 

fl...    W. •    1  ,      -^  _ 


^inn  festival 


}umnn  sacrih" 


tl'-SpanishautlKu-itiesi;    tW  I        •    ^ '^  *^'"^ 
^'."'"•••"1  '",a  t],e  cen-.n.n  1.  Ik"  ^^'^^-il'tions  of  T 


^vas  celebrated, 
^t  is  true  tJiat 


tl 


rr;r"-i-S= 


"■."i;»'^t])arfctotJieToltecratb 
ir'"<'.''"titha.s  been  '  ^' 

flat  this  city  rose  to  it.- 


Leoti- 


«-'»•  than  the 


refer  f 


Or 


f'^^^alluas  in  Mexico  ] 


«Gon  in  tlie  preced 
position  as  tlie  rel 


pi-e-ToItec 


of'jlieToltecs,  and  tl 


>'\i,'-  before  tl 


'I'.i,'"  <^^li;ij)ter 
igions  centie 


tial  rl 


ioi;e  Ls  no  evidence  of 


!<-'  appearan 


<X' 


-gem  its  priesthood,  or  tl 


civitic  rule.^     No  national 


any  essen- 


to 

altlio 
mid 
tl 


1^'  nature  of  itstl 


r'^"  1-pio  that;  d^riir^":;^,;!^'!'^^ 


•/.^•'j  the  Totonacs  cl 


leo- 
ion 


i»e 


fore  tl 


^'•acan  at  this  period 


'ilics. 


■H-y  were  dri\ 
C 
ancas,  Tot 


""1  to  have  l)uilt  tl 


'o  i)yra- 


o<vu|.ied  by  Xical 

3-<tin^  whom  Jittie  mor;;;;::;;^;^ 

•^"tirliward  in  0  '         ""^^"anth 

<'>'!(1  Za|iot 


ecs. 


The  ()t 
";^'-'  pnniitive  Jiisto 


ijaca  Avero  aln 


^''1'  names  is  I 


CCS,   re- 


"ntis,  a  vei 


^«Iy  settled  the  M 


iviiown. 


i"V  Js 


y  nunierouf 


izt 


ecs 


altoo'et'her  nnk 


"""idilio-  nu.n..f..,-..„     .         .    -l  '^^  ^^^ 


J>co])le, 


Known,  ocen- 


nioiintain 
"I'l  "oith-west,      Tl 


^'XK'o,  and  tl 


niii's  111 
'aiti(*ii] 


M 


J'artienlarly    toward    tl 
it-Tc  were  doubtl 


':Hr-;7;:i:-'"«'-^^>^;i 


nortl 


;;rv'i'^-^^^^""^tfn.inti 


'  and  west,  which  tril 


suit 

Uv\\ 


rrtvd 


u;  most  desirabl,.  J 


'-v-<..ne.vb;;r"'r'f'^;'i*'^'-^'''j'vc 

lii.storv."    ''  l.nt  such   tnbes  have^left 


ic  snr- 
10   north 
•^'■^•s  many  ,,ther 
niu  Jiatioiis  came 
'cs  Were 
ocations. 


i^ilized   by  tl 


10 


no  traces  i 


n 


D 


"•'"o  the  sixth,  and  seventi 


';■'/''/'^  //;,./.  ^., 


I  c'entiiries  w^ 


^■I'vnluics  ila 

! '""'irl,,,!,,.! 
''■'».  V\,.,|, 

'.\ir 

l;ir 


>if.  .1/,/,   ( 


nuisfc 


""''-/V'^-;/7;:;j;'':'i"^.' 


'  CM    iili'l 


il   t.'llill 

as  V,.  I, 


'.i"H(.i  /■•„,.,„,  Y 


'•"IIH    sill. It,,, 


'iliiriizijii 


•■'(». 


'/'"'.  '|:i( 


'  V.r 


'"•'•"  ii  l..s|'ii,.|,l 


ll    IIClli.iisc   ,.|    ( 


'  'ii^tiiicioii 


''•  ««'r\i(l(,  ,1 


'.'/"".  Hist.  (. 


iiiliil.aii  I 


'llllllll      |,,s 


|wiii,'i|,),li.s  V 


"'<\i'tiii()M.'  ]i,',f 


\C| 


IimI 


l<'    IIIIOS 
lilM  llcllui.s. 


;ii  iliis 
III 


'11.,  1(1 

>sriir  ,.i(,,,s  'J 


""•'T..<li'lilllnN  ,!,,   j 


"•  iii.,  I 


^•.  I'.  HI 


''■'■'•'I,  <iiiu  Ii„s 


"'■'"lll'N.     M.lllV 


'iifiiu,  1,1, 


l.'lllll. 


.SllCII- 


".  I".  4: 


II'S    \\ 


'''i'i<l  (if  siiK 


"'■'{'"■iii.ida  ,111,1   /) 
lit'  i'l'liiiiaiils  iif 


•"'■  Veil   (iiija 


'•iivaN  .s(.|ii||. 


Ma.'  ,V„. 


"run  ,is  aiill 


i"i"i(i('N  f,ir  1 1 


!•■!:  imtliii 


;;::/''''7-i..tv(.i;;;:,  .;;•;;  vuin,uu..s,  ,.,,,,■;,;: 


K'   l'\iM((.|, 
'"'I'    HaVll.ri) 


ICO 


"«-"^-.i/i,;;';;u;ii,'i-:""i..o,.ntea 


"  ( 


240 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


I 


iiuao-inc  Aiuiliiuic  and  tlie  adjoining  territory  on  tlio 
north  and  west,  for  a  l)road  but  unknown  extent,  as 
being  gradually  occupied  by  numerous  Naliua  nations 
of  varying  power  and  numbers  and  of  varying  de- 
grees of  civilization.  Some  were  originally  or  soon 
became  in  their  new  homes  wild  hunting  tribes,  pow- 
erful but  rude,  the  terror  of  their  neighbors;  others 
settled  in  the  fertile  valleys,  lived  by  agriculture,  aiul 
retained  much  of  their  original  culture.  The  nioiu 
powerful  nations,  probably  the  most  advanced  in  cult- 
ure as  well,  established  themselves  in  and  about  thu 
valley  of  Mexico,  where  their  ca])itals  were  soon  flour- 
ishing cities,  and  where  all  branches  of  abt)riginal  ait 
received  more  attention  than  elsewhere  and  were  cin- 
respondingly  developed.  These  central  peoj)les  ln-- 
came  known,  perhaps  at  once,  but  more  probably  at  u 
later  date,  as  Toltecs,  a  name  which,  whatever  its 
original  derivation  and  signification,  became  synony- 
mous with  all  that  is  .vklllful  and  excellent  in  art.  Cii 
the  other  hand  the  outside  Nahua  nations,  manv  <  f 
which  had  lost  in  their  new  life  sonietliing  of  the  tniu 
Nahua  polisli,  and  all  of  whom  were  regarded  luoic 
or  less  as  l)arbarians  by  their  more  favored  brotlkis 
of  the  lake  shores,  were  from  this  time  known  iis 
Chichimecs,  whatever  may  have  been  the  original 
ap])lication  of  that  name. 

It  has  been  remai'ked  that  little  or  nothing  is 
known  of  the  events  that  occuri'ed  during  these  twn 
centui'ies,  during  which  the  whole  western  sectieii  ef 
the  ct)untiy  came  into  possession  of  numennis  Naliu.i 
tribes,  as  the  eastern  section  had  done  long  lid'oiv, 
and  as  the  whole  country  remained  down  to  tin' 
Spanish  C\)n(piest;  for  there  is  little  evidence  ot'  any 
sul)se(juent  nugrations  from  or  into  ^[exico.  Ixtlil- 
xochitl  and  the  Spanish  writers,  Tonpieniada,  A\'taii- 
curt,  Clavigero,  IJuran,  Veytia,  and  the  rest,  cunliiu 
their  attention  to  the  Toltecs  ])roper,  their  migration 
from  lluehue  Tlapallan  to  Tulancingo,  wliicli  I  Iiavr 
already  narratetl,  their  subsecpient  removal  to  Tollaii, 


T^ilE  MIXCOHUAS. 


tlk'  estal)]lshnieiit  of  fl    ' 

--ion  of  their  tings.    aTLTT^J'  ''^"^    ^^'^  «He- 

alii;'.!  capitals,  ii^^''  ^^^^^  ^  "^  ^-'^'^^^  "- 
fim  s  iM  tJie  Cod..,  C/nZnoL^''7^'r^'  ^^^^^-^'ver, 
an<l  the  J/..,o>-/«/  dei^^C^  ''  ''"^^'  ^^""^'-^  *<,•' 
^^"•""••I'>^-ic  record  in  the  N-  n ,  I  '"^'^^'^^^  •'^^■"^■'Ja; 
'''•'•<:;"'t  of  some  of  the  other  t.-^'^V^^'^'^'  ''  •^''"^''t 
Analu.ac  at  this  period   p1  "'"  ^^^'^^  ^^tth.    in 

^''-V'^'^^-ToIteciTT;!    r  ^tT"  'V^"^  ^'•^^••''''-''- 

-V''.^'  ^•'''^'^'  '•^"thoritiestr"tl.e  wlTl  ^r/^""'"-"^'^ 
•'"xi  sn.ce  neitlier  of  tJiem    I.  '^f  ^^^^^'^'  ]»^''io.l 

-^''-^•,-n.ains  bul  ^      e^^  T^^"  '^^^  1-Mi«lied; 
theal.be.^     The  Mivr./]    ^      ^      *^^^'  version  o-iven  hv 

T    n         P^^'scnt    tlienise  ves    hofM,...   +i  ^.'•'^•'^cala, 

/^"tiliuacan   to   receive    tJidt   .-^    .     ^^'^   J'^"^^'«ts   of 

';''-'''.^ot'tlieSun.'     k   h  '    T''^/*^^     •'^"^^    ''-'""'o 
■It  tlio  sacred  cJtv  f],      '^'^"'^'^«  to  the  vows  take..  .,f 

\-'  .t  tornict  to  tL  ol  7i,    ,f'.';  ';""'.  )'-v«i  ,,t 

'"■',';'•"'",'".?;  but  the  firs    Inn,!      -A  r'''  '■""""•'«"! 
'"'^'"r  -"il-'lucd  and  forced    o  r,     "'./\f'-'^"'l'"H»  weru 

™>'-™l."S  Imt  kindred  bands    f?:,"',"  ""'  "'' ' 'l'^''- 
IH. hist  .poeh  of  Nal,ua  oe"  n-   I  '-^'"■''""«'»-     Tl.us 

;.v„  ,,,,„,  """'^■''     '»   '"o,st    i,ro,Hincnt, 

F.^^H;i!rSii '!"■'"•  ^'^'i;^:;:;;:'^^^        

V,,,.  v;  l"i".  a  tulure  n„(u  uf  ihi.  .;,  ,,,""'"" '""^  "'"">k    .Sec. 


V     ■*« 


212 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


toj^etlior  with  those  of  Xiiilinel  and  Miniioli,  wlio 
dutbat  tlie  (^liriecs  at  Huitzilapan.  The  iiinted  hnnds 
under  Mixcohuatl  are  known  in  the  tradition  as  (  lii- 
chiniec  Culhuas,  the  founders  of  the  city  of  Culhua- 
cau  on  the  lake  sliore,  wlio  in  a  period  of  sixteen 
years— from  G70  to  G80,  acfordinijf  to  the  authoi-itits 
— became  masters  of  nearly  the  whole  reunion  south  and 
east  of  the  lakes."  At  about  the  same  time  the  ]>i(»v- 
iiice  of  Quauhtitlan,  'land  of  forests,'  north-west  of  the 
lakes,  seems  to  have  been  occupied  by  another  (  lii- 
cliimec  nation  —for  all  are  known  in  the  traditions  as 
Chichimecs  whenever  they  are  alluded  to  as  coming' 
from  without  the  valley,  but  become  q'ood  Toltecs  as 
soon  as  they  acquii'o  a  degree  of  power  within  its 
limits.  Chicon  Tonatluh,  'seven  snns,'  is  named  as 
the  leader  of  this  nation,  and  tlie  chief  cities  of  the 
province  were  Huehuetocan,  'cky  of  old  men,'  and 
Macuexhuacan,  'city  of  necklaces.' 

^leanwhile  the  exiles  from  Hiiehue  Tlapallan  weic 
tarryiniL*"  at  Tulanciiig'o,  where  tlu^y  lad  arrived  tn- 
Avard  the  end  of  the  seveiitli  century,''  and  where  cnii- 
trary  to  the  advice  t»f  their  prophet  Hueman,  il'  we 
may  credit  the  tradition — weaiy  with  their  lon^'  wan- 
derini^'s,  they  lived  from  sixteen  to  twenty  years  in  a 
house  which  they  bnilt  sufficiently  laruce  to  ac<'oinn- 
date  them  all.  Dui'inu'  their  stav  they  sent  out  nar- 
ties  to  make  settlements  in  the  adjoininiif  territoiv.  ;is 
had  been  their  custom  wherever  they  had  stoppid 
in  their  lonix  minration.  Fimdly  thev  listened  to  tlu' 
counsels  of  the  venerable  Hueman,  and,  still  uniler  the 

*  Tn  ndditmn  in  Uio  two  (lomnicnts  rpforro  I  to.  ram.artrn,  Ifi.t/.  '/'/>'./., 
in  \(iiin  //r.s  Aiiii((/r.'i  (/is  !'(<//.,  IS-i;},  toiii.  xcviii.,  )).  14"),  Iiuh  tlif  I'lillciwiii;.', 
wliit'li  iiiiiy  refer  tii  tlie  iiii,uriitiiiii  of  tins  eaiiiest  liraiii'h  of  llie  Nalui.i 
)ieo]iles;  'acconliii},'  to  tlieir  a<'i'(niiit,  it  was  in  live  'I'oelitii  that  ilievm- 
rivfil  at  tlie  Seven  Caves.  'I'lieuee  tliev  went  to  .\niai|Ueteiiei',  llit'ii  tn 
Ti'lieiiec,  or  Eelm  Mountain,  wliere  Miliiiitziclii  (Miiiiieli)  killeil  l/|ia|.alM;l 
Avitli  his  liow  ami  arrows.  Ni'xt  tliey  ]iasseil  to  tlie  ]iroviiiee  of  'i'lHiialliiii, 
wliieli  lliey  eomiiiered  after  a  ion;;  war,  to  Cnlliiiaea'.i,  to  'I'eotia  ('orliiialrn, 
and  to  'I'eolmiznahnac  wlieie  tliey  wislied  to  shoot  Cohiiatlieue,  (|IH('Ii  nt 
that  provinee;  hut  they  made  jieaee  with  her.  She  married  .Mim  niniail 
Aniaeohtie  and  hy  him  liad  a  son  (.'olehaeovatl  [iirohably  liuet/.aicoail]. 

'  See  note  on  ji.  213  for  <liites. 


FOUNDATION  OF  ToLLAN. 


213 


ed   to- 

if  wo 
>•  wan- 
in  ii 
•conio- 
it  I'ur- 
|Ory,  ;is 

to  the 
\vv  the 


J'lllNl"illr. 

|u'  N;iliii'i 

ihi'V  111- 

llii'ii  t'l 

|/,>;il.al"ll 

r,iiiiiiiiiiii, 

i|\u m  I't 
lix.dlnuul 
Icoiill]-' 


comniuiul  of  their  seven  eliiefs,  transferred  tlieir  homo 
to  Xocotitlau  on  the  river  Quetzalath  since  called  Tula, 
Tullanatl,  or  ]\[ontezuiua,  where  they  founded  the  city 
ot'  Tollan,'*  where  now  stands  the  little  village  of  Tula, 
alidiit  thirty  miles  north-west  of  the  city  of  Mexico, 
Accordini''  to  Brasseur  the  Otomi  city  that  stood  here 
before  the  coming  of  the  Toltecs  was  called  Mamheni. 
It  cnnno*^  l»e  suj)posed  that  the  ( )tomis  yielded  u]) 
tlu'ir  lertile  valley  to  the  strani»-ers  without  a.  struiJi-^K'; 
liut  the  relation  of  this  strn_n;^le  like  that  of  many  a 
sulisoquent  one  in  which  the  Toltecs  must  have  en- 
gii,n'cd  in  order  to  establish  and  maintain  their  })ower, 
seems  to  have  heeii  intentionally  omitted  in  the 
native  annals  as  I'ecorded  hy  the  Si)anisli  writers. 

Dm'inuf  the  first  six  years  of  their  stay  in  the 
valley  of  the  Quetzalatl,  the  Toltecs  gave  their 
attention  to  the  building  of  the  new  city,  and  the 
careful  cultivation  of  the  surrounding  lands;  at  least 
stirli  is  the  account  given  l)y  Ixtlilxochitl  and  those 
wliii  have  followed  him;  but,  according' to  l)rasseur's 
inttipretation,  they  s})ent  the  six  years  in  the  con- 
(jnest  of  the  province  and  siege  of  the  ancient  city 
wliieli  they  re-named  Tollan.  TTp  to  this  time  the 
exiles  from  Hueliue  Tlapallan  had  lived  under  the 
roinniand  of  the  rebel  princes  C'halcaltzin  and  '^J'la- 
caniilitzin  with  their  five  comi)anio".s  acting  as  chiefs 
of  tile  different  families,^  but  all  !'..cting  under  the 
(lireetions  of  JIueman  the  prophet.  The  great  age 
atti'il)uted  to  both  ])rophet  and  chiefs,  who  for  over 
a  et'ntury  at  the  least  had  directed  the  wanderiny's  of 
tlieir   people,  does  not,  of  course  merit  serious   dis- 


'^  \U<  written  Tula,  Tiiliui,  Tulla,  Tiillan,  ami  Tiillia. 

'^  I'lialcat/iii.  'I'larainilitziii,  t'lii'catl,  (  uliiiat/iiii,   .MaziiciihuatI,  Tla 
liuilA  jiiiil    Unit/.     I'ljitiii,    toiM.   i.,   |).    '207-     Cliaicat/in,    Afatl,    Ki'c 
CoiiuMtziii,    Ma/ac(iliu:itl  Otziiilu'iiliiiatl,  'J'laiiallmiz,  and   Unit/.  /./■/// 
<'hi'l.  p.  :i',i,'{.     Zara,   Clialcatzin,    Keatzin,   ColinaziMi,  Tzilinacidiuatl 
liiiluM't/iitzin,  and  Mctzohziu.   1<I.,  \\.  450.     Tlardniihini  or  .Vcafl,  Clial 
ulniiiitz,  .VviM'all,   Coatznn,   Tziuhcoatl,  Tlaiialliuitz,   and    lliiilz.   lil., 
'.'(1(1-7.     T/acall,  Clialcatzin,  Ehei'atziii',  Culiuatzdii,  Tziliuuc-Ctdmatl, 
lialiiii'izotzin,  and  Mt'tzotzin.    Tiir'/iiiiiKii/ii,  tmn.  !.,  ii.  H7.     'J'zacatl,  '1 
'ill/ill,    I'.iln'calziii,    ("idiiialzon,    Tcziliiiaccdalintl,     I'laiialnn'Zidtzin, 
Mcl/iilziu.   iloliiriiti,  ill  J)oc.  Hi.s(.  Mcc,  miiie  iii.,  toni.  iv.,  p.  '-'30. 


|ial- 
atl, 

/.ro. 
I'la- 
clii- 
i.p. 
I'l.i- 
rla- 
tllul 


244 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


cussion,  since  it  cannot  be  literally  accepted.  The 
most  natural,  yet  a  purely  conjectural,  interpretation 
of  the  tradition  is  that  a  line  or  family  of  chiel'taiiis 
is  represented  by  its  founder  or  by  its  most  famous 
member;  and  that  by  Hueman  is  to  be  understood 
tlie  powerful  priesthood  that  ruled  the  destinies  of 
the  Toltees,  from  the  earliest  days  to  the  fall  of  tlitjr 
emjHre.  The  government  was  a  theocratic  re])u1)lir, 
each  chief  directing  the  movements  of  liis  baud  in 
war  and,  so  far  as  such  direction  was  needed,  in 
peace,  but  all  yielding,  through  fear  of  the  gods  or 
veneration  for  their  representatives,  implicit  oheili- 
ence  to  the  counsels  of  their  spiritual  leader  in  all 
matters  of  national  import.  But  in  the  seventli  year 
after  their  arrival  in  Tollan,  when  the  repuhlic  was 
yet  in  a  state  of  peace  and  prosperity,  undistmlicil 
bv  foreign  or  internal  foes,  the  chiefs  convened  an 
assembly  of  the  heads  of  families  and  the  leadiiiL; 
men.  The  object  of  the  meeting  was  to  efloct  a 
change  in  the  form  of  their  govermnent,  and  tn 
establish  a  monarchy.  The  motive  of  the  leaders,  as 
represented  by  the  tradition,  was  a  fear  of  futuro  (lis 
turl)ances  in  a  commonwealth  governed  by  so  many 
independent  chieftains.  They  recommended  tlie  elec- 
tion of  an  absolute  monarch,  offering  to  surreii(Kr 
their  own  power  and  submit  to  the  rule  of  whatovrr 
king  the  people  might  choose.  The  members  of  the 
convention  a('(|uiesced  in  the  views  of  the  chiel'taiiis. 
and  a])])r()ved  the  proposed  change  in  their  Ibiiii  of 
government.  An  election  being  next  in  order,  a 
majority  expressed  their  preference  for  one  of  tin; 
seven  chiefs  to  occupy  the  new  throne. 

At  this  stage  of  the  proceedings  Hueman  ad- 
dresses the  meeting;  though  entertaining  the  liiL;lK'>t 
opinion  of  the  character,  ability,  and  patriotism  of  tin.' 
candidates  proposed,  he  deems  it  his  duty  to  ojiposo 
their  election.  He  reminds  the  people  that  the  main 
object  of  the  projiosed  change  was  to  secure  a  inaci - 
able  and  independent  possession  of  their  new  couiitiy; 


A  MONARCHY  ESTABLISHED. 


that  flio  Cliicliiinccs  liad  pursued  and  already  caused 
tlit'in  much  trouble;  that  nuich  was  to  he  i'eaivd  tVoni 
tlkir  confirmed  hostility;  that  their  toes  were  not  far 
distant,  and  would  very  likely  invade  the  coiuitry  at 
ii()  very  distant  day.  He  reeommended  as  the  most 
ctlicicnt  means  of  avoiding  future  strife,  that  an  em- 
lia>sy  with  rich  presents  be  sent  to  the  Chichimeo 
iiKJiiarch,  asking  for  a  son  or  other  near  relative  who 
should  he  crowned  king'  of  the  Toltecs.  An  express 
stijiulation  must,  however,  be  rc([uired  on  the  })art  of 
the  (  hichimec  king  that  the  Toltecs  shoidd  ever  he  a 
perfectly  free  and  independent  peojilc,  owing  no  allegi- 
ance whatever  to  the  Chichimecs,  although  the  two 
jiuwers  would  enter  into  an  alliance  for  nuitual  defense 
and  assistance.  The  advice  of  the  aged  and  venerated 
counsellor  was  of  course  accepted  without  objection;  in 
i'iict,  as  pictured  by  the  Spanish  writers,  Toltec  history 
is  for  the  most  })art  but  a  record  of  sage  counsels  of 
uise  rulers  cheerfully  acquiesced  in  by  an  appreciative 
and  obliging  people.  Ambassadors  of  the  highest 
rank,  laden  witli  gifts  of  value,  were  dispatched  by  the 
shoitest  routes  to  the  court  of  Huehue  Tla|)allan — - 
notwithstanding  the  im})lied  vicinity  of  some  Chichi- 
niec  nations — where  Icauhtzin^''  occupied  the  throne. 
Thi'  mission  was  entirely  successful.  The  second  son 
of  the  king,  still  a  young  man,  whose  name  in  his  own 
couiitiy  is  unknown,  was  with  the  required  stipula- 
tions, hroiight  back  by  the  end)assy  and  ci'owned  at 
Tollan  under  the  name  of  Chalchiuh  Tlatonac,"  'shin- 
ing' precious  stone.* 

The  yoiMig  king,  by  reason  of  his  fine  ])ers(inal  ap- 
licaraiice,  his  character,  intelligence   and  amiabilitv, 


'"  liili/rnrhiff.  Cnlloil  also  Acliciviilitziii,  C'alirrni,  7^<(itrri,p.  0.").  Icoat- 
ziii,    Vriifi,,^  tdiii.  i.,  |),   ;{()1. 

"  I'l'iitKiiiKidii,  toiii.  i.,  ]).  XI;  Clitviiirro,  toni.  i.,  it.  127;  Itrc/i.snir  dr. 
I'i'iii-li'iii.y,  Hist.  Xnt.  i'lr.,  toiii.  i.,  |i.  215.  ('liiilrliiiililliiiit'tzin,  tir  Clial- 
ilii:ilill,iliiiiiic.  Vriitiii,  toiM.  i.,  jm.  233,  ;i(ll.  ClialcliiiilitlaiiiU'xt/iii,  l.illil- 
■■■"■Ifi'/.  |i.  ;iit;{.  'rialcliiiilitlaiii'Izin.  Jlnliiriiii,  i'l  J>or.  Hist.  Mix.,  soiic 
iii..  tiHii,  iv.,  ji.  2.30.  Ixtlilxdcliill  sei'ins  to  imi)l,v,  in  aiiotluT  iiait  of  iiis 
^wiiiiiL-^,  IIIhI.  C/iii'/i.,  p.  2(t7,  lliat  tlu'  kiiij;  was  clioscii  anion;,'  tlii'  ToltciH 
iliriii-ilvcs.  This  Sr  I'iincntel,  in  Jh'rr.  I'ln'i:,  toni.  x.,  ]).  ('(Il,  (lecnis 
mill  h  inmv  probalile  than  tUo  course  iudicalcil  in  the  other  accountH. 


J.M 


24G 


THE  TOLTEC  TEUIOT). 


secMns  to  have  f^reath'  })lt.'ase(l  from  tlio  first  the  jieople 
over  wlioin  he  was  railed  to  rule.      The  events  related 
above,  the  settlement  at  Tollan  and  the  eonnection  of 
the  first  kiiiq-,  must  he  attributed  to  the  first  ([Uaitcr 
of  the  eiii'lith  eenturv,  between  710  and  720.'-      Jm- 
mediately  after  the  accession  of  the  youn_£^  moniucli,;! 
law  was  established  by  him  and  his  counsellors  to  the 
effect  that  no  kinu;-  should  reign  more  than  fifty-two 
years,  but  at  the  ex{)iration  of  this  term  should  ab- 
dicate  in  favor  of  his  eldest   son,*^  whom  he  niinlit, 
liowever,  still  serve  as  adviser.      Should  the  ]<.\u<s  <lio 
l)efore  the  allotted  time  had  elapsed,  it  was  pi'oNidcd 
that  the  state  should  be  ruled  during*  the  unuxpiivd 
term  by  magistrates  (diosen  by  the  ])eoj)le.      Jn  addi- 
tion to  tlie  iidierent  imj)robability  of  such  extraoidi- 
nary  legislation,  it  should  bo  noted  that  subsequent 
events,  even  as  related  by    Ixtlilxochitl,  do  not  in  all 
cases  asfree  with  it.      Its  meanin<>-  can  oidv  be  cou- 
jectured;    it    is    noticeable,  hovever,    iliat    the    time 
allotted  to  each  reign  was  exactly  a  cycle  of  lifty-two 
years,  and  it  is  not  altogether  ludikidy  that  a  custmii 
prevailed  of  alluding  in  the   pictured  annals  to  luh 
cycle  by  the   name  of  the  most  famous  king  wIium; 
reign  fell  witliin  the  i>eriod.      'J'he  next  event,  juid  tin,' 
onlv  one  narticularlv  recorded  in  the  i-eiiiu  of  rii.il- 
chiuh    Tlatonac,    was    his    marriage,      liealiziiig   tlu.' 
importance  of  providing  for  heirs  that  the  (lyiiasty 
might  be  perpetuated,  he  left  the  choice  of  a  wile  en- 
tirely to  his  subjects,  much  to  their  satisfaction,  as  in- 
dicating a  desii'e  on  the  })art  of  royalty  to  ])leasc  tin' 
})eople.      The  choice  I'ell  upon  a  beautiful  daug'i!'  r '  t' 
Acapichtzin.      The  latter  had  himself  been  a  favdi'; 
candidate  Ibr  royal  honors  when  a  kingdom   was  lii  t 
pi'o[)osed,    and    was    thus    rewarded    by     seeing   h\> 
daughter   raised  to  the  dignitv  of  first  Toltec  (luccn. 


12  r)03  111-  .")!()  Ill-  .")()!)  or  .">.'»(•..     TxHilxiichiH.     7()l>,  ot  son.     7'n/</ 


71.1-1'.).    Viijlin.     r.iassotirhiis  71S.     ()7<>,  I't  hco.  J//(//i 


Li 


Mil 


itiiiiiiii" 


11'  aiiiliiii* 


tios  au'fci'  oil  7  Acall  as  tlic  <lalt'  of  the  cstublisliiiiciit  of  the  kiiigiloin 
C'la\  i.m'id  intiTpivts  tlic  date  a^  lii;7. 
'■'See  vol.  ii.,  \\.  1  !(). 


;vi> 


Ill  1^1 ; 

!  the 

li;il- 
llu: 

lastv 

(•  ni- 

ls 111- 

(•  ill-' 

■d!'.  ; 

,  lir-t 

o'    ll'b 

ilicrll, 

K  III'"''' 

iiutli':i 

ii,._'.!<'iu 

Tin-:  k:n(;i)().m  of  tollan. 


247 


Till'  <  'liiiL'C,  Xioaliinca,  and  otlicr  Toltcc  nations  liad 
voluntarily  j^iven  their  alluoiance  to  the  nionarcli  of 
Tollan,  who  rcii^nud  long  and  j)rosjK,i'oMsly  lor  tif'ty- 


Avlieu  lie  died  and  A\a.s  buried  in  the  ehief 


u 


two  years, 

temple  in  7  Aeatl,  or  about  771  A.J) 

Thus  in  the  record  j)reserved  hy  the  Spanisli 
Avritei-s,  all  partici])ation  in  the  new  inojiarehy  by 
(itlicr  (Miichiniec  Toltee  tribes  than  those  in  and 
altoiit  'J'ollan,  is  alto^'ether  ignored.  The  Oluiees  and 
other  pre-Tolteo  nations  are  rejiresented  as  havini»'  vol- 
untarily offered  their  alleo'ianee,  new  towns  founded 


I  IV      <■!> 


lonists  sent    out    from    Tollan    and    Tulanein 


0() 


heeame  of  course  tributary  to  the  new  kino(l«»ni,  and 
it  is  even  admitted  that  powerful  Chichiniec  nations 
wtit)  established  not  far  distant,  and  were  reoaided 
with  some  anxiety  in  view  of  probable  future  events 
until  the  danger  was  averted  by  the  selection  of  a 
(,'hirhimec  ])rince  as  king,  and  the  consequent  trans- 
Ibnnation  of  their  rivals  into  allies.  The  altseiiee  of 
any  further  mention  of  these  allied  aiul  iriendly  na- 
tions throughout  the  whole  period  of  Toltee  history 
is  cLitaiidy  most  extraordinary,  and  might  be  sidH- 
tieiit  in  itself  to  arouse  a  suspicion  that  in  the  records 
tVoni  which  this  account  was  drawn  the  kingdom  of 
Tollan  was  given  unmerited  i)i-ominence,  while  its 
allies  and  rivals  were  intentionally  denied  theii-  share' 
in  the  glories  of  the  Toltee  em])ire.  This  sus[)iri()u 
seems  to  be  to  a  <  jiisiderable   extent   contirmed   by 

I'  (li)S  A.  T).,  ii("<MinliiiLr  ti>  LvUilxoi-hHI.  y.  4.'0,     On  the  pst!il>li>liiiii'iit  of 


till' 

j\illils 


llci's  III 


1'. 


Ian  and  tiic  i'('Il;ii  nt  ll 


lir-t   I< 


ni;j'. 


/-•./, /,,•„■/,///, 


lJ  V 


J/. 


iiiijirs  Mr.r.  Aiifi'/.,  vol.   i\.,  ]i|i.  •ini'i 
•irO;   \'ii/tiii,  lli.if.  All/.   Mij..   tinii.   i.,   [I 


.•{:!(  i 


'.•-'.•),  irwi 


.;);  I 'I. 


ilil  Mrs.siru,   tiiiii.    i.,   liji.   l"_'()-7,  tiiiii.   iv.,  ]i|i.  4tl,  .")!;  SiiIhiiji, 


iiriii<rii,   Slnriit 
Hist. 


Inlll.     III. 


lib, 


1' 


■'/■/. 


liiil.,   toiii.    i.,   jij).  'XI,  '_'.")4;  /jo//i 


KtC.-l."),    14."),   lil..    xi. 

I.lni\    |, 


P 


;fi-. 


■/ 


nrinn  iiiiiiiii. 


l;!'.l;    /./. 


h"-.  lli.sf.  ,]fi:v.,  si'iio  iii.,  t<iiii.  iv.,  |i.  iVii);  (iuiiinrii.  Cninf.   }f  .r.,  fc 
:i  ,'„/,iiii,,  Hi  si.  I  ml  in.    ■     '      ■    • 


'_'".i'.»- 


ct 


Ill-oil' 


M,'. 


Iriizlitllri'til.  I'll/.  )/r    Dii 
'irrrii,    Trufn 


toill 


]).  (! 


l>t  ii.,  ]>.    11;    Cull 


V 


rl. 


(If   Iiiiiirliiiiirif,    llisl.    \i(f.   (' 


/'", 


I  ;  /n 
r/wr 


1/    lii'l-ril,    llriiijriifin,     ]).    l.'?S;     /', 


'ilt\-i    M. 


fiiiii.  I.,   |i.  ■_'(»<), 


-1.!;    Miillcr,    Ami'rih'iniischr    Vrrilliiii 


A. 


i:.!ii, 


).  a'»:  C/irrii/i. 


Ml 


1' 


!>.  r)'_'4;  ^f'll/l  r'.i  .1/.  .!•. 


ilr, 


111 


ir- 


^^ X.,  torn,  iii.,  )).  2(1;  .'^r/iunlrnif/'s  Arr/i..  vol.  v.,  ]>.  !t.');    Wiililok, 


I'Ht 


V 


40. ;  /', 


dcL 


I)i 


r 


toiu.  X.,  [<[>.    010-11. 


'-  I'. 
;-  1 


m 


218 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


tlio  two  Xaluia  dofuincntM  already  rufcrrod  tn.'' 
Those  authorities  relate  siil)!stantially  the  same  coiirso 
of  events  as  the  otli<'r,i,  and  n-'f'er  them  to  a}))ii(i\i- 
mately  the  same  date;  they  tell  us  of  the  orJLiJiial 
theoi'ratie  re[)ulilie  ruled  hy  independent  ehii'ftaiiis 
uho  were  suhordinate  to  a  central  sacerdotal  powi  r; 
the  determination  tinallv  reached  to  adoi)t  a  inoii- 
archlcal  form  of  j^-overnment ;  and  the  choice  of  a 
Iciny",  who  does  not  seem  to  have  been  one  of  tlio 
tribal  chieltains.  But  they  atti'ibute  these  acts  to 
se\eral  more  or  less  closely  allied  nations,  of  which 
that  established  at  Tollan  was  only  one,  and  not  the 
chief  The  sacerdotal  supremacy  attributed  to  the 
l)riesthood  of  'I'oUan  under  the  name  of  Hueinaii, 
Avas  really  exei'cised  by  the  ]iriests  of  the  sun  at 
Teotili'Micaii ;  thei~e  were  the  deliberations  held;  and 
there  jdobably  did  the  tii'st  king  receive  the  I'itus  of 
corcjuatioti.  The  leading"  nation  in  ^Aiiiihuac  at  tlie 
time  was  that  of  the  Chichimec  (Ailhuas  under  Mi.\- 
cohuatl   Mazatzin  ;  those   at  Tollan  and  Quauhtitlan. 


iiid   |)i.'rhai)s  others  wh 


lose    name  Jias   not,   i)een  jnx 


t  b 


srr\t'(b  ""avinn'  been  less  powerful  allies.  I'he  choico 
of  the  chiefs  fell  upon  Nauhyotl,  or  Nauhyot/in,  as 
the  first  'l\)lti'c  kinu',  and  havino-  been  crowned  prob- 
ably at  Teolihuacan,  he  established  his  capital  at 
( 'ulhuacan,  then,  as  for  a  loiin'  tinio  afti'r  tlu  me- 
tropolis of  Anahuac,  in  II  C'alli,  or  7'2\  A.j).  Of 
Naiihyotl's  faiiiilv  and  j>re\  ious  rank  nothinn'  is 
known.  Whethir  he  was  a,  prince  liiL'h  in  r.iiik  in 
a  Ibrci'^n  land,  identical  with  the  Chalchiuh  Tlatonac 
of  I  \t  lilxochitl,  or,  as  Urassi-ur  conjectures,  spruiii;' 
iVom  the  union  of  a  nati\e  ]iriiicess  of  the  prt'-Toltcc 


tribes  and   a   ( 'hichiniec  ('ulliiui    chief, 


we 


means  ol   < 


let 


erniiniii'/. 


}[ 


e   was  tlu 


th 


lirst, 


ia\'e    no 


as 


can 


known,  to    assume    the    titles    TIatoaiii   ami 


Topiltzin,'"  both  of  wlii^-h  endured  to  the  time 


'i  ('oi/t.r  (7iiitlilf/i(i/iiir(i,  Miiil  Ml  iiKifiiif  i/>-  I'ulhiiiiriin,  as  I'itccl  liv  lirii'*' 
Bcur  di'  il(MirlHiiii>'. 

"'  lit'.s|ii'('tiii;j(  tlicsi"  titli'SMci'  vol.  ii.,  ii|(.  lS(i-7,  201,  Mil,  iii.,  p.    1111. 


KINGDOM  OF  Ql'Al  IITITLAX. 


249 


Cmiquest,  the  foriner  .signifying  'lord'  or  'nionfircli,' 
mil!  inijdyinLif  tlie  highest  rank  in  nuitters  t('in[)oral, 
as  the  latter  in  matters  s})iritual,  eorresj)on(linL;'  \v,vy 
nearly  with  that  of  'p()})e'  in  Catholic  countiies. 
Tlie  (lose  coni.'oction  between  clui)-ch  and  state  in  all 
t]h"  Xaiiua  nations  has  heen  frecjuently  pointi'd  out  in 
tills  work;  as  the  Abbe  Brasseur  s;,ys,  "the  enij)iro 
ami  the  jiriesthood  were  one,  and  the  ritual  was  the 
liasfofthe  throne.  In  order  to  firndy  establish  the 
luiiiiarehy,  and  ensure  the  fruits  of  their  coiHiuest.-, 
tlir  Toltecs  must  ride  not  only  the  Ixtdies  but  the  con 
s  ill  ICC  of  their  subjects.  Where  persuasion  and  the 
iiii|insinL;'  spectacle  of  religious  ceremonies  wcn^  of  no 
avail,  \i(ilence  and  terror  wei'e  resorti'd  to,  and  insensi- 
lly  the  peoples  of  Mexico  adopted  the  ci\  ilizat',»n  of 
tilth'  masters  togiither  with  their  superstitious  ntes.''*'' 
Ill  72.1  L'hicon  Tonatiuh,  assumed  the  title  of  Tla- 
toaiii  and  became  king  of  Quaulititl;in.  probably  in 
soiiie  degree  subordinate  to  the  king  at  C'ulhuacan. 
The  first  nifMition  bv  these  authorities  of  a  king  in 
Tollaii  is  to  the  eti'ect  that  MixcohuatI  Mazatzin  was 
•  alltd  to  that  throne  in  7a'_*.  ^reantime  one  nf  Mix- 
coluiatrs  sons,  Uiimed  Texcatlipocatl,  nlterwards  dcjtietl 
•M  Tczc;,tli|ti»cii.  liad  founded  the  dominion  of  Tezcuco, 
and  aiiotlu-r  son,  ri,am«-*l  like  his  fatlfr   MixcohuatI, 


hut 


hitter  known  and  ai'f<'r\\ar.ls  Woi,-,hii  i;d  as  (  'amax- 


lli,  had  'oiitinued  the  coiKpiests  of  the  Mixcohuas  on 
the  castt.'rn  |'Iateaii  of  Ifuitzilapiii,  or  Tlascala."*  In 
"a.'i  Chicon  Tonatiidi,  who  had  dii'd  twi>  years  before, 
was  succeeded  in  (.^uaulit itian  by  Xiulnicl;  the  M(  w 
kill'.';  was  nuirde»"ed  sooii  abcr  by  his  suliifct>.  oi-  r.M 
the  haditioii  has  it,  was  stabbed  tiirouiih  the  Mm  r  bv 

I"  II- si,  X,if,  Cir.,  tiHii.  i..  p.  'J'.'.">. 

'■■  ■<  hi  i'(':ar<l.i  aiiHsi  ctimiiir  ilf>  ijiciix  ( 'immxlli'  I't  'I'c/iMtliinii'ii  (pii  \  in- 

rrat  ill'  I'miiili'lil ;   iiiiuh  rex  lnvtcllilUM  (licUX  ctllil'ilt  Mills  (jiHIli'  ties  ciifliiiii. 

ti'iir-i  iliiilHiliiiiu'H  ft  iiossfdi'M  (111  (li'iiiitii,  <|iii  |ici'.i'rtiri'iil  Imili's  its  n  'imis,' 
<.'iiiii'Ui/ii,  llisl.  Tfii.i\,  in  .\'(iHri//i\  Aiiiiiilisili-i  I'll/.,  lsi;t,  imii.  \r\iii., 
p.  I  Hi.  '  iMicnui  jfniiitli's  <'a|iiiiiin's  csfcii/.iiilns  v  ciitrc  cllcis  \(ilriiiwp>  Imiii- 
lii('>;  Jin  (jiiiilcs  scruii'i'iiroii  iMii-  ;;iiiilii  ii  |inr  I'm  ivii  ,ii|iU'llaH  l'i(i\  iiicias  di' 
Mixii'  I,  'rci/.i'uci)  y  'I'laM'ala,  iiivus  iiiu|piiiH  iiiiliinilcM  a  lialiilailnrc-.  v  alio- 
ri;ioi('s  i-raii  la-*  ^.'I'litfs  ([IK' M' llaiiMii  OilioniicN."  /,(/,>•  Vit.sii.s,  llt.\l.  Aimlw 
yix-i,  MS.,  cai..  r.'L'. 


iMi 


I* 


h 


isi 


2".0 


THE  T()i;r''.(j  peukjd. 


a  Uiitlvo  WMiimn  iu  ^vIlo.su  ai'iii.s  lu.;  was  sloopiii;''.  A 
I'ovolt  I'ollovvcd,  \>y  Avliii'h  the  ToUet'  ])()\vor  in  that 
])i(»vii)(c  was  temporarily  overthrown  hy  tlie  al)orijj;inal 
inliahitants,  whoever  they  may  liave  heen.  In  7<i7 
'saiihyutl,  kiny"  at  (.'nUiuacan,  (hcd  and  was  succeeded 
l)y  'J'otepeuli,  identical  with  .Mixcohua  ( "anKixtli,  also 
laiown  as  Xoiiohuaicatl,  and  whose  father  was  at 
Hie  time  reij^'nin^'  at  Tollan.  Early  in  the  rei,n'n  df 
Toti'peiili  a  wide-spread  war  is  vaguely  rej)orted  as 
liavini^'  heen  wa^'ed  chieHy  in  the  re^'ions  outside  the 
valley.  In  this  war  the  oi'iginal  inhabitants  of  tlir 
countiy,  the  Toltet'  trihes  already  settletl  thei'e,  and 
newly  arrived  (Jhichimee  hands  are  vaL>uely  nuii- 
tioned  as  the  combattants;  Xochit/in.  a  heautifiil 
princess  possessed  of  su|>ernatural  powej's,  or  at  least 
Jioldinn'  coniniuiucation  with  the  o'ods  atid  j-e^'ardeil  as 
an  oracle,  was  the  |)rime  mo\er  in  this  war;  Huai  tli 
Avas  the  most  prominent  leadei',  iu  full  sympathy  ap- 
])arently  with  the  Toltec  stjverei;^!! ;  and  at  the  end  u\' 
]\\c  strife  Huactli  married  Xochitzin  and  hecanie 
kini^'  of  the  re-estal)lished  dominion  ot"  *.^)uauhtitlan  in 
.S04.  Tliirti'cn  vears  later  aTter  a  Ion-''  reiii'ii  .Mixco- 
huatl  Mazatziu,  kin^'  of  'I'ollan,  died.  ]  le  had  hnii 
a  Very  famous  warrior,  one  of  the  most  pi'omineiit  ni' 
all  the  Toltec  chieftains  in  .Vniihuac,  and  was  in  athr 
years  worshiped  as  one  of  the  y'ods  of  war.''  Mis 
suci;essoi'  was  llnet/.in,  whom  Brasseur  ••onjectuic-  to 
liavfi  heen  a  sou  uf  th^  latu  king  and  id('Ulical  wirli 
TezcjiHij)ocH. 

Jleturniuy  now  to  the  (fi\ur  versioti  of  T^hic 
''  'iry  we  leaiii  that  afti  r  flic  death  of  the  lir>t 
..  .,y  r'/j'  'I'oli.ui,  his  son  IxllilcM' chalmac  mountid  tie 
t^tffA'w.''^     Jfis  rt;i'/n,  like  that  of  his  predecessor,  was 

"Sff  \<A.  ii     WK   *J5  V),  .V.I   •/,  vol.  Hi  ,]>]>    MS,   »(»:{-<!. 

«"  fxllilriicfliiiftijiWii*  (rflici'wiw  inilfil  T/.i.iUccall,  'riiilliM'Mll,  Mini  Tl.i- 
rliliiot/in.  in  7*1  i  W  i'<;/Hii,  turn  i  ,  \t,  'i'M.  (KhS.  I.rflihoiliill.  \\.  I.'h». 
I  \llnit'li,i4#<M'.v«' ijr 'f*iiti'f«-<-rttl.  Mi.  /it ,  (».  ,'W,»,  Ixtlilciu'clmimc  nr  I'Lilir- 
( .III  Hin"-t/.iii.  Ill,  u  '^i^  'i'lil(iiii><'liiai«i+'  'l'liililiih(»h/iii.  .'i7-.  /'/..  |i.  -I''. 
'I'litLii.'    I*"  V-wi'Mtliii*  iiult/iM      /'/ ,    p.    W*      Aivlilfiirclii  ■ 


IlltUV 


.._ Vi'liiw'i'f. 

yV'f'V'/  M  >■  .  ft    u  .  f.   II.    ItV  M'   I).  (/■///<;' i-'i.  tiiin.  i..  \>    I'-'T     W,.- 
rt'l^iiiiiji  ill  wW.  li</iiiiiil,  film,  f.   J3J).     'i\u  ^rccuding  liurdly  citiiHinn 


.\f(.'l 
l.lt  I 
Iviiii^'  u 
<li--pii 

Wnnili 

uliicji 
assuiih 
Viars 
liis  nil, 

lllr     ki, 

\ll'l  III 
I' 'ad  in; 

.sllhjcct' 


THE  TEOAMOXTLT,  OR  DIVIXE  ROOK. 


2',l 


])i';u'L't"ul  iiiul  prosperous;;  but  tlie  only  evjut  rccorikd 
\v;is  ;i  meeting  of  all  the  sages  under  the  direction  el" 
the  aged  Huenian,  which  t(iok  place  only  a  lew  yeai's 

ce.      A  t 


hrlo 


r(,'  the  end  of*  the  second  kind's  term  of  offi 


this  assunihlv  there  wen;  hrouy'lit  forward  all  tlu'  'Pol- 


tci' records  reachinu'  hack  to  the  ear 


liest 


)erio< 


loftl 


MJir 


(  xistence,  and  from  these  documents,  after  a  long  con- 
i'l  rnit'e  and  tlie  most  careful  study,  the  TcodhKi.iiii,  or 
•hook  of  (Jo(l,'  was  prepared.  In  its  pages  were  in- 
hcd  the  Nahua  annals  from  the  time  ot"  the  drhii'e, 


SCl'l 


ii-  t;\i'n  fVom  the  creation;  tt)L!etlier  with  all  their  i 


I'^'ioiis    I'ltes,    g( 


tvei'imuMital   system,  lav.s   and   s(jcial 


customs;  their  knowledge  respecting  agricultui'e  and 


Jill   the  arts  and   sciences,  pai'ticular  attention    l»eing 
uiveii   to   astrology;  and   a   com]»lt'te    explanation   of 


then-  modes  li!    reckoning  time  and   intei'prctmg  the 


llrro''"IV|»lllc 


tl 


Lo  tile  (livine 


hook  was  added  a  clia[i- 
ti  r  of  |u'ophecies  res[)ecting  future  events  and  the 
;>i.;iis  hy  which  it  slionld  he  known  when  the  time  of 
their  rultillmeiit  was  drawing  near. 

A  Iter  the  completion  of  the  Teoamoxtli,  .Hui;inan, 
now   three  hundred  years  old,  announced  his  a|)proach- 


iii'4  eiiil  and  m;ul 
Alter  leli  cvcl 


e    l<l|oWli 


to  the  Toltecs  their  futur( 


es  had  elai)sed  from  the  time  when  they 
\r\'\  liuehue 'fla[»allaii,  tluy  wiM'e  to  he  ruK'd  hy  a 
king  whose  right  to  tile  royal  })()wer  would  not  he  iin- 
(li->|inted    anion'4'    his    suhjeeis.       Prom    his    mother's 


\n\\\\)  he  would  li:i 


1  ii 


i\  (■  certilin    |)el'S()li;||    peculiai'lt  le 


l>\' 


wlijcji    he    might    lie    known;  his    cmly    h.'iir    would 
iissiiine  the    lorm   of  a    mitre  or   iI.iim. 


he    e;irllel' 


ViiM'sol  his  rei'^ii  were  to  he  years  o|  great  prosperity 


Ills  Idle  would  oe  wise 


just, 


111(1  aiiji' 


ill  middh 


tile    king   would    anaiiiltiii    the    ways  o|    wimIoiii    am 
\  Hi  lie.    giving    liimsell'    up    t 


I 


o    a  I 


iiiaiiiier    M 


vice 


adiiig   infallihly    (<>  disaster;    and    wor.st    of  all    \\'\> 
•iihjecls  Would  imilati' 


Ills   vicious  (iiiiduct  and    share 


ilr.i-'.viir'-  siiitfiiiciit  tliiit  '  Iniiliw  Iiw  I'l'liitiiiii"  (l'lxliil\M(  liitl  coiirunliMit 
i  i  iiM'r  ic  ( \iili\  ( 'liiiiiiil|».,  |Miiir  ilmiiHT  li'  luim  ilf  lliii't/iii  mi  itmiii't  rul 
•Ii-  I'i'IImii.'    'I'lii:^  is  II  lui'ltv  I'iiii' .>;iiii|iK' ill'  (111' iililii'V  ii'I'i'n'iici'i. 


i 


^-i 


-f:r 


p 

t 


m 


2d2  THE  TOLTEC  rERIOD. 

in  his  iMisroi'tnnos.  Groat  cnlainitiL'S  Avcro  to  coiiio 
upon  the  Toltucs,  sent  by  Tlo([Ue  Xahua(|uc,  the  L;i'c;it 
(ilod,  and  liko  unto  tlicse  "with  which  their  iince.stois 
Avore  atHietod  in  the  renioto  pjist.  Finally  the  king- 
dom Avas  to  1)0  destroyed  by  civil  wars,  and  the  kinL;', 
di'iven  from  his  ])ossession,  after  nearly  all  his  sub- 
jects had  j)erished,  was  to  return  to  the  ancient  honic 
of  their  race,  there  in  his  later  years  to  become  oiko 
more  wise  and  discreet.  Yet  a  sii;-n  was  not  deiiii  d 
this  fated  people;  for  certain  unnatural  ])henomeiia 
Avero  to  amiounce  their  destruction  as  drawing;-  ni^;]!. 
AVhen  the  rabbit  should  have  horns  like  a  deer,  aiul 
the  humminj4'-l)ird  be  found  with  spurs^  and  stoius 
yield  fruit;  when  the  priests  of  the  temples  should 
for!4'et  tlieir  vows  of  chastity  Avith  noble  ladies,  ])il- 
^'I'ims  to  the  shrines  of  the  j^'od — then  min'lit  tluy 
look  for  tlie  fulHllment  of  J[uemau's  predictions;  for 
lii^htniiiLis  and  hail  and  snow,  for  famine  and  ])esti- 
lence  and  devouring  insects,  to  be  followed  by  desolat- 
ing Avars.  For  such  as  escaped  these  disasttjrs,  or  fur 
their  descenihints,  another  A'lsitation  of  divine  Aviatli 
Avas  reserved  in  the  form  of  a  foreii'ii  peo[)le  from  the 
east,  Avho  ten  cycles  later  Avere  to  take  ])ossessi.jii  of 
the  country  in  fuKillment  of  the  words  of  the  aiu'iont 
prophet  Quetzalcoatl.  No  fui'ther  infoi-mation  is 
given  of  lineman's  death  oi-  of  I  xtlilctiechahuacs 
rule. 

iluetzin,  the  third  king,  Avas  ci'owned,  according 
to  V^eytia's  chronology,  in  Si*;!,-'  a  date  that  very 
nearly  agrees  with  that  given  in  the  otlii'r  \ersion.  or 
HIT.  Totepeuh,"  the  foui'th,  I'lsewhere  mentioned  as 
second  kini;'  at  (.'ulhuacan,  took  the  throut*  fi'om  his 
lather  after  lifty-two  years;  and  handed  it  down  after 
a  like  ])eri(»(l  to  his  own  son  Xacaxoc,-"  tlu!  fifth  iiion-^ 

fi  (i('>(i,  nr  (il.'t.  Lfllil.fdrliitI,  wlici  iiNo  writes  till'  nil  I  lie  II  net  zi  II  'rnti'iiciili 
lllld  llilitziii.      771.    '  'liiri(frr<i. 

'■*'^  'riili'pjiilli  Mini  'riiti'ln'iilii[iic.  I.rtlil.iiii'liitl,  ]i]i.  .'t'ili,  Kid;  nil  \).  ITid  ||M 
l'('i;;ii  is  i;;ii(ii((l. 

"  Niti'a/\ci('.     '/'(in/idiiKiifii,     iiiiil     ViiiiiifrrI .       Niiciix/ni'li,     Nariil\iir, 

N'iii'iiMii'   Mill,   iiiiil  Niirii/\(il.    I.i//i/,viii'/ii//,  \\\ II  pp.   I">it  iiiiil  :M\  iiiIIh 

liiiii  iIk'  I'iiih'IIi  kill';. 


'.'  ^il 


TOTEPKi'ii  kim;  of  TOIJ.AN.  2r..T 

arrh  at  Tollan,  wlio  was  in  turn  succooded  1)V  ]\ritl  in 
ii7'.(.""*  Thoso  reigns,  tlie  lust  of  which  lasted  tit'ty- 
iiiiK'  years,  were  marked  by  the  occnrrence  of  no 
event  sj)ecially  important,  tliougli  in  all  great  l)rog- 
ress  was  made,  new  towns  fonnded,  old  cities  heauti- 
lifd.  and  now  temj)les  hnilt,  including  one  of  great 
iiia'iiiiiieenee  at  (^)uauhnahuac  (Ciiernavaca,  possil-ly 
Xdcliicaleo)  and  another  at  Tollan  intended  to  rival 
lliat  (»r  the  Sun  at  Teotihuaean,  which  citv  is  inci- 
(leiitally  admitted  to  haxe  snr[)asyed  Tollan  in  extent 
aii<l  magnificence.  ]^nring  this  period  the  Toltec  ))owei' 
was  tirnily  estahlislied  over  a  hroad  tei'iitoiy,  and 
there  were  yet  no  tokens  of  approaching  destruction.'"' 

In  the  annals  of  Culhuacan  we  left  Totepeuh  on 
the  tliione.  His  first  military  expedition  was  di- 
rected towards  the  eastern  [)lateau,  where  (.'lialchi- 
iihapaii,  later  Tlascala,  seems  to  have  Iteen  founded  at 
alioiit-  tliis  time,  and  where  this  king  was  afterwards 
\vt)i>hi|)ed  under  his  name  of  Cauuixtli.  In  his  next 
expedition,   to  the    province  of  Huit/nahuac,  he  en- 


cm 


mtered,    defeated    afte      many    fruitless    attempts 
iiid  liiially  mari'ied  a  1)(»  d  [)rincess  Chimalman,  wl 


lot 


ight  entirely  naked  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  am- 
a/.iiiis.  The  coiKjuest  of  Cuitlaluuu'  next  claimed  his 
attention,  for  this  was  the  only  city  on  the  lakes  that 
1  lieeii   able  to  withstand  the  ])ower  of  his   fatlu'r 


iiat 
and 


)re(lect\ssor. 


Ti.  th 


lis  City  and  tins  i>eri(Hl    hra 


I    11 


seur    traces     back     the     foundation    of    the    Naluial 


Teteiictin,    an    order    of  chivalr\',    when 


ct^ 


1" 


oceei 


led 


tile  hiLi'hest  titles  of    leai-iiii'"'  and  ni>bilitv,  down   to 


tlu 


.f    tl 


coming    ot     tlie     hpaniards, 


Queen     (  himal 


iM  r 


■iiH 


!tJ7  acciiriliii.i,'  tii  I'lan'iir 


^'2'J  III'  7(>S  iii'ciinliii;;  In    fif/il- 


'•liifl.  will)  culls  liiiii  'riai'iiiiiiiiiiii  mi  \i\>.  'JiC   K>i>,  ll!lllH•^  liini  as  lil'tli  Uiii;. 
||.  Il'.i.'l,  ami  i;,Miiiii's  his  iciMM  ,i|i  p.   4Mt. 

I'nr  ilic  annals  iif  'rnllaii  "luring  t8:i~<  l"'"''"'  "**'•'  I 'ffiiforfiit/,  jt)i._207 


117.  C/iirii/tni,  tdiii.  i,,  iiii.  rJ7  H;  Sr, idiiiiii.  ti'iii.  ill  ,  lil 


Ulllllll 


hi,  t. 


!' 


mil, 


1,1, 


inlir  I  'm  liiji 


I,  nil.  \:W  W: 


V 


114;   I  loll 


'■rl,    I'tdrii  Miw..  ft,   11;  MiiiliT,  Aiinrihii 


I'll,  p.  ."rJl. 


'"I'liicf  aniiiii^'  \vlii(  li  tillo  Wl.-  ilia«  of  TfN'uhtli,  rcsiioi'tiut,' wliiili  si'i 
\"l.  ii,,  I'll.  I'.n  L'llO, 


%A,\ 


I'i 


t:lJ 


m 


2'A 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


man,  bccominGf  cnccinto  immodiately  after  iiiarriaLic, 
dreamed  that  slie  bore  in  her  l)()S()m  a  chalcliiuite,  or 
]ir(.;ci()us  stone,  and  decided  to  name  her  son,  ]»r(- 
destined  to  a  glorious  career,  Quetzalcoatl  Chalcliiuitl. 
At  his  birth,  wliich  occurred  nine  montlis  hiter,  tli( 
heir  Avas  named  also  Ceacatl,  ])rol)al)lv  from  the 
day  on  M'hicli  he  was  borri.  In  addition  to  liis 
mothei's  dream  and  the  aniifuries  drawn  I'roiii  it,  the 
fact  tiiat  Ceacatl  Quetzalct)atl  united  in  his  veins 
the  noblest  blood  of  the  Toltecs  and  the  pre-Toltce 
peoples,  rrave  special  imporl  to  his  birth,  and  the 
event  Avas  celebrated  with  great  pom])  at  ( 'idhuacan. 
and  gii'ts  of  great  value  were  sent  from  all  diirc- 
tions.'"^  S;10  is  the  approximate  date  to  whicli  ( V- 
acatl  Quetzalcoail's  birth  is  referred;  his  mother 
died  in  childhed,  and  the  child  was  entrusted  to  tiir 
king's  sister  Cohuatl,  a  priestess  o^'  the  tem])le.  jht- 
ha|)s  the  same  as  Ciliuacoatl,  or  (.'ieacoatl,  at'tri'- 
A\ards  deitied  as  the  goddess  of  childbirth.'-**  In  Sl.l 
King  Tote[)('uh  Xonohualcatl  himsi'lf,  now  far  ad- 
vanced in  years,  was  nuirdo»ed  by  conspiring  nohli  s 
mider  the  leadership  of  Apanecatl,  Zolton,  an<l  ('nil- 
ton;  he  was  succeeded  by  Yohuaii:itonac,  and  at  tlu' 
same  time  Ihuitimal,  a  name  that  bears  no  resem- 
blance to  that  of  Jiuetzin's  successor  accoi'ding  to 
the  Spanish  writers, — took  Iluetzin's  ])laci'  on  tlie 
throne  of  Tollan.  Brasseur  believes  that  lluetzin  Kit 
Tollan  to  become  king  at  Cnlhuacan,  and  that  he  was 
the  same  as  Yohuallatona,c.  It  must  he  noted  that 
tlie  confused  state  of  the  aboriginal  aniiids  is  dne  I'^t 
oidy  to  the  incom]»letenessof  the  native  records-  maiv 
having  been  destroyec. — and  the  errors  of  intiTpnt- 
ers,  but  also  largely  to  the  unfortunate  cnstom  <'t' 
(lie  Xahua  jx'oplcs  of  giving  many  Jianics  to  the  s;ini" 
person,  ami  multiplying  names  apparently  in  ])r('por- 


5"  '(>ii  i't''I(il»rii  do  firmiilcs  fOtiM i\  In  iiniHsancc  ilf  ('(iIcIuk'hnhI.'  ('ininiriin, 
Hist.    T/ii.r.,  in  .\(iitrr//is  A  ii  iiiilis  i/c.l  I'oi/.,   ISl.'l,  tiiiii.   xcviii.,  |i.  I  Hi.      •^'t' 

also  IKltC  ()  of    tllis   clllllltl'f. 

i"<  See  v.il.  li.,  p]!.  •2W,  4:U,  (iOS,  vol.  iii.,  iip.  X>0,  .'{(i:!. 


ven(;eaxce  or  QriyrzALCDArr,.  2,"5 

iidii  to  fame  and  rank.  Tt  is  rcrorded  tliat  Ccncatl, 
while  yet  a  bov,  wreaked  a  terriMe  veiin-eaiiee  on  the 
the  murderers  of  his  f'atlier.      The   hitter  took    refui-e 


the  fortres.s  of    Cuithduiae    on    one  of    the  lal 


<e 


islands  deemed  inipre^-nabie,  hut  hy  a  suhteri'anean 


passau'e 


lead 


wvi  um 


ler  the  waters,  the  Drill 


})riiK'C   ana    Ins 


jnljdwt'rs  i^aiued  access  to  fort  and  temple.  Tlie 
j.Mil.  rs  of  the  consjiiracy  were  sprinkled  with  red 
jirjijtrr  after  a  preparatory  fiayinii'  and  man^linij;',  ami 
(lyiii'4'  l!i  iiuh'scrihahle  torture  were  sacrifici'd  to  the 
iiKinniy  of  Tottipeuh,  the  first  of  the  many  thousand 
victims  subsequently  ottered  to  the  same  divinity  uir- 


(liT    Ills 


name  o 


f  C 


miax 


tli.      F 


rom  this  time  nothiiur 


\\\\\\ 


tevir    is    recorded  of  Ceacatl    h 


)r 


hout    twelltv 


\i  ars,  until  lie  re-apjiears  under  his  name  of  Quetzal- 
niatl  as  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Toltec  kinus  and 
lii'^h-jtriests,  afterwards  deiiied  like  most  heroes  of 
this  early  time. 

iilv  event  recorded  before  the  re-ai)iiearance  of 


lie  o 


(j)iii't/,al('oatl  is  one  (.)f  L;reat  importance,  a  eoiixeiitiou 
(if  the  ]n'iiicfs  and  wise  men  of  Anahuac  and  \  icinity. 
At  thi-^  asst  niblai^'e  the  system  of  government  and  the 
laws  ol' suci-ession  were  perfected  and  as  may  be  sup- 
piisi'tl   niven   sulistantially  the  form  which   they  pre- 

\ed  down  to  the  Coiupiest;  but  the  most  important 
1  was  the  establishment  y^K  an  alliaiu-o  lu'twcon   the 

wiis   (if  (."ulhuacan,   ()tom|)an,   aial   Tollaii.      Kacli 


srl 


*'l'ii 


KiiiH'  was  to  be  perfectly  iiKK'pmdent  in  the  alfairs  of 
his  ((wn  domain;  but  in  matters  atiictin^"  tli«' ^vncral 
I;itriTsts  the  three  nionarchs  wcri'  to  t'onslilutc  a 
foiiiicil.  ill  wliii-h  the  kin^- of  ("ulliuacan  was  to  rank 
lii-t.  assuininu"  a  title  nearly  eiiuixalont  to  that  of 
riiiiperor.  (Itomjwm  liwik  the  soeond  jtlact*  and  follan 
fhr  tiiii^l.  Tliis  is  tln"  tirst  mention  (»f  (  Hompaii  as  a 
»a|iifal,  but  .>im'«'  its  tloniain  serins  to  liavi;  iiichidod 
th(  lorritory  of  'lV«,>ti)niacaii  and  Tezcnco.  its  proini- 
iKiit  jiositioii  in  the  U-aouc  is  iiol  improhablc.  'I'he 
cstalilishnn'iit  of  this  alliaiu'i\  or,  as   it   mav   he  more 


J  ' 

m 


i  '''A 


%. 


is!'  • '1^  M 


.  1 


256 


TiiK  T()i;n:c  i'kkiod. 


i ;  ;,.  :i' 


tj-v 


conveniently  termed,  empire,  Is  referred  to  tlie  d,;to 
1  Tei'iKitl,  85G.''^ 

Ceacjitl  Quetzidcoatl  re-ap])oars  in  lilstory,  still  i'ol- 
lowini;'  the  same  authorities,  about  the  year  870,  aid 
succeetled  Ihultlmal  as  kini>"  of  Tollan,  ussumini;'  the 
tiilu  To[)iltzin,  on  the  death  of  that  kin<^  iii  873.^'    All 

■^  Tliis  nlliaiH'c  rosts  aUo;rotlior  on  tlio  f'ni/'X  Chimalpnporn  and  M  ,ii. 
di'  Ciilliiiiii-iut .  It  is  Id  I)('  niiti'd  tlial  lira.ssciir  rcft'is  clcaily  to  Toniin. 
ttiiiilit.  Miiiiiiri/.  /ill/.,  lil).  \i,.  cap.  IS,  ;i.s  an  aiUlioiity,  wliicli  cliaptcr  coii- 
tains  not  a  wnnl  licarin;^' on  the  sulij(M't. 

•'"  Tonpii'maila,  Moiiinq.  liiiL,  toni.  i,,  )i.  'XI,  ridatt's  the  sncci'stilnn  nt 
tlic  'I'olli  1-  kinj,'^  .It  'I'ollan,  a;,'rrt'in;j;  siihslantialiv  with  the  acconnts  oi'  l\. 
tlilxorliil  1,  \'i'\tia,  and  the  rest.  It  is  to  lie  noti'il,  however,  that  on  ]i,i-i; 
"254  tlie  same  autiior  ;rives  anotlier  aceonut,  iiu'Xtricaldy  eonfiise<l,  totally 
disa;,'reeiii;,'  willi  tlie  pret'ediiiix,  Itnt  a;,'reein;;  in  most  of  its  names,  wiiii 
that  derived  liy  l>rassi'nr  from  tlie  two  iceords  in  his  possession.  'Ihi.s 
])rovcs  that  tlie  version  of  the  'I'cdlee  traditions  folhiweil  hy  the  Spanish 
vriterH,  referring' evi'rythin;,' to 'I'ollan  an<l  i^'norin;,'  all  other  nations  ami 
kinj^s,  was  not  the  oidy  om;  extant  when  the  Spaniards  came.  It  lonliiiii.s 
to  a  eertain  extent  IJras.senr's  aeeonnt  of  otln-r  Toltee  nations  and  iiionarrln 
hesides  lIuiM' at  Tidlan,  anil  is  tlu'refore  important,  i  translate  this  \er- 
sioii  of  the  tradition  from  'rori|M<'niaila,  wiliioiit  any  attemjit  to  rei'diicijo 
its  many  imonsist''ncies  with  itself  and  the  versions  already  presented.  15 
has  the  .ippearanci' of  a  sueeessive  interpretation  of  the  reeords  of  distinct 
kili;,'iloms,  or  distinct  periods,  la(d<ed  loucllier  and  referred  va;j;uely  to  rojlcii 
liistorv  li,\  a  writer  w  ho  did  not  suspt'ct  the  existence  of  any  other  power  lli;iii 
that  at  Tollan.  'When  the  Mexicans  iiriixcd  in  this  re;.'ion  of  'I'ulla,  it  \\:\n 
lllreatly  sell  led  liy  many  people;  hecanse,  according.' to  the  trnth  as  found 
in  the  most  autlieiilic  histories  of  these  nations,  in  7(l(>  A.  I>..  they  iic-aii 
to  sellie  here.  Tin  ir  first  <'a|itain,  or  leader,  was  named  Totepeah,  w  lio 
lived  a  Iiiml;  and  tran<|nil  life,  hein^' a  hidd  ami  fanions  (dneft.iin.  .\l  his 
death  tlin.-e  of  the  province  of  Tnlla  liiised  to  the  throin-  another  calicil 
'i'opil  I  Topilt/inl,  who  reifineil  lifty  years  and  was  succeeded  hy  lliicniac, 
mentioned  (dsevvhere  in  coMiiection  with  the  tri(d<s  of  (^hiet/alrnlni.i'.l. 
[These  are  anmnv;  the  very  last  rnlers  in  T(dlan  hy  other  accounts  |  Tliis 
Hnemacvvasa  very  powerful  kinj;,  who  was  nnnh  feared  ami  caused  hiai- 
Relf  to  he  woishiped  as  a  ),'od.  lie  went  out  from  Tnlla  to  ineiease  the  cn- 
tent  of  his  kingdom,  occu|Pvii!j,'  himscdf  tlirou;;hont  his  rei;.;ii  in  ^laiiiii,'.; 
new  ]iroviiiees,  prel'errim;  tlio  hustle  of  var  to  the  <|uiet  of  peace.  Hut 
while  he  vvasenj;aued  in  wars  aliroad  the  Tollecs  made  Nauh,vcit/ii  kin.;, 
\vho  was  the  second  loid,  and  of  ( 'hichinu>c  hirth.  He  also  left  Tnlla u  ami 
inarcheil  towards  this  kike  with  a  larue  numher  of  jieople  to  conc|Uci'  M 
much  as  possilde  of  the  territory  thereahonts.  lie  rei,;;ned  nnne  th.uisi  ly 
years.  an<i  at  hisdea'h  the  kinirdoin  was  ;^iveu  to  (^hmnhtexpetlall,  [a  nah  0 
in)t  appeariuL;' elseu  here]  who  in  his  turn  was  followed  hy  lluet/iii  Nnia«' 
linalcall  jaccordinji  to  Ihils-enr,  lluet/in  proliahly  succeeded  Xonohualcall 
at  ('ulhmnan.  .\ll  tinit  fohows  jirohahly  h(don,L;s  to  the  (  hichimcc  p(  ried 
innch  later,  ami  ridates  to  the  ki  tins  of  ( 'nlhuacanl.  After  him  iciiined 
Atdiitoimll,  and.  afterwards,  (jhniuhtonal,  iiml  in  the  tenth  .\ear  of  his 
n'\)i\\  the  .Mexicans  arrived  iit  Chaiinltepec;  so  that  when  the  said  M(  xit.uH 
were  in  the  city  or  province  of  Tulla,  this  ]irince  wiis  n.ither  its  ki.'c.:  er 
lo'.l  (astionuira  nays),  hut  eontiunin;i  the  iicinunl  ami  su>  ci'ssion  of  ilic-e 
Toltee  kind's,  we  say  that  the  saiil  .Vciiitoiuetl  wa>  succeeiled  hy  Ma/.'il  in, 
[and  mil  h\  l^Muinhtoual  as  ahove.     This  is  nnintelligihle.     Mii/al/in  v\  i>, 


<'i:ACATr  nCKTZ.VI.CUTL 


257 


'-!" ^- 'Had.  .„  distinctioX^" ,,  T)''rT  "^'  ^^'-^• 

tni.litions.  ^  "•''    ►^puii.sJi   version  of  tJicse 

-^Jciidicta  i'coo)vl«    fi.      i      T  . 
-  "'■  ^'-na;^^tl    n,  :;"^""^   ^'^^^^  ^^^   -as  the 
^"  ^1"'  V^J-t    tiutt      '  UH.       :  ^i•'''  ^'"^»  ^^'-  -'Other 

^"'"^  '"''til,  rei.rcsent  ],i,n  •  '  .m.  '^  -'""^'  ''•'"•^^ 

;■;"  -"-t,  most  of  theni  ,.:-^:^  :'t:";;'"  ^'"^  <-t- 


^--::-r'Ei1;rd;;'''''-'-'-  - 

T„,,|,„.,H,-,!i,,  „ji,j  ;  \"'''"-  7.1,.  \.,uoM  I,  ,r\r'V'' -^ '•■■''-  '''!,. 

Kill,.,,,.,,    „,,,""'.>'•"■'"  "iioM.  ,vp.„  ,:,:'  ;7'' ■)''int"i„r,i.   .m, 


irs:;'i:"j!:i"'.":"<'''-i 


f'"/// 


IH  Very  cvi.l 


■.■111-  (,,  ('),., 


•I. 


L'1,111     II 


'Mlsscili-  II 


•''It   tli;if   II, 


III 


■*'•■!    <'llll|;„l   CI, ,11,1 


Hit    lliil    „o( 


I'M'   Will,. is   ||,.„1 


kI   .\zl(.,.  k 


I'llKir, 


ii;;^  ii(  I 


"'!'■    II.,    ill 

V, 


'■|iiii;iiili 


'•   VII  i. 
''■•  V      17 


<•"',     (.     Iliv 


'I)  Vi'lUn  iiiiK'l 


'•""l|'icll(.|l.| 


IC'I'CSS    (,,    ( 


llll.ll     |,.,(,.,. 


-'(10. 


I'll 


Ihcir 


II'  .sun 


lii(';uiiii;L;'. 


I'   cIlMII- 


"-.■.i.'i;:  ".;:;::' ';';^:('- :•/'-/../ 


'H  iiiMn,„|„|| 


'I'l,   (.'I.'.    //, 


/v'.   (,■ 


«  I 


ti 


II 


Tin:  tolt::c  rr.iaoi). 


T)lexio!i,    M'itli    l(jn;r    Mack    liair^'"    aiul    a    full    l)cai<!. 


B: 


iro 


as  to  liis  head  ami  Icct,  1 


ic  uorc  a  loiiL!'  \\  liitc 


robe  oniaiueutcd  Avitli  l>lack  llowers,  accunliu^'  to 
Las  Casas,  or  with  hlack  or  red  crosses,  as  otlur 
Avriters  .say,  Kiip})ortiiin'  his  steps  ^vith  a  staiK  lie 
Avas  austere  in  manner,  l)ut  in  cliaracter  all  tiiat  i> 
i^ood,  and  t^'entle,  disap[)ro\inL;'  all  acts  of  violmce 
anil  ltlot)d,  and  withal  most  chaste,  neither  marrviii';- 


nor  Knowmir  wome 


n.      With    him  Avas  a  I; 


iru'e  coni- 


])any  of  artists  and  men  learned  in  every  branch  u\' 
science,  Avhom  some  of  the  authors  seem  to  coiisiih  r 
a.  colony  IVom  a  foreii^'n  land.     From  ]Mmico  Quet/,; 


II- 


coa 


tl. 


AN' 


ith       1 


lis    comi) 


anions,    came    to    Tollan    att 


vv 


havino"  tarried  foi*  some  time,  as  Camar^o  tells  ns, 
Tulanciiin'i).  Jle  was  at  lirst  received  hy  the  Toll 
Avith  nuich  enthusiasm,  and  durin**'  his  sta\"  in  Tul 
fdled  the  position  of  hi;^h-])riest  or  suj)renie  spiiitiial 


( '( 'S 

1;m 


ruler 


]1 


IS  rule  Avas  miUl 


hut  1 


10    IIISIS 


ted 


on  a  stnc 


])erformance  of  all  religious  duties,  and  suhjectcd 
himself  to  severe  penances,  such  as  the  drawiiiL;'  nf 
blood  from  toni^ue  and  limbs  by  means  of  mamn  y- 
thorns.  He  Avas  not  Avithout  supernatural  jiowns, 
since  liis  announcements  made  by  a  crier  from  the 
top  of  a  lu'ii'hborini'"  mountain  could  be  heard  for  a 
distance  of  tliree  hundred  miles.  He  introduced 
many  new  religious  rites,  including  the  ])racti(u  dl' 
fastiiiL;-  and  the  draAvin<»"  of  blood  ironi  their  own 
body  by  ])eiiitents,  also  accordini:'  to  some  authoiitii^s, 
the  establishment  of  convents  and  nunneries,  and  the 
sacrilice  of  birds  and  animals;  to  human  saci 


liiri' 


e  was  a  P 


atroi 


1  of  a 


.11   th 


;irts 
1 1  est 


Avas  ever  opposed.      1 1 

and  sciences,  Avhich  in  his  time  reached  their 

state'    of  development. •'•'      Finally,    Quetzalcoatl    Id't 

Tollan  and  Aveiit  to  Cliolula,  Avhicli  citv  with  other- 

'S  r>i-;issoiir,  tmii.  i.,  1).  2.').",  niisiiilt'r]in'tin;,'  TdnniPinaila,  tuin.  i  .  l' 
2.")5,  calls  liiiii  liliPinU';  iii  iiiiKilicr  plact',  torn,  ii.,  ]>.  4S, 'r(iii|n('iiiiiilii  tli>- 
tiiictlv  slates  tliat  lie  iias  liljick  liair. 

^3  riif  iincntion  (if  tlic  calciiiiar  attriltuti'il  to  liiiii  1  y  Ali'iidida.  //'>' 
J'jrlri.,  |i|).  '.t7-.s,  Salia;.'iiii,  Jli.sf.  Ilin.,  tuin.  ii.,  lili.  vii.,  p.  '-'ill,  ami  nilni-, 
bhould  fviduiitly  be  icfci red  to  the  (.^iiet/.alcoatl  of  other  times. 


i-Li'viHT  or  vv 


AI.COATL 


259 


(in  tlic  eastern  plateau,  some  autliors— still  iTf('rri:i<.!f 
to  aiKitliLT  (.jluetzalcoatl,  and  anoliuT  e])()rli-  -errdit 
liiiii  with  liaNJiiiif  lt»uii(K'(l.  'I'luTi'  are  many  version.s 
(if  liis  motives  lor  a^aiidoniiiL;'  'I'ollaii,  most  rrl'crriiiL;" 
tn  certain  ti'ouMes  l>et\veon  liim  and  a  ii\al  llucinac 
111-  Tezcatlipoca.  Pla_vin^■  liall  ^vitll  'I'ezcatliiiora.  the 
latter  assunK'd  the  iorm  of  a  tii^'er,  seared  the  spoct;;- 
t(irs  so  that  many  I'rll  o\er  ;i  preeipiee.  and  pui'stu'd 
]]']<.  (i]i]ioiient  iVom  town  to  town  until  ho  I'oachcd 
(  hiilida;  or  he  was  driven  awav  hv  the  tricks  of  a 


Mlll'l 


rer  n.amed    'I'itlaeaaon,   or  Titla<'aliua,    w  1 


lo    ap- 


juaivd  in  the  I'oi'm  of  an  old  man.  Uy  dint  ol' nuicli 
jiciMiasiou  the  magician  induced  Qiiet/alcoatl,  avIkj  was 
liiiwcll,  to  drink  a  niedieino  whieli  he  had  hrou^lit,  re 


nilil 


mended  to  act  as  a  nar<'oti 


Tl 


le  medicme  pioNci 


I 


t.i  lie  ]inl(pie,  the  hi^h-priest  was  soon  intoxicated,  and 
i  1  this  condition  was  easily  persuaded  that  hy  ^'oinsj;' to 
the  ani'ient  country  of  Tlapallan  he  nui^ht  re^'ain  his 


Vtilltll. 


.11 


The  other  ti'icks  of  this  sorcerer  art 


manv 


t  they  seem  to  helong  to  the  final  overthrow  of  the 
Tultec  empire  rather  than  to  Qtietzalcoatl's  time. 
^^Taiiv  details  arc  i-iven  t)f  the  hiL;h-l)riest's  journev 
towai'ds   Tl;'.])allan,  of  the   places   through  which   lie 


assc( 


1,  and   the  wonderful  tra( 


es  w 


hich  he  left.      Ht 


is    generally   credited   with    havin<»'   stopped   a   short 
t;iiie   at    (^)uauhtitlan,    and   with   IkuIul;'   lived    some 


vtars  at  C'hohila,  where    V 


e  was  es|)eeiaily  ])opiilaiv 


Jiiid  where  in   after  years   his   doctrines    found    their 
iiinst  devoted  followers.      lUit  his  chief  enemv,  Jhn- 


liiac 


aiu 


I    tl 


le    ut'croman  ers    followei 


d  1 


iim 


■veil    t 


o 


('hnjida  with   their  j»erseentions,  and   he 


was  torce( 


I 


>1     SI 


Ih 


t  out  a^ain  on   his  journey    towards   Tlapallan. 

fnially  (]isap]»eared  in  the  ( Joa/.acoalco  reu'ioii, 
aftei-  predicting  the  future  coming  of  hearded  white 
iiM'ii  from  the  oast.  I  ha\'e  given  here  only  ;i  hrief 
"inline  of  the  traditions  res[)ectiiig  Quetzalcoatl,  lie- 
•aiise  a  full  account  lias  been  presented  in  another 
veliiine,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred.''* 


Sfi 


111.,  lip, 


-SI;  iilso    Viijdd,   Hint.  Ant.   MJ.,    tola,   i.,  iiji. 


.0  ^  '**  ^' 


l\\AGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


y. 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


:■    us   1110 


1.4 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  Wt!.!  MAIN  STRUT 
WIBSTIR,  N.Y.  )4SbO 

(716)  a/s^soa 


:\ 


.^\^ 


\ 


^^ 


9\' 


<^ 


S60 


THE  TOLTEC  PEUIOD. 


Tlic  supposition  tlmt  Quotziilcoatl  was  amernl>er  (jf 
tlic  'I'oltoc  royal  lamily  and  reiji^iiod  as  a  kiiijjf  at  Tul- 
laii,  ton^t'tlH'i'  witli  tlio  evident  contoiindiiiLf  in  tho 
tiiuiitiitns  as  rocordod  by  the  Spanish  writcra  of  t\\(. 
distinct  juTsons  nained  (.^uetzal('(Kitl,*^  reinove  n)o-.t  <  f 
till'  difKeidtit's  connocted  with  this  famous  personiivv, 
the  second  of  tiie  name  It  seems  tn  me  most  pioli- 
ul)!e  that  tlie  traditions  relatinif  to  Quet/aicoatl'.s 
foreiijcn  orij^'in  or  lii.s  lonuc  ahsenco  in  (hstant  parts  i4" 
the  country,  his  arrival  at  lVinuc«»,  and  liis  final  dis- 
appearance in  the  south-  althoujj^h  these  are  ail  .k  - 
cepteil  hy  Urasseur — should  he  referred  to  the  (^)ii(  t- 
zaicoatl  of  jtriniitive  times.  The  younjjf  prince,  uiialilo 
i'or  some  umvvealed  reason,  to  ohtiin  after  his  arri\,il 
ut  years  of'  <lisci'etion  tJK!  crown  of  his  murdered 
fathcj-,  retii'cd  to  some  city  in  or  near  Auilhuac,  pioh- 
nhiy  Tulancin^j^o,  ^\■here  he  first  comes  into  notice,  t  » 
hide  his  time.  Here  he  settled  on  his  future  pulicv 
includiuL;' some  reli;;ious  reforms,  comnnmicated  widi 
]»owerful  fViends  throughout  .Xnaiiuac,  and  perfei  fid 


Ids  id, 


ins  l(»r  i-ecoverinn' 


his  lost  throm 


Som 


e  crii.ssrs 


uihI  other  relics  seen  hy  the  Spaniards  in  the  mouiit.di:: 
of  Meztitlan,  Nvere  attrihuted  hy  native  tradition  t. 
Ceacatl's   residence  in  Tulancinyo.''"     Such  w.is  tli 
force  of  his  cdaim  as  s(>n  of  Toti'peuh,  and  such  the  ii; 


ih 


di<r 


uence  ol  the  relie^ious  doy-mas  zea 


lousl 


yi 


)romnl'';i 


tnl 


hy  him  and  his  disciples,  that  at  last  on  ti>e  de.nli  of 
Ihintimal,  ]>erhaps  his  hrother,  he  was  I'aised  ti»  tin' 
throne  of  ^(dlan,  as  has  heen  said,  in  873,  under  tln' 
title  of  Topiit/.in  Ceaca^l  Quetzalcoatl. 


nil  -JOri;  }Tiiiil!ilii,  Ifisf.  /•;«r.v.,  |ip.  8'.'-.1,  "W-.l.  07-S;  Tor</iirmii,/,i,  M ,- 
1IIII'/.  hill.,  Iiim.  i..  |H».  I'.V),  •.'.yj.  ;<H(»,  tnlii.  ii..  |i|i.  •_•(»,  ■IS-.VJ,  7!l;  ll>rr'r", 
lli.it.  dill.,  lice,  ii.,  Iili.  vii.,  I'll]!,  ii.;  I.itu  Cii,\ii\;  Hist.  A/iiifiiiiiliiu,  MS, 
riip.  \'2'2,  IT.'J;  Sh/iihiiih,  Hist,  dm.,  tnin.  i.,  lilt,  iii.,  |i|i.  L'l.'J-S,  'i:\\S\  i'l,i. 
villi  nt,  I'ltiiriii  .till,  ilil  Mi.s.iirii,  tiilii.  ii.,  |i|>.  Il-I.'l;  diiiiiiirii,  ('(uni.  Mr., 
fi>l.  ;<IM»;  t'liiiiiiiiin,  lfi.it,  Tfii.r.,  ill  .\iiiiri//r.i  Aiiiiiili .1  ili.s  I'nil.,  lsi;l,  liiMi. 
xrviii,  p.  U.">;  Tii'iiini.rCiiiiijiiiii.i,  in  /'/.,  IHtO,  tniii.  Ix\x\l.,  |pp.  |(i-i'<i; 
diiiii/rii,  ill  I'visiiitt,  lli.1t.  t'liiii/.  .)[i.r.,  toni.  iii.,  pp.  (i(i-');  'h/lur'.i  II- 
gvdfi/ii.s,  pi>.  I.TI  !S. 

^5  lly  (•alliii;,'  llii'in  ilJHJiiu't.  iktmoiis  it  in  imt  iicccuHuiily  liiiplii'il  tii.it  llio 
liiHl  IJni't/aicii.'itl  I'M'f  liMii  II  rriil  lAistcnri', 

M  V<y<4a,  Uml.  Ant.  Jlij. ,  torn,  i.,  pp.  ITl-'i. 


TIFAV.-S  OF  CEACATL, 


20 1 


Tlnrc  is  tiotliir.Lj  in  tin*  Spanisli  viTsioii  of  tlie 
(Jih  t/iiKiiatl  triulitidus  by  \vlii(  ii  t<»  Hx  tlic  t'jMi<li  in 
which  he  Honiishcd.  It  is  int'iol;-'  ini|ilii'(l  th.-it  Jhio- 
iii.ic,  liis  fliii't'  t'licniy,  was  tfin|Miriil  ruK'r  at  tlir  sanic 
tiuii'  that  ht!  cNcrcisi'd  tht;  t'nn«'ti(»ns  of  hi,uli-|»rit>t, 
ami  siircccdcd  him  in  jiowt't-.  i  lui-niac  is  idcntilii'd 
|iv  Uiassciir,  n(»t  without  soinu  iiasoii.  with  Xacaxoc, 
tht  littli  kini^  (»!'  tho  Spanish  Mi-iti-rs,  \v!n)so  iviyi;  is 
n|)r<s(!ntt'd  hy  thcin  as  haviniLT  ht'cn  n)ost  jKaccrid 
and  iiMi'Vcntlul.  Hi!  is  als(»  known  as  'l\'/catii|to»;i, 
iiiid  was  closoly  I'clati'd  N'ohnallatonac,''"  the  kini;'  of 
( 'iilhiiacan.  In  thi)  Codr.r  CliinniliHtponi  ho  is  called 
liiith  Ilncniac  and  ^fatlacxocliitl. 

Al'tci"  (JnctzalcoatI  ha<l  hi'cn  ahout  ten  years  on  tho 


lirmir 


oitposition 


to  il 


IS  I 


low 


IT,  fomented    hv  his  elU 


mil  >  from  tho  first,  assumed  serious  |H'oportions.  Sev- 
(lal  causi's  aro  plausihlv  attiihuted  l»v  tho  ivcoids  and 
tlii'ir  int(!r|>rotors  to  this  opjiosition.  Tlu!  new  jtontilf- 
kiii'4  hail  ellecti'd  many  innovations  in  reliL:ious  reri'- 
iiiiiiiies.  It  does  not  appear  that  his  doctrines  dilfered 
\v\\  materially  from  those  entertained  hy  his  picde- 
ci'ssiirs,  hut  the  eliaii!>os  intrcMhu'id  hy  him  had  heen 
s  I  rcidily  admitte<l  liy  reason  (tf  tin-  )>opularity  and 
zcil  of  their  author  and  his  suhordinates,  as  to  excito 
ji  iil'tiisy  anioiin"  the  ecclesin 


■itical 


poweis. 


Most 


iirom- 


iiiciit  anions'  his  peculiar  reforms,  ami  the  one  that  is 
ri|Mtited  to  have  i-ontrihiited  most  to  his  «low  nfall,  was 
lii'^  inivaiTiiiL,'"  opposition    to  1 


luman    Kai'riliee 


Tl 


IIH 


surilice  had  prevaili'd  from  pro-Toltec  times  at  Teoti 
liuacaii.  and  had  heen  adopted  more  or  less  e\tensi\ely 
ill  ('iillniacan  and  Tollan.  \\\  (^)uet/,alcoatl  it  was 
ahsiiliitely  prohiliited  in  the  temj»les  of  the  latt'.r 
o.'ijiital,  and  thus  the  powerfid  priesthood  of  ()tompan, 
mill  <  nllniacan  was  ai'raye(l  nuainst  him.  Ai^ain  it 
is  t  hi  Illy  lit  that  under  (^Jiiet/aleoatl  the  spiritual  powci- 
iilw.ivs  I  lusely  connected  with  the  temporal  in  Naliiia 
jrnvi  riiiiieiits,  hecanu!  so  |ii'edomiiiant  as  to  excite  the 
j  !il(»  isy  and  tears  of  the  nohility  in  Tollan,  w  li<»  were 
^'  I'liiliiililv,  1114  hiiH  Ih'i'Ii  said,  the  Hiinie  uh  lluct/iii  and  TcxcaltfiMiiall. 


962 


THE  TOLTEC  rEIlIOD. 


restive  iiiuler  a  priestly  restraint  not  imposed  on  tin  ir 
brothers  of  eorrespondin;^  rank  in  tlie  t)tlier  niitioiis 
oi"  the  enniire.  Finally,  under  the  rule  of  Cearatl, 
Tollan  had  het'onie  the  metropolis  of  the  empire,  it 
does  not  appear  that  tin-  terms  ()f  the  alliance,  acroid- 
iiiy'  to  whieh  the  monarch  of  Culhnacan  outianktd 
the  otiieis,  had  heen  chan;^ed;  hut  in  the  niai^nili- 
cenie  of  her  j>alaces  and  temples,  and  the  skill  aid 
fame  of  her  artists,  if  not  in  population,  Tollan  now 
Hnrpas«<cd  the  cities  of  the  valley,  and  thus  naturally 
\vas  looked  ujton  as  a  too  successful  rival.  The  di- 
hatisfii<l  element  at  home  was  lu-aded  hy  llueniac,  <  r 
'l\'Zcatlip(H'a,  who  had  jierhaps  some  Avell  fouiidctl 
claim  to  the  throne,  and  icceived   the  su]>port  of  tl  c 


a 


llic.l 


monarclis. 


M-  •'MSUUIL''  s 


trUL;iil 


lU  the  rccop 


loftl 


'i'l 


H"  Spanish  writers 


e  IS  svm 


h.>| 


!/.(  I 


hvtl 


le   siicce>>i\i( 


tricks  (tf  tilt!  necromancers;  and  the  i-eli^'ious  strilo 
between  rival  sects  was  continued  with  more  or  K  ~s 
l)itterness  down  to  the  latest  Aztec  ejioch.  Sudi  \\,;s 
(^)uet/.alcoatrs  re|»ni.;-nance  to  the  sheddiiiL,^  <»f  Iiiii:i;!ii 
hlood,  that  he  seems  to  have  vohintaiily  ahandmuil 
his  throne  against  the  wisln.'soi'  his  more  warlike  jiar- 
tisans,  and  after  a  brief  stay  in  Quauhtitlan,  to  li.n^i 
t'ros.sed  to  the  eastern  plateau  of  II uil/ila|»an  in  Mi.>. 


II 


iiemac.   I  ezcatlipoea,  or   /Sacaxoc   succeetled   ihiiik 


<ii  itely  to  the  royal  power  in  Tollan.^* 

The  teachiiii^s  and  inlluence  of  (,)ui'tzalcoatl  li.ul 
])receded  him  amont,'-  the  Olmec  nations  (»f  thc^  ei>t- 
ern  region.  His  tathi-i',  imder  the  name  of  ( 'aiiiaxtli, 
had  done  moj-e  than  any  other  to  brin-jf  these  nations 
under  the  Toltec  powe»',  had  Ibunded  the  city  alter. 
wards  known  as  Tlascala,  and  was  jx-i'liaps  already 
worshii»ed  as  a  <leity.  ^lore«»ver  the  (Jtietzah'oall  el' 
old  had  traditionally  introduced  Nahua  institutions  in 
this  region,  where  he  was  still  the  object  of  sii|ireiMr 
Veneration.  Whether  the  city  <>f  ( 'hohda  was  actually 
Ibunded  at  this  time  or  by  the  lirst  (j)uetzalcoatl,  it  i-s 


31 


87.").  l7iin<jro.    UJ7.   i'<>jti(i.     T7<)  iir  TKi.  I.iililxuc/iill. 


CONQUEST  OF  r:i!)I,ri,A. 


96a 


i/n|iiissiltlc  to  detorniiju',™  luit  tlio  coniinL,' of  CV-acatl 
si'iiiis  to  liave  iiKirkc'tl  the  ijcyiiiiiiiii;  of  a  new  era  of 
|ii()s|»erity  on  the  eastern  plateau.  'I'eniples  in  lionor 
ut"  ( '.iinaxtli  wt.Te  erected  in  Thiscala  and  Jlnexot- 
ziiint.  wliile  Chohila  became  the  cajtital  of  what  may 
iihiiost  he  termed  a  new  'I'olti'c  nionardiv.  All  tlu' 
sdiitliern  and  eastern  provinces  snhject  to  the  em]»iii' 
(hniiiLj  CeacatlH  reii^n  at  Tollan,  ^avu  in  their  adlu - 
.■simi  to  him  at  Cholula.  Laiijfe  mimhi-rs  of  his  parti- 
sans also  I'ollowed  him  from  Tolhin,  and  all  the  j»rimi- 
ti\r  |»t'oples,  ainoni^  whom  human  sacrilicc  in  ])re- 
'{""Itcc  times  had  hi-en  unknown,  wei'e  !j;lad  to  suhmit 
(u  the  royal  hi^h-priest.  J  lis  \\'\ff\\  in  (.'hohila  lasted 
aliout  ten  years,'"  and  during"  this  time  liis  (htctrims 
arc  thoii'uht  to  have  heeii  introduced  l»y  «lisciplts  <li,s- 
patrhcd  from  Cholida  into  the  southern  l•e^ioMs  of 
( >,i  jaca. 

Ill  '.lO-t  Yohuallatonac  was  Bucceeded  in  Culhuacan 
hv  (,>uetzallacxovatl,  and    JIuemac,  havini^  suhdiud 


l.v  h 


lis  strict  and  severe  measures  all  open  opposition 
tn  his  rule  at  home,  hut  lonUinLT  with  nnich  uiu  asi- 
iHss  on  the  prosperity  of  ("cacat  I  in  his  ni'W  capital, 
iiiiil  the  constant  emigration  of  his  own  sidijocts  east- 
ward, resolvi'd  ayain  to  attack  his  I'oriiicr  rival.  v\t 
llic  head  of  a  lari^i'  army  he  dii"ect((l  his  niairh 
towards  ( 'holula.  (,>uet/alcoatl  as  hi'lore.  no!  with 
staiiiliiiL;"  the  remonstrance  of  his  people,  reliiscil  to 
rcsi.st  his  jtroi^ress,  hut  departi'd  iM'fori!  Jliieiiiac's 
arrival  for  (»thei-  l.-inds  as  hefore  iv-latetl.  (  holula. 
with  the  neiohhoriiin"  cities  and  provinct's  fell  an  easy 
|ir<  V  to  till'  Niiliant  Ihniiiar;  luit  so  loin,;"  did  he 
ivinain  ahsciit  in  his  iiis.itialilc  doiri'  (<•  coiii|U»r  inw 
t  iritory,  that  his  suhjects  rcNoltcd  and  with  the 
•[n'lMtioii    of   tli(     kiii'4'   of   ( 'iilliiiacan    protlaiiiird 


Naiiiivotl   kiiiLT  ahout    the    vear  ".»;;o. 


II 


ui'Uiac   ( 


lid 


■*" '  l.n*  i|m' ill' t'Kta  liiicliul  ('rnlliiii)  linvi'iiiM,  I'lliliiiiriiii  otrii  imiv  iiii'c< 
|N'ni  i|Ui- M'  lliiiiia  t  ho.'itllii.'  Sii/iiiifitii,  llisl.  (i'( //.,  iiiiii.  ij,,  ijli.  \iii  .  |i.  •_'(  " 


/;. 


Si'l'    Mil  rrllll"<    lllllMlJV   'MVCII    nil     t.'llCl/'.nll'IMIll,   lllltl   IiImi     /j'/'K.v 


(/(■ 


/^^   //I'.s/.  .V«'    '' 


liiin.  I.,  11    'Jli.i,  I't  ■sri|. 


*' Miia  kiii^  '\H  raiiuil  Mill  ami  Tlaiiiiiiiliua    liy   N'fvlia   ami  lln-    n-^t. 


Tin:  TOLTKC  nntioD. 


not  ylrUl  without  a  strun'ulo.  llcturnlMi,^  \vi'st\v,;i(l 
to  (k'tciid  his  throno  ho  iiR't  Xuuljyotl  uii  tlic  lake 
his  arinv  was  routed  and  hu  was  kilK-d,  oi-  ;it 


shores; 


least  disaj)])ei'rod.     As  Tezcatliitoca  and  under  \;i 


n- 


ous  o 


tlier  titles  ho  CN'er  after  ranked  aujoniif  the  Iii-'h- 


ii 


res 


est  ill  the  jiantheon  of  Nahua  ilivinities, 

])urini^  the  eiisuinj^  era  of  peace  anionu^  the  Tolt 

under  Xauhyotl,  or  Mitl,  and  his  allies,  it  seems  that 

("holula    regained    its   prosperity,    re-estahlished    the 

institutions   and  Avorship  of  Quetzalcoatl,   and   stion 

rivaled  in  niaiiiiitieenco  Tollan,  Culhuacan,  and  Tfoti- 

huaoan.     Still  reniaininjj^  to  a  certain  extt'iit  a  juiit  of 

the    Toltec    empire,   under   tlio    rule  of  the   kiiiL;"  Jit 

Tollan,    Cholula  seems   to  have   jtreferred    from   tiiis 

])eriod  a  re[>uhlican  form  of  home  rule,  similar,  if  not 

identical,  to  that  in  voi^iie  on   the  eastern  jdatt'.ui  at 

the    comiiiLT  o{'  the    Spaniards.^''     Four  of   (Jutl/al- 

coatl's   chief  discijiles  were  charged   with  the  ('>tali- 

iishment    of  a    })ermanent    government,    whit  h    tiny 

entrustt'd    to    two   supreme    magistrates,    one   clidsrii 

from   tlie  priestluAul  and  exercising'  the   luncliniis  df 

hii>h-priest  under  the  title  of  'i'lachiach  or  'loid   tinm 

on  hiijli,'  and  tho  other   from   the   nohility  hciiiL;   at 

the    lie.id    of   the    civil    m'overmnent    with     thi'    tith 

A(juiach. 

The   reign  of  Nauhyotl,  or   Alitl,^'  at  'i'oUaii  was 

one  of  »»'reut    prosperity    and    ]>eace.      The  new    kiiiu' 

devoted  all    his  eneri^ies    to   pi'omotiniLjf  the  iniory  nl' 

his   capital    city,   wliere   he    re-estahlished    nearly  all 

the  reforms  instituteil  l>*'  C'eacatl  and  i)artiallv  aliul- 

%'  It 


Dates;  i('J7.  ('Iin-iijiri),  \'c_vlia,  iniii.  i.,  |>.  ■_'.">.',  Iian  77!>,  wliiili  iiiii\  In'  a 
iiiis|iiiiil  fill' '.tT'.l.  S-'l' itrT'i'^.  I.illil.iiiiliid .  lliii'inacH  ('\|M'ilii  iiiu  ca^lwaiil, 
and  tlic  ciciwiiin;,'  iif  Naiilivoil,  ur  Naiiliynl/in,  iliiriii,'  his  ali--i'Mir  is  it- 
ciinli'il  |py  TiPiiiui'iiiada,  .U'liiini/.  I  ml.,  t>iiii.  i.,  \\.  -'.")1,  ami  (iiiiii:ii;i,  'ri/cy 
J/ .1'.,  |\i|.  :i.)l,  a*  iiiioti'il  ill  iiiilc  :i:)  III'  lliis  rliaiitiT, 


si 


liii<; 'I i'/ralli|>iira,  I'alilt's  ri's|ii'rtiii;,'  IiIh  lil'f  on  rarlli,  ainl  iiis 


Woi'sliiji  as  a 


set'  vii 


Sec  Mil.  ii.,  |i|i.   1  Jl-'i 


pji.    I'.ISI  •-•IS, 


<<  lliassi'iir,  ///./.  Stil.  I'ir..  Imii.  i.,  p.  M'J'J,  Nays  lliat  iMliKncliiil  in 
one  plarr  calls  litis  kin;;'  NaiiliMill.  .\llliiiii;:li  I  have  lieeii  iinalije  In  liiiil 
this  sialciiieiit  ill  llie  wniks  <il'  ilu>  writer  iiieiitiniieil,  yet  there  eaii  lie  liltic 
lUmlit  of  the  two  Uini's'  iileiitity. 


REKJXOF  XALHVOTL. 


2C3 


islu'd  1>V  Tlucinac.  Ifo  is  reprosontod  as  liaviiijjf 
l(.nki'il  witli  soiiio  inu-asiiicss  on  the  j^n-owiiiy'  juos- 
iiriitv  of  Cliolula,  and  on  thu  ])ili«riniai;cs  continually 


UIK 


Kitakcn    1)V    rcsiilunts   of  Tollan    to    the    castir 


u 


siuiiirs;  hut  instead  of  ivsortiniL''  like  his  |)ro(lccc'ssor 
(o  hostile  measures,  lie  deteiinined  to  eelipse  the 
nloiv  <»f  Chohila  hy  the  eivetion  of  new  and  niavf- 
iiiliciiit  temples  at  liome.     The  iinest  ol"  these  teni- 


\Vat( 


a  CO 


was  that  huilt  in  honor  of  tin;  (Joddiss  of 
t)r  the  Fro<jf  (Joddess,  to  which  was  attached 
leL;o  of  jn'iests  vowed  to  celihacy.  Meantime 
the  wi)is]ii|>  (»f  C'amaxtli  and  Tlaloe  were  more  lirndy 
rstahlislu'd  than  heforo  at  'I'lascala  and  JliU'Xot/inco, 
and  ^land  temples  were  huilt  in  several  Toltec  prov- 
iiicis  w  ithout  An;ihuae,  particularly  in  the  »outh,  ono 
(.1"  tlic  most  famous  hein*;'  near  Quauhnahuac,  lati'r 
Ciiciiiavaca,  the  ruins  of  which  may  he  supi»t»M'(l  with 
sniiio  |)lausil)ility  to  he  identical  with  those  of  Xochi- 
calcd.^''  Alter  liavinij;'  rt'stoi'ed  'I'ollan  to  tlu'  position 
it  liad  occupied  under  Ceacatl  Qui'tzalooatl,  Nauhyotl 
(lied  after  a  reinn  of  iifteen  years  in  1)45.*' 

All  the  authoritit's  an'ii'e  that  Xauhyotl  was  sue- 
ci'i'dcd  at  his  di-ath  hy  his  (pu'en  Xiuhtlaltzin."^  who 
ni^iicd  four  vears,  sIiowIul;'  lifcat  /ea 


I  and 


wisdom  ni 


tlu'  Hiana;;ement  of  puhlic  all'airs,  and  dyiuL*"  vleeply 
vc.rretted  hy  all  her  suhjects.''''  The  Spanish  writers 
iiaiiu'  Tec[>ancaltzin  as  the  suci'essor  t>f  tla;  lamented 


I'liiliiiitliciic,  Toci,  Tclfimiim,  etc.     Sec  vol. 


el  Ml 


|i.  .'l.'iK,    el    hcij. 


*' I'cir  ili'scriplion  nf  Xipcliic'ilco  sec  vnl.  iv.,  y\>.  is;i-'.ll, 
*'  Oil  N.iiihviitl's  rci;jii,  M'l'  J.i'/i7,(iir/,i!/^  ill  hiiii^s/inniini/i'.i 


.1/. 


.itit; 


vul,  i\..  |i|..  -jo;.  ;{J(>,  H'.l.'t,   l.'ilt,    IlKi;    I'lii/ifi,    '!isf.  Aiil.     M  /.,   til 
"I'l-S;   Tiir'/iiriinii/ii,  Mini'ir/.  //(«/.,   loiii.  i.,    p.  .'{7;  I  '/m  r/i  ra,  S/ 


|.p. 
.liif. 


,1,   /;, 


tiiiii.  1.,  |). 


!-'7;   I'-/' 


111,'  I  .,7-x  r  V, 


iri/,  llist.  \iit.  ( Vc,  till 


II  iiiiliiiiiiinitl 


I  "'I 


'V\ 


IT 


1/ 

.•U!i-;ti. 


it  II 
If 


II:  /; 


ic  Siiiiiii-.li  u  rill  is  luiikc  liis  ici;^ii  niiiili  !i)ii;;( 


lie  <.)i:i   is  li.iiii 


!l   i\ri'|i|  ( 'lilN  iui'lii  li'lili'M'lllill;.;  Iliiil  il^i  Im\  ill';'  I'l'iullt'il,   liy  I  lie  nill-.i'lll    (»f 


IIS     Hl|ll|l'|'|S,       HCM' 


ll 


M'lirs   n\cl 


li 


IC    llllll'     llll'siTI 


ImmI 


",i7:>  Ki.Ti. 


r 


-'.    iU 


',».  (7i 


iirnirrii. 


S'J'J  SO,  ll|■7li^  SJil.  I.illil.iniliiil.  'riii.|iii'iim(|ii 
mill  I  iiiiiiMi'ii,  lis  i|iiiitt'il  ill  imlr  :ill,  stiili'  iIimI  lliis  kin;.'  iilsn  iiiiin  liril  nisi- 
Waiij  ,il  (lie  lii'iiil  III'  II  liir;;i'  iilliiv  In  inlil  In  liis  iliiiii,'iill  l»\   nilii|ii('s|. 

♦'  \lsii  .\iiilii|iu'iil/iii,  \iiilii|ii<Mil/lii,  aiiil  Xiiili/iilt/iii,  /.(////.I'lc/i///,  iiiiil 
.\illlll/:ill/ill.    \'i  iiiiirrr/. 

*'  Si'f  ii'li'ii'iu'i'.s  ill  initc  17  ami  follow  in;;  paj^i's  of  caili  iviitliiuily. 


i 


160 


THE  TOLTF.r  PKItlOD. 


([lU'eii,  roforrin^  to  liis  luinn  JiikI  to  that  of  liis  sue- 
(vssor  tilt!  events  wliiih  l>rou;L,^lit  al)out  tho  ovt'itliniw 
of  tlio  Toltec  umpire.  The  Nahua  lei'ords,  however, 
iviiresont  <|ii('en  Xiulitlaltzin  as  haviiii^  been  followtd 
liy  her  son  Matlai'e(»atl,  who  reiL,nie(l  f'nun  JM1>  to  1)7;;, 
and  who  in  his  turn  was  su  reeded  hy  'I'Ulcoat/.in, 
ruHnu'  iVoni  1)7^^  to  <.)1)4,  and  |>reeedii»u^  Teepaneah/in. 
respect inijf  wliose  reii^ii  these  records  ay'reo  to  a  mitat 


exti'iit    with    tlie    other    authoriti 


es. 


w 


liavt:    III) 


record  of  any  specifii!  events  tliat  uvCirred  <lniiii^' 
the  reii^ii  of  the  three  soverei:^iis  hist  mentioned,  .sa\c 
tliat  in  C'ulhnacan  Quet/alhu-xoyatl  was  suececdt d 
in  llj.'J  hy  ChMlcIiiuli  Tlatonae,  and  tlie  li>Uer  in  'JiSj 
\)y  Totepeiili,  the  second  of  the  name. 


no 


T  come  now  to  the  last  century  of  the  ]>eriod  to 
Avhich  this  chajtter  is  devoted,  a  century  wli(»se  annals 
irom  a  continuous  record  of  civil  and  relii^ious  stril'e 
in  Auiihuac,  invasions  hy  powerful  hands  from  tlio 
adjeiniui;  rei^ions  on  the  iiorth  and  north-west,  pesti- 
lence and  famine,  resultini;-  in  the  utter  overthrow  of 
the  Toltec  empire.  'I'liei-e  is  somewhat  less  contradic- 
tion amoii!^  the  two  classes  of  authorities  ijiioted  iv. 
spectiuLf  the  events  of  this  century  than  in  the  ease 
of  those  pi'ecedini^'.  'J'he  Spanish  writers  still  speak 
of  Tollan,  it  is  true,  a^  if  that  city  alone  constituttd 
the  empire;  but  the  Nahua  documents  also  asciilic 
nhnost  exclusively  to  T(tllan  tho  occurrences  w  Imli 
caused  tho  destiuctioii  oi'  the  Toltec  ])ower.  Tlic 
latter  documents,  however,  still  kee|)  up  the  thre.id  n|' 
historical  events  at  ( 'ulhuacan  and  in  other  jn'ovince.s, 
and  they  are  doubtless  much  )noro  reliable  in  tlic 
matter  of  dates  than  the  Spanish  version,  bi'sides 
iiarratinn'  the  invasions  of  foreiij^n  tribes,  a  disturliini,^ 
element  in  T(»ltec  ]t(»litics  almost  entirely  iniHitd  ly 
Ixtlilxochitl  and  his  fc' lowers.      Xotwithstandinn' tlic 


/;/■ 


i/i'    lliiiirlioiiri/,    Ifi's/.    Xiif.    Cii'.,    ttiin.    i.,    \t\y.    XW,   XV' 


KIciiiiii,   i'lilhir-disrhiflilr,   iDin.   v.,  |i.    LSI,  h|iciiI<s  of  an  iiil<'irc|,Miiiiii  it 
f  irly-oiglit  yoiii's  utti'i'  tlic  t'.calli  of  (/iiocii  \iiilitlalt/.iii. 


ijki(;n  of  iiri:MA('  ii. 


'2f> 


nciieral  afjrooiiiout  of  tlio  autlioritios  refenvd  to, 
it  must  l>o  notL'd  that  tlie  rocord  is  Imt  a  surci'ssion  «»t' 
t;il<  s  ill  which  the  marvelous  and  supernatural  l.nm'lv 
|.ntl()iuiiiate,  cDiivoyinLf  a  lolorahly  atrunite  idea  of 
the  L,feiieral  course  of  history  durini,''  this  jteriod,  hut 
i!iio\viii<4-  very   little  lij^ht  on  its  details.      Ju  acct)rd- 


aiiii'  with  my  plan  already  announced,  I  have  hut  to 
till  tlic  tales  as  they  ai'e  recorded;  their  ^cneial  mean- 
ing- is  sullicieiitly  apparent,  and  1  shall  otfer  hut  rarely 
cwiijectures  resj)ectinL;;  the  specilic  siLCniticance  of  each. 
Hucuiac  1  I.,  also  known  as  Tecpancaltzin,"  the  ild- 
i-it  soil  of  'I'otepeuh  1  I.  of  Culhuacan,  inoiiiitKl  the 
llii'.iiie  of  ToIImm  in  1>1) 4,"'^  at  a  time  when  that  citv  in 
n  split  of  art  and  hinh  culture  was  at  the  head  of  tlut 
(iiipire,  although  CuUaiacan  still  retained  lu'roi-i«_;iiial 
political  sujuemacy,  Avhile  hoth  'i'eotihucan  and  ( 'ho- 
Iiila  were  rivals  in  the  power  and  lame  of  their  re- 
spective prit.'sthood.  There  are  no  data  for  assionino' 
iveii  approximately  i^xact  limits  to  the  Toltec  eni|>irt! 
at  this  j»('ri»Ml.  it  is  prohahly,  however,  that  while 
tile  Toltec  was  h'ss  ahsolute  and  despoti*^  than  the 
A/.ti'c  power  ill  the  sixteenth  ct'iiturv,  yet  it  was 
i\i  rtrd  throuohoiit  fully  ns  wide  an  extent  ot' territory, 
iiicjiidiiio'  Miclioacan  and  a  hroad  region  in  the  north- 
west !ievt'r  altooether  siihjected  to  the  .\ztec  kiiiys. 
Till'  Toltec  domain  had  heeii  I'lilai'oed  u|-;idiially  hy 
tlir  iiillueiice  of  tht!  juiesthood,  particularly  under 
(laiad  (,)uetzalc(t;itl,  until  there  were  few  |»id\iiices 
tVoiii  Tehiiaiitepec  to  Zacatecas,  from  the  North  to  tlu; 
South  Sea,  which  did  not  reiah-r  a  voluntaiy  alleo'i- 
aiicr  to  the  allied  moiiiircjis  df  the  central  reoion. 
Aiul   at    the   same   time    it    cannot    he    lielieved    that 


olti'.;ll  coiKpies 


t  hv  1 


orce  (»l  anus  had  so  small  a  |tlace 


'liioiio'    tho    eNi'lits   of    Toltec    history    as    the    I 


ecoids 


•illi'd    ii'.Mii    V/tiiiM-all/iii.      l.iflilxorlilU.     .\tfc!>aiifr!ill    anil     i/li 


<|M.II||lUII|. 


I'/..,'  r/,, 


'// 


'liiiiiiliiiiiiiiri 


I  ami  l.i iliLfiiihill,  ai'ciirdiii;;  Ik  // 


l.i:il»,    «:M.    SS},   a-'cor.lih;,'    to    llic  S|iaiii-li    wrilri 


rit.\.\iin\ 


St'c    liiilc     17. 


Cla\i;.'i'iii  i'.'iiiu'fN  tills  kin;.',   uliilc  'rtiii|iinnaila,  liijlowcd  liv  linliiriiii  in 
/'"■'.  liiiil.  M  .!■  .  Mciic  iii.,  I. nil.  iv.,   |i.  'J.'til,  ami  N'olaiicMt,  Tuifin  .l/.,i'.,  p. 


MT.llS    to    lu.    Iltl 


Ilia   W  illl   111  *  ^lU•(•l'^^'0|•, 


lij 


THE  TOLTEC  PEIIIOD. 


Avoultl  iiii[»ly.  I[(ic'iii.'ic  TI.,  unlike  tliu  fii'st  of  tlio 
saiiK!  iiaine,  l)i.'l()iij^c'tl  to  the  wect  of  Qiutzalco.ill, 
iisiiii^'  his  power  to  restrain  the  practice  of  huiii.-iM 
saciiiice  if  not  ultoL(etlier  alcdishin*';'  it  in  the  tvinplis 
of  Tollan.  He  even  seems  to  liave  a«l(K<l  tlie  name 
of  C^)iietzalcoatl  to  his  other  royal  and  pontifical  tiths, 
or  |)ossil>ly  liad  this  title  hefore  his  coronation,  as 
liiL,''h-l)riest  of  the  sect  at  Cnlhuacan.  The  applicatinn 
i){'  this  title  to  llueniac,  and  that  of  Tezcatlip(»ca  to 
the  hinh-priest  of  the  rival  sect,  has  heen  j)roductivo 
of  no  little  confusion  in  the  record,  since  it  is  soiiir- 
tinies  iin[)ossihle  to  decide  whether  certain  events 
shouhl  he  attributed  to  this  reii;n  or  to  the  time  of 
Ceacatl  and  lluemac  I.  The  new  kinjj[  was  iiidowcd 
Avith  line  natural  (jualifications  for  his  position,  and 
inioved  to  a  remarkahle  deufreo  the  contitlence  and 
esteem  of  the  ]»eople.  Durinj,'  the  first  year  he  ruled 
Avith  oreat  wisdom,  speakinjjf  hut  little,  atteiichiiL,' 
most  strictly  to  the  perfoiniance  of  his  religious  dutii  s, 
jind  always  j)romj)t  in  the  administration  of  justice  to 
his  suhjects  of  whatever  station;  hut  the  old  lire  et' 
religious  strife,  though  smoulderiuL!:,  was  yet  alive  and 
ready  to  he  fanned  into  a  confiai^ration  which  should 
consume  the  whole  Toltec  structure.  The  leath  rs  el" 
the  rival  sect,  followers  of  the  hloody  Ti'Zcntli|Hi(ii 
and  hitter  enemies  to  all  foUowei's  of  Quet/aleo.itl, 
although  now  in  the  minority  were  constantly  iiitii'_;u- 
ing  for  the  fall  of  lluemac.  Uut  they  well  knew  tlie 
po|>ularity  of  their  hated  foe,  and  hent  all  their  ( m  r- 
m'ies  to  the  task  of  draLi;-ninin'  him  down  I'rom  his  lofty 
j)edestal  of  popular  esteem,  hy  temptiny-  him  into  the 
commission  of  acts  unw«-)rthy  of  himself  as  hioh-jniest, 
kinn",  aiul  successor  of  the  jj^reat  Quetzalc«»atl.  A 
scandal  was  to  he  created;  wine  and  women  were  n.it- 
urally  the  agents  to  he  employed;  the  tale  is  a  v.  ry 
strange  one. 

l'ai)antzin,  a  Tidtec  nohle  of  high  rank,  ]ireseiii(d 
liimself  one  day  at  court,  together  with  his  daughter, 


t:ik  kin'c's  :\!istim:ss. 


t!if  liciuitilul  Xuchitl,""^'  l>oariiii,'' with  otlu-r  j^ifts  to  the 
I;iii'4  a  kiiul  of  syrup  and  siiL,Nir  iiia«lc  iVuin  iiia- 
mi(V-jiii«'C'  l»y  a  |>r<Kc's.s  of  wliicli  l*a|>antziii  was  tho 
iiivi  ntor.  'J'liis  synij)  is  ltcih  rally  sjtokfii  of  as 
|iiili|iu'.  l>ut  tlit'io  st'cms  to  l)o  littk'  irason  tor  makiiit,^ 
;i  !'(  riiitiitt'd  li(jiior  of  'iMicl  jwii-ta  <lo  ina^iu'y.''^* 
WIi;i«<'Mr  tlio  uatiiio  of  the  syrup,  it  pleased  tho 
rnv.il  jialate,  and  tho  lovely  faeo  and  form  of  the 
vniiiiM  Xocliitl  Avere  no  less  ])leasini>'  to  tho  royal  eye. 
Tlif  kiuL^'  exjiresse«l  his  ajtpreeiation  of  the  now  in- 
vention, and  his  desire  to  receive  additional  samples 
of  the  swt'et  )>i"e]>aration,  at  the  same  time  ti'lIiiiLf 
the  lather  that  ho  would  he  ])leased  to  roeeivo  such 
i^ilts  at  th(>  hands  of  the  dau^liter,  who  mij^ht  visit 
him  lor  sueh  a  purj)os(j  unattended  save  hy  a  s»  rvaiit, 
J'liMid  (»f  tile  honor  shown  to  iiis  family,  an<l  \vitlu)ut 
suspicion  of  evil  intentions,  l*apantzin  oidy  a  few 
ilay^  hitcr  sent  Xoehitl,  accompanied  hy  nn  elderly 
t'ciiiak-  atten<lant,  with  a  new  ijift  of  ma<jfuev-svnn>. 
Tile  attendant  was  dijvcted  to  await  her  mistres;  in 
!i  (iJNtant  apartment  of  the  jtalace,  while  Xoehitl 
was  iiitr<tduee<l  alone  to  tho  pi'esence  of  Huemac. 
l)i!ivcly  the  maiden  resisted  the  monarch's  hlandish- 
nients  and  protestations  of  ar<lent  love,  hut  hy  threats 
iind  force  was  compelled  to  yield  her  ]vrson  to  his 
ciiihiiice.  She  was  tluin  sent  to  tlio  stron^ly-yuarded 
pahice  of  I'alpan  nt'ar  tin.*  capital,  and  there,  cut  off 
IVein  all  conununication  with   iiarents  or  fiiends,  lived 


as  tht 


kini; 


s    mistress. 


H. 


1' 
el'   itarents   were   no 


titled 


that  tlieii-  tlau'>hter  had  hi'en  entrusted  hy  llucnwu! 
to  the  care  of  i'ei'tain  ladii-s  who  would  pcrt'ect  her 
tihication  and  tit  her  for  a  prominent  position  anioiiL;' 

I' inKvnr/ii//.  ]i.  20S,  culls  tlio  iiiimc  Qiii'l/alxmliilzin,  ami  niiikos  luT 
II'  vviii'  iMlliiT  tliiin  tlio  iliiii^litcr  lit'  l'ii|iaiit/iii. 

''  ilil-^lauirlllc.  in  ,S'(»/((»;;i///,    His/.    Hin..    tnin,   i.,lil 


tl 


1.  II 


1' 


IKi,  ciroiic 


liaii;cs  N't'Vtia  wiili  Kayiii;^  tliat  ra|iaiil/.iii  inc-ciilcil  to  llic  kiiiL.' a 
\r>^cl  cif  |iiili|ii(>  invi'iitcil  Ity  Xoehitl.  nia^sriir,  for  irasoiis  not  vcrv  iiilclli- 
;;ilili'.  ii'fi'iN  to  tliiw  iicrioil  Salui'Min's  anoiint  nf  tlic  invention  of  |iiili|U(>  in 
OiiiiiM'  limes  (see  lip.  "JOT  S  of  tills  Miliiiiie).  ami  also  tlie  ellorts  of  tlie  soi- 
eiTi  r>  111  make  (^>iiet/.aleoatl  tlriiik  itiili|Ue  lliat  he  nii;:ht  lie  imliieeil  to  leaMi 
Tolhiii.  I  have  atliihutcd  tliesi-  tales  to  the  times  of  C'eaeatl.  See  [i.  'J.")!) 
Ml  llii>  viijanie.  also  vol.  iii.,  p.  'IVl,  'J.'i.'J,  •JGl. 


370 


Till-:  T«u;rF,('  riniKux 


tlse  ladies  <if  tl»o  court  miuI  for  a  Itrilli.nit  niarriayo. 
'I'o  Papantziu  the  royal  iiiaiiiu'r  of  sliowiii'jf  lioimr  to 
his  rainily  si'i-ined  at  lit'st  novel  aiitl  straiiire,  Imt  lie 
could  suspect  no  evil  intent  on  the  |>art  of  the  i)iuii.s 
representative  of  Quetzalcoatl.  New  favors  were 
suitsequently  shown  the  dishonored  father,  in  the 
shape  of  lands  and  titles  and  promises.  For  ihwv 
years   Ifueinac  continued  liis  nuilty  amour  in  secret, 


and  in  the  nieantinie,  in   1002, 


fiS 


a  c 


hil.l 


was    1m  in  I 


named  i^Ieconetzin,  *chikl  of  the  majji-uev,'  or  at  a 
later  period  Acxitl.  Accordinu^  to  the  Co<ft:r  Chi- 
ninlpo/xHK  the  kiuLf  duriuLT  these  thice  years  ^avu 
himself  up  to  the  jdeasures  of  the  Mine  cuj)  also, 
yielilinuf  to  the  temptations  placed  hefere  Jiim  hy  tin 
crafty  f(»llowers  of  TezcatliiKM-a,  and  (hiriiiiif  one  *>[' 
his  drunken  orufies  revealed  the  sec-ret  of  his  \i)\v; 
hut  however  this  njay  have  heen,  that  secret  was 
llnally  suspected;  J*apantzin  in  the  disi,niise  of  a 
lahorer  visited  the  palace  of  I'alpan,  met  his  daULiliti  r 
with  the  youui;  Meconetzin  in  her  arms,  an«l  listeiud 


to  the  tale  of  her   shai 


ne 


The  ano-rv  father  seetie 


to  have  heen  (piieted  with  the  promise  that  Iii> 
(laui^diter's  son  should  he  j)roclaimed  heir  to  the 
thrijue,  since  the  (|ueen  had  home  her  hushand  only 
daULjhters;  hut  the  scandal  <  .ice  susjjected  was  spread 
far  and  wide  h}'  the  priestho«)d  of  Te/A-atlipoea,  ami 
the  faith  of  the  Tolte<'s  in  their  saintly  njonarch  was 
shaken.  The  «pjeen  haviiiif  died,  X<»chitl  Mitli  lier 
youuL^  son  was  hi'ou<,dit  to  the  royal  jtalace,  and  tlieir 
is  some  reason  to  suppose  that  she  was  made  llin- 
macs  lejj^itimate  ([ueen  hy  a  rei»ulai'  mariia^e.  \'t  ly 
serious  dissatisfaction,  and  even  »>i>en  hostility  anionic' 
the  j)rinces    of  highest    raidv,    wert;    I'xcited    hy    tin 


]< 


iiu 


actions,    hoth    on    account    of    the'    shanutiil 


nature  of  such  acts,  and  also  hecause  their  own 
chance  of  future  succession  to  the  throne  was  de- 
stroyed hy  J[uema«''s  avowed  intention  to  niako 
Acxitl  his  heir.      Evervthinijr  i)resa<^,'d  a  revolutitm, 

"  UK")!.    I'ri/tia      WO.   Wtilxurhill. 


T(  >  V  i:  YO's  A I )  V  i:nt  r  K  r.s. 


271 


ami  till-  f'tos  uf  Qui.tzaK'oatl  wtTc  (  Ikhmt*!  witli  liopcs 
III' ;i|)]>roa('liin;r  triiiiii])li.  1  luc'inac'.s  initid  w.is  lillrd 
with  tn»ul»le,  whicli  all  the  Hattoiy  of  tin;  «(»tirt  cuiild 
imt   wliollv  remove,  anu  the  |)rosj)ects  of  his  fainily 

■  •  ■   the    fact    that    the    v*)!!!!'' 


UiIV 


not    hiiij^hteii! 


t'S 


Acxitl  from  his  hiith  had  the  jthysicil  pecidiariti 
iiivdjited  l»y  the  projihet  lliu'iiiaii  of  oldeii  time,  in 
.  .iiiiitttion  with  siu-h  widespread  and  fatal  disasters. 
\'.  t  it  was  hoped  tliat  hy  can-ful  iiistnutioii  and 
traiiiini;,  even  the  decrees  of  fat«!  mi'^ht  l»e  r"^■"rsed 
.iiiil  ini|K'ndin,H'  disaster  averted,  espi-cially  as  in  'ind- 
liuiid  and  yonth  i>rince  Acxitl  yfave  most  ch-crinii: 
priiinise  of  future  jLfooiJness  and  ahility/"*' 

Another  event  served  to  increase  the  troubles  that 
111  Mini  to  nii^her  ahout  the  throne.  It  appears  tiiat 
lliicniac  'i^v  ids  first  <[Ueen  ^faxio  liad  three  ilaii,jiit- 
1  I-  who  were  much  son^'lit  in  ma*'riaL;e,  rather  for 
iiiMiives  of  political  amhition,  p('rha|>s,  than  love,  hy 
the  Toltec  nohles.  ( )ne  csj)ecially  was  i^ieatly  heloved 
liv  Iicr  fatlu'r  and  none  of  the  many  aspirants  to  lu-r 
li.iiul  found  favor  in  her  eyes.  One  day  while  walk- 
iii'^-  anion^'  the  llowers  in  the  royal  ;i»"ar(lens,  she  came 
u|i<iii  a  man  sellinj.;'  chile.  Some  of  the  ti'aditions  say 
th.it    the   ]>epper-vi!nder,    'I'oveyo,''^   was  Tezcatiipoci 


wild 


had 


issumed   the  appearance 


«) 


I  jdelu'iaj; 


at 


any  rate  he  was  entirely  naked  and  awakened  in  the 
liiisuiu  of  the  princess  a  love  for  wiiich  her  Toltecr 
siiititi's  had  siij^hed  in  vain.  So  vioK'nt  was  her  j»as- 
siuii  as  t«)  l)rini»"  on  serious  illness,  the  cause  of  which 
wa^  told  by  her  maids  to  Ilnemac,  and  the  indulL-eiit 
lathci',  thouiji'h  very  an^rry  with  Tovi'vo  at  first,  finally, 
a>  the  only  nu'ans  of  restorinn'  his  daughter  to  health, 
Miii'^ht  out  the  jdeheian  vender  of  pepper  and  forced 
him   perhajts  not  very  imii-h  a<4ain,st  his   will,  to  he 


h.fu 


"  Si'c  ri'«.|i('('tiiij;  tilt'  lifHt  part  uf  Hii(Mimi''s  n'i;rii,  ^  vHi!.t  irliill.  in  Kinqs- 
hi,r  -i,i/,\t  M,.f.  Anil'/.,  Mil.  ix.,  pp.  •_'n7,  :i.S-«(,  4llil;  \'ri)/,fi.  Ihst.  .\iil. 
M  I  .  tmil.  i.,  p.  'M'l,  I'f  ^«t'll. ;  Tnn/iiriinii/ii,  M'Uiiir'/.  /.'/'/.,  tiiPi.  i..  p.  H7; 
lii'i  SI  III- i/r  Itiiiirliiiiin/,  llisl.  Suf.  *'ir.,  tiiiii.  i.,  pp.  I»U7— JS. 


I'P 
Tiilii'Mi.  Siiliiniiiii.     'rnliui'vn,  '<nir  iu'i;,'lil»iii'.'  lirunnciir. 
Hi'i-iu  to  Itiivc  boon  ui'i;j;iiia!ly  ii  prtipcr  iiuiiiu. 


It  iliii's  nut 


Tin:  T(n;n:('  pintion. 


whsIumI  and  (Ires.^ecl  aiul  to  become  tlie  luisband  ot'tlie 
love-sick  }>rineess.  'I'his  inaniai^e  eauised  <j;Teat  (li>- 
satisl'artioM  and  indignation  anionLj"  the  Toltecs;  an  iii- 
(li_,niation  that  ineasilv  understood,  however  the  lenviid 


lie- 


he  intei'pretutl.  In  case  a  hteral  interpretation  h 
cepted,  tiie  upper  classes  in  Tollan  may  natui'nlly 
have  heeii  shocked  hy  the  admission  of  a  low-lioiu 
peasant  to  the  royal  I'amily;  on  the  other  hand  tlu) 
version  ^iven  may  have  originated  with  the  dis.i])- 
j)'.)int('d  suitors,  who  gratified  their  sj>ite  by  reviiiiiL;' 
the  siicci'ssful  T(>veyo.  It  is  also  possible  that  tlir 
legend  synd)oli/A's  by  this  marriajj^e  the  granting  nf 
new  privileges  to  the  lower  classes  against  the  a\  ill  of 
the  nobility ;  however  this  may  lu',  the  result  w.ss 
wide-spread  discontent  ready  to  burst  I'orth   in  nj 


ten 


revo 


It. 


Among  the  disaffected  loi'ds  who  opoidy  nnoltiil 
against  'i'ollan,  ( 'ohuanacotzin,  J  luehuetzin,  Aiiiht  - 
nancalt/in,  and  Mexoyot/in"'' arc  mentioned,  by  Ixtlil- 
xochitl  as  ruK-rs  of  ])rovinces  on  tlu;  Atlantic,  i»y  \'' \- 
tia  as  lords  of  regions  extending  from  (.^)niahui/,tl;i:i 
(according  to    Hrassenr,  \'era  (.'ruz)  northward  alon::' 


the  c<»ast  of  the  North  St'a  to  a  point  beyond  .I.ili^- 
Respecting  the  events  of  this  revolution  of 'I'oltcr  | 


I'd- 


ymces  thus  yagneiy  loc 


ited, 


we  nave  on 


lytl 


le  coiiti 


nation  of  Toveyo's  adventures,  which  Heem.s  to  Iu'Iohl;" 
to  this  war.  The  tale  runs  that  Huemac,  somewhat 
irightened  at  the  stoi'in  of  indignation  which  foljowrl 
his  choice  of  a  son-in-law,  sent  him  out  to  tight  in  tli  • 
wars  of  Cacati'pec  and  ( 'oat(>pec,  gixing  secret  oidi  is 
that  he  slioidd  be  so  stationed  in  battle  as  to  be  iiH'\i- 
tably  killed.  The  main  body  of  the  Toltcc  anny 
yielded  to  the  superior  numbers  of  the  foe  and  llnl  t  i 
Follan,  leaving  Toveyo  and  his  followei's  t()  thcii'  fii'  ; 
but  the  latter,  either  by  his  siipeiioi'  skill  or  hy 


1 


)owers  as  a  magician,  notwitlistandiuLi' the  small  I'mi 


■''■*  I'lir  ii   fuller  iii'cnimt  "f  tlic  tiilc  uf  'rovcvn,   hcc  vol.   iii,,  pji.  'Ji:i-I. 
Alsii,  Sii/i'ii/ini,  /lis/.  Hill.,  (mil.  i.,  lili,  iii.,  |i|),  'JlT-H. 
*"  Colitiiiiuu'tix,  lluel/iii,  XiuliU'imii,  ami  .\li'\oyot/iii. 


OMENS  OF  DESTRUCTION. 


STS 


at  Ills  command,  utterly  routed  the  enemy  and  re- 
tuiiud  in  triumj))!  to  the  capital,  where  tlie  kinii;'  and 
]M()[ilf  nreived  him  with  Ljreat  honors  and  puhlic  de- 
iiiHiistrations  of  joy.  For  a  time  the  kingdom  seems 
tn  liave  remained  witliout  disturbance,  and  fortune 
(line  more  smiled  on  Huemao.'* 

As  to  the  exact  order  in  which  occurred  the  snh- 
sc((neiit  disasters  by  which  the  Toltec  empire  was 
overthrown,  the  authorities  ditt'er  somewhat,  al- 
tli()U""li     aiifreeiiiij:     tolerably    well     resiiectinij:    their 


natiin 


M 


my 


jvents  ascribed  bv  Brasseur  to  Jfue- 


iiiac's  reiiifn  are  by  Veytia  and  others  describi'd  as 
having'  hai>pened  in  that  of  his  successor.  Thero 
can,  however,  be  but  little  hesitation  in  followiiin"  the 
chn»iioh>o-y  of  the  Xahua  documents  often  refei'red 
to,  in  jtreference  to  that  of  the  Spanish  writers.  The 
latter  is  certainly  erroneous;  the  former  at  the  woist 
is  only  pi'obably  so.  With  his  returniuL;'  j)rosperity 
the  kiiiL>'  seems  to  have  returned  to  his  evil  ways 
while    the    partizans   of  Tezcatliitoca    resumed    their 


in 


triyiies    an'ainst    hii 


n. 


Tl 


ie    sorcerer    assem 


bled 


nn< 


n'hty  crowd  near  'J'ollan,  and  ke|)t  them  danein;^^ 


ti>  the  nuisic  of  his  drum  until  midnight,  when  by 
reason  of  the  darkness  and  their  intoxication  they 
crewdrd  each  other  off  a  ])recipi('e  into  a  deep  ravine, 
wheii'  they  were  turned  to  ston(>.  A  stone  bridge 
was  also  bi'oken  by  the  necromancer  and  crowds  ))re- 
fipitated  into  the  river."'  ( )ther  wonderfid  aets  of 
the  soreerer  aufainst  the  well-beiiiir  of  tiie  Toltees  as 


m 


'<"  I ii/i/.riir/n'/f,  in  Kiiiiisltiiriiiii//i'.s  .Vra*.  Anfii/.,  \'>A.  i\.,  it|i.  'J(>7.  .'V.llt; 
V'ljtiii,  lli.st.  Aiif.  Ml/.,  tiiiii.  i.,  II.  'JTI,  I'l  M'i|.;  Sii/iiiijiiii,  Ills/.  Hi  II.,  iniii,  i., 
lil'.  iii,.  |i|i.  'J lit-,") I.  nnissfur,  Hisl.  Sill.  <'ir.,  Inin,  i.,  |)|i.  ;t."iti  •!((,  i('|in'?*i'iiti 
t'liliiiiiiinniN  mill  Mi'voxnl/iii  an  lonU  of  (j>Mi:iliiii/ll:iii-.\iiMliiiMc,  nr  N'ciii 
t'liiz,  Kill  ;;i\('H  III)  failliri  ilctiiils  iif  llirir  ri'Mill.  Iliirl/iii,  lie  mils  llio 
I'liiiii'  111'  .liilisci),  stilting'  that  lii'  inanliril  at  tin'  lii'ail  uf  a  lar;.;i'  army 
iiu'iiin-l  liiu'iiiai',  iiiit  wa.H  ilctV.itril  at  t 'uati'iHT  iirar  'I'nllaii  liv  tlif  lnasi'iy 
iij  Tii\r\ii,  will)  ili'iivi'  liiiii  witii  ^'ii-at  Idss  l)ai'k  to  llio  froiitii'i's  uf  .lalisni. 
l'"iir  ilii>c  I'arts  III' refers  til  iin  ntlier  aiiiliDiilii-M  tliim  tliDxi'  iiii'iitii)iii'il  in 
tliJN  iiiiti>,  ami  tlii'MC  ciiiitaiM  mi  mihIi  iiiliiiiiatiDn. 

'•^  s,,liiiifi,ii,  llinl.  (I'lii.,  timi.  i.,  lil).  lii.,  p.  'J.'il.     Itiiissciir  lias  no  ilillW 

ciilty  ill  iiiiii|iictin','  tlii.s  tulo  tu  iudii-iitij  an  uaiUniiniUe. 
Vol,,  V,    iH 


1^ 


274 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


related  ])V  Saliai^un  liavo  been  i,''ivon  in  another  \.il- 


uiiie 


fa 


From   OHO    of    the    iieiuhhoniiir    volcaii 


nc 


flood  of  jL^'lowiuuc  la\a  ))oured,  and  in  its  lurid  jinlit 
.appeared  frii^htful  speetJes  threatenin<(  the  eapital. 
A  sacrifice  of  captives  in  luMior  of  Tezcatlipoca,  was 
d»!cided  npctn  to  appease   the  aiii^ry  jLjods,  a  sacriticc 


wUu 


h  Jl 


ueniac  Vii 


18  forced  tt)  sanction.      JJnt  wht  i 


1  a 


yonnj^  hoy,  chosen  hy  lot  as  the  first  victim,  was 
place<l  upon  the  altar  and  the  ohsidian  knife  j)hiiim(l 
into  his  breast,  no  heai't  was  found  in  his  body,  and 
his   \eins  were  without    blood.     The    fetid   odoi-  ex- 


haled from  the  cor 


»se  caused   a  pe 


I' 


'stil 


ence  nivniNiii-f 


ecs 


thousands  of  deaths,  'fhe  stru^^'^les  of  the  'J\)h 
to  uet  rid  of  the  bodv  have  been  elsewhere  related.'^ 
Next  the  Tlaldc  divinities  appeared  to  Hui'inac  as  1id 
walked  in  the  fort'st,  and  were  implored  by  him  imt 
to  take  from  him  his  wealth  and  liis  royal  spleiidnr. 
The  ufods  were  wroth  at  this  petition,  his  apparent 
sellishness,  and  want  of  penitence  for  past  sins,  and 
they  departed  ann()uncini""  their  purpose  to  biini;' 
j)Ian'ues  and  suHerin^-  upon  the  proud  Ttdtecs  for  ,si\ 


year; 


'i'he    winter    of    101 8    was    so    cold    that    all 


plants  and  seeds  were  kille'd   by  frost,  and  was  t'n| 
lowed  by  a  hot  summer,   which   paridied    tlu*    wlmlc 
surface   of    the   coimtry,  dried   up   the   streams,   and 
even  calcined  tlu;  solid  I'ocks. 

I  fere  seem  to  belonn"  tlu!  series  of  ])lafjuesdes(iiiird 
by  the  Spanish  writers,  although  attributed  by  tlniii 
to  the  followini,^  reiyn."*  The  ]da^ues  ben'an  willi 
heavy  storms  of  rain,  destr(>yini!f  tlu;  ripeniu'^'  rvo\)>, 
ilo()(hiii^"  the  streets  of  towns,  continuing  Ibr  a  huiidivd 
♦  lays,  and  causing'  inreat  fear  of  a  universal  (1i1iil:i'. 
Heavy  gules  followed,  which  leveled  the  linest  hiiild- 


«2  Sc(>  vol.  iii..  p().  2J.^-.S. 

<"  \iil.  iii.,  p.  217.     Tiu"  ntluT  (IclailH,  liko  the  interview  with  iln'  Tlii- 
lot's,  iiic  I'niiii  till'  Coi/ix  ('hiniiilixiiKifii, 

^'*  l.i-lliixiK-lull,  ill  Kiiiiisliiiviiiiiih's  Mix.  Aiifii/.,   vul.  ix.,  pp.  'JaT  s,  .'t'.'H- 


:il»;    I'li/fui.  Hist.  Ant.   Mj.,  ti)ii 


I''//// 


•-'H(», 


!tH 


|.      Dnli's,  lll'.tT.  il  -I'l' 


I,  ft  Ht'n,   Ixllil.iiirliitI .    Tlu'rc  is  III)  a;,'r('iMiiciit  iilioiil  \\\v  'lui'i 


tiiiii  tif  (111-  plii);iii'H,     'I'iicy  scciii,  liowi'MT,  toliavo  lii'fii  i'iiiilimiipii>  im  .ii 


Icartl  livi 


JfUI> 


iriliotl 

IthrHi 

with 

|nlrt<l 

luiia- 


I'  iliini- 
lor  .It 


PLAOUKS  SENT  UPON  TlIK  TOLTKCS. 


975 


111'-' 


rs  to  tlio  ufroinul;  and  to.uls  in  ininionso  ninnlxM-s 
(iimtimI  tlio  i^nound,  coiisumiiiL;'  cverytliin^"  tidililo  aiul 
( \tii  piMiL'tratiniif  tli<>  tlut-llinL^s  ot"  the  pooplo.  'I'lio 
IK  \t  year  nnprt'ccck'nted  liuat  and  drouL»"lit  pivvailcd, 
It  iidt'iinL,''  usc'K-'ss  all  ai^ricidtui'al  lal)or,  and  causinii; 
iiiiicli  starvation.  Next  lu'aw  frosts  d(.'sti"o\H'd  what 
littli!  tlic  heat  had  spared,  not  even  the  hardy  ina^iiey 
surviviiiiif;  and  then  eanie  U[u)n  the  land  i^i vat  swarms 
of  l)ir<ls  and  locusts  and  various  insects.  LioJitninn" 
:iii(l  hail  completed  the  work  ot"  dexastation,  and  as  a 
result  of  all  their  atHictions  I  xtlilxochitl  informs  us 
tli.it  nine  hundre<l  of  every  thousand  Toltecs  ])erished. 
lluemac  and  his  followers  wen;  held  responsihle  for 
(li.s.istei's  that  had  come  upon  the  jieople;  a  hunL^ry 
iiMih  of  citizens  antl  strangers  crowded  the  street  of 
Toll.ui  and  even  in\aded  the  palace  of  the  nohles, 
iiistiLjated  and  headed  hy  the  [)artizansof  Tezcatiip«»ca; 
.mikI  the  \<\\\'^  was  even  forced  at  one  time  to  abandon 
the  city  for  a  time.     The  Codex  ChnnnJpopoca  ri'pre- 


iited  the  loniif  rain  already  referred  to  as  liavin 
tiiciirred  at  tlu)  end  of  six  yi'ars'  di'ouij^ht  and  fam- 
ine, lUid  to  have  inaun'urated  a  new  season  of  plenty. 
1  \tlil\ochitl  refers  to  bloody  xvars  as  amonij;'  the  t)vils 
el'  the  time.  All  we  may  learn  from  the  confused 
iniiiimts,  is   that  the  Toltec    emjdre    at   that   i>eriod 

as    alHicted    with   war,   famine,  and  pestilence;  and 


that   th 


ese   a 


ftiict 


tons   wi 


re  attributed  to    the  sins  of 


lliieuiac  1  1.,  by  his  enemies  and  such  of  the  peo]tle  as 


tl 


lev  CO 


uld  influence. 


11 


Alter  the  plagues  were  ])!ist,  and  ])rosperity  had 
i^aiii  beo'tm  to  smilo  upon  the  land,  llin'inac  aban- 


1 


(iniH'd  Ills  evil  ways  and  n'ave  his  whole  attention  to 
pidiiiotinijf  the  welfare  of  his  people;  but  he  still 
tliiiiL!;'  with  fatal  obstinacy  to  his  purpose  of  placimjf 
his  son  on  the  throne,  and  determined  to  abdicate 
iiunicdiately  in  favor  of  Acxitl.  Jlis  father,  kiii^' of 
Ciilhiiacau,  died  in  lO'JtJ,  and  the  crown,  to  which 
Jliieinac  himself,  as  the  eldest  son  Avoidd  seem  to 
have  been  entitled,  passed  to  Totepeuh's  second  son, 


i 


tit;d 


276 


THE  TOLTEC  PEIUOD. 


Niiuhyotl  IT.  Tt  i.s  possible  tliat  Huemac  consented 
to  this  concession  in  consideration  of  the  support  it' 
tile  new  kini;  in  his  own  projects  at  ToHan.  Altrr 
tht>roM<>lilv  canvassinjif  the  sentiments  of  liis  vassal 
loids,  and  ci)n(inatin«;  the  jjood  will  of  the  waveriii' 
Ity  a  pfrant  of  new  honors  and  possessions,  he  jiiih- 
licly  announced  his  intention  to  place  Acxitl  on  the 
tiirone.  The  immediate  conse(iuence  was  a  new  re- 
volt, and  from  an  unexpected  source,  since  it  was 
ahi'tted  if  not  ori«^inated  hy  the  followers  of  Quet/al- 
coatl,  who  deemed  Acxitl,  the  <'hild  of  adulteious 
love,  an  unworthy  successor  of  their  great  i)ropht  t. 
]Maxtlatzin  was  the  most  ]^rominent  of  the  many 
iioMes  who  espoused  the  rebel  cause,  and  Quauhtii 
was  the  choice  t>f  the  nialcontents  for  the  rank  (  l' 
hii^li-priest  of  Quitzalcoatl,  To  such  an  extremity 
was  the  cause  of  lluemac  and  his  son  reduced  tli;,r 
they  were  forced  to  a  compromise  with  the  two 
leaders  of  the  revolt,  who  consented  to  support  th(! 
causi'  of  Acxitl  on  condition  of  beinuc  theniselvts 
raist  ',  to  the  highest  rank  after  the  son  of  Huemar, 
and  of  forming  with  him  a  kind  of  triumvirate  by  wiii(  h 
the  kingdom  should  be  ruled.  All  the  authoritits 
agree  respecting  this  compromise,  although  only  tlio 
dociiments  consulted  by  Brasseur  speak  of  oj)en  iv- 
volt  as  the  cause  which  led  to  it.  It  is  evident,  liow- 
ever,  that  nothing  but  the  most  innnineut  dangn' 
could  have  induced  the  kingof  Tollan  to  have  enter« d 
into  so  humiliating  an  arrangement.  Immediatt  ly 
after  the  consununation  of  the  new  alliance,  the'cliild 
of  the  maguey'  was  crowned  king  and  high-]iri- >t 
witii  «jTeat  cereiuiuiv  in  lO'Jl),  under  the  title  of  To- 
pilt/,in  Acxitl  (^)uetzalcoatl.  Tojdltzin  is  the  nanio 
by  wiiich  he  is  usually  called  by  the  Spanish  writns, 
although  it  was  in  reality,  like  that  of  Quetzalc<»atl, 
a  title  held  by  several  kings.  Acxitl  is  tiie  nnHv 
convenient  nanu>,  as  <listinguis]iing  him  clearly  iVoin 
his  father  and  fr»)m  Ceaeatl    (^uetzalcoatl.      Ihkiii.n 


EX(^K.S.Si:s  OF  .A 


niK 


I  0 


''.VITL, 


11  Oi 


'1     XiH-hh]     IVtU'Vi] 


277 


JK'ti.Hi  With  j.ul.lic  art 


I  ins 


CJ 


ostcn.siMv  fi 


oni  all 


Xiiilit 


111  lure  ix'ln 


w  lords  of  ,list; 


con- 


lufc 


■JIfd 


•^P'MNttl.eJ^iMM-ofTnll 


tlufralleu-faricL'  to  Acxitl-  I 
".'-•",  pfi-hajKs  tliuir 


provi.Kr.s,  Tri„.|n,rt 
1,  mIio  Ji.hI 


iiiaiiacotzii 


zin. 


once 


fnl 
T 


It's 


al)ont   tlioin 


"•  'H'^v  inonarcl,,  then  al 


«'\v'i  (liHiciilt 
<3ni>-ai.i',I 


''^■.•••t  lirst  thev  f 


I",  Hon-  n-nisfd 


or  soiiio 


"I    Mo    o 


'^'•^  ^vith    tiu.  uiM 


J''i"l  tlio    Jiio-J 


tiK 


'  I"'oiniHo   of  1 


>oiit  I'ort 


!•<''»    Iiostilit 


y  VL'ar.s  of 


It's. 


ti^  counsels  (,r  j.is  ref 


IIS 


•.^v,  jiist- 


wHi'lr  lo,. 
•  JiMce    of  J 

\^'iv  infiHil)! 


y'titli,  aiKl  o'„uK.',|  I 


«evera_l  years,  o-,-.,,! 


oniit'd  i;.,t| 


y 


iiall 


*'»•,  rule, I  ,,„,;|. 


\\'^  ^^''ii^K  jiut  the  ;i 


y  .iriiiniiio-  tj, 


""!  Aexitl,  like] 


"ivrees  of  th, 


•'  eonfi- 


■'"  I"  Jiialt 
I 


ve  u 


IVlMt'-. 


iii->  t'\i 


«^' "'Hiis  position  oFhi./jM 


passions.     If 


/^"•■•iNipoca  and  1 


'«  inciters  and 


'"'.''■^  "f  every  rank 
'7''^  they  Mould 


»'H  crafty  parti 


•sans. 


ciiiiir 


•x.iMinl 


u 


'e    ^v.•ls    fol 


that   I 

"»crit  divine  f 


liin, 

1  ,  '"of 

''.•\\'  <lid  hf  fall 

'-pnest  t.»oT..,ti(V 

Were  stijl 

">  lH'r.sna<li.d 


!i,L;ents 
\vl 


y  yit'ldin-  to  the  1. 


IV  or, 


'^•li  church  di^-nit 


?^'v'    ''V    Ix'th  nohles 


•  ■nliscc 
I'l'lV 


irie; 


find 


Tl 
and 


villi 


•■••''tedtoinb-;.:cj;;;7^-7';['tiK.t;'nipi 

was    oMoJ I  -/."•''^^'t.\  <or-ot  all  tli.i.-  v ,.. 


•'jN'fily  Were  tl 
'''I'lt    tile   hi,, -I 


••s    employed    \vl 


ic  royal 
priests. 
I  pies 


I  ere 


'^  ';c'jiiireni,;nts  o( 


persuasion    failed 


Kir    \o\V; 


.'-i'nestess  ..f  the  (Jo,M 


"loralitv  (1 


>o 


^'T''T  "^"  '•<'A'^'   I'loo.! 


'•^re-arded, 


!,'"'''': 'l^"Q"ctzalcoatl 


»    on   a 


pil 


,^'^  ol  the  Wat 


cr 


Tinia 


(Ii 


•'  cliir'   noi 


afr. 


«',  I- 


i\v, 


1  i.- 


took 


'•  "^'"f  that  city  an.I  I 
''cdedtothe  hio-l 


..i-  /  tl     ,    ,    r'v^'MiiaLi'e 
'\V'"'"^'''''^e''<'PcnI 


to     tl 


le 


pciily  with 


""■"  '""1  .•!  son,  \v\ 


spread 


"."I'lcte   p,,s,s, 


lest  eccl 


to 


'"'"'•diate  auti 


iiU,'"  toeiti 


H>ri ty  of  Toll 


■^^lon  t)f  sot 
e-s;. •111(1  proviiKvs 


'•^'■•'■^tical  ,.,i„k 
'•'ty  in   ; 


If: 


I"-     .i-'iil>lic  all 


"ot  uiidt-r  th 


If'Lr.lutf, 


Ill's   Wert 


•"I'-'l.    ItiO.       I'l 


ill   A' 


•'"  aiKlii 
I'l'.  -'71-1.      I), 
',"/""■".   ill    //,• 
lilMlllI 


i>iilxl> 


il.'it 


•'""//('•'•  ^^.x.  .( 


"), 


I'x  lilt'  ii.'i; 


( 


"'•  K'i'l.      |t,,(, 


tiiiil  ,s,S'>      ; 
■tl 


"''■'/ .    Vllj. 


i\. 


I'l' 


//''"'.     I  lis/.    .{„f 


;{•-'!». 


'1-:;.''': 's  '>'-^rC:::n^^^^ 


''"I  IX  t')llli.,l  (I 


'""■"",  in  J,l    II 


I'lillll 


»  'iiu'iimc  ,|i(.,|  j,t  ii, 


I  AiMliiniii,.,,     ^Y 


in  1 1  inc. 


Ion 
'•■tinliiii 


I.   I. 


I'l'. 

I"    tlj«! 


278 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


loft  to  bo  managed  by  unscrupulous  royal  favoriti  s; 
the  prayers  of  tlio  aj^ed  Huenuic  and  Xocliitl  to  tin' 
gods,  like  their  remonstrances  with  Acxitl,  were  iin- 
availintr;  crimes  of  all  kinds  remained  unpunislicd  ; 
rol)hery  and  murder  were  «^f  freipient  occurrence;  aiitl 
the  king  was  justly  held  resj>onsil)le  for  all. 

But  Acxitl  was  at  last  brought  to  his  senses,  ami 
his  lears  if  not  his  conscience  were  thoroughly  aroused. 
Walking  in  his  garden  one  morning,  he  saw  a  small 
animal  of  peculiar  appeai'ance,  with  horns  like  a  (icci-, 
which,  having  been  killed,  i)roved  to  be  a  ralil.it. 
Shortly  after  he  saw  a  /nilfziliii,  or  hunnning-ltird, 
with  s[)iirs,  a  most  extraordinary  thing.  To])ilt/iii 
Acxitl  was  familiar  with  the  Teoann)xtli,  or  *(li\  iiu; 
book,'  and  with  Hiiemac's  predictions;  well  he  knew, 
and  was  contirnied  in  his  opinion  by  the  sages  and 
priests  who  were  consulted,  that  the  jdienomena  oli- 
Kerved  were  the  tokens  of  iinal  disaster.  The  kiiiL;"s 
reformation  was  sudden  and  complete;  the  juirsts 
lield  out  hoj)es  that  tlu^  ])rodigies  wi-ie  warnings,  and 
that  their  consecpiences  might  possibly  be  aveittd  l<y 
prayer,  sacrifice,  and  reform.  'I'lie  Spanish  wiitcis 
introduce  at  this  j)eriod  the  series  of  ])lagues,  w  liidi  1 
have  given  under  Huemac's  reign;  and  Urasseur  adds 
to  the  a[)pearance  oi'  the  rabbit  antl  the  huniininu- 
bird  two  or  three  of  the  wonderi'ul  evi'uts  attrilmlcd 
by  Sahagun  to  the  necromaiu'er  Titlacnaon,  witlioiit 
any  reason  that  i  know  of  for  asci-ibing  th'.;se  ocrin- 
reiu'cs  to  this  particular  time.  Such  were  the  ap- 
})earance  of  a  l)ird  bearing  an  arrow  in  its  claws  and 
menacingly  soaring  over  the  doomed  capital;  the  fall- 
ing of  a  great  stone  t>f  sacrifice  near  the  pit  >i  nt 
locality  of  (  hapultepec;  ar.d  the  coming  of  an  dd 
W(Mnan  sidling  paper  flags  which  proved  fatal  to  e\t  ry 
])urchMS(;r.''*'  Tiiese  events  occurred  in  IU.'Uj  and  tlu' 
following  years.  Tin;  king  was  wholly  unable  to 
check  the  torrent  of  vice  which  was  Howing  over  tin) 
land;  indeed,  in  his  desire  to  atone  for  his  past  faidts. 

^'>>  Sit  hi  11/ It  II,  Hint.  Ucii.,  toi'i,  i.,  lib.  iii.,  p.  '-'54. 


CIIICIiniEC  INVASION. 


27g 


lie  seems  to  liRve  resorted  to  such  severe  measures  us 
til  have  (let'eated  liis  own  aims,  converting  his  former 
iViciids  and  flatterers  into  liitti-r  foes. 

In  the  midst  of  other  trouhles  came  tlie  news  tliat 
lliiehuetzin  was  marching  ut  the  head  of  tlie  rchel 
fdices  t(»»vards  ToUan,  and  was  ali'eadv  most  succcss- 
fid 


on 


tl 


le   inn 


thern  iVontier.      The   other  tw(t  lords 


from  the  guH' coasts,  who  iiad  refused  to  acknowhdge 
tlic  |»()wer  of  Acxitl,  were  in  h-ague  with  Hiieliuet- 
^iii.      l'nal)le  to  resist  tliis  formidahle  armv,  tlie  Tol- 


tec  KHig  was  compe 


lied  t( 


o  send  ami)assa( 


dors  1 


lean  11  ir 


rich  presents  to  sue  for  peace, — according  to  the  Span- 
ish writers  at  the  capitals  of  the  distant  rel)elli(,'US 
provinces;  hut  as  Brasseur  says  to  the  heaihjuarters 
of  the  hostile  army  not  very  I'ar  from  'I'ollan.     The 


ireseiits  were  receive*. 


I,  hut 


no  satislactorv  agreement 


si'iins  to  liave  been  made  at  first.  Veytia  and  Ixtlil- 
xochitl  spi!ak  vaguely  of  a  truce  that  was  concluded 
as  a  I'esult  of  this  or  a  suhserpient  emhassy,  to  tlio 
etlt'ct  that  the  Toltecs  should  not  he  molested  for  ten 
vtais,  an  old  military  usage  re<piiring  that  ten  yeai's 
should  always  intervene  between  tlie  declaration  (jf 
war  and  the  commencement  of  hostilities;  and  the 
latter  states   that  the   armv   was   withdrawn    in    the 


mid  not  be  ob- 


)rasseur, 


lueantime,  l)ecause  suthcieiit  su|>|>ln's  co 
taiut'd  in  the  territory  of  the  Toltecs,  J 
\\irh(int  rel'eri'inof  to  anv  other  authorities  than  those 
named,  tells  us  that  alter  remaining  a  whole  year  near 
TolJan,  lluehuetzin  was  forced  t)  return  to  his  own 
|iro\inco  to  repel  the  invasions  of  hostile  tribes,  wliich 


triiics.  it  is  mill 


lied. 


were  induced  to  coUiL-  soutliwait 


I 


niid  to  harass  the  'I'oltec  iini  lons.''^ 

Taking  advantage  of  the  pii'carious  condition  of 
thi'  foltecs,  many  of  the  triin's  e\en  in  and  about 
Amihuac  shook  olf  all  allegiance  to  tlu;  empire,  iiiid 
lieianie    altogether    inde}>ei!dent;    anil    at    tlie    same 

'"  Vv}il!ii,  lli.sl.  Ant.  Mij.,  toiii.  i,.  |i|i.  l2S'.»-7;  Ixllll.iiirliill,  in  Kiu'/.i- 
h'lviiiuili's  Ml  x.  Aiiliij.,  Mil.  i\.,  ii|i,  ;(_",l-;n ;  ilnt.i.\iiir  <lr  lliiiirhijiirij,  ILst. 
.\'it.  (■,,-.,  idiii.  i.,  |i|i.  ;{7(»-S.">. 


ii\ 


280 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


time  Humorous  Chicliiuiee  trii)os  from  al)roacl  took 
tulvantajjj'c  of  the  favurablo  o|)[)ortunity  to  sct-uiu 
lionies  in  tlie  lake  reij;iou.  These  foreign  tril>e.s  aiu 
all  reported  to  have  come  hoin  the  north,  hut  it  is 
extremely  (loul)tful  if  any  aeeurate  information  iv- 
spectini^  tlie  invaders  has  been  preserved.  For  tl.c 
ronjecture  tliat  all  or  any  of  them  came  from  the 
(listant  north,  from  California,  Utah,  or  the  Missis- 
sil>pi  Valley,  there  are  ahsolutely  no  ^rouiuls;  nl- 
thouij^h  it  is  of  course  im])ossiltle  to  prove  that  all 
came  from  the  region  adjoininuf  Anahuac.  l\\  far 
the  most  reasonable  conjecture  is  that  the  invaders 
were  the  mmierous  Nahiui  bands  who  had  sett  ltd  in 
the  west  and  north-west,  in  ^[ichoacan,  .Jalisco,  and 
Zacatecas,  about  the  same  time  that  the  nations  called 
Toltecs  had  established  themselves  in  and  abdiit 
Anahuac.  Jh-asseur  finds  in  his  authorities,  the  only 
ones  that  o'ive  any  ])articulars  of  the  invaders,  that 
amonL(  the  lirst  Chicliimec  bands  to  arrive  wt  le  the 
Acxotecas  and  Ezth|»iclin,  both  constituting-  toovther 
the  Teotenancas.  The  Eztle})ictin  settled  in  the 
valley  of  Ti'iianco,  south  of  the  lakes,  while  the 
Acxotecas  took  possession  of  the  fertile  valleys  ahont 
Tollan.  A  war  between  Xauhyotl  II.  of  C'ulliuaean 
and  the  kinn*  of  Tollan  is  then  va^'uely  recorded,  in 
which  Acxitl  was  vii-torious,  but  is  su}>j)ose(l  to  have 
suffered  iVom  the  constant  hostility  of  C'ulluiaraii 
from  that  time  forward,  although  that  kinndom  soon 
had  enough  to  do  to  defend  her  own  ])ossessions. 
The  l^zth'pictin  introduced  a  new  divinity,  and  a 
new  worship,  which  Acxitl,  as  successor  of  (.^)uet/.al- 
coatl  made  a  desperate  etlbrt  to  overthrow,  lb' 
marched  with  all  the  forces  ho  could  comnii'.nd  \<< 
Tenanco,  but  was  defeated  in  everv  battle.  \\  hat 
was  woi-se  yi't,  duriniif  his  absence  on  this  campaign, 
the  .Vcxoteca,  braiudi  of  the  invaders  were  admiitid. 
undei-  tluur  leader  XalliteiU'tli,  by  the  partisan^  e!" 
Tezcatli[u)ca  into  Tollan  itself  Civil  strii'e  ensued 
in  the  streets  of  the  capital   between  the  three  ii\al 


TOKENS  OF  DIVINE  WRATH. 


981 


sorts,  until  Tollan  with  all  her  noble  striu'turcs  was 
AVi  11  iiioh  in  luins.  At  the  same  time  wars  were 
■w.i-i'd  between  the  three  allied  kinijfdoms,  and  pest 
and  famine  came  once  more  ujion  the  land.  These 
(.■\(  iits  occurred  between  1040  and  1047."" 

It  was  evident  that  the  gods  were  very  angry  with 
tliis  unhapjty  peo}>le.  To  avert  their  wrath,  as  Tor- 
([iitiiiada  relates,  a  meeting  of  all  the  wise  men,  priests, 
and  nobles,  was  convened  at  Teotihuacan,  where  the 
gilds  tVom  the  most  ancient  times  had  been  wont  to 
hear  the  i)rayers  of  men.  in  the  midst  of  the  proi)i- 
tiatoiy  feasts  and  sacrifices  a  demon  of  gigantic  ]n*o- 
jiiiitions  with  long  bony  arms  and  fingers  a[»])eared 
(lancing  in  the  court  where  the  peo})le  were  .issembled. 
\\  liiiliiig  througli  the  crowd  in  every  direction  the 
(1.  iiKiii  seized  upon  the  T(jltecs  that  came  in  his  way 
and  (laslied  them  lifeless  at  his  feet.  Multitudes 
jii  rislu'd  but  none  had  the  strength  to  tly.  A  second 
time  the  giant  appeared  in  a  slightly  ditferent  form 
and  again  the  Toltecs  fell  by  hundreils  in  his  gras[). 
At  Ills  next  a[)pearance  the  demon  assumed  the  tbrm 
of  a  white  and  beautiful  child  sitting  on  a  rock  and 
L:'a/.in'j-  at  the  holv  citv  from  a  nei!>hl)orin<'-  hillto]). 
As  till!  people  rushed  in  crowds  U)  investigate  the 
iicw  plienomfsna,  it  was  discovered  that  the  child's 
head  was  a  mass  of  corru])tion,  exhaling  a  stench  so 
i'atal  that  all  who  a]»|>roaclu'd  were  strii'ken  with  sud- 
den death.  Finally  the  devil  or  god  apj>eared  in  a 
t'eiii!  not  recorded  and  warned  the  assendily  that  the 
fate  of  the  Toltecs  in  that  coimtrv  was  sealed;  the 
l;i>(1s  Would  not  listen  to  furtliei"  petitions;  the  people 
ciiiild  escape  total  annihilation  only  by  fiight.  The 
inldy  broke  U}),  and  the  mend)ers  returned  to  their 


<'ISSe 


linnies  utterly  disheartened.'''"' 

baige  ninnbers  of  the  Toltec   nobles   had   alreadv 


i  v-\ 


:  I 


c',1 
ii 


'■■^  llniMnir  ifi'  lliiitrlmiini.  Hi-'if.  X'if.  I'ii:,  toiii.  i.,  |i)i.  ;{S.V.);?,  \"cytiii 
aiiil  Ixliilxiicliitl  arc  "criisiiiimlly  ri'lCrii'il  to  mi  llicsc  cxciits,  Imt  tin- fliap- 
tcis  i-ifciicil  to  (•(iiiiain  alisiiliiti'lv  iicilliiii;;  on  tlu'  Milijcft. 

"  I'lir/uvmuda,  Monarq.  linL,  torn,  i.,  pji.  37-S. 


! 
i 
1 


i'i 


282 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


.abandoned  their  country  and  departed  for  foreimi 
jirovinees,  and  this  eniii^ration  was  constantly  on  tlid 
increase  even  bot'ore  it  was  definitely  determined  liv 
the  ruler  to  niii^^-ate.  In  the  meantime,  it'  Brasstin's 
thoiities  may  be  credited,  a  new  sect,  the    ixtiii- 


aut 


nanus  or  'masked  matrons,'  introduced  their  rit(  s, 
includinu^  l)hallic  worship  and  all  maimer  of  sorciiy 
and  del)auchery,  into  Tollan,  thus  adding-  a  new  cle- 
ment of  discord  in  that  fated  city.  The  Ixcuinaiiies 
orii^innti'd  in  the  re<»'ion  of  lYmuco  amoni>-  the  liiias- 
tecs,  and  bcLjau  to  Hourish  in  Tollan  about  lOoS.™ 
To  civil  and  reli^iou!-"  strife,  with  other  intrin.il 
troubles,  was  now  adiled  the  peril  of  forei^'ii  invasion. 
Accordiui^  to  the  S[)anish  writers  the  ten  ycais' 
truce  concluded  between  Acxitl  and  his  foes  mult  r 
the  cominjind  of  Huelau'tzin,  was  now  about  to  e.\- 
I»ire,  and  the  rebel  ])rince  of  the  north  api)eare(l  at 
the  head  of  an  immense  army,  ready  to  submit  liis 
dili'erences  with  the  Toltec  kiiii^  to  the  arbitration  of 
the  battle-Hi'ld.  Aceordim;'  to  Ih'asseur,  the  Ti  o- 
Chichimecs  invaded  the  rest  of  Amihuac,  while  the 
former  fo'  s  of  J  [uemac  and  his  son,  untler  lliieliiitt- 
zin,  from  the  pi'ovinces  of  Quiahuiztlan  and  .lalixo, 
threatene<l  Tollan.  1  may  remai'k  here  that  1  have 
little  faith  in  this  author's  division  into  tribes  of  tin' 
hordes  that  invaded  Anahuac  at  this  period  and  in 
the  followinL*"  years.  We  know  that  many  bands  tVom 
the  surrountlino-  region,  particularly  on  the  north,  most 
of  them  ]>robably  Nahua  tribes,  did  take  advaiifa'^c 
of  internal   dissensions  amonij^  the  Toltec   nations  to 


mvai 


le    tl 


le    cen 


tral 


reo-iou. 


or  a  })erio( 


1   (.f 


nianv 


vears  they  warred  unceasinoly  with  the  older  nations 
and  amonu^  themselves;  but  to  trace  the  fortunos  ot 
j)articidar  tribes  through  this  jnaze  of  inter-tiihal 
conflict  is  a  hopeless  task  which  J  shall  not  attempt. 
!Manv  of  these  so-calleil   C'hichimec   invadinii:  trills 


oinl 


afterwards  became  threat  nations,  and  ])layed  a  }»i 
nent  part  in  the  annals  to  be  n'iven  in  future  cli.i['- 

TO  Brn,fsciir  i/c  JJoiir/ittiiri/,  IL'.sf.  X<((.  Cir.,  toiii.  i.,  jiji.  -l()()-'2. 


(•((NQIEST  OF  ANAHIAC 


ti'is;  iiiid  wliilo  it  is  not  iuijn-oltaUle  that  .some  (f 
tlu'in.  as  the  Teo-Cliicliimecs,  Acollmas,  or  'ro|)aiK'cs, 
If  i(k'iiti«'al  \vith  tho  iiivadiiii^  tril)es  wliifli  ovoi- 


\Vi 


aii- 


tliirw  the  Toltee  empire,  there  is  no  sufficient 
tlioiitv  t'oi-  atteiMptiiiLr  so  to  icleiititV  anv  one  ot"  them. 
Neither  do  1  tind  any  authoi'ity  whatevi-r  ior  the 
(onji'tture  tliat  tlie  inva<leis  were  harharian  liordes 
tioiii  the  distant  north,  who  hn)ke  throU5;:h  the  belt 
(if  Nahiia  nations  which  sni'ronnded  Anahuac,  oi' 
wi  re  iiisti^ated  hy  those  nations  from  jealousy  of 
Tnhcc  i)ow».'r  to  undertake  its  overthrow.  \vt  it 
wmild  l>e  lash  to  assume  that  none  of  the  wihl  trihcs 
tiMik  part  in  the  ensuiniif  stru^'i^le;   as  allies,  or  undi-r 


\ 


iliua 


lead 


el-s. 


th 


'V   1 


)ro 


hahl 


V  rentlerei 


I  etK 


cielit   al( 


I 


to  tlif  ('hirhiniei'  invaders,  and  afterwards  in   manv 


ce 


ni(M 


L;ed    til 


eir 


tribal 


e.Mstenee  m 


that 


oi 


tl 


le 


(  liichimec  nations. 


Tlie  other  'I'oltec  cities,  Otompan,  'IV'Zcuco,  Culhua- 
(•;u),  seem  to  have  falh'ii  hefoi'e  the  itivaders  even  ho- 
forc  Tollan,  aithounh  it  's  vaguely  n-ported  that  after 
tile  (Icstruction  of  (Jtonipan  the  kiny-  of  Culhuacan 
fun II  (1  a  new  alliance  for  defeiisi;  with  A/capuzalco 
,111(1  ( 'oatlichan,  exdudiuL^"  'I'ollan.  All  the  cities 
w.if  s.i'-ked  and  hurned  as  fast  as  conquered  except 
Ciilliiincan,  which  seems  to  liave  escnjied  <lestruction 
hy  admittiiii;'  the  invaders  within  her  i;ates  and  pi'oh- 


alilv  oecominn"  tlieir  alhes   or  vassals. 


Tl 


IIS   was   m 


lOdlt. 


lift '11 


Meantime  I  luehuetzin's  ibrces  were  thieati'ii- 
Tollan.  I>y  strenuous  efforts  a  larL;e  army  had 
raised  and  e(pii|)ped  tbi-  the  defeiisf  ot'  the  royal 
ciUiM'.  The  j)rinces  (.^>uaulitli  and  Maxtlatziii,  lately 
allied  to  the  throui',  br«»UL;lit  all  their  forces  to.iid  the 
kiiiL:  against  whom  they  had  Ibrnicrly  rebelled.  The 
iliiVtl  lluemac  came  out  from  his  retirement  and  strove 
with   th(!  ardor  of  vouth   to  ward   olf  tlu'  destruction 


will 


ii  li  he  could  but  attribute  to  his  indiscretionsof  many 
vraiN  an'o.  Even  Xochitl,  the  kind's  niothei",  is  re- 
]iiirtr(l  to  liave  enlisted  an  army  of  amazons  i'rom  tho 


lifdssriir  I 


If  Hniirliiiiirif,  Hist.  Xiif.  C'l'r.,  tmii.  i.,  [>\k  -IO'J 


281 


THE  TOLTEC  PEUIOD. 


women  of  Tollan  and  t(^  liave  placed  horsc'lf  at  tin  ir 
liL'ud.  Acxitl  fonncd  liis  anny  into  two  divissions.  nuv 
(jt"  wliicli,  under  a  lord  named  Muehiietenuxr.itl 
marilied  out  to  meet  the  enemy,  wiiiie  the  otiiei",  com- 
manded liy  the  kini^  himiself,  was  >stati«»ned  witliiu 
intrenchnients  at  Tultithin.  The  advance  army,  :it'hr 
one  day's  hattle  without  decisive  result,  tell  l)a(k  .ind 
determined  to  act  on  the  detensive.  lieintbrced  \>y 
the  division  under  Huemac,  and  by  Xochitl's  ama/oiis, 
who  f'ouL,dit  most  hravely,  (Jencral  HuehueteniiM  ,itl 
carried  on  the  Mar  tor  three  years,  hut  was  at  l,i>t 
driven  back  to  join  the  king.  At  Tultithm  a  final 
stand  was  made  by  Acxitl's  orders.  For  many  davs 
the  battle  raged  here  until  the  Toltecs  were  ik  ally 
exterminated,  and  driven  back  step  by  step  to  'i\i|laii, 
Xaltocan,  Teotihuacan,  and  Xochitlalpan  successi\»  ly. 
Here  Huemac  and  Xocbitl  were  slain,  also  Quaiilitli 
and  AEaxtlatzin.  Acxitl  escaped  by  hiding  in  a  ta\( 
at  Xico  in  Lake  Chalco.  In  a  final  encounter  (  m n- 
eral  Ifueluietenuxcatl  fell,  and  the  small  renmant  i^' 
the  Toltec  army  was  scattered  in  the  mountains  and 
in  the  marshes  of  the  lake  sliore." 

From  his  ])lace  of  conceahuent  at  Xico,  Topilt/.iii 
Acxitl  secretly,  visited  Culhuacan,  gathered  a  t'rw 
I'aithful  followers  about  him,  announced  his  intention 
of  returning  to  Huehue  Tlajiallan,  j)romised  to  inti  i- 
cede  in  their  behalf  with  the  Chii-himec  emi)ernr  ot" 
their  old  home,  and  liavinu'  committed  his  two  inlaiit 


"  Snch  is  the 


ount  jiivcn  liv  Ixtlilxocliitl  niul  Vovtia.     I'm- 


vt'i'sinii,  uIiIiiiultIi  fill    idcil  on  tlic  saiiii'  iuitlmrilifs,  dill'i'is  wiilclv.    A' 


iiij;  to  tliis   vcrsiim,      uiiilt/iii   Acsill   ninaiiu'il 
.Maxtliii/.iii  witli  tin 


r 


ill.'ili;   C>Uiinlilli    .'ili'l 


I'll  HiHMiiac  iriarrlicil  tn  iiici't  tlic  I'l 


Aft 


cf  :i  liiTi'i' 


iiiillii't  iK'ar 'I'lillitla      lastiiij:  scvfial  il;i 


til 


f  ariiiv  was  dnvcii 


lurk    t.l 


'I'lillaii.  'I'lii' kiii;^  rt':  'veil  tti  burn  tlit>  rity  and  leave  the  ctiiinli.v .  1  "i' 
tin!  liurniii;,'  of  Tttllan  >alia;,niii,  JIt.s/.  Urn.,  tmn.  i.,  lil).  iii..  ]•.  ■_'•">■").  i-  n'- 
ferred  ti>,  where  he  sa  ,  'hizo  (jneniar  todas  las  easas  (|iu'  tenia  licili;i-  ilc 
jilata  y  tie  runeha,'  etc  ret'errin^'  tn  the  departure  of  t^lnet/ah'oatl  tm  Tl.i- 
iiallaii.  The  l^tnetza  nail  alluded  to  may  he  either  Aexitl  or  CimiiiI 
hetreatiii;;  to  Xaltocan  and  then  towards  Teotihnaean,  a  tinal  stand  \v:is 
made  hy  iliu-nnie,  Xocliitl,  Maxtlat/in,  ami  Muehuemaxal  illiiilnu- 
tenux<'atl?|  a^^ainst  the  ('hichimees.  The  'I'idtecs  were  utterly  dit'citiil, 
and  of  the  leaders  Xoehitl  and  )^>uauhtli  fell,  Aexitl  eoneealin;;  liim-ili  l"t' 
several  weeUs  in  the  eaves  of  the  island  of  Xieo.   7//.v/.  .S'nt.   Cir.,  t"'ii.  i  , 

jip.  4(ir)-<j. 


FLIGHT  OF  ACXITL 


9BS 


.liiMivn  PiH'liotl  and  Xilotzin  to  faithful  ouardiai's  to 
Itr  lirouyht  u|>  in  ii^Mioranro  of  tlieir  royal  Itirtli,  ho 
It  ft  the  cimntry  in  IOG'2."^  Ho  is  isiij>|)ose(l  to  have  <,'-ono 
Miiitliu.iid  Mcfoiupaniod  l>y  a  ft-w  folU)\vois.  ( )tlK'r 
lioilits  of  'I'll!  tecs  liatl  })reviously  aitaiulonod  the  eoiintry 
aiitl  "/one  in  the  same  direction,  and  Jai .;  3  nnnihers  aro 
rciM>rte(l  to  have  remained  in  Culhiiacan,  C'holnla, 
( 'li;i|iiiheitec  and  many  other  towns  that  aro  named. 
A\vtia,  Ixtlilxochitl,  Tonjuemada,  and  Clavii^ero  tell 
\\s  tliJit  of  these  who  Hed  some  founded  settlements 
1)11  the  coasts  of  both  oceans,  from  which  came  parties 
at  sultsecjuent  ])eriods  to  re-estahlish  themselves  in 
AiKihiiac.  Others  crossed  the  isthmus  of  Tehuanto- 
jH'c  and  ))assed  into  the  southern  lands.  The  other 
authors  also  ayree  that  of  those  who  escaped  destruc- 
tion jtart  remained,  and  the  rest  were  scattered  in 
various  directions.  None  imply  a  general  migration 
Lii  luasse  towards  the  south.'*     Lists  are  iriven  of  the 


■1  LfiliLnirhill.  in  Khi(ishorniirffi'.t  ^fl•x.  A  lit  in.,  vol.  ix.,  pn.  20S,  .331-:*, 
a'.i."!.  l.iii,  tilil.  Tlii>  iiutliiir  rMiiiiiitcH  the  total  losf*  of  the  Tohees  in  the 
liii^il  «;ir  at  .•{.•JO0.(MH».  antl  that  of  tiie  enemy  at  •_',-J(M>,(MH».  He  wtates  that 
'i'ii|iili/.iii.  iiefiiic  his  (lepartnie.  visiteil  Alla|ian,ii  province  on  the  South 
Sim  m\i\  iiiitilicil  his  few  remaining;  Milijects  that  after  many  eenturies  jio 
wiiiilil  ivtiiru  til  punish  his  foes.  He  reached  'l'la|>al|an  in  wifety  anil  lived 
III  llir  ii;^!'  of  1(14  years  ;,'really  respected.     He  reconU  a  tradition  amoiijj 

the  rill on  people  that  Topiltziii  remained  in  Xico,  and  many  years  after 

wiis  jiiineil  hv  Nezahualcovotl,  the  rhichiniec  emperor,  and  others.  This 
aiitlior  ihilcs"  tiie  tinal  defeat  of  tiie  Toltecs  in  l(»ll,  aV.>,  !t.')8,  and  l(M»f. 
Vmiiii.  tlisi.  A  III.  .l/'7'. ,  torn,  i.,  ]>p.  '2S7-3(»4.  This  writer  jjives  the  date 
a^lllii;  siiites  that  Topiltzin's  yonn;;est  son,  Xilotzin,  was  captured  and 
killril;  ;;ives  ICiPJ  as  the  nnuilier  of  Toltecs  assenililed  in  Culhnacan  heforo 
llic  kiiiir's  departure.  Topiltziu  reached  <  )yome,  the  < 'hichimec  ca|iital,  in 
silVl\ ,  mill  was  kindly  received  l»y  the  emperor,  Acauht/iii,  who  succeeded 
til  the  li.riiiie  in  tliat  year,  to  whom  Topiltzin  jrave  all  his  rij^fhts  to  the 
kiii;.'i|iiiii  (if  ToUan,  on  condition  that  he  would  punish  the  enei  lies  of  tho 
Tnltcrs.  lie  died  in  1 1. ").").  Aecorilin;r  to  ( 'lavi;.'ero,  N/o/Vff  Aiif.  ilil  ,1/.  .v- 
.'■/'•'),  tiiiii.  i..  p.  i;U,  the  T(dtee  empire  ended  with  To[>iltziirs  death  in 
M.VJ.  Most  modern  writers  ta!.e  the  date  from  ('lavi','ero.  JSrasseur,  ///\7. 
.V'''.  i'n\,  torn,  i.,  p.  410,  says,  'Apres  avoir  donne  a  tons  des  conseil.s 
■  'iiiliji-  lie  ,saj:esse  sur  la  future  restaiiration  de  la  monarchie,  il  jirit  eonji6 
ilcii\  II  tiaversa,  sans  etre  connu,  les  jiroviuces  olmei|Ues  et  alia  jirendro 
liMiiiT  ,t  llueya]ian,  non  loin  ties  lieii.x  oil  le  ii;rantl  ♦^"^''''■'il*'"'""''' 'i^'!'ifc 
ili'-lKini  111!  sii'cle  et  tlemi  auparavant.  L'histoire  ajniite  nu'll  fzai.Mia,  aveo 
nil  ;:iiiMil  nomlirc  tie  Tolt^llues  emigrant  commo  lui,  les  ctiutrees  myste- 
rii'tisi'^  lie  i  lapallan,  oil  uprbs  uvoir  fond6  uu  uouvel empire,  il  niourut duim 
uue  lii'ureusc  vieillesse.' 

"'  Oil  the  Toltec  empire,  see  Pir-trott's  .l/ij.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  11-14;  Vlin-ttUvr, 
.1/'.''.  .\iiriiii  ft  .]fnil.,  p](.  4S-r)'2;  Mtillci;  Aiiirrihnii.'ichr  l'rriliirii>iiiii,  pp. 
4J(j,   ,').'.'-.");   M,n/.r\-  J/..f.  Aztec,  etc.,  vol.  i.,  p.  «.">;  ,SrfwijlcnijT,i  Arch., 


286 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


Toltec  nobles  that  remained  In  Analiuao  and  of  tlie 
cities  where  they  resided.  The  kiru^er  number  wero  at 
Culhuaean,  under  Xiuhtemoc,  to  wliom  the  kinijj-'.s  cliil 
dren  were  confided.  These  remaining  Toltecs  uiio 
afterwards  called  from  the  name  of  their  city  C'ul- 
liuas." 

JJrasseur  finds  in  his  two  Nahua  records  data  Ww 
certain  events  that  took  place  after  the  flight  of  '[\<- 
|)iltzin  Acxitl.  Maxtlatzin,  as  he  claims,  esciqitd 
from  the  final  battle  and  intrenched  himself  in  oiic  of 
the  strong  fortresses  amonijf  the  ruins  of  Tollan.  The 
Cyliicliimecs  soon  took  possession  of  the  city  in  two 
divisions  known  as  Toltec  Chichimecs  and  Nonolniul- 
cas.  They  even  went  throuiifh  the  forms  of  choosiiiir 
a  successor  to  Acxitl,  selecting  a  l)oy  named  IMatlac- 
xochitl,  M'hom  they  crowned  as  Hueniac  1 1 1.  To 
him  the  diiefs  rendered  a  kind  of  mock  allegiance,  hut 
still  held  the  power  in  tlu''-  own  hands.  Desperate 
struggles  ensued  between  the  two  Chichimec  hands 
led  by  Huehuetzin  and  Icxicohuatl,  tlie  followers  of 
Tezcatli[)0('a  under  Yaotl,  and  the  forces  (if  ^NFaxtlat- 
zin  in  tlie  fortress.  The  result  was  the  nuirder  of  the 
mock  king  about  10G4,  and  the  final  abandonment  of 
Tollan  soon  after.  It  is  claimed  by  the  authorities 
which  recoi'd  these  event'^  that  Huemac  IF.  sur\i\e(l 
all  these  troubles  and  died  at  Chapultepec  in  l(i7t'.'" 

Vdl.  v.,  |i|).  9r)-r):  Ornzro  y  Bi-rrn,  Gmifrnffn,  pp.  Ofl  7.  1.1S-4();  Hinx, 
Ciiiii/iiiii/.  IJist.  Mi\i\,  pp.  r>-(i;  Villtl-Sn'iiir  1/  Sniir/n  z,  T/ii'iiIni,  linn,  i, 
l)p.  \  ',\\  Ilil/i.s'  S/iini.  ('iiiiij.,  vol.  i.,  p.  L'ST;  Miilhr,  llrisrii,  toni.  iii  .  ]i|i, 
HJ-U;  J.iirini::ii,  in  Mii.sio  .}fij:,  tmii.  iv.,  p.  44."i;  (rniiiiiifds  //  (iulci:, 
Tiinli's  Aiiicr.,  pp.  14-17;  linxhin,  \\\  Nmirrllis  Aiuki/is  i/c.s  !",'/••  ''^"'"> 
torn,  cxxvi.,  pp.  lis  40;  Ddinnifcfi's  /h\i<r/s,  vol.  i.,  pp.  .H'.(-t();  l-'u\tiv'ii 
J'n-llfi/.  linriM,  pp.  ;i41-4;  Mi(i/rr\s  Ulisrrvd/iiiiin,  p.  (i;  l'<(rliii/i(/  /■!s/iiii(i.sii, 
llisl.  Mr.r..  toiii.  1.,  pp.  '1\{\  '1\' 

"  I'ri/fifi,  Hist.  Ant.  .V«7..t(im.  ii.,  pp.  18  ill;  /.rl/if.n,r/iil/,  ill  h'ii'-h- 
hi>riiiiif/('.\'  Mi\i\  Aiilii/.,  Vdl.  ix.,  pp.  HS.'l  4.  .'i'.l.'t  I;  Tnr'/iiriiiKi/n,  .U"»i'i'/. 
Jiiif.,  ttnii.  i.,  p.  'M ;  Cliiriijcrn,  Starln  Aiit .<li I  Mrsnim,  luiii.i.,  p.  \'.\\\  Tin' 
iiiiiiilicr  of  rciniiiiiiii;! 'ruilccH  is  (■Htiiniitcil  ill  Ki.dlll),  wlm  wnv  ili\  iilciliiiii 
ii\i'  piutifs,  fdiir  dl'  iIkmii  .Ht'llliii},'  nii  tin-  foast.s  ami  iHlninlH,  iiinl  tlif  lil'ili 
uiily  I'l'iiiiiiiiin;;  in  .Amiliiia:'. 

"i  Uni.i.sr'ir  i/r  ISiiiirli,)iir<i.  U  si.  Xitl.  ('if.,  fom.  i.,  pp.  41'l-'j;t.  I -ii|i- 
]idHi>  tliat  (iiis  iiifurinatidii  was  (akcii  from  tiic  Cmlr.f  iliniilni  .iIumiIv 
i|Udti'il  SCO  p.  'J.'KI  df  this  Vdlmiio-  ami  applii'il  liy  tlic  samr  aiillinr  in  an- 
dliicr  work,  ami  with  appaiciitly  licttcr  rcasdiis,  In  tin-  ovi'itlirdw  nl  liii' 
great  oriyiiiul  Naliua  i-iiipia'  in  tlio  muiUIi. 


of  the 
wero  lit 
Vs  c'hil- 
;s  were 
ty  Cul- 

latii  I'tir 

,    of  To- 

u  one  (it 
iiu.  Tlic 
y  in  two 
onolmul- 
choosin;^^ 
:Mutlac- 

Lll.       To 

iiince,  hut 
JcsiH'vato 
HOC  hands 


\o\\( 


.t 


Muxtlat- 
dcr  of  tlii; 


^luncH 


t  ot 


luthol'itios 
svirvivftl 


lu 


h'^-»(>;   It' 


III  I'd, 


1(1111.      !■! 


Itlllll.  Ill,,  It' 
,.   II  liiih'i:. 

r',.)/.,  is:>ii, 


1 1  /■: 


7" 


^/,  ill  /\H(i; 


(ii\i 


i;ii-,  'I'l"' 


Ulil  lll>'  li""' 

[).OH.        \   Ml]'- 

,/)V(   aliv.iily 
Mill"!'   ill  ill'- 

|tlin>N*  ol  till' 


DOVv'NFALL  OF  THE  EMPIRE 


287 


Tt  is  not  difficult  to  form  a  tolorahly  c-lonr  idi^a  of 
tilt'  state  of  utiiiirs  in  Analiuac  at  the  downfall  of  the 
Ti'Ut'c  eni})ire,  notwithstanding'  the  confusion  of  the 
]•(  idi'ds.     Tiiere  is,  as  we  have  seen,  no  evidence  of  a 

iioral  niiuration  southward  or  in  anv  other  (Hi'ection. 


i;(.; 


it  is  true  the  records  sjteak  of  a  hirn'e  majority  of  the 
Tukics  as  liavinn"  migrated  in  different  (Urections  as  a 
result  of  their  disasters,  but  it  nuist  he  remend)ered 
that  in  America,  as  elsewhere,  historical  annals  of 
lailv  periods  had  to  do  with  the  deeds  and  i'ortunes  of 
jiiicsts  and  kin^s  and  nohle  families;  the  common 
jiiDMle  were  uselul  to  fiL;ht  and  ])ay  taxes,  hut  were 
altont'ther  unworthy  of  a  place  in  history.  It  is  proh- 
a'»K'  tliat  the  name  Toltecs,  a  title  of  distinction 
latlicr  than  a  national  name,  was  never  ajiplie*!  at  all 
to  the  conmion  people.  When  hy  ci^il  strife  and 
foreign  invasion  their  power  was  overthi'own,  many  of 
the   leaders,   spiritual  and   tem|)oral,  d()uhtless   al.an- 


(Mlicd 


tl 


le  country,  ]» 


referrinof  t()  try  their  fortunes  in 


the  siiiithern  provinces  which  seem  to  have  suffrred 
liss  than  those  of  the  nt)rth  from  the  'Poltec  disasters. 
Tlitir  exiles  took  refuse  in  the  Miztec  and  Za|)otec 
jji'ovinces  of  <  )ajaca,  and  some  of  them  prohahly 
oi'ossc'd  to  (luati'mala   and   Yucatan,  Avhcre  thev  were 


ii'it    without    induenco    in    nioldiiiijf    fntnri!    ]»o 

t'Vflll: 

Ai 


liiical 
The  mass  of  tlu;  Toltec  people  remained  in 


d 


ii.iliiiac;  some  or  them  ki'pt  up  a  distinct  nationa 
r\!>ti'iice  for  a  w!  ile  in  ( 'iilhuacan,  and  perhaps  in 
('li(ih;la;  hut  most  simjily  heeaine  suhjects  of  the  in- 
vadiii'^'  chiefs,  whose  laii^ua^'e  and  institutions  wcio 
fnr  l!ie  most  j»art  identical    with   those  to   which  they 


liaij  lii'eji  accustoine(| 


h  •  population  had  heeii  coii- 
si(lci;iM\-  diminished  naturallv  hv  the  maiiv  vears  of 


stn 


inline,  aiu 


|)est  I 


lellce 


hut  this  diminution  was 


,i;i'cally  e\an',n"erah'd  in  the  records.  The  theory  that 
t'lc  population  was  reduced  to  a,  few  thousands,  iiio.st 
cf  ulioin  lei't  the  country,  leaving- a  few  chiefs  with 
tlicir  followcM's  in  a  desoiate  and  harreii  land,  from 
which  even  the  invadinu'  hordes  had  retired  immedi- 


..  I 


:M 


288 


THE  TOLTEC  PERIOD. 


ately  after  their  victory,  is  a  very  transparent  al)sui(l- 
ity.  The  Toltec  downfall  \vas  the  overthrow  of  u 
dynasty,  not  the  destruction  of  a  people.  The  cii- 
siiiniif  period  was  one  of  hitter  strife  hetween  ri\;,l 
hands  for  the  power  Avhich  had  heen  wrested  i'rnm 
tlie  Toltec  kings.  The  annals  of  that  period  cannnt 
he  followed;  hut  hiatory  recommences  with  the  suc- 
cess of  some  of  the  struggling  factions,  and  their  dj- 
velopmeut  into  national  powers. 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE    CIIICIIIMEC   I'tlllOD. 
Tin:  CiirnrrMrrs  rv  a>,  . 

-MTi,-(nN,^,,..s,.  ,„,.   riMiri.vv  '''•- '  »<^^ll<m,,  Son  (.|.-   A,. 

'"■"'"■'■'•*■  '""i"»t.'.nci  ti,„     „;^"'';*'- '""  ">  <"'i.'i'  t„ 

,,   ""'    liltio   tliiit  i,  Jii„,,,.„      e  ,1 
"  "'"'■'■liTo  t.-iko  ,„,  ,1,       '  '"  •■   '"niivr  ,1,,,,,,,;.   I 

f;'{^.::s^t!^^^^^^^^  


1 


ill 


^1 


131 
'1 


290 


THE  CHICrilMEC  TERIOD. 


I  i! 


event  occurred  in  the  same  year  as  the  final  destruc- 
tion of  Tollan.  As  I  have  ah'eady  explained  suffi- 
ciently my  idea  of  the  nature  of  the  migrations  liv 
which  Andhuac  is  represented  as  having  Ijeen  lu- 
peopled,  I  may  relate  these  migrations  literally,  as 
they  are  given  by  the  authorities,  without  constaiitlv 
reminding  the  reader  of  their  general  signification. 
Tlamacatzin  left  two  sons,  Acauhtzin'^  and  Xolotl,^ 
who,  after  wrangling  about  the  succession  for  souk.' 
time,  finally  agreed  to  divide  the  kingdom  betwceu 
them,* 

Now,  for  a  great  number  of  years  a  harassiriL,' 
system  of  border  warfare  had  been  can-ied  on  hc- 
tween  the  Chichimecs  and  the  Toltecs;  the  fonmr 
doulitless  raided  u}>on  their  rich  and  powerful  nei<,''li- 
bors  for  purposes  of  plunder,  and  the  latter  wvw 
probably  not  slow  to  make  reprisals  which  served  as 
an  excuse  for  extending  their  already  inunense  terri- 
tory. When  the  Toltec  troubles  arose,  however,  and 
the  direful  prophecies  of  Hueman  began  to  be  ful- 
filled, the  people  of  Antlhuac  found  that  they  had 
enough  to  do  to  take  care  of  themselves,  and  tliat 
their  legions  could  be  better  emjiloyed  in  defendiiin' 
the  capital  than  in  waging  aggressive  wars  u})on  tlic 

location  niul  extent  of  Amiiqucnipoiin  the  nnthoriticH  dUTer  fiiciitly.  'I'Iiiik 
Ixllilxoi'liill  }j;i\i'.s  its  iU'fii  ill  'J(MM)  by  1000  Icajfiii's  in  Kiii;j.s/i(in/ii(fli,  vul. 
ix.,  I).  .'Wr>.  'roriineniailii,  MoHtin/.  Jiii/.,  torn,  i.,  ii.  40,  iilat'os  '"^  iVcuiiiir 
'JOO  li'ii^fui's  north  of  .lalisco,  wiiicli  Chivi^jero,  Stnria  AnI.  ild  Missirn, 
toni.  i.,  |>.  \',V2,  thinks  too  nt-ar,  since  no  traces  of  it  exist,  he  says,  witiiiii 
1200  niiicM.  liotnrini,  L/nt,  ]>.  141,  ]i]aces  Anni(|neniecan  in  Micliiiiuan. 
Arh';;ni,  C/inhi.  /niiitniis,  ji.  7,  anionj,'  tlie  ■wiiil  trihes  iiortli  ttl  New 
Mexico.     Cahrera,  Tuitrn,  ji.  oS,  in  ('iiia|ias, 

*  Spelh'il  also  Achcauht/in,  and  Axcanht/.in. 

■'  'l,'ctyino!o;rie  dn  mmi  de  Xnlotl  otl're  de  j;randcs  diHirnltcs,  Pans  mhii 
ai'ce|ilation  ordinaire,  il  siynilie  esclave,  valet,  servant,  et  ceiicnd;inl  nii  li' 
voil,  a|i|>li(|ne  a  plnsienrs  princes  conmu'  nn  titrc  tres-i'devt'.  J.circii/iiiiM, 
dans  sev  annotations  anx  I.etlrcs  ile  {''ernand  ("ortes,  lo  tradnit  imr  "/", 
(I'il,  et  <ui  je  Ini  donna,  ilit-il.  a  ranse  de  sa  vi;,'ilance.  Mais  dans  i|ii(lli' 
lan^tne  a-l  il  cettu  si;,'niiicatiiMi ';'  Jirussrur,  lli.sf.  Xtif.  ('ii\,  toiii.  ii , 
p.    I ',)'••. 

*  So  savs  Toriiin-inada,  M'tiKir)/.  fiiil.,  toin.  i.,  p.  ,1!t;  hnt  acconliii;.'  ]•' 
liotnrini,  in  Ihn-.  llixl.  Mr.r.  Hi'-rie  iii.,  toiii.  iv.,  ]),  'I'M,  l\tlilM"liiil,  in 
Kiinislitiniuiili ,  v(d.  ix..  p.  HU7,  and  llrassenr,  lli.\t.  Nat.  I'n'.,  tnin.  ii.  )'. 
'JOO,  .\can]it/.ili  rei;^ned  illnnc.  ('!avi;;cid,  Stnn'ii  Aiif.  i/rl  Mr.^.siro,  toiii  l  , 
]>.  I,"!;.,  aliirni:*  tiiat  the  old  king  divi(k'd  the  kiii;,'d(jni  eijiniily  lietwceii  iii» 

two  .VIIIS. 


XOLOTL'S  INVASION. 


O^^l 


lestiiu'- 
d  suffi- 

iollS    1)V 

eon  re- 
ally, as 
istiuitly 
[icatioii. 
Xulotl,' 

)r    sol  IK: 

[irassint,' 

oil    1)(- 

foriiuT 
[1  ncii^li- 
or  wei'i' 
srved  as 
so  terri- 
ver,  HI  1(1 

be  I'ul- 
y  liail 
nd   that 

feiuliiv^' 

)()n  till.' 

ly.    TUii" 

(llll/It,    Mil. 

•^    fviillliiT 

/     Mi.vsd-u, 

lys,  willliu 

Mi<'lio;i(an. 

til    nf     NiW 


IllllUlt  nil  li' 

|,iircii/;uiii. 
it   \K\r  I'r', 

nil    ijlll'lll' 

tiiiii.   ii', 

rnrtliii^'  '" 
)\ncliiil,  in 
[tiiiii.  ii.,  )'• 

CO,  tolll  1  . 

•Iwi't'U  hi» 


wy 


distant  frontiers  of  the  empire.  They  therefore  re- 
called their  troops,  and  the  Chichiuieo  border  \vas 
left  undisturbed.  It  was  not  lons^  before  the  brotlier 
tiidiiarchs  of  Aniaquemeoan  began  to  wonder  at  this 
sudden  cessation  of  hostilities,  and  determined  to  find 
out  the  cause,  for  they  were  ignorant  of  the  struggles 
and  final  overthrow  of  the  Toltec  empire.  They  at 
oiicc  dispatched  spies  into  the  Toltec  territory.  In  a 
slmrt  time  these  men  returned  with  the  startling 
aiinoiuicement  that  they  had  penetrated  the  enemy's 
lountrv  for  a  distance  of  two  hundred  leagues  frt)m 
Aina(|ueniecan,  and  had  found  all  that  region  de- 
serted, and  the  towns,  formerly  so  strong  and  popu- 
lous, abandoned  and  in  ruins. 

Xolotl,  who  seems  to  have  been  of  a  more  and)i- 
tiiius  and  enterprising  disposition  than  his  brother, 
listened  eagerly  to  this  report,  which  seemed  to 
|iroiiiise  the  fulfillment  of  his  dreams  of  independent 
and  undivided  sway.  Summoning  his  vassals  to  the 
capital,  he  told  them  what  his  spies  had  seen,  and  in 
an  eliHjuent  s[)eech  reminded  them  that  an  extension 
of  territory  was  needed  for  their  increasing  po]>ula- 
tioii,  expatiated  on  the  richness  and  fertility  of  the 
ahaiidoned  region,  pointed  out  to  his  hearers  how- 
easy  it  would  be  to  avenge  on  their  cripjtled  enemies 
the  injuries  of  many  years,  and  concluded  by  reipiii- 
\\vx  them  to  be  ready  to  accompany  him  to  cinupiest 
within  the  space  of  six  months." 

*  Tni-iiui'inatla,  Moiinr'/.  Iiuf.,  ti)m.  i.,  )i|i.  4(t-l,  mIvcs  in  full  Xnlotl's 
spci'i'li  Id  his  lords.  !xtlil\()('liitl,  in  /\'///'/.s/(i/;'o».//,'.v  .lA  .r.  Jii/i'i/.,  Mil.  i\., 
|i.  itllT,  ri'Iiitcs  that  lie  ii|i|iiiinl(Ml  Ovdnic  as  the  rciiilc/vons.  Itrasscnr  ilc 
liiiiMlMiMr;;,  as  hcfurc  slalt'il,  ihics  nut  su|i|ii)si'  Xnlnll  tn  ha\  i' sliaicilllif 
Cliii  liiiii,,'  ilininc  with  iiis  liriillicr  Acanhl/in;  he  tlicrcfiii<'  tells  the  stniy 
a^  it  .\iiliiil  induri'il  the  ;_'i('at  iniliicH  tn  Ijnor  his  iPiojfct  of  invasjun  hy  his 
cliKiiii'iiri'  anil  aigunii'iit,  lint  uscil  im  kiii;:ly  anthmity  in  the  inatttT. 

Vrylia,  lli.t/.  All/.  M'J.,  tuni.  i.,  jiji.  .'til'J  It,  tnni.  ii.,  pp.  'A  {,  i:i,  assi;,'iis 
nil  altiim'thiT  ilill'i'foiit  cansc  fur  the  ( 'hifhiini'i'  invasicm  nf  .\nriiiuat'.  Hi- 
iilliniis  that  wiit'ii  'r(i|iill/iii  (.\cxitl),  the  'I'oltcc  nnniari'li,  tlfil  fnnii  'I'lillaii, 
111'  went  to  .\caiihl/iii.  thi'  ( 'hii'hiiiit'i'  s(i\  cii'i;,'!!,  to  wlmtn  lit-  was  distant  i;,- 
rt'liitrd,  tiild  him  liis  .snrrnws,  and  ci'di'd  in  hi.n  favor  all  ri;,'hls  to  a  land 
wliiili  lie  iffnsi'd  to  ri'sisit;  w  lii'ri'ii|ion  A<'anlil/.in  iiivcslcd  his  lirulhrr  Xo- 
li'tl  \\iili  ih,'  sovcrci^inty  of  Tollait. 

Tiir  dale  of  ihi'  cmmiIh  rn'iirdrd  aliove  is  very  niieerlaiii.  N'eyiia  sialeH 
tliiit  llie  ('liiehiniei'.t  left  tlieir  eniinlry  for  Amilinae  in   1117,  one  year  after 


292 


THE  CIIICIIIMEC  PEUIOn. 


If'         'v-C 


-5     H\. 


It  is  difficult  to  credit  tlie  stateiiieiitf,  of  the  old 
authors  respecting  the  nuud)er  of  Chichiniecs  tl)at 
ex})oused  Xolotl's  cause.  Ixtlixocliitl  and  Veyti.i 
state  that  no  less  than  throe  million  two  hundred  and 
two  thousand  men  and  women,  besiiles  children,  rallird 
to  his  standard,  leaving  one  million  six  hundred  tlioii- 
sand  subjects  of  Acauhtzin,  and  thus  making  it  net  a 
mere  expedition,  but  a  decided  emigration.  Torcjiic- 
mada,  who  fears  ho  will  not  be  believed  if  he  states 
the  actual  nund)er  who  took  part  in  the  exodus,  takis 
pains  to  assure  us  that  the  liistoric  ])aintings  mciitii)u 
over  a  million  warriors,  commanded  by  six  great  lords, 
and  over  twenty  (two?)  thousand  interior  chiefs  and 
captains,  and  as  each  of  those  had  under  him  inoio 
than  a  thousand  men,  the  total  nund)er  would  ap- 
l)roach  nearer  to  the  larger  numbers  than  to  Tonjuc- 
Miada's  imwontedly  modest  statement.  'J'ho  \\\nn\  w 
was  ascertained  by  census,  taken  at  five  different  })Ia('c.s 
to  check  the  increase  or  decrease  caused  bv  lca\  in-'' 
colonists  along  the  route,  by  new  arrivals,  and  especi- 
ally by  deserters.  The  counting  was  effected  by  each 
]>lebeian  casting  a  small  stone  into  a  hea[)  set  apart 
ibr  his  class,  and  each  ]o\\\  or  oftii'i  /  a  larger  stoiir 
into  another  heaji.  Ixtlilxochitl  mentions  two  cf 
these  iii'2>()liiifih'(>s,  or  *  counting-i)laces,'  one  near 
Oztotipao  in  Otompan  district,  and  another  thire 
leagues  from  Ecatepec,  near  Mexico;  while  'i\ir>|ik- 
mada  refers  to  twelve  similar  hillocks  near  Tma- 
yocan.* 

flic  fall  iif  the  Tiiltoc  dviiasty.  JTi\-f.  Anf.  Mij.,  toiu.  ii.,  ]i.  7.  Ivtli!- 
XDi'liitl  iilliiws  II  iii'iiiiil  of  fciiir  ti)  six  yrais  to  ciaiiM'  licfoic  tiicir  iiiii\:il 
at  Tollaii;  as  usual,  lliis  writer  is  not  consistent  with  himself  in  ilill'rni.i 
jiarts  of  Ill's  work,  and  places  the  arrival  in  various  years  hctuccii  '.'•:.' 
anil  1015.  Kiiiiis/iiiniiiii/i's  Mi.v.  Aiitiij.,  vol.  ix.,  ]i]i.''JtlS,  .S.'IT,  H'.i'i.  I''! 
'roniucnuicla,  always  avoidin;;  exact  dates,  ^jives  on  one  |(a;.'c  an  iiitcrv.il  it 
live  years  hetween  the  destruction  of  the  Toltec  eni]iire  ami  the  ,ini\:il 
of  the  Chicliiiuecs,  and  (ui  another  jiajje  an  inicrval  of  niiii^  years  hciwctii 
t!ie  former  event  and  the  dcpartnie  from  .\ma(|ncmccan.  Minim-'].  In'i. 
torn,  i.,  pp.  -I.'j-Ci.  ('la\ij;en>  places  the  ( 'hichinicc  arrival  at  AnahniC  i^i 
1171).  Sfiiriii  All/,  ilil  Mi>isii-ii,  loni.  i.,  p.  l.'t'J,  toni.  iv.,  pp.  Jd  ."il.  l>"iii- 
rini,  in  /''"'.  lliit.  Mi.w.  si'mIc  iii.,  torn.  '\\.,  i).  'IWW.  allows  a  lap>c  of  iiiiH' 
years  hetween  the  Toltec   fall  and   the  Chicliimec  arrival. 

"  ToiqiiriiKdIii,  MiJinii'j.  liiil.,   tolll,    !.,   p.    14;  Jiuliiniii,  ill   l>"r,  lli.4. 


XOLOTL'S  INVASION. 


293 


Having'  taken  leave  of  his  brother  Acaulitzin, 
?v()lotl  started  on  his  journey.  Halts  were  made  at 
u  nunil)er  of  stations  to  gather  sup[)lies,  and  when 
rani})  was  broken,  settlers  were  lel't — generally  se- 
kited  from  among  the  old  and  feeble — -and  their 
places  filled  by  fresh  recruits.  Owing  to  these  de- 
tentions it  took  the  army  some  lime  to  reacli 
Chuc'oyan,  or  'i)lace  of  tears,'  in  Anilhuac,  where 
many  Toltec  ruins  were  found.  After  proceeding 
siiHie  distance  farther,  and  making  several  halts, 
Xolotl  dispatched  the  six  principal  chiefs  of  his  army, 
each  with  an  appro})riate  force,  in  various  directions, 
Avitli  instructions  to  explore  the  country,  and  reduce 
the  inliabitants,  if  tliey  found  any,  to  subjection;  at 
tiiu  same  time  ho  reconnnended  tliese  officers  to  use 
the  ])et)})le  kindly,  except  where  tliey  offered  resist- 
ance, in  which  case  they  were  to  be  treated  as 
cneniie.'^.'' 

Xolotl  himself  proceeded  with  the  body  of  the 
army,  and  after  halting  in  several  places,  he  finally 
ivarliL'd  ToUan.  But  the  ancient  splendor  of  the 
Toltec  capital  was  dej)arted,  its  streets  were  deserted 
and  overgrown  v/ith  vegetation,  its  magnificent 
tfni}iies  and  palaces  were  in  ruins,  and  desolation 
reigned  where  so  lately  had  been  the  hum  and  bustle 
of  a  mighty  metro[)olis.*'  The  site  of  Tollan  being 
too   important    to    be    abandoned,  Xolotl    established 

-U./'.,  st'ric  iii. ,  toiii,  iv.,  pj).  231-2;  I.vtliJxnrhllJ,  in  Kiiiriahnrnucjh'n  Mi'.r. 
Aiili'i.,  Vol.  ix.,  i>ii.  'X\~,  1(7");  ]'ii//iii,  Hist.  Aiif.  .U'j.,  tiun.  ii.,  pp.  4,  S-Jt. 
<'l:i\  ip'ro,  S/iiriii  Aiif.  (/'/  .lAc.v.v/rv*,  tinn.  i.,  p.  i;U,  cxiucsm'h  lii.s  (iinht'Iief 
iiitlir  iiiiiiilpi'is  ^'ivt'ii.'  Kii'ii  lie  jiistil'u'  les  iiiilli.nis  ipn'  liii  ii^si;;ii('iif  Ich 
anti'in-^;  iU  out  coiiipris  I'vidi'iiiciit  ^ouh  i-o  ciiillri'  cxii^rcii'  Ics  (livt'iscs 
<'iiii;;i:itioiis  ipii  .><('  siicci'ili'it'iit  ilcjiiiis  lois  .saiiM  iiilt'nii|iiioii  ilaiiH  la  vaiii't; 
.jiisiiirii  la  foiiilutidii  tin  royauine  il'Acolhuacau.'  Jirns.srur.  Hist.  A'nt.  <'ii\, 
tma.  i.,  p.  2(L'. 

'  ItiasmMir  ijivps  tlic  iianios  of  tlii'so  six  cliicfs,  as:  Acatoiiiatl,  (Juaiitla- 
I'iil.  <  luraiinaiili,  Mitii/laf,  Ti'ijiaii,  aiul  it/aiinanli,  >:i\  iii^  ixllilxocliiil 
mill  Tiii((U('ma(la  an  iiis  aiillioriticx;  tlic  lalliT  wiiitT,  Iiowcmt,  Miuikii/. 
Iiiil.,  tmii.  !.,  p.  44,  (listiiu'tiy  atliriiis  tiiat  only  oin;  cliii'f,  Acatoniatl,  was 
M'lil  ill  acjvaiu'i'. 

^  <'la\  i^rcro,  Sfuria  Aiif.  dff  Mrssiro,  <oiii.  i.,  ^i.  1114,  HtatPH  lliat  tliey 
ivin  li((|  roljaii  ill  ('i;,'lit,'('ii  inontlis  from  tlic  time  of  llu'ir  (li'iiaitiirc  from 
Aiii,ii|ii('iiii'i'an.  Ixtlilxoc'liill  given  Iho  iluto  JW  5  Tecpall,  Kingshurouijli's 
Mi.i.  Aiiliii,  vol.  ix,,  J).  3'Jo, 


m 


•:ot 


THE  CHICIIIMEC  PERIOD 


some  families  there,  which  formed  the  nucleus  of  a 
I'uture  population.  He  then  continu';(l  his  march  to 
Mizquiyahualan  and  Tecpan,  and  finally  came  to 
Xaltocan,  on  the  shore  of  the  lake  of  the  same  nanic, 
where  he  and  his  followers  abode  for  a  long  tinu  in 
the  caves  that  abounded  in  that  region,  and  whvm 
tliey  subsequently  founded  the  town  of  Xoloc  or 
Xolotl,  which  afterwards  became  a  city  of  con.sid 
erable  importance  in  Andhuac.** 

The  narrative  becomes  somewhat  confused  at  this 
point,  owing  to  the  conflicting  accounts  of  the  various 
autli'  rities.  It  seems,  liowever,  that  the  Chichijnocs 
remaned  for  a  long  time,  several  years  perha})s,  at 
the  settlement  of  Xoloc,  doing  little  but  sending  out 
scouting  parties  to  reconnoitre  the  immediatel}'  siu- 
rounding  country.  Finally,  according  to  the  majority 
of  the  S])anish  writers,  Xototl  dispatched  ceitaiii 
chiefs  on  regular  exploring  expeditions,  and  set  out 
liimself  with  his  son  Nopaltzin  and  a  large  force;  jour- 
neying by  way  of  Cempoala,  Tepepulco,  Oztolotl, 
( "ohuacayan,  and  Tecpatepec,  until  he  reached  tlio  liill 
of  Atonan.  Here  he  descried  a  goodly  region  lying 
to  the  south  and  east,  which  he  at  once  sent  his  sou 
Xopaltzin  to  take  possession  of,  while  he  returned  to 
Xoloc.'" 

Nopaltziu  wandered  for  some  time  from  place  to 
place,  seemingly  making  it  his  object  rather  to  seaicli 
for  an  inhabited  country  than  to  take  possession  of  an 
uniidiabited  one.  At  first  his  efforts  met  with  no 
success,  notwithstanding  he  ascended  several  high 
mountains  for  the  purpose  of  seeing  afar  off.  .\t  la>t 
he  came  to  Tlalamoztoc,  whence  his  view  extended  o\  rr 

•  '  Lc8  ttutaius  Hoiit  tii'iu'riileinont  <riicoor(l  pour  i)la<'cr  In  tiatc  ili-  i  it 
otiihlissemeiit  lie  ran  1070  a  1080.  QM'i([iu>s-mi.s  le  jHtitciit  fxaili'imiit  a 
Tail  10()8.'  'A'oloi;  aujounriiui  Xoloiiiir,  villa};i>  lU'  tort  pt'ii  (riiiiiinrtiiin  !■, 
i'l  12  1.  c  viron  nu  iionl  <le  Mexico,  et  a  .T  I.  dii  lac  ilc  Saii-(  risloval.  I  He 
autre  explication  met  cette  localite  uu  pied  <rmie  colliiie,  h  niie  liciu'  ciivi- 
rmvers  le  nonl  de  Xaltocan.'  /{ms.iriir  (/r  Ihnirhiiiini,  Hist.  \ii/.  Cir., 
tain,  ii.,  p.  214.     See  also,   Vijitin,  Ifist.  Aiif.  MrJ.,  toi:..  ii.,|)p.  S   10. 

'"("enipoala  was  twelve  leaj^nes  north  of  .Mexico;  'lepepiilio  >va-* 
fiiui  leaj,'ues  farther  oust.    'J'onpniiiaihi,  Muiianj.  Imi.,  torn,  i.,  p.  42. 


CONDITION  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 


295 


,  of  a 
rcli  to 
no    to 

imu  ill 
^vht'l'e 
loc   or 

^t  this 
^•avious 
liiinecs 
laps,  at 
ing  out 
;ly  sur- 
lajority 
certain 
set  out 
e;  jour- 
)zt()lotl, 
1)0  hill 
lyiu!^' 
us  sou 
rneil  to 

ilat'O  to 
search 
)!!  of  all 
utli  IH' 
il  hiuh 
Atla>t 
led  over 

lito  «U'  i'<',' 
L'toiiiiMit  ;i 
ln|ioilaint'. 

Iviil.     <'».'' 

tlicuc  I'livi- 

LV((/.  '■"■■. 

10. 
1.  -i'l. 


)U 


tlie  country  toward  Thizalan,  and  CuUiuacan  valley," 
iitid  < 'hapultepec,  on  the  other  side  of  the  lake; 
throughout  this  region  smoke  arose  in  various  places, 
denoting  the  presence  of  human  inliahitants.  With- 
out loss  of  time,  the  prince  returned  to  his  father  with 
the  news  of  his  discovery,  passing  the  ruined  city  of 
Teotihuacan  on  his  way.  Xolotl  had  in  the  mean- 
tiiiio  visited  the  large  Toltec  city  of  Cuhuac  (Culhua- 
ean?),  and  had  also  received  information  of  Toltec 
i^ettleiuents  on  the  coast  and  in  the  interior.  A  con- 
sultation was  held,  and  it  was  decided  that  Tultitlan 
Avas  the  most  eligible  site  for  a  capital.  Accordingly 
Xolotl  left  Xoloc  in  the  care  of  a  governor  and  })ro- 
ccedi'd  to  that  reufion  and  there  founded  Tenavocan 
opposite  Tezcuco,  on  the  other  side  of  the  lake." 

lUasseur's  version  of  these  events  is  somewhat  dif- 
ferent. He  does  not  mention  Xolotl's  expedition  to 
the  hill  of  Atonan,  thou<ifh  he  docs  not  omit  to  relate 
that  Toltec  settlements  were  described  from  that  ele- 
vation by  the  reconnoitering  ])arties  sent  out  from  the 
I'hiehiinec  camp  at  Lake  Xaltocan;  neither  does  he  in 
uiiy  way  refer  to  Nopaltzin's  journey,  at  his  father's 
roinniand,  to  Tlalamoztoc.  The  reason  of  this  dift'er- 
eiico  is  that  according  to  Brasseur's  version  Nopaltzin 
Mas  not  the  son  of  Xolotl,  the  first  Chichimec  em- 
jierorbiit  of  Amacui,  one  of  six  great  chiefs,  who  were 
the  first  to  follow  in  the  successful  invaders'  wake,  this 
they  (lid  not  do,  however,  until  after  Xolotl  had  estab- 
lished himself  at  Tenayoean,^''  It  seems  that  this 
Aiuaeui  has  been  confounded  throughout  with  Xolotl 
l>y  tlie  majority  of  the  Si)anish  ehronielers;  in  their 
Version  of  the  events  which  followed  the  founding  of 
reiiayoian,  during  a  period  of  nearly  two  hundred 

"  'riir(|iioniU(la,  Monarq.  Iiid.,  toiii.  i.,  p.  4.1,  \viil('«Tli»tzalanftiul  Coyo- 
liuai'iiii. 
_  '-  KtiiiiKlcd  ll'JO,  Vri/fid,  Hist.  Aiit.  Mrj.,i\)m.  ii.,  y.  12.  LrtlllxinhiH,  in 
l\iii;isliui-(iiiii/i\s   Milt.   Aiitiq.,   vol.    i.\.,    pji.  .S38-1);  lurqiictiHiiUi,    Moikui/. 
iiiil.,  liiiii.  i.,  ii|).  4'_>  4. 

"    l.f  Cm/,.,-  XiilDtl,  (|ui  flit  partio  ilo  In  coll.  di-  M.  .Vul)iii,  doiiiio  posi- 
tiviiMcMi  .Viiiai'iii  pour  pi-rt'  et   pour  jinMorcsMcur  de  NopuUziii.'  Ihitssiur 


\\  I 


...     ■    ..!....      .  1  i/tf/r  f .    i|  111    ii.it    I  Mil  1 II'  m:    III  I  .HI.    III.    *.i  .    . 

iviiMcMi  .Viiiai'iii  pour  pi'i't-  et   pour  iinMorcsMcur  de  Ni 
i.  U'jiirljudrij,  Utst.  Xal,  Vie,  toui.  li.,  p.  224. 


1  I 


20G 


THE  CHICHDIEC  PERIOD. 


years,  the  deeds  of  the  former  are  all  ascribed  to  tlie 
latter,  or  at  least  the  narrative  is  continued  without 
any  break,  and  no  mention  is  made  of  any  change  of 
kincfs." 

The  Spanish  writers  relate  that  the  chiefs  of  wlioin 
Amacui  was  one  were  attracted  to  Anahuac  by  the  re- 
ports which  reached  them  of  Xolotl's  uno})posed  inva- 
sion, and  of  the  richness  of  the  land  that  he  had  apjiro- 
priated.^^  Upon  their  arrival  in  Andhuac  tliey  res])ect- 
I'ully  asked  the  Chichimec  king's  permission  to  settle 
near  him,  and  to  hunt  in  his  newly  acquired  territorv. 
Xolotl  evinced  no  jealousy,  but  welcomed  the  new- 
comers with  generous  hospitality;  doubtless  the  jmH- 
tic  monarch  saw  that  such  arrivals  could  not  fail  to 
strengthen  his  position,  as  all  who  came  were  pretty 
sure  to  acknowledge  his  supremacy  and  ally  them- 
selves to  him,  as  chief  of  all  the  Chichimecs.  From 
what  source  Amacui  derived  the  influence  which  he 
afterwards  used  for  his  own  aggrandizement  is  not 
known;  it  could  scarcely  have  been  from  his  personal 
power  as  a  prince,  because  we  are  told  that  the  num- 
ber of  his  followers  was  small;  but  at  all  events, 
Avhatever  were  the  means  he  used,  he  succeeded,  at 
Xolotl's  death,  in  getting  elected  to  the  throne.'^ 
This  being  in  all  probability  tl>e  true  version,  the 
events  that  are  now  to  be  recorded  may  be  regarded 
as  happening  in  the  reign  of  Amacui,  or  Auiaeui 
Xolotl,  as  he  was  styled  on  his  accession. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  new  king,  whom  wc  may 
call  Xolotl  II.,  was  to  remove  from  his  capital  at  Te- 
nayocan  and  take  up  his  residence  at  Quauliyaeac. 
at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  of  Tezcuco.     Calling' 


'*  'Xolotl  etnnt  le  titrc  dii  chef  principal  dcs  Cliicliiiiu'>qiu'H,  il  c 
h  I'liii  luissi  hieii  iiu'ii  raiitie.  Tout  concouit,  d'aillt'iirs,  a  pvoii 
dans  lo  Xolotl  <1l's  auleurs,  il  y  a  t'li  diver.s  perwoiiajfi's;  c'cnI  lo  sci 
d'expliiiuor  cottc  lonfi;\ic  vie  de  pres  de  deux  cents  an«  (|n'ils  lui  ac' 
Jiriissciir  lie  liiiurboiinf,  Hist.  Xnt.  Cir.,  toni.  ii.,  )).  '224. 

'^  Torqniimuda,  Monun/.  IiuL,  toni.  i.,  jip.  4G-7;  Ijctlilochitl,  i 
hnroiKih,  vol.  ix.,  i>p.  IWiMO;  \'r;f/i<i,  Ihxt.  Ant.  Mij.,  loni.  ii 
Jiotnriiii,  in  Dor.  Hist.  J/c.r.,  .serie  iii.,  toin.  iv.,  p.  '2',i'2;  ]\tiiiirn 
Me.i:,  lit  ii.,  j).  14. 

'fi  Brasscttr  dc  Bourbourg,  Hist.  Nat.  Cic,  toni.  ii.,  pp.  224-0. 


mvciiiiit 
vcr  (|iu', 

ll  lllllVlll 

rdnlciil.' 
II  Kiii'if- 
■t,  I  ml IV 


KEMNANTS  OF  THE  TOLTECS. 


297 


his  chiefs  tosfcther,  he  next  proceeded  to  take 
formal  possession  of  the  country.  Tlie  ceremony, 
^vhiih  consisted  in  discharging  arrows  towards  tlie 
cardinal  points,  and  in  burning  wreatlis  of  dry  grass, 
and  scattering  the  ashes  towards  the  four  quarters, 
Avas  jK'rfonned  in  the  royal  presence  at  a  great  num- 
l)er  of  places;  the  spots  selected  being  generally  the 
suniniits  of  mountains.  He  also  dispatched  four  lords, 
AN  ith  tlie  necessary  forces,  in  the  direction  of  the  four 
quarters,  instructing  them  to  take  possession  of  the 
country  along  their  route,  but  not  to  disturb  the  Tol- 
tecs,  except  those  who  offered  resistance,  who  were  to 
be  su1)jected  by  force.  Either  the  })rogress  made  by 
these  tour  expeditions  must  have  been  very  slow,  or 
the  extent  of  country  traversed  by  them  nnist  have 
heen  very  great,  for  we  are  told  that  they  did  not  re- 
turn until  four  years  after  their  setting-ont.  The  most 
j)o[tulous  Toltec  settlements  were  found  at  Culhuacan, 
Quauhtltcnco,  Chapultepec,  Totoltepec,  Tlazalan,  and 
Topexomaco,  all  ruled  by  lords,  and  at  Cholula,  where 
two  priests  held  the  reigns  of  government."  The 
name  of  the  ruler  at  Chapultepec  was  Xitzin,  with 
In's  v.ife  Uztaxochitl  and  a  son;*^  at  Tlazalan  was 
Mitl  with  his  wife  CohuaxochitV  and  two  sons, 
Pixaliua  and  Axopatl,^"  Avho,  instructed  by  their 
father,  afterwards  revived  the  art  of  working  in 
metals;  at  Totoltepec  were  Nacaxoc,  his  wife,  and 
his  son  Xiuhpopoca;  at  Tepexomaco  were  Cohuatl, 
liis  wife,  and  his  son  Quetzal[H)poca;  at  Cholula 
ruled  Ixcax,  the  issue  of  the  adulterous  connection  of 
tile  pontitf  with  the  highqiriestess  of  the  (Joddess  of 
Water.     All  these  princes  hastened  to  acknowledge 

"  'I'iir(|iio  flit?  ntiia  ilo  lao  que  nic^iioa  padccicrou  cii  cl  estrngo  piiHado.' 
Veijliii.  Hist.  Ant.  Mrj..  torn.  ii..  ]>.  18. 

'^ 'I'oriiui'miiila,  Monarq.  Iiid.,  titm.  i.,  p.  44,  spells  this  ruli'r's  imiiio 
I'.i'itiii,  which,  says  Hrasscur,  'sijjiiilie  Ics  trois  lievrt's,  de  Citli,  i|ui  est 
li'siii;.'iili('r,  au  pluriol  Citin.  S'a;^it-il  ici  (run  kouI  iiulividii  on  do  trois  du 
imiii  lie  Citin,  cit6  ailleiirs  eonimc  celui  d'uiio  faiiiille  eelJjhrc  do  lai|iiellti 
Iiroti>iHi;ii(>ut  dosi'ciidre  Ics  Ah'olnias?'  Hint.  Nat.  Civ.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  'iOD. 

"* '  llosi'oudaiits  du  t^raud  Nauhyotl,'  lb, 

•"  Spelled  Acxopal  by  Brusseur. 


808 


niE  CIIICirMEC  PERIOD. 


the  supremacy  of  Xolotl  II.,  though  without  actually 
paying  iiini  homage.  Besides  this,  the  four  lonLs 
^vho  had  been  dispatched  to  the  four  quarters,  an- 
nounced on  their  return  that  tlu;y  had  visited  u 
great  number  of  places,  among  which  were  Tchuan- 
tepec,  Guatemala,  and  Goazacoalco.'*^ 

The  invaders  had  hitherto  met  with  no  opposition 
from  the  few  Toltecs  who  were  left  in  Aniihuao; 
their  plans  had  all  been  effected  deliberately  and 
slowly,  but  surely  and  without  any  trouble.  Matters 
having  now  begun  to  assume  a  settled  aspect,  tlic 
Chichimec  king  at  once  turned  his  attention  to  a  ])ar- 
tition  of  lands  among  the  nobles  who  had  accompa- 
nied him  and  assisted  his  enterprise,  and,  as  is  usual 
in  such  cases,  he  dispensed  with  a  free  hand  that 
which  of  right  was  not  his  to  give.  To  each  lord  he 
assigned  a  defined  section  of  the  territory  and  a 
certain  number  of  dependents,  with  instructions  to 
form  a  town,  to  be  named  after  its  founder.^'*  Toltec 
cities  retained  their  original  names,  and  orders  were 
issued  that  their  inhabitants  should  not  be  interfered 
with,  uov  intruded  upon  by  Chichimec  settlers.  One 
of  the  most  thickly  settled  districts  M'as  that  lying 
north  and  north-east  of  Tenayocan,  named  Chiehi- 
mecatlalli,  or  'land  of  Chichimecs.'  Within  its  boun- 
daries were  the  towns  of  Zacatlan,  Quauhchinanoo, 
Totolte})ec,  Atotonilco.  Settlements  were  also  formed 
on  the  coast,  the  whole  eytent  of  country  apjirojtri- 
ated  by  the  Chichimecs  being,  according  to  Ixtlil- 
xoehitl,  over  two  hundred  leagues  in  circumference.^ 
It  was  about  this  time  tii.it  Xolotl  II.,  as  supreme 

*'  Veytia,  Hist.  Ant.  Mej.,  torn,  ii.,  pp.  17-10;  Lrtlilxochitl,  in  Kiiii/K- 
borniiqh,  vol.  ix.,  ])[>.  333-4,  339;  Curbajul  E.spinosa,  Hist.  Mm.,  toiii. 
i.,  ji])'.  'i'-'tJ-S. 

2'^  'Ue])aitii')la  ])or  las  sinosidadcs,  cnevas,  y  rinconcs  do  las  scnaiiiiis, 
])r()|)i)i-tioniiiuliila  a  la  taza.'  Granados  ij  Unlirz,  Tarihs  Ain<r.,  \\  18; 
Jini.ssi'ur  lie  liituvlmiirij,  Hi.st.  A^at,   Cir.,  toiii.  ii.,  pj).  232-3. 

2^  For  nanios  of  i>iacea  pcoi)led  l)y  the  Ciiiolxinu'i's  koo  Txl/ilxor/iill,  in 
Kiiiil.sboroiiijh,  vol.  ix.,  ])p.  4(!(),  201).  See  also  Id.,  pp.  33!),  3'.l."i,  4."il; 
Tiiri/ii('tiiftii((,  ^fiiiKtf'/.  hid.,  toni.  i.,  p.  45;  t'luriijcro,  Storiit  Ant.  (hi 
Jfr.s.'iiro,  toin.  i.,  p.  i;U;  Vi'i/lin,  Hist.  Aiit.  MtJ.,  toiri.  ii.,  pp.  14-5;  IV^i/i- 
crrt,  Tcatro  Mcx.,  pt  ii.,  pp.  12-13. 


AI  FAIUS  IX  CULHUACAX. 


299 


rukr,  assumed  the  title    of    Tluey  Tlatoani  Chiclii- 
iiiecatl  Tcciilitli,  'groat  lord  and  king  of  the  Cliichi- 

'24 
lllt'l-'S. 

At  tliis  juncture  it  will  be  necessary  to  glance 
at  the  state  of  fiffairs  in  Culhuacan.^  It  has  l)eeu 
ivlatt'd  liow  Topiltzin,  when  he  tied  from  An:iliuac, 
Kt't  Culhuacan,  the  most  populous  of  the  Toltcc 
sittlements  at  tlie  time  of  the  fall  of  the  empire,  to 
the  rare  of  Xiuhtemoc,  an  old  relative,  Avho  was  to 
act  as  a  kind  of  honorary  king,  or  regent,  and  as  such 
rctiive  obedience  and  tribute.  The  Toltec  mon;irch 
al><>  entrusted  to  Xiuhtemoc  the  change  of  his  son 
Pochotl,  then  an  infiint,  with  instructions  that  the 
yoiuig  })rince  should  be  sent  to  the  village  of  Quauli- 
titriK'o,  situated  in  a  forest  near  the  ancient  cai)ital, 
and  there  brought  up  in  secrecy  and  in  ignorance  of 
liis  royal  birtli.  Another  of  Topiltzin's  relatives 
named  Cocauhtli,  who  was  married  to  ixmixuch  and 
liad  a  son  called  Acxoquauh,  seems  also  to  have  assist- 
ed Xiulitemoc  in  governing  Culhuacan,  or  at  least  to 
have  had  great  influence  there.'^ 

For  a  number  of  years  Xiuhtemoc  continued  to 
govern  Culhuacan  with  much  wisdom,  and  the  pro- 
vince nourished  wonderfully  under  his  prudent  ad- 
ministration. He  never  attempted  to  claim  any  other 
title  than  'father,'  and  was  well  beloved  by  his  sub- 
jects. In  the  meantime  PochotI,  Topiltzin's  son, 
L:ie\v  to  be  a  young  man,  of  a  suitable  age  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  Xiuhtemoc,  according  to  his  father's  di- 

-'  I'o  wliich  his  (Icscenil.iuts  .added  Iluartlatohuani,  '  lord  ot  t!ie  v.urld.' 
I.('lil.o:i/iif/,  ill  Kiii(/s/j<trt>ii'j/i,  V(d.  i.\.,  ji.  4")1. 

-'  I'lu"  iniiahitaiits  i)f  tlii.s  pi-oviuco  woif  known  as  Cullnias,  and  are 
U'lt  hi  111'  ciinftmnded  witli  the  Acolhnas,  notwitiistaiuiiny  many  of  the  ol  I 
wiitii>  make  no  distinetioii  between  the  two  peoples. 

'■''  \  eyiia  wiitos  the  names  of  tiiose  who  ^'overned  at  rnlhiiacaii;  Xiiiii- 
ti'iiiiii,  witli  his  wife  < >zolaxoehitl,  and  sou  Nauhyotl;  and  ("atauhtlix  witii 
lii-  wile  Ixmixuch  and  son  Aexoeuauh.  Ilixf.  Ant.  MiJ.,  tom.  ii.,  [i.  IS.  Tor- 
i|iit'iiia'la  writes  them  respectively:  Xiuhthenial,  (•celoxn.ch,  Coyol;  t'o- 
Viiiilitli,  Vhiiixoch,  Acxo<iuai\h.  Mohitv'i.  Lid.,  tom.  i.,  |i.  4.").  IJoturini 
write-:  Xiuclitimatl,  Oceloxochitl,  Coyotl;  rocoahtii,  Yiiyozochtl,  .\cxo- 
i|iuiiiliili.  Dor.  IL.-i/.  Mr.v.,  .seric  lii.,  "tom.  iv.,  p.  •232;  IxlliUui-hill,  hi 
hii'j^'njruiitjh,  vol.  i.\.,  p.  333. 


If 

i 


J  a  j 
Hi 


i:.i: 


t%^ 


'^"  j 


300 


THE  CIIICHIMEC  PERIOD. 


I 


rectlons.  Xiuhteiuoc  seems,  hov.-ever,  to  have  Immii 
in  no  huny  to  draw  the  prince  from  liis  o1>scinitv. 
Wliat  his  olycct  was  in  this  tlehiy,  is  nnknowii;  it 
woiihl  appear  at  first  sight  as  if  he  ^vas  sdiemiiin-  lor 
the  succession  of  his  own  son  Nauhyotl,  hut  Jiis  ii.itii- 
otic  conduct  and  loyal  cliaracter  seems  to  render  siuh 
a  cause  improhable.  At  all  events  Pochijtl  Mas  still 
at  Quauhtenanco  where  Xiuhtemoc  died. 

Ilis  son  Nauliyotl,  a  prince  well  liked  by  the  poojih^, 
immediately  seized  the  throne,  and  being  of  a  nioro 
ambitious  disposition  than  his  father,  lost  no  time  in 
assuming  the  royal  titles  and  in  causing  himself  to 
be  publicly  proclaimed  king  and  crowned  witli  all  tlm 
rites  and  ceremonies  sacred  to  the  use  of  the  Toltio 
monarchs,  being  the  third  of  the  name  on  the  throne 
of  Culhuacan.  According  to  Brasseur,  two  primis, 
Acxo(|ua.uh  and  Nonohualcatl,  wx're  admitted  in  some 
way  to  a  share  in  the  government.'^^ 

'IMiis  bold  act  of  usurpation^**  met  with  little  or  no 
outward  op])osition,  notwithstanding  it  was  wiH 
known  that  Pochotl  still  lived.  This  was  doulitlos 
due  to  the  critical  state  of  affairs  in  Culhuacan  at 
the  time  of  Xiuhtemoc's  death.  The  Chichlinocs 
were  steadily  increasing  in  power;  Xolotl  seemed  dis- 
posed to  adopt  a  more  decided  pt)licy  towai'd  the  Tol- 
tecs  than  his  predecessor,  and  it  might  at  any  moiiimt 
be  nece....;uy  to  check  his  encroachments.  In  tliis 
condition  of  thin<jfs  it  was  natural  that  the  eneryotic 


*'  HrasHour  states  that,  acconliii;^  to  tlio  Cuifrx  C/iiiiiKlfiniinrc,  \v\«- 
iliiatili  was  (i  yoiiiifjtcr  brollicr  of  Naiiliynll;  we  have  already  seen  lliis 
jiriiiee  N|iiilveii  of,  liowever,  an  tlie  siiii  of  Coeaiihtli,  Xiiiliteiiioc'M  as-iicinic; 
Kee  Hole  '_'(').  Noiiohiialcatl,  navs  Urasseur,  was,  without  (hiiiht,  NaiiliMill  ■< 
eldest  son.  '("est  ee  (pii  jianiit  (ra|irt^s  hi  inaiiiere  ihiiit  ee  iirince  Min'i'ila 
ail  tioiie  apies  lluetxiii,  avaiit  Acliitoiiietl  on  Anieyal.'  lli.st.  ynt.  Cic, 
toiu.  ii.,  p.  •1-2-2. 

«^  Ihasseiir,  Ifi.if.  Xiit,  Civ.,  toin.  ii.,  p.  22?,  ohjeetiiij,'  to  the  term  usiir- 
])atioii  ill  this  eoiiiieetion,  writes:  'l.a  hii  tohiMjiie  exeiuait  <lii  saiiu  •*u|iii'iiii' 
lout  piiiiee  (|ui  se  iiioiitrait  iraviuiee  iiieapahle  ch'  I'oeeiijier.  ("I'lait  |iimIi;i- 
hieiiieiit  le  eas  oil  se  trouvait  I'oehotl,  IxtlilxoeliitI  et  Vevtia,  (|iii  aiiiixiit 
Nauliyotl  (rusiirpation,  avaieiit  ouhlit''  on  i;;iioraieiit  la  loi  ile  siidTssimi 
tohi'ipu!.'  It  is  not  prolialile,  liowever,  that  Toiiill/iii  either  fcir;;ol  iir  was 
iLnioraiit  of  the  Toltee  law  of  siieeessiiui,  when  he  directeil  tliat  liis  wti 
enuiild  bu  assticiated  with  Xiiilitoiuuc  when  hu  canie  of  uuitublu  ii^'o. 


Ja  LM  OF  XOLOTJ.  II. 


301 


Xaiiliyotl,  who  had  been  hrouj^lit  up  at  court  under 
the  iinuu'diato  care  and  instructiouof  his  politic  fatlier, 
should  he  a  more  acce})tahle  and  fitthi*^  kiui^  than 
]'i)(hutl,  who  liad  been  brought  up  in  total  i<.jnorance 
of  tho  duties  of  a  prince,  and  even  of  his  own  rio-hts. 
NoviTthelcss,  tliere  were  sonic  who  luurnuu'ed  secretly 
on  sccinof  Toi)iltziti's  son  defrauded  of  his  ri_i,dits,  and 
Xiiuhvotl  bcino-  aware  of  this  discontent,  determined 

t.'  *>  ' 

to  set  the  i)ublic  mind  at  rest.  He  accordinoly  sent 
for  Pochotl,  publicly  acknowledo-ed  him  as  the  de- 
•sceiulunt  of  the  Toltec  kings,  declared  his  intention 
of  lea\  uig  the  crown  to  him  at  his  death,  and  gave 
liiiii  tho  hand  of  his  young  and  beautiful  daughter  Xo- 
iliipaiitzin'-"''  in  marriage,  all  of  which  proceedings  met 
A\  ith  general  approval  both  from  the  people  and  from 
I'ochotl  himself,  whose  nne.\})ected  elevation  does  not 
Sv'ciii  to  have  rendered  him  very  exacting. 


30 


Favored  by  the  peaceful,  non-interfering  policy  of 
XolotI  I.,  the  Toltecs  at  Culluuican  had  increased  rap- 
idly in  wealth  and  population.  XolotI  IF.  seems  to 
have  grown  impatient  of  this  rivalry,  and  to  have  de- 
tLiiiiined  to  detine  the  position  of  (/ulhuacan  and 
asscit  his  own  su[»remacy  in  Analunu!  without  farther 
delay.  Of  the  way  in  which  he  accom})liHhed  this 
end  there  is  more  than  one  version. 

According  to  Wytia  and  others,  he  informed  Xauh- 
votl  that  bv  rio'ht  of  tho  >  ,>s.sion  '<f  the  land  of  Ana- 
liiiac  made  to  the  monarch  of  Amaipiemeean  by  To- 
|iilt/iii.'"  he  i-hould  retpiii'e  him  to  do  homage  and  ])ay 
a  small  tribute  to  tlu;  ( 'hichimec  em})ire  in  recogni- 
tion of  its  supi'emacy;  thi«  done,  lie  woiild  recognize 

"''  Al^ii  i'mIIimI  'I'('X(>clii]iantziii,  Toniui'inaila  ^ji'cs  (lu-  immo  of  I'oclintr.s 
wile  lliiii/it/iliu,  lli(iu;;li  wlii'lluir  lio  iTlors  tt(  tlic  Miiiiii:  laily  in  not  I'oilaiii. 
Mdiiiini.  /"  '    toiii,  i.,  p.  oti, 

^"  i'li/  •  fist,  Aiif.  M'j'.,  toiii.  ii,,  |iii.  IS-'J.'J;  l.rHll.ritrhill,  in  Kiui/s- 
hniuiiiiili\t  ,]f(;,',  Aii/i'i.,  \ol.  In.,  {1.  ;(»(»;  Jli-K.^siiir  i.'r  JStiurhniini,  llinl.  Sul. 
Cii'-.  turn   ii,,  |i|i,  'Ji'il-H. 

"  Till'  iTMitcr  will  ii'colIiM't  that  N'cvlia  aiririiiH  (ha*  To|iill,  in  A.xitl  (Ivil 
t'llii-  r.'laiivi'  Ai'uulit/.iii,  luiitlicr  of  .XolotI  I.,  anil  cci'i'il  to  him  liia  li^lit 
III  Aiialiuiir, 


i 


302 


THE  CHICIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


liini  as  king  of  the  Toltecs.  To  this  demand  Xauli- 
yotl  answe?'ed  haughtily  that  T  Hec  kings  ackii(»\\i- 
edged  no  superiors  but  the  gods,  and  paid  tribute  to 
no  eart^dy  sovereign.  Xolotl  I.,  he  added,  hud  hetii 
permitted  to  enter  Anahuac  and  people  it,  because  he 
had  done  so  peaceably.  Topiltzin's  cession  Mas  in- 
valid, and  he,  Nauhyotl,  merely  governed  during  tlie 
minority  of  the  rightful  heir  of  Pochotl,  now  de- 
ceased, and  had  no  power  to  dispose  of  any  rights  to 
the  land.^* 

Such  a  reply  could  have  but  one  effect  on  the  fieive 
Chichimec.  He  resolved  to  crush  his  rival  at  ouoe 
before  he  became  too  strong,  and  for  this  purpose  gave 
orders  to  Nopaltzin  to  advance  without  delay  against 
Culhuacan.  In  the  meantime  Nauhyotl  was  not  idle. 
A  number  of  canoes  were  brought  out  to  defend  tlie 
water-line,  and  he  himself  issued  forth  at  the  head  of 
a  force  which,  though  greatly  inferior  to  the  Cliirlii- 
mec  army  in  point  of  numbers,  attacked  the  enemy 
without  hesitation,  and  succeeded  in  maintaining  the 
field  valorously  until  evening.  Gradually,  however, 
Nopaltzin's  numbers  began  to  tell,  until  at  length  the 
Toltecs  were  routed.  The  Chichimecs  then  entered 
Culhuacan  without  difficulty,  despite  its  advantageous 
position.  The  carnage  was  innnediately  suspiinKd 
and  no  disorder  allowed.  The  Toltecs  had  sulleied 
great  loss,  and  among  the  slain  was  Nauhyotl,  whose 
death  was  dee])ly  dejjlored  by  his  subjects  and  I'egret- 
ted  by  the  con([uerors. 

Nopaltzin  gave  orders  that  the  dead  king  should  he 
buried  with  all  the  usuid  honors,  and  after  leaving'  a 
garrison  in  the  town,  (lei)arte(l  to  carry  the  news  of 
his  success  to  his  father.     This  battle  was  the  tirst 

'1  Acconliiifi  to  nriisHonr,  tlicsp  or  similar  ovprtiircs  occiincd  in  ilio 
rci^'ii  (if  Xiiiotl  I.  .XoIoII'h  •uiiliiiNMaddiH,  lie  huvk,  'avaicnt  plus  iI'miu' 
fills  |iics.H('iiti  .Xiulitciiiiil  ii  cf  Miijct,  iiiaisci'lui-ci,  troiijin  •icnl  I'l  lrii|iiniii  iK' 
Ha  |i,'itri(',  a|i|ir(''iicii(laiit,  si\uh  lidiito,  tic  rt'iiilrc  It-s  Cliiriiimt'inicH  tiii|i  |iin»- 
hUiilH,  iiviiit  niiistiinmicnl  (''iiidt'  scs  |ii-ii]iiiHitiiiiis  I'li  faiMaiit  valnir  lo  ili"il> 
dc  I'lH'liiitl,  ii  <|ui  Hciil  il  ii|i|iai'li(>ndi'Mit  do  |inMidri'  uiic  d(''i  isiuii  dan-- 1  illi' 
lualiiTc  lit  lii'alc.  niic  fnis  mi'll  aiiruit  cte  inio  en  iitmsi-wsitiu  du  tmiic'  //^^^ 
Mut.  Civ.,  torn,  ii.,  p,  '_"J1. 


CULIIUAS  AND  CIIICIIIMECS. 


303 


in  wlilch  tho  Chichimccs  had  engaged  since  their  ar- 
rival in  Anahuac,  and  Nopaltzin  was  nmeh  ])raised  for 
its  successful  issue  l)y  Xolotl.  The  Chichiniec  enijjeror 
now  proceeded  in  person  to  Culhuacan,  to  assure  the 
inhabitants  of  his  good  will  and  to  receive  their  lioni- 
ao'c.  Pochotl's  first-born,  Achitometl,  then  only  five 
vl;us  of  age,  was  solenndy  proclaimed  king,  with  the 
condition  that  he  should  pay  yearly  a  small  tribute  in 
lish  to  the  Chichimec  government.  After  this  arni- 
ca'tie  arrangement,  the  intercourse  between  the  two 
nations  became  daily  stronger,  to  the  no  small  benefit 
of  tho  Chichimecs.** 

T()r(|uemada  gives  another  account  of  the  events 
vliich  led  to  tho  war.  Itzmitl,  who  succeeded  to  the 
lordsliip  of  Coatlichan  on  the  death  of  his  father 
Tzontecoma,  had  a  son  named  Huetzin  by  Malinal- 
\ochitl,  daughter  of  Cozcaquauhtli  of  Mamalihuasct),''* 
for  whom  he  was  anxious  to  secure  a  tempoi-aiy  re- 
i^eni'v  until  he  should  in  natural  course  succeed  to  the 
y'ovcrnnient  of  Coatlichan.  Relying  on  a  promise 
made  by  Xolotl  T.  to  Tzontocoma,  Itzmitl  asked  Xolotl 
II.  to  award  his  son  a  lordship,  and  })ointed  to  Cul- 
liuacau  as  avail;. bio  since  it  was  an  unap[)ro])i'iated 
TohiM'  settlement,  to  which  he  had  a  certain  right 
iVoni  tho  marriage  of  Tzontecoma  with  a  member  of 
its  luv!  ]  fMUjily.  Xolotl  informed  Achitometl,  a  grand- 
son iX  Niuhyotl,  of  his  wish  that  Ifuetzin  should 
s'ii;  w )'.]).  'liii  king  of  C\dhuacjui  until  he  succeeded 
to  hi-i  iwu  inlieritance.''"  Achitometl,  ])retending  to 
favoi'  vht  TV  .^joct,  immedii'tely  sent  information  to 
N'iuihyotl,  who  at  once  took  stejis  to  secure  himself. 
Xolotl    paid    a    visit    to    Culhuacan   to   make!  foi-mal 

"  Y.'iir  lUl.      ]'ri/f,;i,  Ilisf.  Aiif.  Mr/.,  toni.  ii..  jip.  W)-r>.     (iHt  to   ll!t(). 
!.i'>lll.-ur/,ill,  ill  l\iii<'i.ilioroiii//i\s  M(.t\  A'litii/.,  vol.  i\.,  iip,  'JO'.t,  ;tf.'-:t.  ItiMI, 

■l.vj, 

"'  Viiiliii,  Ilisf.  Anf.  AfrJ.,  1(1111.  ii.,  ]ii>.  1.'  (>,  Ai'i'dniiiij,'  to  l!in'<>«ciir, 
11, st  \,i/.  'Vc,  tum.  ii.,  ]>.  LV»H,  tliis  iiuly  wiis  tlic  cldcsl  iliiii;;iitir  nl'  I'o- 
<lii  '  Tztiiitccoina  \\a><  (iii««  of  (lie  .Actilliuii  t'liicf.'*,  iim  will  lie  seen  ln'icnl'tfr. 
.  ■  lacii.iiii;,' of  this  rciiiicMt  is  not  I'lciir.  Il  wiix  iniiliiiliiy  .\ii|o||'h 
ill'  y  .  '■,  "v\  lliii'iziii  into  Ciilliniii'un  iiiiiii'r  |ii'fli'iiM' of  Icnniiii^' llir  mt  of 
jjiivi'iiii  .  1,  llioii,'|i  it  would  Mccm  III'  mi;;lil  liiivi'  iloiic  iIum  iit  Ium  lulliui's 
I'owil  '.ui .  tlu'ii  \ty  HOUR'  i>tmti'gt'iu  pluco  him  upon  the  throne. 


■WBH 


301 


THE  CIIICHIMEC  PERIOD. 


;•■!!' 


ill! 


urran^-enicnts  for  tlie  reception  of  liis  pi'otene,  and 
Ava.s  received  with  the  most  friendly  assurances,  JJut 
when  Huetzin  arrived,  after  the  departure  of  Xolotl, 
an  armed  force  o})posed  his  entrance,  and  ho  precipi- 
tately retreated.  This  breach  of  faith  caused  a  w;ir, 
which  resulted  in  the  death  of  Nauhyotl,  and  tliu 
elevation  of  Huetzin  to  the  throne.^" 

Brasseur's  relation  of  these  events,  partly  derived 
from  the  manuscripts  to  which  he  had  access,  ditilrs 
from  the  others  in  some  particulars,  though  it  hiir- 
rally  agri.  s  with  Torquemada's  account.  Accoiiiiiio- 
to  this   w.  <  Luetzin,  who,  it  is  here   stated,  uas 

Pocliotls  -^ri!  jn  on  themcther's  side,^  coveted  ami 
endeavored  to  obtain  the  crown  of  Culhuacan  prior  to 
the  arraiigenient  nuide  between  his  lather  and  Xolutl. 
To  gain  this  end  he  had,  on  account  of  his  dcsctiit, 
tlie  assistance  of  the  Acolhuas,  who  were  at  all  tiiiKs 
dis|)ose(l  to  reestablish  the  original  Toltec  dynasty, 
and  the  sym[)athy  of  Xolotl  1 1.  and  his  son  Nopaltziii, 
who  were  (jf  course  inclined  to  favor  any  scheme  tliat 
would  cri|)j)le  Xauhyotl.  The  king  of  Culhuacan  dc- 
i'oated  I  luetzin's  plans  for  the  time,  however,  by  pm- 
daiining  Achitometl — Pochotl's  eldest  son,  by  tlio 
})rincess  Xoi-hipantzin,  and  consecjuently  Xauliyotrs 
grandson — as  his  successor,  thus  restoring  the  anciiiit 
dynasty,  and  doing  away  with  the  pretext  under  wiruli 
tlie  jtretender  had  won  so  nuich  sympathy.  It  si'ciiis 
tJiat  the  claims  of  lluet/in  met  with  no  iartlier  nutici' 
until  the  death  of  Quauhte\i)etlatl,  a  son  of  NauliVdi! 
1  I.,  who  had  aci'ompanied  his  father  into  exilr,  and 
after  his  death  had  returned  to  Culhuacan  and  tni  ii 


■'"  Tiirqidiiiiiifii,  }T'>iiiivq,  Jiiil.,  toni.  1.,  \\\>.  Ti1-^.  Txtlilxiicliill  :iiul  \i'.v- 
tia  ;.'ivi' a  <lil)ci'('iit  \cisiiiii  of  lliis  all'aii'  iit  lliu't/.in'H.  h/iiiitl.  nr  Kiiiill, 
(kiiiiwii  alno  as  'l'lacii\iii,  or  'ria('o\iiii|iii)  iinxccilcil  to  'rczciini,  uluie 
Xdliiil  was  sii|Hiinlt'iiiliii;;-  llic  enlist I'lii'l ion  of  a  palace  and  ;^,irili'ii,  anil 
ii'iiiimU'il  liiiii  of  a  iiioiiiihc  of  extra  favors  made  to  'I'/oiiteeoiim,  liv  wav  nt 
(•iiiM|M'ii^alioii  for  llie  inferior  Itride  wliieli  lie  had  lieen  eoiii|)elled  |o  aci  i|'i; 
\\  lii'n'ii|ion  Xolutl  LMM'  tlie  lorilsliip  of  Teiietlaoxtoe  to  liis  mui  lluel/iii. 
'I'liis  oeetirnd,  sa>s  X'evtia,  in  I-(I7,  more  lliaii  tiO  yeiiis  after  the  < 'iillniii- 
eaii  war.    Hist.  .\„/,  Mij.,  toin,  ii.,  ii[i.  Ki  7;  Kiiiij.shuiviiij/in  Mij.:  .lii/i'p, 

M>\,  i\.,   |l|l.  Ull-'J. 

5'  See  nolo  34. 


THE  NAHUATLACA  TRIRES. 


305 


e,  and 
But 
K()l.)tl, 
ircei|ii- 
a  ^ViU•, 
lid  llic 

:le  rived 
,  a i tiers 

t  H'l'lK'- 

eurdiii;;' 
ed,  was 
ted  and 
prior  to 

Xolotl. 
descent, 
ill  times 
ly  nasty, 
[)palt/.in, 
'ine  that 
iu-an  de- 

liv  pro- 
liy    tlu! 

uliytitl'^ 

aneieiit 

r  wliieli 

11 1  si't'nis 

r  uutiei' 

taiiliytl 
lie,  and 
nd  Iteeu 

(d  ;uiil  Vi'Y- 

(ic   iMnill, 

liicii,  wlnTi' 

.ildcll,   mill 

hy  wiiv  cf 

I  III  iii'ii'i'i; 

in   llui'l/Hi. 
jl„'  Culliua- 


associated  with  Nauhyotl  ITT.,  the  present  kin<>-. 
rpoii  the  death  of  this  prince,  which  occurred  in 
irj'.),  Xok)tl  entered  into  an  at^reenient  with  the  lord 
ot'C'oatlichan  to  procure  for  Huetzin,  the  son  of  the 
latter,  Quauhtexpetlatl's  share  in  the  government  of 
Cidluiacan.  Hence  followed  the  strug<»-le,  detailed 
Itv  Tor()ueniada,  which  resulted  in  Huetzin's  elevation 
to  the  throne  he  had  so  long  coveted.^ 

A  digression  is  necessary  at  this  point,  in  order 
to  refer  to  the  traditional  arrival  in  Analunic  of  the 
Nahiiatlaca  tribes,  ^^hich  occurred  at  irreguhir  in- 
tervals during  a  period  extending  from  the  early 
years  of  the  Chichimec  occupatitni  down  to,  and  a 
little  heyond,  the  events  recorded  above. 

'fhe  original  home  of  the  Nahuatlacas  was  A>.tlan, 
the  location  of  which  has  been  the  subject  of  much 
discussion.^'-'     The  causes   that   led    to   their   exodus 


s"  llrimseiii;  TTht.  Nnt.  Ci'v.,  torn,  ii.,  pp.  237-')!. 

3' .\/il;iii    'cliiit   sitiit'C   an    iimd-diiest    de    In   (.'iilifornip. 


•  C'eHt    I'o- 


]iiiiinii  il'iMi  ;;rfiiiil  iioiiilirt!  irocrivainM.  M.  Auliiii  emit  (jii'll  lialiitaiciit  hi 
luiiiiiMili'  aiiiicli'i'  aujmird'liiii  la  basso  Califnriiie,  ct  iiuc  la  I'-tait  A/tlaii.' 
/,V(XM  ((/■  (/<  liDiir/iiiiuy,  Hist.  y(it.(.'ii'.,  ttiiii.  ii.,  p.  'Jlt'J.  liiniiliulilt,  I'/zcv, 
t'liii.  ii.,  |i.  IT'.t,  and  l:'/is<t,'  J'al.,  toiii.  i.,  ]).  ii'A,  fullowi'd  li\  (Jiiiidia,  in  I'ns- 
<"il,  llisl.  (.'niKj.  Mf.r.,  toni.  iii.,  iip.  (1-7,  l!>,  idacc  .\/tlaii  iioitii  >if  42'  N.  lat.; 
I'ii>li'r,  I'n-Ilis/.  liiirrs,  pp.  840-1,  Vi'taiicvrt,  'I'lK/ro  .U-.i  ,  |i|  ii.,  |).  'JO,  re- 
I'l  r  i.i  till' afcinmt  iif  (>nati''s  cxplnratidiis  ii;  New  Mi'.xini,  /)(,r.  Hist.  .Viw., 
>'tii'  iii.,  tiiin.  iv.,  ]iii.  '.V2,  47->S,  1 11-1-,  (»-."),  and  point  to  the  j;iililcn  ('iiiialla, 
Willi  its  ruuiiui'd  .\/loi'-speiikinjif  penpU'.  Sot'  also,  Arostn,  Hist,  t/r  /i/.v 
)'»'/.,  |i.  4.")};  Sr/iiii)/rri(ft\s  Arrfi.,  vol.  i.,  ]i.  (iS;  liii.rton ,  in  Xmini/i.t 
Aiiiiii/i:i  (Irs  I'm/.,  1H.">0,  toni.  I'xxvl.,  ]ip.  4()-it.  l'"onlaiiif,  Hair  llir  ll'm/d 
I'lv  l',i,ii/ii/,  ]i|i.  1  tO-oO,  irniinds  us  that  the  Aztci'  //  suuiid  is  I'luuid  in  tin; 
N.  W.,  and  considt'r.s  thi'  nionnds  in  tho  N.  E.  to  In-  cvidcnrcs  of  Aztec, 
viiiiileiiiiu's.  I'irhriiii/s  Jidcrs,  in  U.  S.  K.v  Ex.,  vol.  ix.,  ]i,  II;  C/ni'ii/ii  r, 
-U.r  ■/'(■',  pp.  54-").  I'riehard,  Xat.  Hist.  .Mmi,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  ."il4-l(),  re^^anls 
till'  Miiiinis  ill  Arizona  as  tilt!  most  noil  hern  .\zlee  reiiinaiits.  ('Ia\i;,'erii, 
Sinnii  .ill/,  i/il  .Mrssiro,  toni.  i.,  p|i.  l.")(!-!t,  phli'es  .\zlhiil  north  ot  the 
eiijuiailii  Itiver,  ill  aeeordanee  with  some  maps  of  the  Idtli  eeiiliiry,  and 
ir,'ai'ils  this  stream  as  the  water  s.iid  to  haveheeii  emssed  on  the  mij,'ra- 
li'Mi,  \\liil>t  liotiirini,  Ii/ni,  jip.  I'Jti-S,  holds  this  to  he  the  (Jiilf  of  Cidi- 
tMriiia.  ('iii'IkiJii/.  Esjiimino,  Jlist.  ^fl.{•.,  torn.,  i.,  pp.  '-".IS,  ;{(tl;  Jtins,  Ciini- 
j"(i'l.  Ilsl.  ,Vc.i'.,  ]).  11.  Orozeo  y  Merra,  ('Hii/r/i/iii,  pp.  7'.IS'_>,  i;t4o, 
trail's  Naliiiadaea  routes  north  of  Mexieo.  Diiraii,  llisl.  /m/ius,  MS., 
tmii.  i.,  cap  1,  looks  to  Florida  for  the  aneieiit  home.  .Meiidiela,  Hi.s/. 
A''''',  p.  Itl,  ideiitilies  Aztaii  with  the  later  Chieonioztoe,  like  .\eosla 
mill  hinaii.  hut  hieates  it  in  the  ,la!iseo  re;,non.  Htirt/(  //'s  J'irs.  Xnr.,  vol. 
ii .  p.  '.Ml.  N'eytia,  ///.s7.  Ant.  Mr/.,  toni.  ii.,  p.  JH,  venlnres  a  little 
lariiiir  imrlh,  to  Soiiora;  see  also,  Mtill/nninni,  lirisni,  tom.  ii.,  |i|i.  Ih't-'io. 
dallaliii.  ill  Aimr.  Kllinu.  ,iuc.,  'rruimact.,  vol.  i.,  p.  I'JS,  considers  A zlluii 
Vol.  V.    ilU 


n  n 


m 


!  n: 


30G 


THE  CIIICIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


from  that  country  can  only  lie  conjectured;*"  Init  tliiv 
may  be  supposed,  lio\ve\*er,  to  have  been  driven  tmt 
by  their  enemies,  for  Aztlan  is  described  as  a  IukI 
too  fair  and  bounteous  to  be  left  willinoly  in  tlnj 
mere  hope  of  findinj^  a  better.*^  The  native  tiadi- 
tion  relates  that  a  bird  was  heard  for  several  davs 
constantly  re[)eatin!^  the  word  tihui,  tihui,  moaning' 
'let  us  go,'  'let  us  go.'  Tliis,  Huitziton,  foremost  and 
wisest  among  the  Nahuatlaca  chiefs,  took  to  l)e  a 
message  from  tlie  gods  directing  the  people  to  sclIc 
a  new  home.  In  making  a  declaration  of  su(di  imi- 
ment  he  needed  tlie  support  of  another  inlluciitial 
man.  He  accordingly  persuaded  another  chief  calkd 
Tecpatzin,  who   at   first  seemed  sceptical,  that  the 

to  have  been  near  Culiacan,  Imt  on  j).  205,  and  in  Noiivpf/f.'i  AniiaJm  d^ 
Voji.,  1  "il,  toiii.  t'xxxi.,  p.  '2S1,  he  socnis  to  favor  tlic  nioiv  direct  imiiii. 
Cai)n!ra,  Tnilrn,  )))).  !)l-(),  advances  sonio  arj^'nnicnt  for  its  iiicatiini  in  (  lii- 
anas.  Sec  also,  Mullcr,  Ainrrihiui.svlir  Cm /iijidiicn,  ji]).  oHi'-.S.  Wjilili'ik, 
Vol/.  Pitt.,  ]).  4.'i,  remarks  tiiat  tlie  i)alni-trei>  on  the  niif^ration-iiiiip  imli- 
catos  a  southern  ori.Lcin,  hut  (iondra,  in  I'risrn/t,  Hist.  Coiiij.  .l/ci,  tuin. 
iii.,  J).  7,  considers  that  this  may  he  a  thoughtless  insertion  ot  thi'  jiMiiitcr. 
See  riMuarks  on  i>i).  l!l(i-l8of  tiiis  volume,  and  |>n,  tJ8l-4,  T.sS-ll  of  vni.  iv. 
For  further  remarks  on  position  of  Aztlan,  and  orijjin  of  Naliiiiiiliuiis 
see:  Nonmtn\f  Rumhhs  in  Viw.,  pii.  "Jdli-T;  Jiii.si-hitKnni,  Or/.\iiiiiiini,  p. 
Rl,  ct  HC([.,  JJras.sciir  th  J'oiirhoiirij,  Ksiiiii.isr.s,  \)\).  '27-S;  /(/. ,  J  fist.  Xnl. 
Cii'.,  tmn.  ii.,  \)\).  101-7;  Ji/.,  /'opul  \'ii/i,  \)\).  clxxxiii.-cxcvi. ;  J!r<i'(f'irin 
Aiiiri:  Antiq.,  wi.  '2()l{-ri;  lliixton'.'i  Atlrni.  Mvx.,  jip.  iStiJ-l;  Ciriniiiiifi 
A/iur/ii:i,  ])p.  8',)-!tl);  (hrijifn  Cum.  J'rfdrir-i,  vol.  i.,  p.  'J8t;  Siiiit/i\i  Huhinn 
!^prrii:i,  op.  'J.l'J-H;  Moi/cr'.i  Mix.  A:tcr,  rtr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  1123. 

*"  tialiatin,  Aiiirr.  kt/iiio.  Snr.,  Triiit.-<iirl.,  vol.  i.,  p.  20."),  thinks  tiny 
nnvy  have  hail  a  share  iu  the  dismemhcrineiit  of  the  'I'oltec  empire,  m'  iiiiiv 
Inive  seizeil  the  opiiortunity  oH'erecl  hy  the  'Toitec  euiijiralion  to  enter  iiiln 
the  deserted  lands.  Cabrera  states  that  they  were  driven  from  A/.tlaii. 
Teatro,  j).  94. 

*'  Dnran  jjives  the  description  of  Aztlan  ;,'iven  hy  rueuhcoall  In  Mnnti'- 
zunni  the  elder:  'Nuestros  I'adres  moraron  en  dinid  feliee  y  diclmx)  hiiuar 
que  llanuiron  Azthin,  {\\\v  qniere  de<'ir  "  I'dancinvi."  Kn  este  l.ii;::ir  Iimv  iiii 
gran  Cerro  en  medio  del  a;,'ua,  ipn'  llamahan  Cnlhnacan,  por  (|uc  licnc  l;i 
punta  al;,'o  retuerta  liiicia  ahajo,  y  a  «'sta  causa  se  llama  ('ulliii:ic;iii.  ipii' 
quiere  decir  ''(lerro  tiu'rto."  Kn  este  Cerro  lialiia  \inas  liociis  (i  ciicliii^  i 
coiu'avidados  doude  hahitiiroii  nuestros  I'adres  v  Ahnelos  jior  miiclios  hmc.-: 
alii  tuliicron  niucho  descanso  dehajo  de  este  Xomhre  Mexitiii  y  .Vzlcia: 
iilli  gozahan  de  nnu'ho  cantidad  tie  I'alos,  de  fodo  geiu-ro  dc  ;:azziis;  ili' 
cuerhos  marinos,  ytiallinas  de  a^ua,  y  de  (Jallaretas;  nozahiiu  ilcl  cai 


Itn 


fii/:iniii  111' 


y  nudodia  de  los  IMjaros  (h>  las  caliezas  colerailas  y  amar 
nuichas  diferencias  de  grandes  y  hermosus  I'cscados;  goziiron  ile  jri'fiii  li'i'"- 
cura  de  arhidedas,  {\\w  liahia  por  anutdlas  rilieras,  y  de  Kuenlcs  ccrculin 
de  sauces  y  de  Saliinas  yde  .\lisos  jj;randesy  hermosos;  andahMii  cii  ciiina';, 
y  Iniciaii  cainelloues  eu  <[ue  semhratian  niiiiz,  chile,  tomates,  liii.iiililli.  in- 
soles, y  de  todo  jfcucro  de  sendila.s  de  las  nue  conienios,'  I've,  llist  JiiiIhk, 
MS,,  toni.  i.,  cap.  27. 


XAIIUATLACA  MIGRATION. 


307 


jjird's  note  was  nothing  less  than  a  divine  messai^-e, 
and  the  two  announced  it  as  such  to  the  people." 

Whether  all  tlie  numerous  tribes  into  wliicli  tlio 
Xaliuatlacas  were  divided,  left  Aztl.an  at  tlie  same 
time,  or,  if  not,  in  what  order  they  left,  it  is  inipos- 
hiMc  to  tell.  It  seems,  however,  tliat  after  several 
yours'  Avandering,  a  number  of  them  were  tog-etlier 
at  a  ]ilace  called  Chicomoztoc,  the  famous  *sevi-ii 
cavos.'*^  The  little  tliat  is  known  oi'  their  wander- 
iiiL,'s  before  reaching  this  point  will  be  found  in  tlio 
next  cliapter,  in  connection  with  the  Aztec  migra- 
tion. 

Tlie  list  of  tribes  settled  at  Chicomoztoc  at  this 
time  comprises  only  seven  according  to  most  autliors. 
TIkt  are  named  for  the  most  part  after  the  locality 
in  w  hich  they  subse(]uently  settled  in  ;md  alK)ut  Ana- 
liuac,  and  are  as  follows:  the  Xoclamilcas,  Chalcas, 
Tepanecs,  Acolhuas,  Tlahuicas,  Tlascaltecs,  and  Aztecs 
or  Mexicans;  to  which  some  writers  add  tlie  Tara«c»)s, 
^[atlaltzincas,  Malinalcas,  Cholultecs,  Huexotzincas, 
L'tiitlaliuacs,  Miz(j[uicas,  and  Cohuixcas."     Some  au- 

i'^  Riimnrz,  in  Garrfn  yCuhaa,  Aflns;  Tnr<iitrmn<ln,  Mntiiirq.  Inil.  toiii., 
i,,  p.  7S;  I'lm'iiimi,  Stun'ii  Ant,  del  Mmsico,  tmii.  i.,  ii|i.  1.">7-S;  Vrt;nirvvt , 
T'iil(-<i  Mi;r.,  |)t  ii.,  i).  17;  Viifd-Snlar  if  Sniir/ir-,  '//iitilin,  tinil.  i.,  p.  'A; 
Ciirhiijid  h'.yiiiio.td,  Ill's/.  Mr.r.,  ti)in.  i./pii.  .'{!tl»-.'{l)(».  'Vhv  iliitc  cif  tlie  ili'- 
imrturc  is  sliowii  li\  tlic  inaps  ti)  lio  Ce  IVciiatl,  wliii'h  is  ciilculiitnl  liy 
<'liiiiiiil|):iin,  (iiiilatiii,  (iiiiiiii,  ami  Voytia  to  l)e  KHil,  hascd  on  tiu-  li.\|Mitli- 
(M^ihiit  till!  iiiljustiiii'iit  (if  till'  ('aieudar  in  tiu^  yoaiM't'  Toclitli,  wiiicii  tmik 
]il;ii('  liming  till!  jminiey,  corrt'siiiiiKls  ti)  \i)\M.  nrassoiir  would  |iriilialily 
iissi;;!!  a  iatcr  (lain,  since  he  writes:  'i^es  aiiiiales  niexicaiiics  nous  niontrcnt 
^'I'lii'iidciiii'iil  Ics  jtrenuercs  tribns  de  cettu  nation  ii  A/llancn  Tan  rreciiall, 
lOiU.'  His/.  \(it.  dr.,  toni.  ii.,  n.  'JO-'. 

*'^  Ciiicoino/loe  is  placed  Ity  (  liivi;;ero  about  tweiily  niilcs  south  of  Zai'a- 
ti'r;i-<,  liut  is  ivi,'arded  liy  Dnran,  Acostii,  and  others,  as  identical  witii,  or 
"iiliiii  llic  re.Ljion  of  A/tlan.  Acconlin;;to  llrasseur.  Ilis/.  .\'ii/.  O'c,  loni.  ii., 
|i. '.';i:i.  liicy  aiii\ed  here  llKi.  Ilellwald,  in  Snii/Zisiiiiinii  lu/i/.,  ISIKI,  ]p. 
.'i'lii,  ii^rccs  with  liiis  date,  hy  making;  them  arrive  at  Chiconio/toc  'Jti  ye.u-« 
iittiT  ilicir  de|partnre  from  A/llan,  which,  he  says,  took  place  in  Kl'.lO. 
Vcviia,  lli.i/.  An/.  .Mij.,  tom.  ii.,  p.  '.)•_',  .slates  that  they  arrived  KM  yearn 
iiUci  ilicir  departure.  On  the  (Jeinelli  map  O/.loiJan,  'place  iif  i^rottocs,' 
i^  ^'iM'ii  as  a  place  where  tiiey  halted  for  a  Ion;;-  time,  from  1(10  to  'liH)  yeart 
(liter  leaving  Aztlaii,  and  may  he  the  same  as  ('hicinnoztoc.  ('amar;^ii,  in 
\'iiii'il/r.'i  Ainiii/rn  iff.s  Vu//.,  ISI.'l,  tom  .\cviii.,  ]).  II.'),  says  that  the 'I'las. 
iiilicis,  who  accordin;,'  to  most  authors  wi're  mio  of  the  Nahnathica  trihes, 
arrivcil  at  C'hicomo/t,oe  in  the  year  .">  'I'ochtli. 

*^Sn' Ai'o.s/ii,  Hist  ilr  l(ts  Yin/.,  op.  i't'ii];  Jliriri'tt,  Ifisf,  Gi'ii.,  dec. 
ii;.  lili.  ii.,  cap.  X.;  //iirmi,  Jli.tt.  Jih/ius,  .MS.,  tom.  i.,  cap.  '2;  ('iiitiiij<il 
Liliiiiuid,  ii<i/.  Mix.,  lorn,  i.,  pp.  'J:iS,  217;  Clun'i/i ro,  S/uiun  Ant.  liii  Sks' 


•iJI 


308 


THE  eillCIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


tlior.s  do  not  iucludo  the  Acolhuas  and  Tepanccs;  no 
iiu})ortanc'e  is,  however,  to  be  attached  to  the  tiudi- 
tiona]  tril)al  divisions  of  the  invading  hordes  before 
they  settled  in  Antlhuac. 

It  was  at  Chiconioztoc  that  the  separation  of  the 
Aztecs  from  the  rest  of  the  Naluiathicas  took  })la('o. 
Tlie  tradition  rehites  tliat  while  the  peojjle  were 
seated  beneath  a  great  tree  partaking  of  a  meal,  a 
terrible  noise  was  suddenly  heard  to  issue  from  the 
summit  of  the  tree;  the  idol  which  stood  u})oii  the 
altar  at  its  foot  then  called  the  chiefs  of  the  Aztec 
tribe  aside  and  commanded  them  to  order  the  other 
tribes  to  depart  in  advance,  leaving  the  Aztecs  at 
(.'hicomoztoc.  The  number  of  tribes  that  were  tlius 
sent  in  advance  is  not  known;  Tonpiemada  says 
I'ight,  Acosta  and  Duran  say  six,"  and  others  greater 
or  smaller  numbers. 

From  the  time  of  tlie  separation  we  hear  little 
more  of  tlie  Nahuatlaca  tribes  until  we  find  them 
coming  into  Aniihuac  and  settling  in  various  ])aits  o[' 
the  country.  In  this  manner  we  hear  of  the  Xoehi- 
milcas,  'cultivators  of  ilowers,'  coming  into  the  vallcv 
and  occu^iying  a  district  south  of  Tezcuco  Lake,  wheie 

xiro.  toiii.  i.,  j».  151;  Tfdhmltf,  in  S^mithsnuinn  Jlrpf.,  ISOO,  \^.  ;i.'?!t;  T'lvqn--- 
iii"(lfi,  .Uojiiin/.  Iiiil.,  toiii.  i,,  p.  7H;  I'rfiDirrrt,  'liKtni  Mix.,  j)!.  ii.,  p  17; 
M'lliiliiiid ,  Hist.  IjiiUds,  ill  Iriizlmfrrld,  Ciil.  i/r  Ihir.,  toili.  i.,  [iji.  7-'.i; 
J'iiiirultl,  Ciiiii/iv,  tdlii,  i.,  J).  154;  I'lirrhtis  /li.i  I'i7ifriiiia(ir,  vol.  v.,  y.  Mil; 
ll'iidUi  t'inrri,  in  Churchiirs  Col.  I'lii/mjis,  vol.  iv.,  ^».  4S'2\  Unnihulill, 
Vio'i,  ti.ni.  ii.,  i)|).  lt)S-7l;  Snfini/ini,  Hist.  (Ini.,  toni.  iii.,  lili.  \.,  ]>.  1-I7). 
liiiissciir  do  Ilouilioiirjf  ;;ives  us  tin;  triUcs  tlmt  left  .Vztlan:  flic  liiiixni/iii- 
(MS,  t'liiilciiH,  Xdcliiiiiilcii.s,  Cinitiiiluiacas,  .Maiinalciis,  Cliicliiini'ijis,  Tij'a- 
ni'i'as,  and  .Nlaflaltzincas.   lli.sf.  Xnf.  I'ir.,  toni.  ii.,  |».  '2'.)'2. 

*>  Miinnr'i.  [ml.,  tom.i.,  jip.  7^-!);  llisf.ilr  his  YniL,  ii.  451;  llisl.  IiiiU'K, 
MS.,  toni.  i.,  cap.  2.  On  llntiiriiii'w  map  tlio  iiiero;j;lypnsof  tiu' t'i;!'lil  liilif- 
lU'o  si'iMi  at  Cliiconioztoc  for  tlio  lasttinu';  tlio  priests  or  leaders  of  llic  .\/- 
tiH's  alone  jmi'siie  the  renuiinder  of  tlie  eoiirse.  As  the  .A/tee  liioiii^'l.v|ili 
does  not  appear  to  lie  included  anioiijj;  these  ei^dit,  it  iiiij,dil  he  assuiiicil  lliiit 
tlie  .\/tecs  were  composed  of  certain  families  heloiiiiin;,'  to  one  oi'  iiinic  oi 
the  eijiht  trihes,  hut  this  does  not  appear  to  he  the  view  taken  hv  llic  ;iu 
lliorities.  (iondra,  in  I'nsfotf.  Ulst.Coiiq.  .V'.r.,  toni.  iii.,  pp. -5-1!.  rciiiarlv^ 
that  the  map  indicates  a  consultation  of  six  of  {\w  families  with  llicii'  ^'"l. 
and  the  depardire  of  t  wo.  The  non-recurrence  of  the  trihal  liiero;^ly|ili~  Ih' 
explains  hy  sayiu;;  that  the  families  are  henceforth  (k'si;4;nated  only  hv  lln' 
I  liiefs  who  lead  theni,  'I'his  map  cannot,  however,  he  expected  In  lie  mihh' 
a<curate  than  the  sources  fnmi  which  'roniueiiiuda,  Acosta,  and  clliK^^ 
deri\ed  thoir  iuforinatioii. 


ACOLIIUAS  AND  TEPAXECS. 


309 


tin  V  fouiidod  Xocliiinilco;  l)nt  all  \vo  know  of  thr'w 
{nvmvv  liistoiy  is  that  they  left  A(|iiilazco,  their 
original  home,  whieh  we  may  su[){)o,sc  to  have  heeii 
a  district  of  Aztlan,  under  a  chief  named  Huetzalin/'"' 
who,  dying  on  the  journey,  was  succeeded  hy  Aca- 
tniial,  who  conducted  the  trihe  as  far  as  the  ruined 
city  of  Tollan  and  there  died,  after  having  ruled 
tw'.iity-thn.'o  years.  The  trihe  then  proceedeil  untlei" 
the  conduct  of  Tlahuil  Tecuhtli*''  to  the  Culhuacau 
territory  and 'attempted  to  settle  there,  one  year  after 
the  accession  of  }f  uetzin.^'*  But  the  people  of  Cul- 
liuaian  Avere  suspicious  of  the  new  comers  and  drove 
thciii  to  the  other  side  of  the  lake  to  a  place  called 
Tcvahualco,  at  the  sauie  time  forhidding  them  to  settle 
(.11  any  jiart  of  the  lands  helonging  to  the  ca})ital. 
Fur  some  years  the  Xochimilcas  remained  quietly  at 
'IVvahualco,  hut  in  1141  Tlahuil  Tecuhtli  pouni-ed 
:-ii(ldcnly  upon  Culhuacan,  and  hefore  its  defenders 
ciiiild  gain  their  arms  he  penetrated  into  the  heart  of 
the  city  and  sacked  it  remorselessly.  The  inhahitants 
souii  rallied,  however,  and  not  oi.iy  drove  the  maraud- 
ers (tut  of  the  city,  out  pursued  them  as  far  as  the 
site  (if  the  ancient  city  of  Oco})etlayuca.  Here  Thi- 
liuil  Tecuhtli  resolved  to  estahlish  himself  and,  witli 
thi'  jiermission  of  the  king  of  Culhuacan,  he  I'orth- 
vith  founded  the  city  of  Xochimili'o,  whii-h  suhse- 
(lUciitly  hecame  one  of  the  ]»rinci]>al  ])laces  in  An;i- 
The  Chalcas  settled  on  the  east  side   of  the 


liuac 


4',1 


■      "f-E 


lake  of  C'halco  and   founded  a   numher   of  towns  of 


*''  <,>m't/iiliii  ni'coiiliii;,'  to  Dnissoiir,  wlio  adds:  'Dntis  Ic  fcxtc,  il  y  a  Uu- 
thiiUii.  ct'  i|iii  I'si  inciltalilt'iiH'iit  iiiu'  faiitc  dii  ciiiii.^io.'  lli.sl.  A"/.  '/<■,, 
liilii.  ii.,  |i,  -Ji'iit.      'I'liis  cliicf  may  |Missi!ily  lie  llic  same  as   Iliiil/itoli. 

'"  NCylia  iiaiiu's  tliis  cliicf  Xiicliiiiiilio,  wliidi  IJrassoiir  says  'no  jiriit 
I'tru  ipi'Miit' crreiir.'   '(/.,  )i.  'HA. 

'^  III.  I\llil.\(i(ir.ll  and  W'Vtia  |daci'  llii'  anival  of  tlic  Xncliiinilcas  ii) 
Tlntzin's  ri'iifii.  Kiiuisliiiniiiii/(\s  Mr.r.  An/if/.,  vul,  ix.,  p.  -iriS;  ///v/.  .li,f. 
.'/■/.,  tiiiii.  ii.,  ]).  ,SS.  l)iiraii  says  tlicy  wi'ic  tin-  lirst  tnicavf  Ciiiccniici/tcM', 
iiii'i  llic  tliird  tit  arrive  in  Aiiiiliiiac.  'I'liis  w  lilcr  ;,-ivi'.i  a  niiiiilicr  nf  |||a(■^.^ 
t'liiinlcij  liy  llicni  lii'sidcs  Xdcliiniilro.  ///.v/.  Jmlin.i,  MS.,  (mti.  i.,  iii|i.  •_'., 
1'!.     Ariisiii  Miys  tiicy  wcic  llic  liist  to  anivc.    ///.v/.  i/r  /".v  )'/('/.,  p.   l^S. 

'"  l''iih'(i,  llisl.  Aiil.  .U'/.,  loin,  ii.,  |iii.  SS  !t;  l.illil.i'dcldll,  in  KiDi/slmV' 
oii'j/i's  M, r.  Aii/i'/.,  \ol.  i\.,  p.  |,")S;  llr<(.\.sitir  </r  lliiiif/iiinrif,  llisl.  .\ii/. 
('(>•■,  toui.  ii.,  pp,  'Mli'L 


^31 

if 


310  THE  CIIICIIIMEC  PERIOD. 

Avliicli  the  priiK'ipal  was  Clialco.  For  the  Tlaliuicas 
no  room  could  bo  found  about  tho  lako;  thuy  tlioc- 
fore  procoodt'd  to  a  district  .south  of  Mexico,  uIh  ro 
b>cfore  lonii'  a  ininil)er  of  settlements  rose  around  tlair 
capital  Quauhnahuac.'^  Of  the  other  tribes  inchukd 
1)}'  some  autliors  amonq-  the  Nahuatlacas,  we  find  tlic 
Tarascos  settled  in  !Michoacan,  the  Matlaltzincas  in  tlic 
province  of  that  name,  and  extending  towards  ^Firlio- 
acan ;  the  Malinalcas  in  the  province  of  Malinalco; 
the  Cuitlahuacs  in  the  province  of  Cuitlahuac;  the 
]\riz([uicas  in  Mizquic;  the  O^huixcas  in  Guerrero."' 

The  Tepanecs  and  Acolhuas  become  })roniinent  in 
the  affairs  of  Aniihuac  at  this  period,  that  is,  durinn' 
the  reign  of  the  Chichimec  emi)eror  Xolotl  11. 
They  were  among  the  numerous  bands  that  con- 
tributed to  the  overthrow  of  the  Toltec  em})ire,  and 
are  classed  by  several  writers  among  the  Nahuathu  a 
tribes.^'^  One  of  their  chiefs,  Tzontecoma  of  Coatli- 
chan,  was,  as  we  have  seen,  the  grandfather  of  Jinct- 
zin,  the  present  king  of  Culhuacan.  The  evoiit 
tlnit  l)rings  them  into  j)rominent  notice  at  this  tiiuo 
is  their  tendei'ing  allegiance  to  Xolotl  II.  In  do- 
ing this  they  claimed  descent  from  the  Citin,'''  il- 
lustrious for  nobility  of  race  and  for  heroic  dcrds. 
According  to  nniny  of  the  Spanish  writers  the  Otonn'is 

•''"  Now  rncriiaviica. 

i'  Oiiizro  >/  Urrrit,  (Irnffrafin,  pp.  02-3,  141-3. 

■'■^  Many  writi'iH  who  ilo  mil  dircrtly  (•(iiiin'ct  the  Acolhuas  with  tlu'  \;i- 
ImathicaN,  assert  tliat  tlicv  caiiic  from  the  same  io;;ioii,  and  were  nl  tin) 
s.imc  lai'e.  ( 'hivij,'i'r(i  places  tlie  ancient  liome  in  'I'eoacolhnacan,  near  Aiua- 
«iucmeean.  Veytia  consiilers  tliem  to  he  the  tk'scenthintsof  Toltec  coliiiii'-is 
■who  were  sctth'il  alonjf  tiic  I'acilic  coast.  Ixtlilxociiit!  allirms  tiiiil  iluy 
■were  neij,'iiiiors  of  tlu-  llnchue  'I'laiiallan  Toltecs  and  of  ("iiicliimec  slnik, 

^^  'Ci/iii,  i)luriel  (h-  Ci/^i,  lievre,  nom  apparemnient  d'une  trihii  (hi  Nurd, 
oomme  les  I'ieil-Xoir,  h-s  Ser|ients,  etc,'  HrnnsiKr  di:  Bour/miiri/,  Ui<l. 
Xiif.  Oil'.,  toni.  ii.,  ]i.  '2',V2.  l!ios,  ('itni/iriit/.  lli.sf.  Mc.v.,  i).  7,  says  liicy 
derived  their  orij;iii  from  the  family  of  Citin  or  rieiia.  >iot(dinia  s:i,\>  nf 
the  Acolhuas:  '  Kste  iiomhre  los  (inedo  de  \iii  valiente  eapilan  (|ue  liniv'rnii 
. . . .  Acoli,  (jue  asi  se  llama  aiiuel  hneso  que  vil  <lesde  el  codo  hasia  el  limii- 
liro.  y  del  mismo  hueso  Ilanian  a!  homhro  .\coli.'  He  was  very  hra\i'.  nml 
taller  than  other  nu'n.  /list.  Iiuf/'os,  in  Iiriz/mfrrfo,  Cn/.  dr  l>iii\,  tniii.  i, 
)'.  11.  (iomara,  Ci)nn.  Mr.i\,  fid.  301,  says  that  thev  I'laimed  descent  tinm 
ii  \iiliaiit  chief  iianunl  ( 'hichimecatlh.  who  once  tied  a  straji  roniul  the  .irni 
of  (j>iielz;deoatl,  near  the  shoulder.  This  was  re;,'ardeil  as  a  ;^reat  leat,  l^r  it 
■was  .said  that  he  that  could  hind  a  ;'ud  could  bind  all  men. 


ACOLIIUAS  AND  TEPAXECS. 


311 


came  into  Aiiiiliuac  and  teiKlcred  their  allegiance  to 
Xolotl  11.  ill  company  with  the  Acolhuas  and  Te- 
jiaiiLCH.  We  have  already  seen,  however,  that  the 
(Uonii's  Mere  one  of  the  mo.st  ancient  nations  of 
Anahuac,  and  were  there  long-  hetore  the  Toltecs; 
this  rc[»uted  entry  of  theirs  was  perhai)s  nothing 
iiioic  tlian  their  coming  in  from  the  monntains  and 
{uli)j)ting,  to  a  certain  extent,  a  civilized  life."*  The 
stoiy  goes  that  Xolotl  II,  and  his  son  Nopaltzin  were 
fiattired  hy  the  propositions  of  these  }H)\verfnl  chiefs 
and  entertained  their  guests  right  royally.  Nor  did 
the  Chichimec  monarch  delay  to  confer  ii})on  the  three 
])iin('i[);d  chiefs  substantial  marks  of  his  favor  and 
consideration.  To  the  lord  Acolhua  with  the  Tepa- 
iiecs  he  assigned  several  districts  south  of  Tenavocan, 
Avith  Azcai)Uzalco  for  a  caj)ital,  and  gave  him  the  hand 
of  his  eldest  daughter,  Cuetlaxochitl,  in  marriage; 
the  lord  of  the  Otomis  received  the  em})eror's  second 
daughter,  and  a  district  four  or  five  leagues  north  of 
Azcajiuzalco,  with  Xaltocan  for  its  capital;  Tzonte- 
oonia,  tlie  third  chief,  a  young  man,  was  awarded  lor 
the  Acolhua  home  a  district  one  league  south  of 
Tezcuco,  with  Coatlichan  for  a  ca[)ital,  and,  as  Xo- 
lotl had  no  more  daughters,  he  was  given  for  a  wife 
the  in'incess  next  in  rank.^'^  It  was  in  C()m[>ensa- 
tii)n  for  this  inferior  marriage  that  Xolotl  afterwards 
ohtained  the  throne  of  Culhuacan  for  Tzonteconui's 
•grandson,  lluctzin,  according  to  Tt)r(piemada's  account 
given  on    a   preceding   page.     The    three   marriages 


^'  I'liMssMir  (Ic  Tlniirl;<»irs  Rfiys  iiotliiiiLt  aliDtit  tlic  Otomin  onmiii;,'  in  witli 
till'  Aiollnias  iiiiil  'ri'iiaiiiM.s  iit  this  time. 

"  i'lii-,  MciMiidiiij;-  to  'rdiiiiu'iniitia,  .Vmiiiri/.  /inf.,  turn.  i..  jiji.  r)l-4,  wiio 
i'-  I'nllnwid  liy  Itnissciir,  was  ('oatcti,  (laii;;litt'r  cif  ( 'iialcliiiilitlatoiiac,  ur 
<  li^iirhiiiiitlaiu'tziii,  Innl  of  Ciialco,  wlio,  sa\s  Miassciir,  Hi.ff.  Aaf.  <'ir., 
Imii.  ii.,  \i.  '2'M,  ']iarait  avoir  I'tii  rtiii  tics  I'lvics  ou  tics  Ills  dc  NaiiliyotI 
II.'  .\(  iiiiiliiijr  to  other  authors,  'rzontccuiiia's  Iniiii'  was  iianiril  ('iliuaict- 
/iii,  Mini  inr  I'atlicr  was  a  Tttltcc,  hml  of  'rialiiianairo.  Kacli  of  these  iiaiin's 
i»  ^1K•I1(■(1  ill  a  j;rcat  variety  of  ways.  See  LrtliLciirliitl,  in  KiiKixhiiriniijIi's 
-lA.r.  Ai,ll<j.,  vol.  i.v.,  iip.iVll,  .'V.t.")',  \:rl\  \'rif/in,  ///.v/.  Jti/.  M<J.,  toni.'ii., 
lip.  ;!'.l-l,'!;  ('/(iri'i/cro,  Slorid  Aiil.  </i/  Mrsxini,  toin.  i.,  jip.  lH(i-7;  (iriniin/us 
i/i!i(hr~,  Tiirilis  Amvr.,  pii.  19,  142  H;  Miillii\  Urism,  toin.  iii.,  p.  1."); 
MitH:  i\  A  iiK  rikiHi'srhi'  I'n'iliijii'iK'ii,  i>.  ."I'Jli;  I'll/ii-SrAijr  i/  ,S((iir/i(:,  J'/ira- 
ti'",  Imiii.  i.,  [i.  ;t;     Uruzcu  1/  JJtrni,  Gai<jni/ta,  [>.  "J'J, 


J!  ' '  l-i 


312 


THE  CIIICIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


were  celebrated  at  Tenayocan  with  cxtraoi-dinarv 
pomp,  and  were  followed  hy  a  successiuu  of  puMic 
tfaines,  gladiatorial  exhibitions,  and  amusements  of 
all  sorts,  which  lasted  sixty  days. 

It  is  difficult  to  say  in  what  relation  the  Acolhua 
and  Tepanec  princes  stood  towards  the  Chichimec  (ni- 
peror.  Accordinijf  to  most  of  the  Spanish  authoiitios, 
tliey  swore  allegiance  to  Xolotl,  and  took  rank  as 
the  first  vassals  of  the  emj)ire,  though  they  wew 
exempted  from  payment  of  tribute.  It  is  Brassour's 
opinion,  however,  that  this  statement  must  not  lio 
accepted  too  literally.  Nothing,  was  more  jealously 
guarded  by  all  these  peoples  than  their  indejiendeiice 
and  sovereign  rights  in  the  land  they  occupied.  At 
the  same  time,  the  right  of  first  occupation  boinrr 
held  sacred  by  them,  it  was  natural  that  the  tribes 
that  came  in  after  the  Chichimecs,  s]u)uld  address 
themselves  to  Xolotl,  before  attemj)ting  any  formal 
settlement.  Tlie  act  of  the  new  tribes  was,  theretoro, 
an  observance  of  international  etiquette  rather  than 
an  acknowledgment  <;)f  vassalage.^ 

The  settlement  of  the  Acolhuas  and  Tepanecs  in 
Auilhuac  resulted  in  an  improved  order  of  things,  and 
in  the  rapid  advance  of  culture  throughout  the  countiy. 
Their  comparatively  high  state  of  civilization  was 
not  slow  to  impart  itself  to  the  ruder  ('hidiinieos, 
who  were  proud  to  ally  themselves  by  niairiago  to 
the  polished  strangers,  and  eager  to  enndatc  tluir 
refinement.  For  the  same  reasons  the  nanu;  Acol- 
hua soon  came  to  designate  the  Chicliimecs  of  the 
capital  and  surrounding  districts.  Nor  was  it  the 
])eoi)le  alone  who  received  this  impulse  IVoni  tlio 
new-comers.  Xolotl  began  to  perceive  that  if  he 
wished  to  establish  a  permanent  and  hereditary  inon- 
archy  it  would  be  necessary  to  cure  his  fierce  noI»lcs 
of  tlieir  nomadic  tastes  and  habits  by  giving  tlicni 
]iossessions,  and  thus  making  it  to  their  interest  (o 
lead    an    orderly  and    settled    life.     To  this  end  he 

!>''  Brassciir  lie  Jioiirlioiinj,  Ilisf.  Nat.  Civ.,  toiu.  ii.,  pp.  i'lU-t. 


TIIK  TOLTKCS  IN  ANAIIIAC. 


313 


cn^atod  a  iiuinl)cr  of  fiefs,  and  distriltuted  tlicm  aiiion<jf 
liis  l(ti(ls,  accordiiiLC  to  tlicir  rank  and  (juality.  Those 
Iviii.u'  nearest  to  tlie  centre  of  the  empire  were 
nranted  to  the  princes  of  the  royal  family,  or  to  cliiefs 
of  nndonhted  loyalty;  while  to  the  more  turbulent 
'lohles  distant  provinces  were  assigned" 

For  some  time  after  the  accession  of  Huctzin  to  the 
throne  of  Culhuacan,  where,  the  reader  will  recollect, 
ho  had  heen  placed  by  Xolotl  II.  after  the  defeat  and 
death  of  Nauhyotl,  it  seems  that  Nonohualcatl,  Xanh- 
yotl's  eldest  son,^  and  Ameyal,  Pochotl's  eldest  son 
liy  Naidiyotl's  dauj^hter,  were  permitted  to  retain 
tlieir  jiosition  as  heirs  to  the  throne  which  they  had 
enjoyed  during  the  reign  of  the  late  king.  Ihit  this 
(lid  not  last  very  long;  the  ruse  by  whicli  Anieyal 
had  (  ndcavored  to  frustrate  Xolotl's  designs  upon  the 
throne  of  Culhuacan  was  not  forgotten,  and  before 
many  months  had  elapsed  the  young  prince  was  de- 
sj)()iled  of  his  dignities  and  cast  into  i)i'ison,  where  he 
was  ke[)t  closely  confined  for  several  years. 

Althoui»'h  the  Toltec  clement  in  Amihuac  was 
flowing  weaker  every  year,  and  threatened  to  totally 
disappear  in  a  short  time,  yet  what  little  there  was 
left  of  it  i^ossessed  great  importance  in  the  eyes  of 
Xolotl  11.  The  Chichimec  emperor,  partly  perlia])s 
from  motives  of  })ride,  partly  becanse  he  saw  th.it 
it  would  tend  to  ensure  his  son's  succession,  desired 
iiotliing  so  much  as  to  ally  his  family  b}^  blood  witli 
the  ancient  Toltec  dynasty.  With  tliis  end  in  view, 
the  old  monarch  had  for  some  time  been  looking 
ahoiit  for  a  suitable  bride  for  his  son  Xoi>alt/.in.  .\t 
length  the  lady  was  found  in  the  })ersou  of  Azeatl- 
xochitl,  sister  of  Ameyal,  and  therefore  daughtei'  of 
Poehotl,  the  son  of  Topiltzin,  the  last  Toltec  king. 
fills  |»rincess,  who  was  then  about  twenty-five  years 
'if  ivj^v,  was  ])ossessed    of  singular    beautv   and    rare 

'■''  IU-iissr)ir  (Ic  BourboHVfj,  Ilisf.  Xat.  Cir.,  toiii.  ii.,  pp.  230-7. 
•"*  Sfc  note  "27. 


I 


I, 


n 


8U 


THE  CIIICHIMEC  TERIOD. 


accomplisliincnts,  and  was  ■withal  a  model  of  inoiksty. 
Her  father  being"  dead,  and  her  brother  in  oaptivity, 
she  lived  in  seclusion  with  her  mother  at  Tiaxiina- 
loyan,  a  town  on  the  frontier  of  Michoacan.  V,'!iat- 
ever  dislike  the  Chiehiniec  nobles  may  at  first  liavo 
had  for  this  alHanee,  was  si)eedily  overcome;  tlie  hand 
of  the  Toltet!  princess  was  formally  demanded  and 
given,  and  soon  afterwards  the  marria^'e  was  celebrated 
with  j^reat  mag-nificence.  By  tliis  union  NopaUziii 
liad  three  sons,  Tlotzin  Pochotl,™  who  subse(jueiitly 
succeeded  his  father  as  Chiehiniec  emj)eror,  lluiza- 
quen  Tochin  Tecuhtli,  and  Coxanatzin  AtcJicatl.'" 
When  tliese  came  of  ag"e,  their  father  obtained  Thi- 
zatlau  from  Xolotl  for  the  eldest  son.  to  rule,  until 
he  should  jyacceed  to  tiie  imperial  throne;  for  tlio 
second  son  he  obtained  a  ,<>Tant  of  Zacatlan,  and  \'or 
the  third  Tenamitec,  Ik'fore  departing'  to  his  fief, 
Tlotziu  was  nuuried  to  Tocpacxochitzin,  daii^htcr  of 
the  lord  of  Quahuatlapal,  one  of  the  great  cliicfs 
that  came  witli  Xolotl  from  Amaqueniecan.*'^ 

Brasseur  states  that  the  tributes  of  the  seigniory 
of  Oztoticpac,  in  the  jn'ovinco  of  C'haU'o,  were 
granted  to  Tlotzin  at  his  birth,*'''  and  there  the  prince 

■''•'  Nmni'il  also  Ifiietziii,  Hays  Hrasseiir. 

'i"  N'cylia,  I/is/.  All/.  Mrj.,  toiii.  ii.,  p.  47,  writow  tlio  iiaiiu's  'rinlziii  l'(i- 
cothl,  'J'i)xltiiiiiliiiatziii,  and  Ali'iicat/iii.  Ixtlixorliiti,  in  h'iiiii-^liiinin'i/i'ii 
Mi\v.  Aiifii/.,  vi)l.  '\.,  J).  LMO,  'ri((t/iii|)(icli(itl,  lluixac|U('n(ciiliiiit('nililli, 
Coxanatzin  Alfn'Mil;  on  |i.  ',U'2  lie  (liU'ci-.s  in  tlic  following,':  'I'ol'/iM,  'I'liMr- 
<|iiiluiMl/in,  Ali'ncat/in  A|)ot/o('(/.in;  on  p.  IV,)'>,  'rioxl('(|nilinai/.in;  nii  |i. 
4()l,  'ric)|/.'n|ioi'li(itl,  Atzol;;ocolt/in,  'Tot/in.  TuriiiniiKii/ii,  ,]liiiiiiri/.  /ml., 
<oni.  i.,  1).  (I'i,  Tlot/in,  (()iiauliUM|nilina,  or  'rocliinlcculilli,  I*o|mi/(m'.  ('/«- 
r/i/irii,  Sliirin  .In/,  i/r/  .]/( .'..sii'n,  toni,  !.,  p.  Ill,  Apopo/.oc.  Nopallziu  iiml 
jilso  anolluT  son,  uanaMJ  'rt'nan<';M'all/,in,  who  in  liitci'  years  t;a\c  uimli 
tronlilc  lo  llic  cnipiTor  (jMiin'snt/in,  ami  v.iio,  acconiin);-  to  tlif  S|i;iiii>li 
aiillioiilics,  was  a  liastidvl.  Miasscur,  Iiowcmt,  tiiiils  reason  "o  lielicM' 
that  tills  jirint'i'  was  Nopalt/.in's  lc;4itinniti'  siui  liy  a  foiincr  nninii;;i'.  //'■v^ 
J\'(//.   ' '/(",,  toni.   ii.,  p.  'J."il. 

"'  /,!'/,' /7,iv  ••/////,  in  Kiiiifi/iiiroiii/li'.f  .lAc.r.  An/ii/.,  vol,  ix..  pp.  ;il'J,  .'l'.'>'>, 
4.V2i  ]'ri//iii,  Ill's/.  .III/.  Ml'/.,  toni.  ii.,  pp.  I" -it;  'rmi/iniiiiii/K,  Miniiinj. 
Iik/.,  toni.  i.,  p.  ii;t;  t'/uriijini,  S/nriii  An/,  i/r/  .Missini,  toni.  i.,  p.  ill. 

'''■*( 'oiiinicnl  in;;  npoii  tlir  stalcnicnt  of  I  \tlil\ocliili,  His/.  ('/iirli..'\n 
Kini/sliiiriiii(/li's  .Mi.i',  .lii/ii/.,  vol.  ix.,  )>.  'Jll,  tiiat  Xolotl  aliamloiicil  in 
'I'll  I /in  not  oniv  tin'  ii'vcnncs  of  tlic  pi'o\inc('  of  Clialco,  Init  ai>oiit'  m\- 
t'lal  oilier  proMiices  as  far  as  Mi/.leca,  Itiiisseiir  writes:  '  II  y  a  e\  iiieiii- 
iiieni  e\M;,'eralioii;  jaiiiais  les  amies  ile  .Xolotl  ii'alli'reiil  aiissi  loin,  el  il  t^l' 
ilonl(Mi\  iiieiiie  i|iie  li's  proviuees  f; m',  rnii'esilans  la  salli't'  Ini  fiisseiil  |iiiiii'> 
trilnitairos.'   Jlisl.  An/.  Cir,,  Unu,  ii.,  p.  'J,"»b. 


REIGN  OF  XOLOTL  II. 


315 


usually  resided  during'  liis  youth,  under  the  .al)le  in- 
stiiictioii  of  a  nohle  Toltec  named  Tecpoyo  Acaulit- 
li,  who,  it  is  said,  aeconipanied  liis  pupil  to  Tla- 
zatlaii,  wliitlior  he  Avont  after  his  nuirria^'e,  and  eon- 
liiiucd  to  echieate  him  there/'^  It  was  at  tliis  latter 
](laco  that  Tlotzin's  sou  Quinantzin,  who  afterwards 
liLcauie  emperor,  was  horn. 

Anout  this  time  Xolotl's  peace  was  much  dis- 
till lud  by  a  eous})iracy  which  nearly  put  iva  end  to 
his  life.  It  seems  that  for  a  loni»'  time  a  numhcr  of 
pciwirful  Chichimec  nohles  had  rei^ar<led  with  i^row- 
iii;^'  ihsfavor  the  civilization  which  the  i!nn)L'ror,  his 
Mill,  and  his  grandson,  were  so  atixious  to  advance, 
tlu)>ii;h  whether  this  was  their  only  reason  for  coii- 
f^piriiiLii'  a!j;ainst  the  old  monarch's  life  is  not  clear. 
Of  course  any  i)lot  wliich  tended  to  weaken  the 
Cliichimec  emi)ire  called  for  the  sympathy  of  the 
ptu|ilc  of  ('ulhuacan  and  the  Toltecs  i^enerally 
thiniinhout  the  counti'v,'^  and  thus  the  discontented 
faction  _<4Tew  to  he  quite  formichdde.  At  first  tlie 
conspirators  confined  chems(.;lves  to  _orund)lin!.;-,  and 
made  no  active  demonstration;  hut  as  time  went  on 
and  the  a,n'ed  emperoi  showed  no  si^'iis  of  laiiiiio', 
thiii'  impatience  for  his  death  onnv  unhearahie,  and 
tinally  they  deliherately  ))lotted  his  assassination. 

Diirino- the  latoi-  years  of  his  life  Xolotl  left  the 
L;oMrim;cnt  almost  entirely  in  the  hands  of  his  sou 
No|taH/,iii,  and  |>assed  the  ori;ate)'  jiart  of  his  time  in 
the  I'oyal  gardens  at  Tezcuco.  ite  had  several  tinios 
(Xiiitsscd  a  wish  to  have  an  additional  sujiply  of 
Water  hrounht  into  these  o-rounds,  and  it  was  in  ^rat- 
il'viiiL;'  his  drsire  that  the  traitors  !;ttom|>tcd  to  take 
his  \\\\\  '{'he  ni'W  supply  having-  liccn  intro(hic('d 
fi'oin  a,  nein'hhoi'ino-  mouiil.iin  stri'am,  the  cons|)irato;s 
waili'd  until  a  time  when  thr  cmpei'or  was  .supposed 
to  he  rcposiiio-  iu  a  low-iyino-  part  of  the  oar(K'iis,  and 
tin  n  sud(h'iily  hreakinL!"  <lown  a  dam  which  had  In  eii 

''  llfiissriir  i/r  llitiirlniiii'ii,  llisl.  Aiif,  ('ir.,  tuiu.  ii.,  |i.  -(i'J. 
"'  Si'u  /f/.,  imu.  ii,,  lip.  'M\  71. 


:.  M 


!l 


310 


THE  CHICIIIMEC  PEUIOD. 


constructed  for  the  purpose,  tliey  let  the  water  over- 
flow the  grounds.  But  their  design  was  hap})ily  frus- 
trated. It  happened  that  Xok)tl  had  not  hiin  down 
iu  the  usual  spot,  but  had  sought  an  elevation,  where 
the  flood  could  not  reach  him.  From  his  conduct  it 
Avould  seem  tliat  he  had  been  apprised  of  the  plot,  {\)v 
instead  of  l)eing  disconcerted,  he  made  merry  ovtr 
the  disaster,  saying:  "I  have  long  been  convinced  of 
the  love  of  my  subjects;  but  I  now  perceive  that  tliiy 
love  me  even  more  than  I  imagined;  I  wished  to  in- 
crease the  su})ply  of  water  for  my  gardens,  and,  lus 
liold,  they  even  exceed  my  wishes;  therefore  I  mIU 
commemorate  their  devotion  with  feasts."  And  \\v 
accordingly  gave  orders  that  the  next  few  days  sIkhiM 
be  devoted  to  public  rejoicing,  to  the  great  confusiuu 
of  his  enemies.  But  the  old  nunarch's  heart  was 
sore  witliin  him,  nevertheless,  and  the  treacliciy  ut' 
his  subjects  weighed  heavily  upon  him."^ 

But  the  disattection  that  had  given  rise  to  this  in- 
iquitous plot  was  not  (juelled  by  its  failure,  and 
received  a  new  impulse  from  a  love-quarrel  which  led 
to  serious  conse([uences.  Before  narrating  tiiis  ewnt, 
it  should  be  stated  that  Ameyal,  henceforth  kimwn 
as  Acliitometl,""  had  been  released  from  captivity, 
probably  through  the  influence  of  his  sister,  Noiialt- 
zin's  Mife,  and  that  Nonohualcatl"  had  succeedctl  to 
tlie  throne  of  C^dhuacan  by  reason  of  Huetzin's  falling' 
] 'ir  to  his  fatliei's  seigniory  of  CV)atlic]ian.*''" 

Now,  Achitometl  had  a  daughter  named  Atn- 
toztli,  whose  exceeding  beauty  and  high  rank 
brought  countless  admirers  to  her  feet.  Most 
favored  among  these,  or  most  daring,  it  is  not  rh  ai 

'•'■>  T(in/iii'iiiii(/ii,  MiiiKirij.  tiii1.,\i\\\\.  i.,  j))i.  5!)-(IO;  Txtlll.ntrhill,  In  Kni'is- 
huvdiiiili'^  Mir.  Anfi</.,  vdl.  ix.,  p.  H4.'l;  ('/iii'ii/vri>,  S/and  Aiil.  ihl  M's.sirn, 
him.  I.,  pp.  i;tH-i'. 

''' Sci'  llrKssi  iir.  Hint.  Xiit.  dr.,  tdiii.  ii..  p.  'J(i."».  'I'liin  writ.  ■  mihI  I'l'i- 
c|ii('niiii|ji  lire  tin'  only  mitliiiriticH  wlni  use  tlii>  iiiiiiic  .Xmcyal  iit  iiiiv  linu'. 

""  Si'c  iiiili>  'JT. 

'■■*  Mi'iiHsciir,  llisf.  Xiif.  r/c,  totii.  ii.,  p. 'J7-,  writes:  'CVluit  pii.luilili'- 
iiitMit  .siir  111  pioiiu'ssc  lie  rci'i'Vdir  la  iiiiilii  dc  HU  (At'hitoiiu'tr.>*)  lillf  'i'"^' 
lliu't/iii  n\ait  iviionco  an  lioiu;  ik'  ('uihuacaii.' 


REVOLT  OF  YACANEX 


oil 


^\■lu^•ll,  w.'is  Yacanex,^^  lord  of  Tepctlaoztoc,  and  vas- 
sal ut"  Hut'tzin.  This  noble  presented  himself  be- 
lt iie  At'liitometl,  and  imperiously  demanded  his 
daughter's  hand.  Angered  at  his  insolenoe,  the  Cul- 
liua  }>iinee  responded  that  Atotoztli  was  promised  to 
Huetziii,  but  that  if  she  Avere  not  lie  could  never  en- 
tt-itain  a  request  made  in  such  a  manner.  Yacanex, 
i'iiri<»us  at  this  rebuff,  but  not  in  a  position  to  j)roceed 
to  extremes  at  the  moment,  returned  to  his  fief  and 
srt  about  stirring  uj)  a  rebellion  against  his  ri\al  and 
siizei-ain,  Huetzin.  His  own  people  rose  to  a  man  at 
liis  call,  and  he  was  soon  joined  by  several  powerful 
lu'igliboring  chiefs.™  According  to  Brasseur,  Yacauex, 
having  gathered  his  forces,  marched  to  Culhuacan, 
and  there  rei)eated  his  demand  to  Achitonietl ;  but 
that  jtrince  reminded  the  rebellious  noble  of  his  prom- 
ise to  Huetzin,  and  declared  his  determination  to 
yield  his  daughter's  hand  to  no  one  else.  Upon  this 
Vaeanex  returned,  with  threats,  to  Tepetlaoztoc.'^ 
Tlieie  his  army  was  swelled  by  a  number  of  mal- 
I'linteiits,  among  whom  Avere  two  of  Huetzin's  sons, 
who  thought  themselves  robbed  of  their  inheritance, 
heeauso  their  father  had  left  the  crown  of  Culhuacan 
to  Xoiioluialcatl  when  he  succeeded  his  father  at  C"o- 
.itlieliaii.  The  provinces  of  Otompan  and  Tezcueo 
also  broke  out  into  open  revolt,  and  before  long  there 

'■'  S]i(lt  alsd  Vaiiox,  Vacazozdlotl,  Yapatzi>tzol(»c,  and  Ixcazozdlut. 

"'  Anion;,'  tlu'sc  wen  ( (cutdx,  or  Acotocli,  ami  Coaciiot'li,  w  lio,  accord inj; 
III  lillilxiirliitl,  in  KiiKishiiviiiiiih's  Mir.  Anti'/.,  vol.  i.\.,  ji.  •2\'2,  were  di^al- 
li'i'iid  liiwanls  till'  v:'im('  liocausc  a^ricnltiiic  liad  liccn  forced  n|ion  llicni 
and  nilinlc  exacted  in  iudil  jH'odncc;  (,>nanlitla,  lord  nl'  O/totii  pac,  and  To- 
chill  I'lMidilli,  loni  of  Coynlinacan,  who  had  fallen  into  <lis;;race  in  tiie  foi- 
liiuiii;:  iiiaiiiier:  ('hicon(|nanhtli,  Xidotl's  >on-inda\\,  died  Middenly,  and 
Uii-  liiiiicd  withont  notice  liein;i  sent  to  the  einiieror.  XoiotI  llieieiipou 
ili^Kilciieii  'I'oi  Ilin  i'ecnhtli,  to  oll'er  condolence  lo  ilie  w  itiow,  hi>  ilaii;4lilcr. 
ainl  to  a|>|ioint  (lniicxi|ian,  a  noted  nohle  of  that  |ii'o\ince,  ^^useinor. 
Toiliiii  'reciihlli  ilid  as  in-  was  ordered,  Inil  instead  of  retiiiniii;;  lo  Xoloil 
«iih  a  rc|iiiri  of  his  mission,  lie  went  to  llnel/iii  of  Coallichan.  'lo  |inii- 
i'-li  this  diNrcspec*  or  treason,  as  'rori|iieniaiia  calls  it,  Xojull  de|iii\cd 
Tniliiii  'reciihtii  <  his  lorilship  of  CoynhniH'an  and  exiled  liini  to  'i'epeila- 
u/iiic.  Tnn/iiiiiiiiifii,  ,)tiiiiiir</.  IiiiL,  toni.  !.,  pp.  .')S,  (!,'>;  I '/uriiiirn,  S/nrin 
Jul.  ilil  Mrssifii.  loin,  !.,  p.  1  r.';  ]'rfiiiirrr/,  Ttiitiii  Mix.,  pi  ii.,  p.  l.'i; 
r>i;rs.<iin\  ll/.-l.  Xn/.  Cir.,  loin,  ii..  Pp.  -t>7  !>. 

"   Tiiis  is  the  acconni  i^'ivcn  hv  Hrassenr.    l/i.sf.   Xnf.   fir.,  font,  ii.,  p. 
>7l.     Must  writers  do  not  mention  this  oxiieditioii  tu  Culh\nu'au. 


IN 


igj 


1'  ■  Ii 


m 


If  '1 
1 

it': 


'ill 


-318 


THE  CIIICIIIMEC  period; 


was  danj^cr  that  the  whole  of  Anahiuic  ^voiikl  be  in- 
volved  ill  war. 

Xolotl  and  Nopaltzin  now  began  to  feel  seriously 
alarmed.  Tochin  Tecuhtli,  who,  as  we  have  seen,  liad 
been  previously  disgraced,"  and  who  had  therciurc 
joined  tlie  rebels,  was  secretly  sent  for,  and  induced  by 
fair  promises  to  desert  Yacanex  and  take  conmiaiul  df 
the  imperial  troops.  He  immediately  proceeded  to 
join  Huetzin,  and  the  two  with  their  united  foicus 
then  marched  against  the  rebels.  But  Yacanex  liaJ 
taken  up  an  unassailable  position  in  the  mountains, 
and  for  some  months  could  not  be  drawn  into  an  •  n- 
gagement.  At  length,  his  strength  being  greatly 
increased  by  the  numbers  that  flocked  to  his  standanl, 
he  decided  to  risk  a  battle  and  descended  into  tin; 
plain,  Tlie  engagement,  which  lasted  an  entire  day 
and  was  attended  with  great  loss  on  both  sides,  ended 
in  the  rout  and  almost  total  annihilation  of  tht^  ii  b- 
els.  Yacanex,  with  his  ally  Ocotox  and  a  small  rem- 
nant of  liis  followers,  escaped  to  the  mountains  in  tlio 
east;  and  3 Euetzin's  two  sons"  fled  to  Huexotziiud.'* 

.\t  this  time  Nojjaltzin,  Avith  his  son  Tlotzin  and 
his  grandson  Quinantzin,  then  al)out  nine  or  ten  years 
old,  were  sojourning  in  the  forest  of  Xolotl,  near  Tez- 
cuco.  Ocotox,  who  had  escaped  with  Yacanex,  con- 
ceived the  bold  idea  of  capturing  this  royal  j)aity. 
iUit  the  princes  were  secretly  informed  of  the  ])l<tr, 
and,  gathering  what  men  they  could,  they  rushed  sud- 
denly upon  the  concealed  enemy  Avith  such  fury  tliat 
but  few  escaped.  Quinantzin,  though  so  young,  is 
said  to  have  been  foremost  in  tlie  melt'e  and  to  liavo 
fought  so  valorously  that  Xolotl  rewarded  him  with 


'8  Si'o  iioto  70. 

"  Ixtlilxucliitl,  ]).  212,  8nys  lio  fled  townril  IVmiico,  aiul  uftcrwiinN,  |i. 
ni.1,  stiiti'M  that  111!  WiiK  ]iiiiilciiu'(l  am!  n'-iimlatotl.  I'dniui'iiiaila,  Miiinnij. 
hill.,  Iiiiii.  i.,  i>.  (i.-),  allinas  tlial  llu  r 'lit'l  rlicf  was  slain  iit  liatlli',  Mini 
tiiat  iiJH  aiiios  li"ii  (ii  lliicNiit/iiu'i),  whciv  tiicv  <iio(l  in  iiiisi-ry.  ('I:i'.  ij; 'in, 
S/nriii  Aiif.  (Ill  Miwsii'o,  toiii.  i.,  ]t\)  l42-i'l,  fnlidWH  'i'lirijiuiiiail.i.  We  nni-t 
aiicpt  till'  fiiriiicr  vt'rHioii,  liKWovor,  an  Vucaiu'X  wulisL'niR'Utly  rL'-aii|nais 
uiMiii  till'  Hroiio. 

'*  I.tni.ssciir,  Hist.,  toiii.  ii.,  ji.  277. 


NOPALTZIN  EMPEROR. 


319 


tlio  lordship  of  Tezcuco,  and  ceded  liim  its  revenues." 
Tocliiu  Tecuhtli  was  well  rewarded  for  his  services;  he 
received  in  marriage  the  hand  of  Toniiyauh,  daughter 
or  grand-daughter  of  Upantzin,  king  of  Xaltocan,  and 
was  made  lord  of  the  seigniory  of  Huexotla,  which 
(•()nn)rised  the  towns  of  Teotihuacan  and  Otompan; 
Huctzin  returned  to  Coatlichan  and  there  married  the 
]  ft'lcn  of  the  war,  Atotoztli,  daughter  of  Achitometl."^" 
'J  luis  was  this  rebellion  brought  to  an  end  in  the  year 
1151." 

A  few  years  after  these  events  Xolotl  IT.  expired 
at  Tenayocan  in  the  arms  of  his  son  Xopaltzin,  to 
whom  he  left  the  crown,  exhorting  him  to  maintain 
peace  in  the  empire  if  ])ossil)le.'"* 

After  the  body  of  the  late  emperor  liad  been  in- 
terred with  the  customary  ceremonies,  Nopaltzin  was 
crowned  Chichimecatl  Tecuhtli,  and  formallv  re- 
ceived  the  homage  of  his  vassals.  The  coronation 
fetes  were  on  a  scale  of  unusual  magniticence,  and 
lasted  forty  days.^« 

In  s{)ite  of  the  wishes  of  the  late  emperor,  Nopal- 
t/.ins  reign  was  anything  but  a  peaceful  one.  Ami- 
liuac  was  at  this  time  divided  into  a  great  nund)er  of 
states,  many  of  which  had  their  peculiar  l-inguages, 

1''  'I'lini  (juo  cu  clla  y  su  contoriio  niaiidaso  en  ra1i(1ii<l  dc  sulu'i'iiim.' 
]'i  i/hd.  toiii.  ii.,  |).  r»(>.  lie  ciiiiltl  scarci'lv  liavc  lu'cu  huIo  lnrtl  itf  'I'c/.i'iii'o, 
fur  W'vlia  liimsolf  says  that  'I'lnt/iii  iciMiicd  tlicn;. 

■'i  LflliLfiirhHI,  |)]i.  21'J,  .'<lMi-7;  Irf/fiii,  toiii.  ii.,  ]i\>.  50-8;  7'iir'/iiiiiiii(/(i, 
tniii.  i..  ]p.  tl.");  Si(/i(iiji(ii,  torn,  ii.,  lil).  viii.,  p.  "JTS;  Urimstur,  lli.st.,  torn. 
ii..  pp.  Tt\  1. 

"■  Ilni.s.sna',  Ilinf.,  toin.  ii.,  ]>.  277. 

"^  Till'  'xai't  year  in  wliicli  .Xnlntl  TI.  dii'il  is  iiin't>rtaiii.  niiisscur, 
Avhiisc  ■  Iiiiiiiiiliij,'y  I  have  follnwcil,  ilucs  nut  ^ivc  llic  ilatc,  tiiiiii;:li  lit'  siiys 
it  iirriin-ni  siinic  years  after  tlic  ili'iilli  of  lliu'l/in,  wiiicli  nrnincd  in  ll."il. 
Xolotl,  siiys  tin's  aiitliiir,  at  liis  dealli,  'iic  ]uiM\ait  oii;.|(.  n\iiif  plus  di'  cent 
oil  eeiit  dix  ans,  et,  (^ii  ealenlaiit  les  aiiiu'es  de  stm  leone,  a  ennimeiieer  de 
soil  iinivee  dans  rAnalinae,  il  aniait  pit  diifer  tmit  an  ]dns  de  sni\aiite  i\ 
>-oi\aiite-riiiii  ans,'  ///.s7. ,  toin.  ii,,  pp,  '2~7-S.  \'eytia,  toni.  ii.,  p.  (!(>, 
\viites  that  Xuldtl  died  in  I'.'.'VJ.  'riinjiiemada,  totn.  i.,  p.  (1(1,  siivs  that  In; 
was  iieaily  '.>()(»  yeafs  iif  i\^v  wiieii  lie  dieil.  Ixtlilxnehill,  pp.  'J|-J.  'M'.i,  .T.I7. 
•l"*'.',  Mivs,  117  yeai's  after  his  deiiartnre  frmii  .\iiia<|iienieeiiii,  in  the  ll'JtIi 
.M'iir  of  his  rei;,'!!  in  .\nahtiae,  ami  fjixcs,  as  nsnal,  sevi'ral  dates  fur  .Xnioirs 
dealli,  iiaiiiely:  1()7,'),  irJ7,  1074,  and  ll'21.  llio.i,  ('tiiii/ii»i/.  Hist.  Miu\,  \i. 
7,  si,v^  that  lie  died  at  tlio  of  Kit),  after  a  rei^n  "f  '•"'  vears. 

^'■*  Tiiri|iit'in(ulti,  tuiu.  i.,  pp.  til -2,  givc.i  the  spceclieH  dolivored  on  tlio 
ocriisiuu. 


820 


THE  CHICHIMEC  PERIOD. 


manncr.s,  and  customs.  The  j^rincipal  of  these  divi- 
sions Avere  Tenayocan,  Coatlichan,  Azcapuzalco,  Xal- 
tocan,  Qiiauhtithm,  Huexotla,  and  Culhuacan.  Each 
of  these  connnunities  was  exceedingly  watchful  of  its 
own  interests  and  regarded  all  the  others  witli  nioru 
or  less  jealousy.  In  the  early  part  of  his  reign  tliu 
people  of  Tulancingo  rebelled,  and  Nopaltzin  marched 
in  })erson  to  subdue  them;  it  is  doubtful,  however,  if 
ho  would  have  succeeded  had  not  Tlotzin  opportunely 
come  to  his  aid,  M'hen,  after  a  campaign  of  nineteen 
days,  victory  was  obtained.*'  On  another  occasion, 
Aculhua,  King  of  Azcapuzalco,  usurped  the  lands  of 
Chalchiuhcua,  lord  of  Tepotzotlan,  at  a  time  wluii 
Noi)altzin  was  too  busy  to  prevent  it. 

In  1171  Nonohualcatl,  king  of  Culhuacan,  died  aiul 
was  succeeded  by  Achitometl,  or  Ameyal.*"  This 
prince,  whose  life  had  been  such  an  eventful  one, 
labored  hard  to  advance  civilization,  and  during  liis 
life  the  city  of  Culhuacan  made  great  progress. 
But  his  reign  was  a  short  one,  and  he  had  been  on 
the  throne  but  a  few  years,  when  he  died,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  son  Icxochitlanex. 

No[)altzin,  following  the  example  set  by  his  fathiT, 
did  all  in  his  power  to  further  Toltec  culture,  (iirat 
attention  was  })aid  to  agriculture;  masters  were  ap- 
pointed in  the  several  towns  to  teach  the  various  arts, 
new  laws  were  nnide  and  old  ones  revised,  and  civiH- 
zation  began  to  assume  a  higher  phase  than  it  had 
hitherto  done  since  the  fall  of  the  Toltec  empire. 

™  Titr'/iii'DKiifn,  timi.  i.,  ]).  CA\;  I.flUl.rorhiU,  ])p.  212-1,1;  C/urnii  ni,  tmn, 
i.,  ]>]>.  I  1(1-2;  I'll/fill,  timi.  ii.,  ])]),  7\-'A,  78;  liios,  CuiiijicikI.  lli.st.  M(.t., 
\\.  8;  llrd.ssrin;  llisl.,  loin,  ii.,  ])i).  281-8. 

*>'  Wi'  liavi'  si'i'ii  tliat  iiccorilin;;  to  ilio  arroimt  \x\\vn  liy  Vcyti..,  ami 
others,  of  till'  I'M'iils  wliicli  let!  to  tin-  first  troiililc  lii'twccii  tlii'  ('liirliiniics 
ami  tile  in'iiplc  of  Ciilliuafaii,  Acliitomctl  siicct'cili'd  to  tin-  lliroiic  iimiiiili- 
atoiy  after  the  ileatli  of  N'aiihyotj,  no  nientiuii  being  made  uf  the  reiyiis  uf 
lluetziu  or  Noiiohiialeatl.     Wee  ])!•.  303-4. 


ro,  toin. 

/.   J/..r.. 

ti..,  :ni'l 

ii'hiiiu  i> 

iimucili- 

fi.'i"ii>  lil 

CHAPTER  VI. 

THE    CIIICIIIMEC    PEllIOD.  — CONTINUED. 

MKilJATION  OK  THE  AZTF.CS— NATIONS  OF  AnAhTAC  AT  BKOINNlXfl  OF 
Tin:  TllIhTKKXTII  C'KNTl'RY— THK  AZTECS  SIIIMITTO  THE  TETAXECS 
—  Ui;i(iN  OK  Tin;  KMPEHOK  TI.OTZIN  -  l^riNANTIMN,  KiNd  OK  Tez- 
(  I  (()  AM)  ClllClllMEC  E.Ml'EROU— TkANSKEU  OF  THE  tAI'lTAI.— TE- 
NAN(  ACAI.TZIN    ISl  Itl'S    THE    IMPEKIAE     THKOSE  AT    TeNAYOI'AN— 

The  r.siin'EK  dekeated  iiy  Tetaxecs  axi»  Mexu'axs— Acoi.xa- 

111- A(  ATI,  ritOCE  AIMED  EiU'EUOU  (.illXAXTZIX's  Vl(  TOHIES  -IJaT- 
TI.K  AT  I'OVAl  HTEAN— QUINAXTZIX  A(iAIX  EMI'EUOK— ToLTEC  IN- 
STITITIOXS  AT  TEZCICO— EVEXTS  AT  t'lI.IIUAt'AX  —  MEXICANS 
Iii;i\  EN  KHOM  ClIAl'lETErEC— AEI.IAXIE  llETWEEX  MeXICAXS  ANU 
Cl  I.IIIAS  -ItEEKilOUS  STUIFE  — FOl'NDATIOX  OF  MEXICO  — KeION 
UK  THE  E.MI'EliOll  TECHOTE  — POEITICAE  CHAXOES-  ItllN  OK  THE 
(I  I.IHA   I'OWEI:     -TeZOZOMOC,  KIXO  ok  AZCAITZAI.CO-  SeI'AIIATION 

(IK  Mexicans  axd   Teatelulcas  — Acamai'Ichtei  11.,   Kinu  of 

Ml  XKO— Ql  AlilAl  IIPITZAlllAC,  KlXli  OK  TLATEECECO. 

Tho  last  of  tlio  so-called  forci^-u  tribes  that  came 
iiiti)  iKitico  ill  Analuiac,  tVoiu  out  the  conrusion  that 
I'olluwcd  the  (lowid'all  of  the  'l\)ltiH-s,  was  the  Aztec, 
or  Moxii-aii,  which  settU'd  at  (']iaj)iilte})(U'  in  the  last 
years  of  the  twelfth  century.'  Aci'ordiiio'  to  their 
traditions  they  set  out  on  their  nuoration  from  Az- 
tlaii  toi^vther  with  the  Nahuatlaca  tribes,  whoso 
ai'iival  has  already  been  iioticeil;  1)  -t  Avere  left  be- 
liiiiil  Ity  tliosc  tribes  at  C'hicomoztoc,  one  of  their 
lirst  ste|)|)inL;'-|tlaces.      The   migration  of   the    Aztecs 

'II'M,  ('ii/i.r  (■/,,iiiii//i()j>nr>i;  ]\M)  i)r  \\S\),  lx/!,7x„r/,i//\  TJI.'),  ('/((«- 
'J'i'u;  \:\;\\.    tnim/nt;  IL'IW,    l\i/lhi,  Itidiui,  tt\u\  Ui(/litlni. 


W 


VuL,v.-ai 


mi) 


322 


THE  CIIICIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


from  Chicomoztoc  is  described  mucli  more  fully  tliaii 
that  of  the  tribes  that  preceded  them;  but  in  the 
details  of  this  journey,  so  fsir  as  dates,  names,  .tiul 
events  are  concerned,  the  traditions  are  inextriralijy 
confused,  T  have  already  expressed  my  opinion  tliat 
some  of  these  traditions  may  refer  very  va^iuly  to 
the  pre-Toltec  events  in  Nahua  history,  but  that 
they  chiefly  refer  to  the  movements  of  the  Nahua,  or 
Chichimec,  tribes  which  occupied  the  Toltec  provinces 
during  the  continuance  of  vho  em})ire,  and  ^vlli(■ll 
after  a  long  struggle  became  powerful  in  and  about 
the  Valley  of  Mexico.  We  have  no  means  of  dv- 
termininof  in  a  manner  at  all  satisfaetoi-y  whetliLT 
Aztlan  and  Chicomoztoc  were  in  Central  America  or 
in  the  region  of  Zacatecas  and  Jalisco;  nor  indeed  of 
proving  that  they  were  not  in  Alaska,  New  ^Nhxico, 
or  on  the  Mississippi,  although  there  is  absolutely  no 
evidence  in  favor  of  the  latter  locations;  but  we  know 
at  least  that  all  the  halting-places  of  the  miol'atill^f 
tribes  after  Cliicomoztoc  were  in  the  immediate  vi- 
cinity of  Andhuac.  The  record  as  a  whole  is  exactly 
what  might  be  expected,  were  the  traditions  of  half 
a  dozen  kindred  bands  respecting  their  waiuUiiii^s 
about  the  central  plateau,  and  efforts  to  establiish 
themselves  in  permanent  homes,  united  in  one  con- 
secutive narrative;  and  I  have  little  doubt  tliat  such 
was  substantially  the  process  by  which  tlie  S])aiii>h 
version  of  the  Aztec  mii^ration  was  formed.  Wliat- 
ever  the  cause  of  the  confusion  that  reigns  in  that 
version,  it  is  utterly  useless  to  attenn)t  its  cleariiii,'- 
up;  and  1  dispose  of  the  whole  matter  ])y  simply 
presenting  in  a  note  the  dates  and  successive  lialtinn'- 
places  attributed  to  this  migration  by  the  principal 
authorities;  the  opinions  of  these  authorities  ri's]u'ct- 
ing  the  location  of  Aztlan  and  Chicomoztoc  have 
been  previously  given.^ 


•  I  ;;ivo  lioro  as  cninitartly  ax  jiossililo  llio  roiirso  of  tlio  A/tfc  iiii,v;riiliiiii 
n«jj:iv('M  l)y  tlic  Icailiiij;  aiillioiitio:  -Leave  Azllaii  I  'recpall,  llHil  A.  I', 
jiiul  travel    PU  year.s  lit  ('liieimin/.tiic,  where  tliev  leinaiii  y  yt'ars;  tlnim'  I" 


THE  AZTEC  MIGRATION. 


5:3 


than 
11  the 

I,    illul 

ifuhly 
11  th;it 
L'ly  to 
b  that 
ma,  or 
•vinccs 
which 

ahout 
cf  Jc- 
'hcthor 
men  iir 
deed  of 
Mexico, 
itely  no 
e  know 
invatin.i; 
ialo  vi- 

exat'tly 

of  half 
|KU'rinL;> 

stahli^h 
nie  eou- 

lat  such 
ISi»ani>h 
What- 

in  that 

[U'arini;-- 
simiily 

IhaUin-- 

irincii'al 
I'l'spect- 

jc    have 


iiii-riiti"U 

ioc.i  A,  1»- 


Some  of  the  events  and  circumstances  connected 
^vith  tlie  migration,  however,  must  be  noticed,  al- 
tlioiigh  tliere  is  little  agreement  as  to  the  place  or 
date  of  tlieir  occurrence.  At  Aztlan  the  Aztecs  are 
said  to  liave  crossed  each  vear  a  threat  river  or  chaii- 
iiel  to  Teo-Culhuacan,  to  make  sacrifices  in  honor  of 

Ciilniatlicamae,  3  years,  Matlaliuacnlliin,  fi,  Avanco,  T),  Cliimalco,  (i,  Pijii- 
(ilniiiiii-.  .'{.  'I'ollaii,  (!,  ('tiliiiactfin'i'  (('(iatc]ic'("),  ',i,  Atlitlalaiayan,  "2,  Atotn- 
iiilc".  I,  'I'l-jicxic,  5,  Ajiasni,  ■'{,  Tz(in[iaiu'(»,  7,  Tizayiicaii,  1,  I'".rate|it'(',  I, 
'I  iil|i('tlai',  'A,  Cliiinaliian,  4,  Coliuatitlan,  2,  Hiioxathtitlaii,  8,  'J'tTiiayoraii, 
:!,  Tc|iryarai'  (( Jiiadaliqif),  3,  I'aiititlan,  2  years,  and  llieriee  ti)  ('lia|iiille- 
]HM'.  arrivin;,'  in  1298,  after  a  niii,'ratitiii  (if  IS")  years,  which  necessitates  aii 
iiddiliiin  lit  40  yesirs  for  tiieir  stay  in  Mielioaeau.  Vi)/lia,  toni.  ii.,  jip.  itI-.S. 
Aiinniiii;;  to  Tiir<nieina(hi,  tnni.  i.,  y\t.  77-S2,  they  reached  Uuey  I'ulliua- 
ciii  one  year  after  their  start;  the  tune  eoiisiiiiied  in  reaeliin;,'  < 'hiconioztoe 
is  not  L'iven,  and  no  (Uites  are  mentioned.     Otherwise  the  aeeount  a'Tees 


I  \ititly  witli  Veytia's,  except  that  ai 


anied  station   is  represented  as 


liaviiij:  oc( 
leu- 


iipied  3  of  the  0  vears'  stay  at  Alatlahnacalhin;  there 


are  also  a 


.\ztl 


It  diU'erenees  in  orthoj,'rapliy.     Te/.ozonioe"s  aeeonnt  is  as  foHow^ 


Culhuaean,    Jalisco,  Meelioacan,    Malinah'o  (Lake   I'atzci 


laro). 


0(ii]ii|iilla,  Acahnahintro,  Coatejiee  (in  Toiiahm),  Atlithiiii|uian  or  .\tita- 


>an,    Cnaehilyo,   Xaltocai 


(I   l.aU 


|iii:i,  'i'einiis((iiiae,  Atenjfo,  'lzoin| 
Cliiiiaiiiitl.  r'ycoae,  Kcatepc,  AeuJhiiacan,  Tultepetlae,  lliiixiichtitlan,  Tec 
]iiiy\i('a  (in  2  Calli),  Ati'iiethie,  Coatiayaiihean,  Tetepanco,  Acohiahnac 
'uiMiila  ('I'acnlial,  ('hainiili'iiee  (Techcateiiee  and  Techcatitlan)  in  2  Toclifli 


hiinisliiifii 


I  III  ill 


1\.,  PI 


iiij,'  ( 'hivi;:ero,  ton 


Y\K  l.")(;-(;3. 


liic  A/tecs  left  Azllan  in  lUlO,  crossed  the  t'olorado  Iviver,  staved  3  years 


lit 
tlu 


iiiiriiiiiuacan,  wi 


lit  east  to  t'l 


uconio 


N;diiiathi<'a  tribes,    then  to  Coatlicani 


ztoe,  where  they  seiiarated  from 
and  reaehcil  '1  iila   in    1 1'.Ui, 


ii'iiiiiiiiiii;,' it  years;  then  spent  1 1  years  in  dillerent  places,  reached /iiin|iaiieo 

i'ldpet  lac, 'I'ejiejacae,  and  Cha- 


in 1-lli.  irliiallllll 


years, 


th 


leli   I  l/aiocan. 


indtcjicc  ill    1245  diirinj,'   Nopaltzin's   reij,Mi.     (lallatin,    in    .1 


Klh, 


irmisitft.,  ytd.  i.,  \)\i.  124-',>,  merely 


^t"' 


LTi'm  s  accoi 


lilt,  ri.viii;:  the  (lei)artiire,  ii< 


akes  some  remarks  on  Clavi- 
er, in  Ul()4,  and  iiotiii''  the  coni- 


Icliiiii  of  the  lirst  cycle  in   Kt'.tO  at  'I'lalivco.     (Jama,  Itns  I'inl 


'.l-'D,  ma 


/•".v,  ]it    I,. 


A 


kcs  them  leave  A/ihiii  in  1  'I'eepatl,  IDtU,  and  arrive  at  'I'li 


laliiKilt/uico, 


ill   10S7,  \  here  they  comidetcd  t 


ni>( 


■h 


lil'.M.  and  remaini'd  !(  years.     Acosta,  ]>)>.  4ri4-()2,  says  that   <i  Nahiialla' a 


tn  Ill- 


It  A/tlaii  ill  .S2((,  and  were  Ml  years  in  reachiiii' 


.M. 


h 


tecs  started  in  1 122,  passed  throni'li  Michoacaii,  and  halleil  at  .Ma'.iiiaiiii  and 


('(latepi 


ii'^rccs  Willi 


tore  reachiiij^  ('hapnlte|)e( 
ita.     l)iiraii,  .MS.,  ton 


II 


errera.  <lec.  in. 


cap.  I,  II,  HI 


ill.  ii.,  cap.  \\i, 
savslhev  left  .\ztlaii 


iiit'liicdiiiiiztiic.  ;,'iviiiK<latesas  liy  Ai'iista;  liiit  he  ai'^o  ^i\i's  as  stations,  I'at/- 
ciiani,  .Maliiialco,  Ocipila,  .\caliiialciiip>,  Coatetiec,  Tiilla,  .\tlitlalacpaii,  'I'e- 
iliii\i|iiiiic,  'I'ziimpanco,  Xallocan,  llcalepec,  'I'lilpetlac,  'i'epaiicca,  and  (  ha- 
liiihc|'cc.  Salia;;iin,  torn,  iii.,  lili.  x.,  pp.  l4.")-(i,  Mi;;iiely  states  that  the  N'exi- 
iiiii-^  went  westward  from  the  SeNcii  Caves  to  a  province  calleil  Ciil' 


iiiaciin 


M 


c\i(  ci,  «  hence  tliev  were  ordered  li\  then 


dt 


II  rciiirii,  ami  Massed  llinmj.h 


hiila,  Irlii 

')C'),v.vi  ((/• 


iiiclico,  I  lii<|tiinliio  near 


r.catei 


lec,  to  (  hapilltepi 


ccol'dilnf  to 


Uisl..  toni.  ii.,  pp.  2i>l»-3(IS,  the  oiher  Nalaiallaca  trilies  left  .\ztla;i 


fniiii  KKLMo  KM'iS.  hilt  the  .X/.tecsin  1  Tochlli,  lOlM).     They  pass  tl 


I'lilliiiii 


111. 


l.Miahnitl-lcacaii,   KMU,  t.tiiineliiiavan-()/.totl  or  C.tiiinc 


I'  :.ii"ll   1  eo 


lllii    all- 


iic'iiiiiizlnc,  11  Hi,  stay  II  years,  Acahiialtzinco  or  TIalixco  ,iiow  S,  .Inaii 


ili'l  lliiii,  1st  cycle  in  1 113.  stay  i)  years,  Toiialaii,  Lake  Palzciiaro,  .Maiiiial- 

TzoiMpaiico, 


Cnliiiativ  camac  or  Ciiai"'ii'c     1174,   stay  !•  \ears,  \\\;\t 


I  \/.A\  iiiaii, 


'I'epeyacac,  I'aiititlan,    I'opotlaii,  and  arrive  at  Cliaiiiilte|iec  ii 


324 


THE  CHICIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


the  Gfod  Tutzauh.  Pnniipted  by  tlie  cry  of  a  Mid,  as 
lias  already  been  related,  tliey  left  their  lionie  iiiidi  r 
coiniuand  of  Huitziton,  or  Huitzilopochtli,  })rolialily 
ileutical  with  Mecitl,  or  IMexi,  whence  was  derived 
their  name  of  Mexicas,  or  Mexicans.  They  seem  tu 
have  left  Aztlan  about  1090,  and  to  have  settled  in 

not,  having;  been  several  times  broken  n\)  iiiln  (litlereiit  bauds  on  tlu'  way. 
iliiiiil)o!(U's  — r«c,«,  toiii.  ii.,  \).  17(),  et  seij.     interinclalion  of  (ienielli  ( 


rcri's  niii|> -  see  vol.  ii.,  pj).  "i-l.'J-?,  of  tl 


iives  tlie  stations  in  tl 


lol 


owin-r  onler 


I  Collinacan,  the  Me.xiean  Ararat,  15  chiefs  or  trilu 


reacii  A/llan,    'laiiil  of  ilaniiiiL:oe> 


)rth  of  4'J  ,  wliirh  thev  leave  in  liOS, 


jiassin;;  throu;j;h  Toroleo.  'humiliation,' ( »ztotIan,  ']ilaee  of  ^Tottoes,'  Mi 
(|uialiuala,    Te.)t/aiiotl:in,   'iilaie  of   divine  frnit,'  liiiuitatepee,   I'aiiaiitl 


irLie-leavet: 


1  gr 


Tzoniitanco,   'place  of   human  boues,'  ApaziM 


vessel,'  Atlii'ala;;ni;ui,    'crevice    in    which   rivulet   escapes,'    l^uaulitillaii, 
'eagle  K'""^'*-'.    Atzc.-.potzalco,  'ant-hill,'  (.'haleo,  'place  of  ]irecions  stoiit 


rantitlan. 


si)inuiM<r 


-plai 


Tol]>etl 


rush    nuit,'   <i'uauhteiiec,    •ca/lc 


mountain,'  Tetep-meo,  'wall  of  many  small  stones,'  ('hicomozt( 
caves,'  lluitZ(iui'locan,  'i)lace  of  thistles,'  Xaltepozauhcan,  'place  \\\ni\- 
the  sand  issues,'  t'ozcatinauhco,  a  vulture,  'I'echcatitlan,  'place  of  obNiiliaii 
mirrors,'  Azcaxoiliitl,  'ant  (lower,'  'J'ejietlaiian,  'place  ttf  teiietate,'  .Vpaii, 
'place  of  water,' Teozomaco,  'place  of  divine  apes,'  C'liapoltej^pec,  'j;i'a»- 
hopper  hill.'  tJondra,  in  I'rrscittt,  Hist.  Vonq.  J\Ir.r.,  tom.  iii.,  p|).  '>  ', 
repeats  this  interi)refation.  Kamirez,  in  (unria  y  L'uhos,  At/an,  justly 
lidiiules  the  'Ararat'  or  deluye  theory,  and  conlinew  the  -Nvandeiiii^s  i>i 
the  .\ztecs  to  the  re-^nons  about  the  lakes;  15  chiefs  leave  their  Ikhiic  in 
(haleo  Lake  after  tyinj^  1st  cycle.  The  station.s  are  mostly  addptcil 
from    Humboldt,   without   any  opinion   expressed   of  their   accuracy,  Imt 


ther 


e  are  a 


Iditions  and  corrections  in  <lelinitions,  as  follows:    .\/- 


llaii,  where  "Jd  and  ;{d  cycle  are  tied,  Ciiiruf/dii,  10  years,  Tocoho,  1th 
cycle,  (»ztotlan,  o  years,  Mizipiiahuala,  ath  I'ycle,  Xaljian,  lo  years,  Tc- 
tcpauco,  'wall  of  many  stones,' r>  years,  (hi/Zijidii,  10  years,  Teotzapatlaii, 
4  years,  llhuicatepec,  4  years,  I'apanthi,  meaiiin;,' doubtful, '2  years, 'I'/iui- 
))auco,  'place  of  skulls  or  bones,'  5  years,  Ajpazco,  4  years,  Atli<alai|niaii, 
ihere  water  collects,'  '2  yi^irs,  Cauhtitlan,  'near  the  ea^rle,'  3  yeais,  .\z- 

illan. 


itzah 


1  the  ant-hill,'  (ith  eycle,  7  years,  I  year  to  ( 'haleo,  Pant 


'|ilace  of  tiers,'  'place  of  departure,'  neither  (jnite  correct;  Tol]ictlai'. 
years,  J-.'/im/iiKtr,  'serjient,'  C'uauhtepec,  '2  years,  Chicomoztoc,  8  year- 
Jluitzi|nilocal,  ;>  years,  Xaltepozauhcan,  doubtful,  4  years,  Cozcacnanlun 
4  years,  Techcatitlan,  r>  yeais,  Azcaxochie,  4  years,  Tepetlajia,  5  \cai> 
'on    the   wati'r,'   'J'eozomaco,    'in    the  moidvcy  of  st<uie,'   G  \car- 


Api 

<  hapoltejiec,  4  years.     Th 

ii.,   p|>.  .')47-oO derives  the  bdlo 


iame  author  from  the  lioturiiii  mai)-  .^ec  vi 


tliroiigli  ('(doaci 
t;'callichocavan. 


stave 


d  5  dii 


Left    their    island    home,    pa>>< 


lys  m  a  ]ilac(;  not  mim( 


d,  thence  to  ('nc\- 


("oatlicamac,  I'fS  years,  Tidlan,  lit,  Atlicalai|iiiain,  In, 
TliMuaco,  T),  Atotoiiiico,  ;'),  A|)azco,  1'2,  Tz(m])aiico,  4,  Xaltocan,  4.  .\ial- 
hnacaii,   4,    Kheeatepec,   4,  Tolpeilac,   8,   Coatitlan,   -0,  lliiixachtillaii,  4, 


TccpaNocau, 
I'opotla,    4. 


,  Amalimil|)an,    8,    I'antitlau,  4,  Accdnalniac,   t 


At  hi 


acuihuayan   or   'I'aeubaya,    4,    ('hapoltc|ii 


years.     (londra,  in  Prrsroll,   Hint.  Ctihi/.  Mj-.,  tom.  iii.,  \)\t.  'l',\-',W,  iiilci 


irets  the  lloturini  niaji  as  f( 


Leave  A;;tlan  11(18,  jiass  thnpii-li(' 


hnacan,  Cuatlicamaca,    l'21()-'2."),   Ajianco,    li'-Jd-ll,  TIamaco,   l'J;{(l-4.    T/n: 
li.in-o,  l-.>|(i,  Azi'apotzalco,   I'J.'iO,  .laltocan,  rj.")!-!,  Colhuacan,   I'J.'iS,  T. 


ctlac,     I2t)'2,    Hcatcpcitl,    l'270,     Cuautitlau.     Chaho,    Tecpa.Nocaii, 
■iiiliilan,  Atotoiiiico,    l.'iO.S,  Azcapotzalco,    IMll,  Apan,   l.'U."),  .\caxoi 


\ 

Jol'.l,  Tlacuihnallau,  i;i27,  Chapidtepetl,  i;{;U-r)l 


TIIK  AZTEC  MICniATION. 


825 


Chicoiiioztoc,  after  several  lialts,  in  1110,^  Cliieo- 
iiiiiztoc,  to  which  JJra.sseur  adds  the  luiiiie  Quinehua- 
vaii,  wna  also  on  the  hank  of  a  river,  and  the  Aztecs 
continued  tlie  jirofession  of  hoatnien  ^vhich  they  liad 
practiced  at  Aztlan,  heing  suhject  to  a  tyrannical 
monarch  to  whoni  tlie  name  of  Montezuma  is  applied 
liv  some  of  the  traditions.  After  the  other  Nahuat- 
laca  trihes  had  separated  themselves  from  the  Aztecs 
liv  (hvine  command,  the  leader,  or  hi^h-priest,  or  ^i;'cd, 
-  lluitzilopochtli — fur  the  exact  epoch  of  his  death 
and  deification  it  is  impossihle  to  determine — informed 
the  latter  that  he  had  selected  them  as  his  peculiar 
Itcdjile,  for  whom  he  destined  a  glorious  future.  He 
ordcivd  them  to  ahandou  the  name  of  Aztecs  and 
adopt  that  of  IMexicas,  and  to  wear  upon  their  fore- 
head and  ears  a  jtatch  of  gum  and  feathers,  as  a  dis- 
tinguishing mark,  presenting  them  at  the  same  time 
with  arrows  and  a  net  as  insignia.*  This  separation 
at  ("hicomoztoc,  or  the  Seven  Caves,  presents  strong 
analogies  to  that  which  took  jilacc  in  Tulan  Zni\a;  it 
is  not  impossible  that  the  events  related  are  identical, 
tile  cai'lier  portions  of  this  tradition  referring  vaguely 
liaek  to  the  primitive  epochs  of  Nahua  history,  while 
tlic  later  portions  relate  the  events  which  Ibllowed  the 
Toltec  destruccion.  After  the  separation,  and  while 
the  Aztecs  were  yet  at  Chicomoztoc,'"'  an  event  oc- 
curred to  which  is  traditionally  referred  the  origin  of 
tlic  diiierences  that  in  later  yerrs  divided  this  pe«)[)le 
into  two  rival  parties,  the  Mexicans  and  Tlatelulcas. 
Two  small  bundles  mysteric^usly  a])]>eared  among 
tlicni  one  day  when  all  wei'e  assendded;  the  fiist 
iiHiied  contained  an  emerald  of  extraordinary  size 
and  heauty,  for  the  possesion  of  which  a  quarrel  en- 
dued.    The  second  bundle  proved  to  contain  nothing 

2  Ih-fi.s'snn;  Ifi.tf.,  tdin.  ii.,  ]i|).  'Jlti-.'),  on  the  authority  of  tlu;  ^fl^)n.  ilc 
I'lilliiiiiciiii  and  otlu'i-  ori^'iiiiil  iliHnunentH. 

•  Vnititi,  torn,  ii.,  l)|i.   i;ir)-(i. 

''  /'/.,  lip.  i:t(l-8.  TiiniiuMnada,  (oni.  i.,  Y\\.  70  80,  followptl  l)y  Clavi- 
p'l'n  ,iiiil  XCtiinciirt,  ri'jpri'sont.s  thiw  event  as  having  oceurred  at  a  suh^e- 
il'iiiit  liiilting-plaee. 


Iwt 


</ 


ii 

ill 


i 


32G 


THE  CmCIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


more  attractive  tlian  a  few  common  sticks,  and  tlie 
jiarty  into  whose  possession  it  fell  deemed  themselves 
most  unfortunate,  until  Huitziton  made  kii<jwn  to 
tliem  a  novel  process  of  producin<if  fire  hy  ruhhiiin 
two  sticks  together."  According  to  Brasseur's  author- 
ities one  of  tiie  ])rinces  of  Chicomoztoc,  named  C'liiil- 
cliiuh  Tlatonac,  was  induced  to  depart  with  the  Az- 
tecs, assuming  a  rank  second  only  to  that  of  the  liinli- 
])riest  Huitziton.  It  is  also  claimed  that  certain  Tol- 
tec  nobles  with  their  followers,  who  had  been  driven 
from  Chapultepec  by  the  Chichimecs,  joined  tlicir 
fortunes  with  those  of  the  Aztecs  at  an  early  peiicd 
of  their  migration,  perhaps,  however,  before  they  ktt 
Aztlan.'' 

After  leaving  Chicomoztoc,  and  while  in  IMicho- 
ncan  accordins»;  to  most  authorities,  althou<>h  by  some 
of  them  lluitzilopochtli  is  sjioken  of  as  a  god  long  he- 
fore,  the  aged  high-priest  Huitziton  died  or  disaji- 
jteared  suddenly  during  the  night.  It  is  hinted  that 
lie  was  foully  disposed  of  by  the  ;.riesthood,  throu^li 
jealousy  of  his  popularity  and  power;  but  whether 
rosj)onsible  or  not  for  his  death,  the  priests  resolvul 
to  take  advantage  of  it  to  advance  their  own  inter- 
ests. Conseipienily  the  next  morning  a  repoit  was 
circulated  that  Huitziton  had  been  called  to  take  liis 
])lace  among  the  gods  with  the  great  Tetzauli,  or 
TezcatliiHK'a,  who  on  his  arrival  had  addressed  to 
him  the  following  craftily  ]>rej)ared  s})eech:  "AVel- 
come  bi'ave  warrior,  and  thanks  for  liaving  so  well 
served  me  and  governed  my  people.  It  is  time  that 
thou  take  thy  rest  among  the  gods;  return,  tlien.  " 
thy  sons  the  priests  and  tell  them  not  to  be  tHi'  A 
at    thy  absence;  for  although    they  may  ._ir 

behold  thee,  thou  wilt  not  cease  to  be  in  midst 

to  guide  and  rule  them  from  on  high.     1        I   w" 


*  Vcytia  coiijccturoa  the  oniorald  to  typify  the  iiohility  of  tlic  Tliil'liil- 
<';i.s,  a  useless  attrihiite  when  eonipiired  witli   Aztec  seieiiee  aini   iiidii^ln. 
'  Ill's/.,  toiii.  ii.,  jip.  'iiKMi;  I.iNi/.nirhi/l,  vol.  i.\.,  ji.  '214.     Vcytiii,  tmii. 
ii.,  i>.  ltr>,  iiuiivCH  Chak'liiuh  Tlatonac  another  name  ot  Huitziton. 


DEATH  OF  HUIT21T0X. 


327 


cause  thy  flesh  to  he  consumed,  that  thy  skull  and 
lioiiL'S  may  remain  to  thy  sons  as  a  consolation,  that 
they  may  consult  thee  respecting  the  routes  they 
lijive  to  follow  and  in  all  the  affairs  of  government, 
iuul  that  thou  niayest  direct  them  and  show  unto 
tlieiii  the  land  which  I  have  chosen  for  them,  where 
thoy  will  have  a  long  and  pros[)erous  empire."  Bras- 
seur  adds  to  the  speech,  "where  they  shall  find  a 
nopal  growing  alone  on  a  rock  in  the  midst  of  the 
waters,  and  on  this  nopal  an  eagle  holding  a  serpent 
ill  his  claws,  there  they  are  to  halt,  there  will  he  the 
seat  of  their  empire,  there  will  my  temple  be  built," 
although  this  is  not  given  by  Veytia  or  Tortpiemada, 
the  authorities  referred  to  by  the  abbe.  The  god 
also  gave  directions  that  the  bones  of  Huitzilo- 
jioL-litli  should  be  carried  in  an  urn  by  the  priests  on 
tlk'ir  migration,  or  according  to  some  authorities  that 
iui  idol  should  be  made  and  carried  in  an  ark  on  the 
.shoulders  of  four  priests.  The  four  priests  were  of 
ourse  designated  for  the  important  position  of  tco- 
iKdiia,  or  'god- bearers,'  who  were  to  constitute  the 
iiu'dium  through  which  the  idol  should  make  known 
his  commands  to  the  people.  The  people  dared  make 
111)  opposition  to  the  will  of  their  god,  and  the  plans 
of  the  crafty  priests  were  most  successfully  carried 
out. 

But  an  episode  that  is  related  of  this  period,  in- 
dicates that  the  plots  of  the  priests  were  ])erfectly 
comprehended  by  at  least  one  person.  This  was 
MaHiialxochitl,  the  sister,  friend,  or  mistress  of  Huit- 
ziton,  a  brave  })rincess  who  rendered  great  aid  to 
the  high-priest  against  the  machinations  of  his  foes. 
She  was  charged,  however,  j)rol)ably  by  the  hostile 
piicsts,  with  the  possession  of  the  black  art.  She 
could  kill  with  a  glance,  turn  the  course  of  rivers, 
and  transf  )rm  herself  mto  any  form  at  will.  After 
the  death  of  Huitj.iton  the  priests,  whose  tricks  she 
vci\  likely  tiled  to  expose,  resorted  to  their  new 
divinity  to    rid    themselves  of  Malinalxochitl.     The 


^14 


I; 


^1  f  ^1 

ft  '  ■' 


328 


THE  CHICHIMEC  PERIOD. 


idol  from  its  ark  v  as  made  to  issue  an  order  that  tlie 
sorceress  should  be  abandoned  while  asleep.  AVitli 
her  followers  she  went  to  Mt  Texcaltepec,  wliero  sho 
afterwards  founded  the  town  of  Malinalco,  and  bore 
a  son  named  Copil,  or  CohuitV  to  whom  she  entiusted 
her  reven«'e  on  the  Mpxicans." 

While  they  were  yet  in  Michoacan,  on  the  banks 
of  Lake  Patzeuaro,  a  trouble  is  said  to  have  occurred 
which  resulted  in  the  separation  of  the  Tarascos  from 
th.  Aztecs,  and  their  settlement  in  this  reg-ion.  Tlie 
tale,  to  which  very  little  importance  is  to  be  attaclied, 
from  the  fact  that  the  Tarascan  lang'uage  was  dif- 
ferent from  tlie  Aztec,  is  as  follows:  A  number  of 
men  and  women  were  bathing  together,  when  the 
rest,  at  the  instigation  of  the  priests,  took  their  cloth- 
ing and  departed.  The  bathers  were  obliged  to  im- 
provise a  dress,  which  pleased  them  so  much  that 
they  retained  it  ever  after  in  preference  to  the 
maxtli;  but  Ihey  never  forgave  the  Aztecs,  rcsolval 
to  remain  where  they  were,  and  even  changed  their 
language  that  they  miufht  have  nothing  in  conniioii 
with  that  people.  Camargo's  version  is  that  in  cross- 
ing a  river  a  part  of  the  travelers  used  their  maxtlis 
to  fasten  together  their  rafts,  and  were  forced  t<»  lior- 
row  the  Avomen's  huipiles  to  cover  their  nakedness; 
and  A^eytia  adds  that  so  imperfectly  did  these  gar- 
ments  perform  their  office  that  the  rest  of  the  trihe, 
shocked  at  the  appearance  of  their  companions,  aban- 
doned them  in  disgust,  calling  them  Tarascos  fi'(Mii  a 
circumstance  that  has  been  already  given." 

f  On  IIiiitzil()])oelitli  soo  vol.  iii.,  jijt.  '2.S,S-,'<24.  Simic  nf  tlio  iintlmritics 
imply  lliiit  Ilnit/ilii|i(H'hili  dioil  or  at  loiist  api  cared  as  an  iilnl  Ion;,'  lii'furi' 
tliis  jK'rioil,  soon  after  till  ir  (Icpart arc  from  A/.tlan.  Itotiiriiii,  hlia,  np.  (iiM, 
Ktati'H  tliat  liiiit/iton  was  takoii  np  to  licavi'ii  in  M<i\\\  of  ttif  propli-.  Si'u 
ulsi)  on  Ills  ili'atli  anil  t)ii>  aliamlonmont  of  Malinalxooliitl;  I'ii/Iik,  tniti.  ii., 
]ip.  !KJ-1()1;  Tori/Hniii((/if,  toni.  i.,  |)p.  7H,  SO-I;  Ti'::<):.(tiiiiir,  in  Khujshor- 
oiDjh,  vol.  ix.,  ])|>.  (i-S;  l)iiviiii,  MS.,  toin.  i.,  ca]).  ii.-iv. ;  Anisln,  pp. 
4.'ii(  ()l,  4(18;  C/iiriifcrti,  torn,  i.,  jip.  I(i(l-I;  lird.siifur,  Uiif.,  torn,  ii.,  If. 
'-",)(»;»(>•-';  Siiiiiriizii',  in  hor.  Jlist.  .l/i'ic,  serif  iii.,  toni.  i..  pp.  'M)-\:h  ll'i- 
■iiiirc-,  in  (larriii  yCnluts,  Allii.s\  (loiuhut,  in  I'lrmvtf,  Hist.  Cuiitj.  .V'X., 
torn,  iii.,  p.  '-'">. 

"  Si'o  vol.  ii.,  p.  1.10;  Trzii-oitiitr.  in  Kiinishnrnu(jh,  vol.  ix.,  jt.  (i;  Ihii-iin, 
M.S.,  toni.  i.,  cap.  iii.;  \'i//iii,  torn,  ii.,  jiji.  lO.'l-.'i;  I'iinrntil,  ('iinilru,  Unw. 
i.,  p.  -7-;  Caiiutiyv,  iw  Aoucllai  .liiimhs,  toai.  xcviii.,  pii,  lit!--. 


AZTECS  AT  TOLLAN  AND  ZUMPANGO. 


329 


Qiiauhtloquetzqui  seems  to  have  been  the  priest 
who  of  the  four  assumed  the  highest  rank  after  the 
dcatli  of  Huitziton;  and  coming  under  his  command 
or  tliat  of  their  idol  through  him  expressed,  to 
Coatcpec  in  the  vicinity  of  Tollan,  the  Mexicans,  at 
the  order  of  their  god,  stopped  the  current  of  t]\e 
river  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  lake  surrounding 
tliu  niountam.  Their  stay  in  this  place  ^vas  one 
of  gloat  prosperity  and  increase  in  population  and 
•\vc;')th;  here  they  placed  the  sacred  ark  in  a  grand 
tciuple;  and  here  tliey  were  taught  to  make  balls 
of  india-rubber  and  initiated  by  the  gods  into  the 
mysteries  of  the  tlachtVi,  or  game  of  ball,  whicli  after- 
wai'd  became  their  national  diversion.'"  ]3ut  the 
will  of  Huitzilopochtli  was  made  known  that  this  fair 
land  must  be  abandoned,  and  their  wanderings  re- 
conuuenced.  The  people  murmured  and  showed 
signs  of  revolt,  but  the  god  ap[)eared  before  them  in 
so  friii'litful  an  aspect  as  to  till  them  with  terror; 
some  of  tho  malcontents  were  found  dead  near  the 
tcm[)le  with  their  hearts  cut  out;  the  dam  was  bro- 
ken, thus  destroying  the  great  charm  of  their  new 
homo;  and  tinallv  the  will  of  the  leader  was  obeyed, 
tliniigh  not  apparently  until  several  revolting  chiefs 
with  their  followers  liad  separated  themselves  from 
the  main  body.'' 

At  Tzompanco,  now  Zinnpango  on  the  northern 
lal-e,  the  j\texicans — not  perhaps  the  main  body, 
ju(li;ing  from  the  names  given  to  the  li  ulers — were 
inest  kindly  received,  i^ossibly  ns  allies  in  the  wars 
waged  by  Tochpanecatl,  the  lord  of  that  city.  This 
lull's  son  llhuicatl  married  Tlacai)antzin,  a  AltxiciUi 
.U'ii'l,  and,  as  Brasseur  sta,tes,  the  same  lord  gave  liis 
(laughter  Thupiilxochitl  as  a  wife  to  Tozcuecuex,  the 

I"  Si'c  vol.  ii.,  |m.  2!)7-'.t;  Vrtjtiit,  torn,  ii.,  yy.  l(t(»-S;  Tr:o:iiiiioi\  in 
h'lii'is/i'iriiiiii/i,  vol.  IX.,  pii.  7-S. 

"  Si'c  lii'siclcs  I'l'ftrcncrH  ill  prpctMlinu;  imtoH,  ]'< /mirrrl,  Tm/rd.  |it  ii  , 
I']!.  IS  HI;  Utvri'i'K,  Ui'.it.  (it'll.,  lice,  iii.,  lili.  ii.,  ('a|i.  xi.;  (iiiNn/in,  in 
Aimr.  F.diiio.  ,%c  ,  Truimact.,  vol,  i,,  jui.  l^o-lij  BrannvKr,  Uml,,  toiu.  ii., 
PI'.  ;t(i;.'-5. 


■    1; 


r 


I 


I 


'Ii 


.!.% 


880 


THE  CHICHIMEC  PERIOD. 


Aztec  loader,  at  the  same  time  glvin<;  to  the  Mexi- 
cans through  her  the  [»ossession  of  Tizayocan  tlieir 
next  haltiug-plaee.  From  one  of  tliese  marriages 
sprung  Huitzilihuitl,  who  afterwards  became,  accord- 
ing to  many  authors,  the  first  king,  or  ruler,  of  the 
^Mexicans.^^ 

Several  other  intermarriages  with  tribes  in  Aiuiluiac 
are  reported,  and  also  some  hostilities  during  the 
subsequent  frequent  changes  of  residence,  but  no 
im])ortant  events  are  definitely  reported  before  the 
arrival  and  settlement  at  Chapultepec  in  ]  l'J4  as 
already  stated,  although  there  is  but  little  agreunieiit 
in  the  dates,  many  traditions  assigning  the  arrival  tu 
a  much  later  period.  As  has  been  before  stated, 
these  traditions  refer  to  difterent  bands,  and  the  dis- 
agreement in  dates  would  l)e  natural  even  if  the 
chronology  of  the  records  had  l)een  correctly  inter- 
l)reteu  by  the  Spanish  writers,  which  is  not  j)robahl('. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  of  the  comparative  accuniey 
of  Bra.sseur's  dates. 

At  this  period  Nopaltzin  was  still  on  tlie  tliroiiu  of 
Tenayocan,  1)ut  was  succeeded  in  1211  by  Tlotzin 
l*ochotl.^''  Acolnahuacatl,  called  by  the  Sj)aiii.sh 
writers  Acolhua  II,  reigned  over  the  Te])anecs  at 
Azca}>uzalco;  Culhuacan  was  governed  succe^si\ely 
after  Achitometl  by  Fcxochitlanex,  Quahuitonal,  Ma- 
zatzin,  Cuetzal,  Ciialchiuh  Tlatonac  II.,  Tziuhterutl, 
Xihuiltemoc,  and  Coxcoxtli,  down  to  about  the  iind  of 
the  thirteentli  century;  tlie  Teo-(Jiiichimecs,  diio  (•!' 
tlie  invading  l)an(ls  that  have  so  vaguely  aj)j)e,'ii'i'(l  in 
]>receding  annals  together  with  the  Naluiatlaca 
tribes,  were  settled  at  Poyauhtlan  in  tlie  vicinity  "f 
Tezcuco,  a  source  of  great  uneasiness  to  all  tlie  na- 
tions,   although    nominally    friends    of    the   einitcior 

''*  Vc.vliii,  liini,  ii.,  ini,  (K)-?,  ''«I1m  tilt'  liridiMif  Illiuicatl,  'riii('a|iii|iiuil/iii; 
iiiiil  'ruriiiicmiiihi,  tiiiii.  1,,  p.  S2,  'I'iat'tipiintxi'i.  Sen  uIho  C/iiriiimi,  loin,  i., 
)i.  Iti.'J;   fhiniii,  MS.,  (dill,  i.,  cap.  iii. ;  llniMciir,  Hist.,  tmii.  ii,,  pp.  'MUH. 

'M.\llil\o(liitl,  ill  Hiin/s/ioraKij/i,  V(il.  i.\.,  jip.  '_'iH,  '\Ui,  'Ml,  <^i\r^  tilc 
(lati'.M  1  Hl7,  1  l.")S,  ami  1 !((.');  tilt'  liini  (lati>  is  5  Ai'iiti  wiiirji  a;;iTrH  willi  liniH- 
Ki'iir'«  iliH'iiiiK'iits,  lint,  is  inli'ritrt'ti'cl  an  I'Ji  I  or  (Hic  cyi'lc  later  tliaii  ImHI- 
xuilutrjs  iiitoiiuolatiuii.      N'eytia,  toiii,  ii.,  pji.  7'.t-S0,  yivos  lliu  date  l-'(i;i. 


TIIK  AZTECS  AT  CIIAPULTEPEC. 


331 


Tldtzin;  and  Quiiiantzin,  the  son  of  Tlotziii,  was  chief 
l(.i(l  at  Tezcuco  and  heir  to  tlie  imperial  thn^ne.^* 
The  Aztecs  lueantiine  fortified  their  naturally  strong 
position  at  Clia})ultepec,  and  in  2  Acatl,  1195,  cele- 
luatcd  tlie  completion  of  their  cyelo.^''  Huitzilihuitl, 
ill  spite  of  the  sacerdotal  opposition  was  made  chief, 
oi  as  some  say,  king;  the  scattered  Mexican  hands, 
!ui(l  cv'<;n  the  main  hody  of  the  ^Mexicans  under  the 
liigh  I'licst  Quauhtlequetzqui,  or  his  successor  (jf  tin; 
saiiie  name,  came  to  join  those  of  Chapulte})ec  ;  and 
tlic  colony  hegan  to  assume  some  importance  in  the 
cvt  s  (if  tlio  surrounding  monarchs.  The  king  of 
Azcajiiizalco  sought  to  make  the  IVIexicans  his  vas- 
sals, dtsiring  their  aid  as  warriors,  hut  Huitzilihuitl 
pioiidly  refused  to  pay  trihute.  Their  first  war, 
siiiiit'thiiig  over  thirty  years  after  their  arrival,  was 
with  Xaltocan,  against  which  ])rovince  they  liad 
aided  the  lord  of  Zum{)ango  when  first  they  entered 
the  valley.  The  armies  of  Xaltoc'an,  under  lluixton, 
attacked  and  defeated  the  Aztecs  near  C'haj)ultepec, 
foiling  them  to  retreat  within  their  fortifications, 
acting  jirohahly  by  the  en(!ouragemont  of  the  Te- 
]>ane(s."'  7\cc()i"ding  to  Brasseur's  authorities,  the 
'IVpanecs  again  jn'ojtosed  an  alliance,  and  on  refusal, 
iiiaivliod  wiHi  their  own  army,  and  soldiers  from 
other  nations,  against  Cha})ultepec,  and  at  last  forced 
lluit/ihhuitl  to  submit  to  the  ])ayment  of  trihute." 
liefoie  yielding,  however,  the  Mexican  chief  sent  am- 
ha^sadors  to  Quiiiantzin  at  Tezcuco,  oflering  him  the 

"  Uriissnir,  Hist.,  to?n.  ii.,  |H).  ^2,*?,  37'';  Turi/Hnnfii/it,  lom.  i.,  ]>. '2."l. 
Thi>  iiiiiliiir  ^i\i'M  tlic  HiicccMsioii  of  kin;is  nl  Ciillnifiiii  iis  Ailiitnnii'll, 
Ma/Ml/.iii,  (,)ui't/,:il,  <'lial('liiulitoiiii,  <^)iiinililli\,  N'oliiialliitoiiar,  'I'/iiililcciill, 
Xinlitciiiiiil/iii,  mill  ('(i.\riil/iii.  V'i'Vtifi  ^ivi's  llic  siiri't'hMioii  as  fullows: 
Ai'liit'iijii'tl,  Xdliiialiitiiiiar,  ( 'aliiiiiyaiilil/iii,  aini  ( 'nxcux.  \i  in  iiiiiins^iiilo 
111  ivKiiicilc  ilii-i  iiialtiT;  i>iil  no  t'M'iilsof  ;,'H'al  iinpiiitaiiri'  in  wliirli  tin' 
I  mil  mis  ut'ii'  t'n;;a;;('il  siTin  to  liavc  tillii'li  iilat'c  lllilii  I  lie  i('i;;ii  of  Coxcoxtli, 

''/."!/(  //  diiiii'i.  hill  I'iii/ni.s,  |il  !.,  |i.  'J((,  und  I'lii/i.r  ('/iiiiiii//"'/>iicit. 
tiiill.iliii  iniilxCM  (lie  ijatc  nnc  cycle  later  or  I'J'.W. 

'  Tiiri/ic  niiii/ii,  torn,  i.,  ii]),  H.'l  I.  'I'I'im  aiitiior  rc|ircsciils  tlic  A/tccs  »m 
liaviii:.'  liccii  lirivcn  fioni  (  iia|iiilt(']ii'c  .-.i  tills  time  'i'licrc  is  Inil  iiillc 
ii:ni'iiicMl  n'siiiM'tin;,'  tin'  onlcr  of  events  in  Azte«;  liiHiory  |irevioiis  t"  tin; 
fiiiiinlalion  of  Siexico. 

'"t'li./i.!  Ciiiiiiti/jiiijiufii,  ill  Z//'(rwci(r,  llixt.,  toni.  ii.,  pp.  Itllt-J. 


-  i 


I 


332 


THE  CIIICIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


alle^'-lancG  of  his  people  and  asking  aid;  but  the  Trz- 
cucan  lord  was  not  in  condition  to  help  thenj,  aiul 
advised  them  to  submit  temporarily  to  Acolnaluia- 
oatl,^^  which  they  did  about  1240. 

The  roign  of  Tlotzin,  the  Chichimec  emperor,  wns, 
for  the  most  part,  one  of  great  prosperity,  althoiiuli 
his  enemies  were  constantly  on  the  watch  foi"  jiii 
opportunity  to  overthrow  his  power.  He  seems  to 
have  used  his  influence  against  a  tendency  exhil)itL(l 
by  the  Chichimecs  to  a  rudeness  of  manners,  nnd 
indej)endence  of  all  control,  which  threatened,  in  liis 
opinion,  a  relajjse  into  comparative  barbarism.  He 
favored  rather  the  elegance  of  Toltec  manners,  ;iii(l 
tlie  strictness  of  Toltec  discipline.  In  his  efforts  for 
reform  he  was  seconded,  or  even  excelled,  by  his  son, 
Quinantzin,  lord  of  Tezcuco.  Ixtlilxochitl  tells  ii.s 
that  Tlotzin,  soon  after  his  ascension,  made  a  Imiir 
tour  of  inspection  through  his  territory,  correct iiiL;- 
abuses  and  enforcing  the  laws,  but  exciting  thcrehy 
the  enmity  of  some  vassal  lords.  Tenayoc.-ui  was 
properly  the  Chichimec  cai)ital,  but  the  em[)er()r  spent 
much  of  his  time  at  Tezcuco,  which  had  become  ono 
of  the  finest  cities  in  Anahuac.  For  the  embellish- 
ment of  this  city,  many  Toltecs  are  said  to  have  luni 
called  in  from  various  towns,  by  the  orders  of  (^hii- 
nantzin.  Some  of  the  officers  placed  in  charge  of  tlu! 
})arks  and  public  works  of  Tezcuco,  j)articuhiily  Ictnx. 
and  ( )cotox,  abused  their  trust,  Avere  banislicil, 
Jiejuled  revolts,  and  were  defeated  by  Quinaiit/.iii. 
.\b()ut  this  time  Tlotzin  formed  a  new  monarthy 
at  T'ezciu'o,  abdicating  his  own  rights  tlusre  ami 
giving  the  crown  to  his  son,  Quinaiitzin.  .Another 
son,  Thivateotzin,  was  given  the  province  of  Tiazalan, 
subject  to  the  crown  of  Tezcuco,  and  still  otlier  sons, 
Tocliintecuhtli  and  XiulKpietzaltzin,  were  made  hy 
Tlotzin,  rulers  of  Hue.xotzinco  and  Tlascala,  indicatiii'.,' 

1"  Ixtlilxorhitl,  in  Kinfj.ihnrninjh,  vol.  ix.,  ]»  348,  iiiiil  Vcyliii,  (nni.  ii., 
pp.  lia  I,  mciitioii  tliiH  ai>i>liciition  to  (Jiiiimiitzin,  luit  relVr  it  Id  m  u\w\t 
latt'i'  iK'iiod  lifter  tiie  city  vi  Mc.vico  was  fuuiuluil. 


KEIGX  OF  THE  EMPEROR  QUINANTZIN. 


888 


that  tlic  eastern  plateau  ^vas  at  this  time  a  part  of 
till'  empire,  thoiig'h  it  is  not  probable  that  a  very 
.strict  alleui'iance  was  enforced.  As  monarch,  Quinan- 
tziii,  iVoni  his  royal  palace  of  Oztoticpac,  labored  more 
earnestly  and  successfully  than  before  for  a  return  to 
the  old  Toltec  civilization,  thus  exciting  the  opposition 
of  many  Chichiniec  nobles,  and  preparing  tl»e  way 
lor  future  disasters.  Tlotzin  became,  at  last,  so  fond 
dt"  his  son's  beautiful  home,  that  he  practically  al)an- 
(loiu'd  'renayocan,  aj)pointing  Tenancacaltzin,  i)robably 
his  brother,  to  rule  in  his  stead.  'J'he  newly  a])})ointcd 
lieutenant  had  no  fondness  for  Toltec  reform,  became 
setTctly  the  chief  of  the  opposition  to  the  emperor, 
and  only  awaited  an  opportunity  to  declare  his  indc- 
]icii(leiu'e.  Tlotzin  Pochotl,  at  last,  after  an  illness 
whose  chief  feature  is  said  to  have  l)een  a  })rofound 
iiklaiicboly,  was  carried,  at  his  request,  to 'i'enayocan, 
whefe  lie  vl'<'d  in  124G,  after  appointing  (.^uinantzin 
us  his  heir.  His  funeral  "was  accomj)anied  with  great 
pomp  and  display;  all  the  kings  of  Aiialiuac,  both 
iVinids  and  foes,  assisting  in  the  ceremonies,  and 
eulti'4i/ing  his  character. ^° 

Taking  the  title  of  Chichimecatl  Tecuhtli,  or 
Eiupeior  of  the  Chichimecs,  Quinantzin  transferred 
tlif  caiutal  to  Tezcuco,  re-appointing,  it  woidd  seem, 
Ti  naiu  acaltzin  as  ruler  of  'IV'Uayocan.  He  inimedi- 
iitt'ly  annexed  the  powers  of  Huexotla  ami  Coatlichan 
to  his  dominion,  I'orcing  the  princes  of  those  cities, 
Toiliintecuhtli,  or  Ihuimatzal,  and  l[u(>t/in  11.,  to 
I'rsiile  in  his  ca[»ital,  and  forming  from  the  three  king- 
doms that  of  Acolhuacan.  As  enij»eror,  lu>  ga\e  freer 
>t'iit  than  ever  tt)  his  old  inclinations  to  ))om|>  and  cer- 
ciiiniiy.  Wheni;ver  he  appeared  in  public  he  caused 
liiiiiM'ir  to  be  borne  in  a  magnilicent  royal  palan(|uin 
(Ml   tlu;    shoulders    of    fonr    Chichimec    nobles.     'J'iie 


Wi 


'1-i  : 


'''\.'vtia.  (om.  ii..  m).  81-S,  110  !.'},  ^'ivcs  (!»>  diitc  of  Tlul/iii'^  dcaili 
lis  ij'.is,'  iMlili.M'liiil,  111  Kiiiijfiiinriiiiijh,  M.I,  i\.„  ii|i,  ;.»i;t,  ;ii(i,  ;i;i.s,  ml, 
|;i\(  s  iw  iliili's,  lllj,  i|*)4,  mill  lltd.  Sec  iilso  mi  liis  ri'i;j;iij  '/'iii(jiif/ii((i/ii, 
Imii.  i  ,  ii|i.  (is  7-i  ('/Kriijni),  ti>in.  i.,  pii.  ItH  4;  ]'cliuirrr(,  Tidlni,  pt  ii., 
I  111;  Hrns.il  II r,  Ili.ii.,  loni.  ii.,  jiji.  ;i-4-HU. 


Ill 

■V'i 


334 


THE  CIIICIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


ill-will  which  Quinantzin's  strict  discipline  and  Tol- 
tec  inclinations  had  previously  excited ;  the  ft.'ars 
aroused  by  his  annexation  of  Huexotla  and  Coatli- 
chan,  and  other  decided  political  measures;  displeasinv 
of  those  of  Tenayocan  at  the  change  of  <'aj>ital;  and 
the  humiliation  of  the  Chichimec  nobles,  in  b(iii<( 
obliged  to  bear  the  royal  palanquin,  soon  resulted  in 
a  revolution.  By  the  support  of  the  Tepanec  kino 
at  Azcapulzalco,  Tenancacaltzin  was  proclaimed  liu- 
peror  at  Tenayocan,  and  all  Andhuac,  save  Culliuaciiii, 
Coatlichan,  Xaltocan,  and  Huexotla,  were  arrayrd 
against  the  Tezcucan  monarch,  many  of  his  own 
relatives  joining  in  the  movement  against  him,  and 
his  brother,  Tlacateotzin,  being  driven  from  the 
dominion  of  Tlazalan.  In  so  unequal  a  stniuuli^ 
Quinantzin  seems  to  liave  made  no  effort  to  overthmw 
the  usurper,  but  rather  to  have  employed  all  the 
force  tliat  could  be  furnished  by  his  remaining  vassals 
in  foi'tifying  his  position  at  Tezcuco,  when'  lie 
patiently  awaited  future  opportunities  for  revenge 
and  recovery  of  his  imperial  throne.^ 

x\colnahuacatl,  the  Tepanec  king,  seems  to  liavti 
sn}>ported  the  usurjmtion  of  Tenancacaltzin  not  iVnni 
any  feelings  of  friendship,  but  from  ambitious  motives 
for  his  own  interests.  He  took  no  steps  to  aecnin- 
})lish  the  con(piest  of  Tezcuco,  but  on  the  conti'arv 
soon  began  to  ]dot  against  the  usurping  enipeioi'. 
He  made  use  of  the  ^fexicans,  who  had  suffeivd  nuieji 
from  the  })eo})le  of  Tt'nayocan  and  were  cagi'i'  Inr 
vengeance,  to  aecom})lish  his  purpose.  Heinforeed  liy 
some  Tej)anec  troops  in  Aztec  dress,  they  madf  s<v- 
eral  raids  for  jilunder  against  Tenayocan  and  tlie 
adjoining  towns.  Thus  provoked,  Tenancacaltzin 
marched  with  a)i  army  to  })unish  the  robbers,  luit  was 
met  at  Tei)e'yacac,  where  now  the  chureh  of  (luada 
hii)e  stands,  by  tiie  ^[exicans  and  Te[)anecs  coniliined, 

'"  Tov'iiirinmht,  torn,  i.,  ]i]).  73-4,  S.'i;  ]'i\i/tiii,  foin.  ii.,  i>ii,  II 1-1"';  h'/'!- 
xor/iil/,  ill  Kiiiii^liiiriiini/i.  vol.  ix.,  jip.  li-lT-*^,  Hit'.),  4.V2-;{;  ('/iin'ifcrii,  tnin,  i., 
)ili.  I  14-.");  I'ltinirrrf,  Triitro,  Jit  li.,  ]i.  Hi;  Jimssitir,  Ui.sl.,  tuiii.  ii..  I'l'. 
;w;i  H;  Miillit;  7u (',>,„,  <'iiii.  iii.,  p.  4S. 


TENANCACALTZIN  USURPS  THE  THRONE. 


335 


and  utterly  defeated.  The  conquered  emperor  fled  to 
Xaltocan,  expecting  aid  from  the  enemies  of  tlu;  Mex- 
irans,  hut  tlie  princes  of  Xaltocan  -were  also  friends  of 
(^)uinantzin,  to  Avliom  they  delivered  Tenancacaltzin, 
hut  who  refused  to  revenge  his  wrongs  upon  his  uncle, 
and  })ennitted  him  to  leave  tlie  country.  The  Te- 
pancc  king  took  possession  of  Tenayocan  and  had 
liiuisclf  declared  emperor  of  the  Chichimecs,  Qui- 
iiantziu  apparently  making  at  first  no  opposition,  hut 
awaiting  a  more  favorable  opportunity  to  regain  his 


.  21 


power 

1  now  come  to  the  chain  of  events  by  which  Qui- 
nantzin  regained  the  imperial  throne  and  a  power 
siu'passing  that  of  any  preceding  monarch.  The 
northern  provinces  of  Meztitlan,  Tulancingo,  and 
Totoltepec,  excited  hy  the  rebels  Icuex  and  Ocotox, 
formerly  banished  by  Quinantzin,  raised  the  standard 
i»f  l•o^■olt  and  marched  to  attack  the  ca])ital.  They 
were  even  joined  by  the  four  eldest  sons  of  the  king, 
according  to  Brasseur  and  Ixtlilxochitl,  although 
otlier  autliorities  make  this  rebellion  a  distinct  and 
later  affair,  and  disagree  somewhat  as  to  the  time  of 
tlio  northern  rebellion.  ])ividing  his  available  force 
into  four  divisions,  Quinantzin  took  command  of  one 
division,  entrusting  the  others  to  his  brothcis  To- 
chintzin,  or  Tochinteciditli,  and  Ni)]ialtzin,  and  to 
Huetzin  11.  of  Coatlichan,  while  his  son  Techotl 
remained  in  command  at  Tezcuco.  All  the  divisions 
were  ocpially  successful  and  the  rebels  Avere  driven 
hack  with  great  loss.  Nopaltzin  killed  Ocotox  in 
jiersonal  combat  but  was  himself  killed  later  in  the 
hattle.  The  king's  rebel  sons  had  not  actually  taken 
l>ait  in  the  fight,  and  on  olfering  their  submission 
Were,  lit  the  intercession  of  their  mother,  pardoned, 
on  condition  of  leaving  Analunu^  and  joining  the  Teo- 

_  "  Ixllilxocliitl,  in  KiiKjshoi-oiKjh,  vul.  i\.,  yy.  '-'1'),  .'MT-S,  WX  I.VJ-3; 
Vcyliii,  tmii.  i.,  jip.  ll(i-17.  I'J---."),  n-ffrs  tlicsc  cnciiIh  tn  a  ('(Misidciiihly 
liitci- |ii'i'iiM|,  (uicl  states  that  lluil/ilihuill  ])ii'vi(iii>ly  manicil  ii  iiii'ce  uf 
•uiilnaliuacall.  Jlrunmiir,  Hist.,  toiii.  ii.,  pp.  ^38-44. 


336 


THE  CmCIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


Chicliiinocs  on  tlio  eastern  plateau.  This  success  in 
the  north  was  not  without  its  effect  in  the  valkv. 
Many  cities  that  had  declared  their  independence,  or 
had  become  subjects  of  Aeolnahuacatl,  now  offered 
anew  their  alle*<^-iance  to  the  monarch  of  Acolhuacau 
at  Tezcuco,  Congratulations  flowed  in  from  Ciil- 
huacan  and  other  friendly  powers,  with  various  ])laus- 
iblo  excuses  for  not  liavin*,^  aided  Quinantzin  in  liis 
time  of  tr<Mible.  Prisoners  taken  during  the  war 
were  released,  and  some  of  the  lords  of  the  nortlicrn 
provinces  were  even  restored  to  their  former  positions 
on  promise  of  future  loyalty.  Thus  the  wise  kinu^ 
laid  the  foundations  of  future  success.  Tiie  i)anloiit'd 
sons  of  Quinantzin,  before  proceeding  to  Thiseala  and 
Huexotzinco,  joined  the  Teo-Chichimecs  at  Vv- 
yauhtlan.  This,  people,  by  their  encroachments,  liad 
made  enemies  of  all  the  nations  of  Analiuac;  it  is 
even  said  that  they  had  instigated  the  northei'u  revolt 
in  the  hope  that  tlie  formation  of  a  league  against 
themselves  miglit  be  prevented.  But  this  hope  was 
vain,  and  soon  after  Quinantzin's  victory,  they  were 
attacked  before  tlieir  city  by  tlic  united  forces  of  the 
Tepaiiecs,  Culhuas,  Xochimilcas,  and  Mexicans.  A 
l)attle  ensued  described  as  tlie  most  terrible  cvir 
fouglit  in  tlio  valley,  in  Avhicli  the  Teo-Cliichiniecs 
held  tlu'ir  ground,  but  which  wo  exhausted  the  foices 
on  both  sides  tliat  it  was  long  before  any  nati(^u  ct>n- 
cerned  was  in  condition  to  renew  hostilities.  TIr; 
hing  of  Acolhuacau  seems  not  to  have  taken  part  in 
this  struggle,  })erliaps  because  of  the  presence  of  liis 
sons  at  J'oyauhtlan  and  the  fact  that  liis  relatives 
were  ruling  tbe  Teo-Chichimecs  in  Tlascala.  Tlio 
stati!  of  ad'airs  was  now  altogether  favorable  to  Qui- 
nantziii,  and  after,  as  some  authoi's  state,  another  cam- 
paign against  tbe  northern  provinces,  he  began  to 
turn  his  attention  toward  his  lost  dominions  about 
the  lakes.  The  empei'or  Aeolnahuacatl,  at  Tcna- 
yocan,  seems  to  have  clearly  perceived  that  foituno 
favored  his  rival,  and  that  in  his  exhausted  coiulitiou 


QUIXANTZIX  CIIICHIMEC  EMrEIlOIl. 


837 


CSS  m 
•alley, 
ce,  or 
jfffred 
lUiieau 
.    Cul- 
]^laus- 
iii  liis 
Lc   war 
ntliern 
)siti()ns 

rdniicd 
Ilia  and 
it    Po- 
ds, had 
c;  it  is 
\  revolt 
a;4'ainst 
)c  was 
Averc 
of  the 
s.    A 
c  ever 

illlLTS 

I'on-es 

oil  i'»in- 
Thc 
)avt  in 
o\'  his 
•lativt'S 
Tho 

to  Qui- 
•r  cain- 
\'j;i\n  to 
ahout 
Teiia- 
Ifortune 
luditiou 


since  the  hattlo  at  Poyaahtlan,  he  could  not  possibly 
deteiid  cither  the  imperial  crown  or  even  that  of 
Azra|»u/alco,  and  craftily  resolved  to  voluntarily 
aliandon  his  claims  to  the  former  in  the  hope  of  re- 
taining' tlie  latter.  His  plans,  as  usual,  were  suc- 
cesslul;  Quinantzin  accepted  his  proposition  without 
any  manifestation  of  ill-will,  and  was  crowned  em- 
peror with  the  most  imposin*^  ceremonies  in  1272, 
forming  a  friendly  alliance  with  the  kings  of  Cul- 
Iniaean  and  Azca])Uzalco,  .and  hecoming  ])raetically 
the  master  of  Anahuac.  The  TeoChicliimecs  soon 
after,  hy  the  advice  of  tlieir  god,  and  with  tlie  con- 
sent of  the  emperor,  migrated  eastward  to  Tlaseala.^^ 
In  Ids  eftbrts  to  embellish  his  capital,  and  to  re- 
store his  empire  to  the  glory  and  his  subjects  to  tlie 
culture  of  the  ancient  times,  it  has  been  stated  that 
Quinantzin  called  in  the  aid  of  many  Tidtecs,  show- 
ing them  great  favor.  A  few  years  after  his  acces- 
sion, two  of  the  Toltec  tribes  that  had  left  the  valley 

'-'  ^'l'ytia,  torn,  ii.,  pp.  14,V54,  n-latcs  this  rchcllioii  ami  dofoat  of  tlio 
iiiirtliiiii  |iriiviiici's,  and  tlio  <'(iiis(>(|iit'iit  alulii'ation  ;'f  AcoliialiuacatI,  at- 
triliiiliii;,'  llifsf  fvoiits,  liowovor,  to  a  niiicli  later  jx-riiiil,  after  tlic  scjiara- 
tiiiii  (if  ilic  'I'latcltilcas  fniiii  \\iv  MvxU-.iiMi,  }ii\inn  lliu  dak-  as  \',V2'>.  .Must 
(if  llic  autlmritii's  do  not  dclinitcly  lix  tlie  date,  lint  Itrasseiir,  llisf.,  toni. 
ii. ,  |i|i  ."lit-."),"),  j;ives  .satisfactory  reasons,  sui)|)orte(l  hy  ( 'aniar;,'o  and  l\llil- 
xiiclnil.  for  referring  liotli  tliis  \\ar  and  tlie  liattle  at  I'oyaiilitlaii  |o  llie 
time  uiiiii  tlie  Me.xieaiis  were  yet  liviiif,'  under  iluitzililiiiitl  at  ('jiai.nlle- 
jn'c.  \eytia,  toiii.  ii.,  |)|i.  l(>2-7.'?,  unites  the  relieliion  of  (he  Uiii;;"s  sons 
ami  tlie  lii;lit  ai,Minst  the  Teo-Chiehiinees,  referring;  this  latter  war  to  1H.")(», 
iiiid  iii(lii(liii^' the  provinces  of  lluastepec,  ilnidinetlan,  and  CiiitlalHiac  iu 
tlic  revolt.  He  represents  the  allie(l  forces  of  Aiiiiliuac,  i(M).(MI(l  strong',  a.s 
.'■er\iiiL,'  in  six  divi'^'  wis  under  the  jj;eneral  coinniand  of  tjininant/in,  already 
i'm|ici(ii-,  lie  also  slates  that  t^iiinant/.in's  (pieeii  accoin|iiMiied  her  sons  in 
llii'ir  exile.  Of  course  there  is  ^rfiit  diversity  aiiioni;  the  anthorilies  iu 
respect  to  names  of  leaders,  and  details  of  the  haltlo;  hut  the  ecneral 
iiiTdinit  j.'iveii  iu  iiiy  text  is  tin;  oidy  consistent  one  that  can  he  forineil, 
since  there  is  niucli  even  in  \'eytia"s  account  to  sii|i|i(irl  it.  It  is  pro'.ahle, 
ill  llie  liylit  of  later  events,  that  (^>ninallt/ill  took  no  part  in  the  war  a._'ain?t 
the  Ten  1  liicliiiiiecs,  and  ijiiile  possihle  that  ( 'ainaivd's  stateinent  that  tlio 
Teo-Cliiiiiiniecs  were  vietoriiMis,  thon^di  much  exhausted,  in  the  halth-at. 
I'oyaiilillMii,  results  to  a  (;real  extent  from  national  pride  in  the  record  of 
tlie  Tla^ialtecs.  Toriinemada,  t(Mii.  i.,  ]ip.  St  (>.  L'.'i'.MiO,  seems  to  he  (ho 
aiiilidiity  for  the  seeoiid  eanipaidn  of  t^Miinanl/in  in  the  north,  which  was 
ilicidi'd  hy  a  ;jreat  hattU-  at  'i'laximaleo  iu  the  ri'u'ion  of  .Monte  l!eal. 
IxtliKdcli'iil,  ill  Kiii(ishi,ri)ui)/i,  vol.  ix.,  pji.  'iliVKi,  .StO  .VJ,  HDS-KKI,  Kll-'-', 
as  Usual  fav(U's  iu  ditl'erent  |ilaces  nearly  all  the  views  of  other  authorities. 
See  also  I'diiiiiri/o,  iu  Xnurr/hs  Aiunilcs,  toni,  xeviii.,  ji|i.  14l'  .'1;  Chici- 
ijaxi,  tdiii.  i.,  ]iii.  141-."),  1J4. 
Vol..  V.    -n 


fl 


338 


THE  CIIICHIMEC  PEl'JOD. 


at  tlie  full  of  the  empire  mid  settled  on  tiio  coast 
of  the  Pacific  in  Oajaca,  the  Tailotlacs  and  Chiinal- 
panecs,  are  said  to  have  returned  and  to  have  Ikch 
received  hy  the  emperor  and  granted  lands  in  Ti  z- 
cucu,  after  having-  stayed  some  time  in  Chalco.  The 
new  chiefs  were  even  allowed  to  become  allied  liv 
marriage  to  the  royal  family.  The  new-comers  set  lu 
to  lia\e  belonged  to  the  partisans  of  Tczcatlipcua. 
Additional  bands  of  Huitznahuacs,  Tepanecs,  ( 'ul- 
huas,  and  Mexicans,  from  distant  lands,  are  also 
vaguely  alluded  to  as  having  settled  in  Tezcucf),  Az- 
capuzalco,  and  ^Fexico.''"'  About  the  same  time  the 
northern  province  of  Tepepulco  revolted,  accoidinn- 
to  T()i"(piemada,-*  and  was  con<[uered  by  Quiiiuiit/.in. 
spoken  of  as  Tlalteratzin  by  this  and  several  otlu  r 
writei's.  The  province  was  joined  to  the  doniiiiidiis 
of  Tezcuco  under  a  royal  governor,  its  lord  liaviiiL;" 
been  ])ut  to  death.  Another  source  of  prosperity  Ini' 
Tezcuco  seems  to  have  been  a  fresh  out-burst  in  (iil- 
huacan  of  the  old  religious  dissensions  between  tlir 
partisans  of  Quetzalcoatl  and  Tezcatlipoca,  causini^- 
many  of  the  inliabitants  to  make  their  homes  in  the 
Acolhua  capital  where  they  were  gladly  received; 
although  l\tlil\ochitl  tells  us  that  Quinantzin  erected 
no  temples  in  his  capital,  and  j)ermitted  the  erect imi 
of  none,  being  content,  and  oldiging  all  the  citizens  in 
be  so,  with  the  simple  religious  rites  of  his  Chichi- 
mec  ancestors.-^  Xihuiltemoc,  a  descendant  of  Acxitl, 
the  last  king  of  Tollan,  was  on  the  throne  of  ('idhiiii- 
can  at  this  time,  and  seems  to  have  formed  some  kind 

2''  ]'ri//iii,  torn,  ii.,  J)}!.  100,  2'2S;  T.rtlil.rnfhill,  ill  Ki)lffshnvn>l(lli,  vol.  i\  , 
pp.  ■_'1(> -17,  :{:)1,  ;!l)!t,  lOI,  4.").'<.  Tlic  rliicf  <if  tla'  Tailutliu-s  was  'rciii|iaiil/.in. 
or  A/tal  liti'xcari;  and  the  ('liinialpaiiccs  wi-n;  uiidor  \il(ii|iu't/.iii  iiiiil  Ma- 
catciit/iii.  Ill  tliis,  as  ill  other  cast'n  1  lia\e  not  entered  niiniilely  iiilii  ilie 
names,  nuirria^res,  and  j,'eiiealoijies  of  tiie  noliles  of  Analiuac.  siini'  my 
space  ihies  not  permit  a  full  treatment  of  the  milijeet,  and  a  sii]  eiliiial 
treatment  would  he  withiuit  value. 

2'  Miiiiiiri/.  Jill/.,  ttun.  i.,  p.  Sd.  It  is  not  quite  certain  that  liiis  icmiIi, 
and  that  of  s(Uiie  southern  provinces,  which  occurred  two  years  later,  "iic 
not  connected  with  those  that  have  hceii  already  narrated.  Ton|uiiiiai!a 
rarely  iiays  any  attention  to  chronolof^v. 

^J  J\iiii/s/>i)riiiiii/i,  vol.  ix..  p.  •_M7.  it  seems  tliat  Quinantziirs  siinrssor 
yninted  perniis.sioii  to  huild  temples. 


TIIK  AZTECS  L1:A\  i:  CirAPL'LTITIir. 


Oocv 

1 1.  )V) 


(if  an  alliance  with  the  !N[exic*ans  at  ("lia])ultip(^(',  and 
til  have  admitted  to  his  city  tlie  \vorshi|>  of  Jliiitzi- 
li,|i(.(litli — ;i  fact  that  leads  Brasseur  to  think  that 
tilt!  Culhuji  kiniic  was  a  })artisan  of  Tezcatlipoca, 
almost  identical  with  Tfuitzilopochth  so  far  as  tlie 
Moody  rites  in  his  honor  are  concenied.'-'"  In  the 
last  years  of  the  thirteenth  century,  al)out  TJSI, 
Xilmiltenioc  was  succeeded  hy  Coxcoxtii  wliose 
mother  is  said  to  liave  heeii  a  Mexican,  1)ut  wh  was 
a  (lovoted  partisan  of  Quetzalcoatl." 

'fhe  Aztecs  had,  in  tlie  meantime,  gained  ninch  in 
]io\\\r,  and  although  W'W  in  uunihers,  compai'ed  with 
the  other  nations,  had,  hy  tlieir  skill  as  Avarriors  and 
tlir  ferocity  of  their  chara<'ter,  made  tliemselvi's  hated 


h 


)ecomino-,   luc 


deed,    the    pests    of    Auiiliuac 


ahlioiigh  nominally  the  allies  of  the  C'ulluias  and 
Tc[)anecs.  The  story  of  their  overthrow  at  C'hapul- 
tr|n.'c  is  a  hrief  one,  as  told  hy  the  8})anish  writer: 


Col  •11, 


son 


of  Huitziton's  sister,  the  sorceifss  ^fali 


iialxocliitl,  had,  as  lias  heen  already  relatod,-^  hceii 
swdiii  hy  his  mother  to  vengeance  on  the  Mexicans. 
He  now  came  to  the  lake  I'egion  and  usod  all  liis 
iiithieiice  to  excite  the  surrounding  nations  against  his 
ciiciiiies,  denouncing  them  as  everything  that  is  had, 
and  urging  their  extermination.  ][earing  of  liis 
])lots,  the  [)riest  Quauhtleijuetzipii  went  with  a  })ai'ty 
to  Topetzingo,  wliere^  Cojiil  was,  killed  him,  tore  out 
Ills  heart  and  threw  it  into  the  lake.  The  jilace 
was  known  as  Tlalcocomocco,  and  here  afterwards 
>;in'aiig  up  the  tunal  whicli  guided  the  Aztecs  in 
fouiidiiig  tlieir  city;  here  was  also  a  hot  spring,  called 
Acopilco.  Immediately  after  this  the  Aztecs  were 
attacked  hy  many  nations,  chiefly  the  Culhuas  and 
t  iialcas,   diiveii  to  Acoculco,  amid  the  reeds   of  the 


Hist.,  toni.  ii.,  1))).  .177-80. 

f'/.,  1).  ;?8'i:  (latoM   I'JSI,   or  IHDO.     Acconliii''  to  Vcvliii.   t>iiii.  ii. 


li'iii  I,   mill   Ixtlilxiirliitl,   p.  4(;'_',   .XiulitiMiioc,   k 
IDlfi.  Mill!  was  siu'i'L'L'iluil  liv  Aoaiiiapii'htli. 
"  See  jip.  327-8. 


of  Ciilluiaraii,  ilit'il   111 


C4) 


THE  CHICHIMEC  PERIOD. 


lake,  and  many  of  their  number  carried  captives  to 
CuUiuacan,  among  whom  was  their  chief,  Huitzilihuitl, 
who  was  sacrificed.  Afterwards  they  were  given,  l»v 
the  Culhuas,  the  district  of  Tizaapan,  which  abouiult d 
in  snakes,  Hzards,  etc.,  on  which  chiefly  they  lived, 
paying  heavy  tribute  to  the  king  of  Culhuacan,  and 
leading-  a  very  hard  life  for  many  vears.^ 

Brasseur,  throws  much  light  upon  the  events  (if 
this  })eriod.  It  seems  that  the  Aztecs  provokid 
Copil's  efforts  for  their  destruction  by  two  raids 
against  Malinalco,  which  belonged  to  Culhuacan,  and 
that  the  IVIexicans  treacherously  drew  the  son  of  Viw- 
linalxochitl  into  their  power  by  offering  him  the  jxjsi- 
tiou  of  high-priest,  according  to  a  pretended  revelation 
of  Huitzilopochtli's  will.  His  daughter,  Azcaxoeliitl, 
was  forced  to  become  the  mistress  of  Quauhtlequetz- 
qui ;  all  his  nobles  were  taken  prisoners,  and  a  band  of 
Culhuas  who  came  to  Tlalcocomocco  soon  after,  weio 
massacred.  All  the  rulers  of  the  valley,  save,  |i(i- 
ha})s,  Quinantzin,  were  soon  leagued  together  for  the 
destruction  of  these  maraiiders  and  l)utchers.  Huit- 
zilihuitl made  a  valiant  and  long-continued  defence, 
defeating  the  Tepanecs  in  a  fierce  battle,  but  exciting- 
renewed  horror  by  murdering  and  cutting  in  piecos 
Aeolnahuacatl,  king  of  Azcapuzalco,  and  formerly 
em})eror.  They  were  at  last  conipiered  throULih 
their  rash  bravery,  since,  while  their  army  was  fight- 
ing the  Culhuas  whom  they  had  been  challenged  to 
meet,  another  body  of  the  enemy  took  and  burned 
Chapultei)ec,  carrying  off"  the  surviving  inhal)itants 
as  prisoners.  The  ^lexiean  army  was  then  defeated, 
nearly  exterminated,  and  the  remnants  scattered  in 
the  lake  marshes,  while  Huitzilihuitl  was  taken,  and, 
with  his  daughter  and  sister,  put  to  death  in  revenge 

*9  Diiran,  MS.  turn,  i.,  cap.  iv. ;  Arn.ifn,  pp.  402-4;  Tfirrcra,  di'c.  iii., 
]ih.  ii.,  cap.  xi.  Tuniiu'iiiadii,  tnin.  i.,  pp.  S.'5-4,  S!>,  say.s  tlio  .Vztct's  wciv 
eitlicr  broiij^lit  as  sliiN cs  fmiii  Ocolco  to  Fi/aapan,  or  were  invited  to'iil- 
huacaii  and  tlion  enslaved.  See  also,  Cl<ivi<irro,  toni.  i.,  ])p.  I(i4-'');  \'i I'm- 
evrf,  Tcn/ro.  pt  ii.,  pp.  '20-1;  ]'ri//iii.  toni.  ii.,  ])]).  127-0.  I  make  iin  ctinit 
to  follow  Veytia's  elironoln^'ic  order  wliicli,  in  this  ]iait  of  tiie  hi.stiiiv,  is 
hopelessly  confused  and  iliH'erent  from  the  other  authoriticii. 


WAll  WITH  THK  XOCHIMILCAS. 


3^1 


f(pr  the  murder  of  Copil  uiid  tlio  Tcpniiec  kins;'.  Tlieso 
events  i)c  curred  ubout  I  '2\)7.  For  two  yuar.s  tlie  scatti'r- 
ed  Mexican  remnants  wcro  sul>jected  to  every  indiL,''iiity, 
Imt  ii»  1209,  perhai)s  through  the  influence  ot"  Aca- 
iiiapichtli,  his  son  iuid  heir,  Cocoxtli  Mas  induceil  to 
niMiit  this  unfortunate  people  the  small,  barren,  and 
sei"|ieiit-intested  isle  of  TizaapaM.*' 

'hie  Spanish  writers  do  not  imply  that  Acolna- 
liu.u'atl,  kint^  of  the  Tepanecs,  was  killed  by  the 
Aztecs,  or  that  ho  even  fell  in  battle.  His  son, 
Tezuzomoc,  was  heir  to  the  throne,  but  as  he  was 
veiy  young-,  his  mother  seems  to  have  ruled  as  regent 
during  his  minority,  and  as  she  was  the  wife  of  Cox- 
coxtli,  the  power  was  practically  in  the  hands  of  the 
Ciilluia  monarch.^*  Coxcoxtli  thus  saw  his  power  in 
Aniihuac  largely  increased,  but  he  was  continually 
aniKiyed  with  petitions  from  the  jVCexicans  for  larger 
teii'itory  and  permission  to  settle  at  various  points  in 
liis  dominions,  and  at  tlie  same  time  harassed  by  the 
eiKToachments  of  the  Xochimilcas,  particularly  in  the 
laki;  Hslieries.  He  at  last  proposed  to  grant  the  re- 
(jiiests  of  the  Aztecs  on  condition  that  they  would 
aid  liim  in  chastising  the  insolent  and  powerful  Xo- 
chimilcas. The  services  of  the  followers  of  Huitzilo- 
])(H'htU  were  always  in  demand  when  there  was  figlit- 
iiii^'  to  1)0  done.  Tlie  secret  plan  of  the  king  w.-is  to 
place  the  new  allies  in  the  front  to  receive  the  force 
of  the  attack;  the  heavier  tlieir  loss  the  better,  for 
his  ti()uj)s  would  have  an  easy  victory,  and  a  dead 
Aztec  was  a  much  less  troublesome  neighbor  or  sub- 


'"  /A/.v/..  torn,  ii.,  pp.  380-08. 

"  TliiMt'  is  soiiio  rimfiision  alxmt  tlio  jmrciitajxc  of  Tezdzoiiinc  ami 
.\  aiiiii|ii(litli:  Toxcoxtli  t'lmusa  tiiic  lillc  (rAcdlniiliiiaiatl  duiit  il  out 
Tizii/iiiiiiii',  (Ml  .Acolnaliuacatl  epmisa  iiiif  lillc  ile  Coxcoxtli  doiit  cc  pi'iiicc 
fiiiiit  issii.  (^ii(ii(jiic  It-  MS.  (Ic  l.")'_vs  (liiiinc  Acdlnaliuacafl  jioiir  jii'rc  ii  Tc- 
Z'lZ'iiiiiic,  k'  Memorial  (ic  Cullniaiaii  Ic  doiiiic  ]ioiir  Ic  Ills  dc  ('o\coxtli  ct 
fivic  iLVcaniaipiclitli.  Ixtlilxocliitl  dit  ('jialcmciit  (|u'.\caiiiapiclitii  (''tait 
HUM  Iri'ic."  It/.,  pj).  .'W4-r>.  See  Ixtiilxpicliitl,  in  /\'iii;/s/ii)r'iiiii/i,  vol.  ix,, 
l'I>.  Itl'.t,  :{'.I7,  4(11.  He,  liowcver,  seems  to  make  .Acamapichtli  also  the  son 
"f  .\((ilii:iliiiaeatl.  Veytia,  torn,  ii.,  ]ip.  73,  Uil--,  fixes  tlic  date  of  tlic 
Willi's  death  at  \'^4'^.  Torque iiiada,  toin.  i.,  p.  08;  Unimulos  y  Oalnz, 
Titnlr.s  Aiiiir.,  pp.  1  p_'-3. 


ill. 


w 


i  I''  ^A 


342 


TUL;  CIIICHIMEC  PI-:iM01>. 


jvvt  tl'.ui  a  livo  Olio.  X>>  arms  were  su])|)lied  to  tlio 
allies,  l)i;t  their  priests  taught  tlieiu  to  make  shields 
of  rt'eds,  ;nd  arm  themselves  Avith  eluhs  aiul  ohsidlaii 
knives.  By  a  strange  freak  of  fancy  they  resolvid  to 
retain  no  captive.-',  thoiin'h  a  reward  Avas  ottered  (ur 
tliem,  hut  to  disarm  and  release  all  they  ca[)tured  af- 
ter having'  marked  them  hy  cuttint*"  off  the  ri^'lit  ear 
of  each.  'J'he  fury  of  their  attack  and  their  r.DVel 
method  of  warfare  struck  terror  into  the  hearts  of  iIk! 
enemy,  Avho  were  defeated  and  driven  hack  to  their 
capital  in  confusion,  the  ^lexicans  ohtaininn"  niiicji 
plunder,  and  the  Culhuas  an  extraordinary  nuiiilier 
of  jtrisoners.  Iieturnin^'  to  Cnlhuacan,  the  ( 'ullitia 
braves  ])i'oudly  displayed  their  i-aptives,  ridieuhn'j' 
their  allies,  until  the  latter  pointed  out  the  lack  ef 
ears  anioii^'  the  \ictims  of  ('ulhua  valor,  and  cahiily 
produced  the  missinn-  leatures  IVom  their  sacks;  the 
etfect  w:.s  coin[»lete,  and  they  carried  off  the  hoiioise*' 
the  day.  ('oxcoxtli  was  proud  of  such  allies,  tlieir 
])etitions  Avere  granted,  and  the  two  nations  were  alM) 
connectt>d  hv  intermavriau'e."'^ 

The  history  of  the  Mexicans  and  Cidhuas,  duiiiii;' 
the  early  })art  of  the  fourtecinth  century,  down  tn  (lie 
foundin<>' of  tin;  city  of  Teiiochtitlan  in  i;!"-';"),  pr(>eiits 
a  confusion  une(|ualed,  jierhaps,  in  any  other  pni d 
of  the  ahoriLjinal  annals.  A  ci\il  Avar  on  tlu'  ea>lerii 
plateau  at  (  liolula,  in  which  kiny'  Coxcoxtli  was  in- 
\(il\td  to  a  certain  exteni,  A\ill  he  mentioned  ilse- 
Aviiere,  as  it  only  slightly  cdnceriis  the  y'cneral  hi.>tiiiy 
of  Anahuac.  'ror(|Ueiiiada,  ( 'laviL;rro,  and  i>tli' is, 
relate  that  aftei'  the  hattle  with  the  Xocluinilcas.  llie 
A/tecs  had  secreted  four  captives  destiii  d  for  sai  ri- 
fice,  and  had,  besides,  asked  the  ( 'u!  lua,  kiiiu  tn 
pi't)\ide  them  with  a  suitaJde  oll'erine  aid  In  I"' 
u'esent  at  the  i-ereinonits.  'I'liey  A\cre  Hem  a  (le;;d 
•ody  and   a   mass   of  tilth    which    the    Mexicans,   le- 


^■-  I'ri/fiii.  IciiK.  ii  ]i|i.  llOli'J.  'i'liis  aiillidC  |iliiit's  tliis  cvciil  in  llm 
lifctinii' ol'  lliiii/ililiiiill  mill  III"  Ai'dlniiliiiiuall.  T'<niiiiiiniilii,  Imii.  i.,  if. 
l't(-l;  i'liiritjii-i),  liiiii,  i.,  |i|i.  Kia-T. 


THE  .M(.)TlIElt  OK   J'liK  (KiDS. 


•M] 


HtraiiiiiiL!,'  tlicir  aii^cr  at  tlu;  insult,  jtlaciHl  upon  tlio 
;,'i,i'  and  said  iiotliitii;-.  VVliun  Coxcoxtli  and  his 
suite  a])'[)<-'ai"L'd,  tliu  priests,  alter  a  lelin'itnis  daiut', 
lu'ii'julit  out  tljo  four  captives  and  ])ui'rornied  tlie 
liliKidv  lites  of  sacrifieo  boPoi'o  tlie  <>'uests.  'I'lie  (  'ul- 
liu.is  li'l't  the  ])hiee  ill  disgust,  and  orders  were  iinuiedi- 
iitrlv  !^i\eu  tliat  tlie  ^Mexicans  should  he  drixcti  lVo!;i 
till'  teri'itories  of  (Julhuaean.''''  As  .\costa  and  l)nrau 
tt'll  {he  story,  the  Aziecs  sent  from  Ti/.aaj>an,  wliort! 
ii  Mciiis  many  of  them  were  still  living',  (o  tlie  ( 'ul- 
liii;i  !•  in.u',  ri'(]uesting  him  to  ^'ive  them  'is  daii^liter 
to  lule  over  them  and  Ik;  the  motlu  r  of  tlidr  L;<id. 
Tlif  re(iuest  was  elu'erfully  granted  mul  the  y<»iin^- 
jiiiiicess  conihicted  with  great  j)omp  to  the  town  of 
iicr  t'liturc  sidijects.      A  s^'reat  festival   was   prepared, 

tlir      ] 


inncess    was 


at  III 


111  r  s 

\\hi( 

(illi'ii 


])ri\ately  sacrificed  to  lluit/.ilo- 
jiiMlitli,  wlio,  it  seems,  had  sio'iillied  his  intention  of 
jitiiio-  licr  as  his  mother;  hei  hody  A\as  Hayed,  and 
kin  phiced  as  a  garment  (tii  a  youth,  or  an  idol, 
h  was  set  up  in  the  temple  to  rrcc'\'e  the 
lii^s  of  \isitors.  AllK  ul;'  those  who  cai.ic  to 
iiiaki  such  oir»rini;s,  as  a  compliment  to  their  allies, 
wnv  (\»\"o\tli  and  his  nohles.  'J'heir  ra^e  at  the 
si-  it  that  met-  their  I'yes  may  he  imagined,  'i'he 
MiMxlv  I'ollowei's  of  1  luit/ilopochtli  Were  (lri\(ii  from 
tin  ii'  hdnics.  and  the  allies  their  hravcry  lia(!  gained 
\\<w.  li>-t  to  thiTn.'*  I  xtlilxochitl,  without  mentioning' 
then-  rettuM)  to  (  'ullnui  l>  vor  hv  tlm    Xochimilco  war, 


ivs  that    the   A/,t 


ecs  escaped    tioin   their  lioii(la'''i 


th 


at 


*  .,iliii;ic;iii  on  111  ariiig  that  king  ( 'ali|iiiyaiili(/.iii  in- 
ti'i.il.il  to  massacre  t  hem,  an«l  resiiled.  I'ni  ,,  imn',  at 
l/lacaleo,  wheiict!  they  mad-  ininads  leiun  ( 'iilliua 
iiiiitni'v.  hut  tinally  retreated  to  ilic  i^Lind  wlnre 
1 1  iiiieliiitlan  was  founded.''  1  append  in  a  iioh'  an 
ah.-tiaet  of  N'evtia's  version  of  Nahmi  liistor\'   dnriii''' 


"^ 


v^t 


•"  Sit   tvf, 


rcliri's   111  111- I    null';   iil^ii 


lhiuil,nl,ll,    ]',l,s.,   lol! 


il<;„iv<i,  in  l',;sr,,it,  Hi\i.  ('iiii'j.  .lA.r.,  tuiii,  '  v,  iip.  so  |.  •Jtia-l. 


|||.  ■_'(10-l; 


A'li-c/ii,  |i.    1(11;    Ihirmi.   ^lS,.  tiiiii.    i..    I 
Killer  \i  liiiiiMii'ti.     Ill  ri'iiii.  lii'r,  iii  .  lili,  ii,,  caii.  \i. 
'  III  l\i)ii/sl<i,riiiii//i,  Mil.  i\.,  ]i.  .'i'.KS. 


Ill'  ('iill><  till'  Ciiliiiia 


) :  ;  U 


ii 


P.44 


till: 


Tin:  CIIICIIIMEC  PEUIOD. 


ll  tl 


If  imniec 


liatol 


y  precoUin^'  perioti,  siiico 


1, 


tl 


ILS 


itli  otlicis  at  but  fuw  jxiiiit 


30 


version  ai^rcfs  w 

Hardly  inoi'o  can  l)e  ui^atliercd  tVoni  the  ])rece(lii)i;' 
records  tlian  that  tlie  Mexican^^,  after  living' lor  a  tiiiie 
in  ('ulhuacan,  were  forced,  on  account  ol'  their  liloody 
religious  rites  and  of  their  turbulent  disj)ositioi,,  to 
leave  that  city,  and  to  wander  for  several  years  abmit 
the  lake  bel'ore  settlin*^  Aviiere  tlie  city  of  ^Mcxicn 
after\v,irds  stood.  Coxcoxtli  is  said  to  have  Imi  n  a 
devoted  i'ollower  of  Quctzalcoatl,  and  a  zealous  |iti'- 
secutor  of  all  other  sects,  so  much  so,  that  many 
families  were  forced  to  abandon  Culhuacan,  and  wtiv 
U'ladlv  received   at   Tezcuco,  as  has  been   stated.      It 


sec 


ms  to  have  been  an  ineradicable  Toltec  tendeiuv 


In 


mdiiln'e   in   re 


y^'^ 


th 

u 


loUS    CCntl'oVel'sV 


to  th 


ii'H'  national  })ros|K.-nty.      Jjrasseur 


Hnd 


].re_) 

s  in 


IKl 


111.--   (lee 


meiits  many  additional  details  of   some   importaiK 


respectni;;/    the    j)eriod    in    (juestion. 


Tl 


le     rell<_;li)Us 


strife  in  ( 'iillmacan  broke  out  int(,)  open  Avar  beiw 
the  sects  of  (^)iietzalcoatl  and  'rez<'atlij)oca,  the  foil 
headi'd    by    the    kin>j'   and    his    son    Achitoiiieii,    ll 


ei.'li 


latt( 


er  undei-  another  son. 


Lcamapu 


■htl 


I,  aiul   secoiK 


led 


by  tlu'  Mexicans,  who  had  been  driNcn  by  peiseeiitieii 
from    the  city.      'J'his   is   the   alliance   alhahd    te   liy 


'"'  <,iiiiiiiiMt/iii  sin'cccdi'cl  i<.  the  oiii|)in',  and  a|ip()iiitt'il  liis  uncli',  'rriinii- 
nii'alt/iii.  ;i:cpM'nini' ill  Tciiavonin,  wlio  iisur|i('(l  tin'  lliiniic  in  l'.".i".l;  Ijiiil- 
/ililniitl,  lit"  Mfxicaiis,  (ililaiiU'l  in  tiiania^c  a  iiiric  of  Uinu-  .Vfulliuii  11.  nt 
.\/ra;iii/ali'ii;  (  'oxi'k.V  .siici'itiIciI  ( 'ali|niyaiilit/iii  as  l^in;,'  til  (  ullniaiiiii;  llu- 
XiifliiiiiilraH  wfii' ilffi-atcil  liy  tliu  iiiii  ut'  tln'  .Mi'\iiaiis,  ami  Aciillnia  II. 
liccaiiK'  ('iii|iofiir  ill  l'_'fK>;  iicNt,  Acaiiii(|iirlitli  iim'iI  tin'  .Mcxiraii--  til  riiiii|nrr 
('ii\rii.\,  ami  iiiailc  liiiiiKi'lt'  kiii;^'  of  <  'nlliaaraii  in  l.'tdl,  hat  ilinl  in  KSiKI  imil 
was  siii'ccciliij  hy  Xiiihlcinui';  llnit/ililniill  ilicil  in  l.'tlS,  ami  tln'  ,Mr\iriiii^ 
t'hiiM  as  ihi'ir  kiii^'  />l»o,  Xiniitt'imii'  of  ('iillinai'iin,  whi'ir  iiiaii\  nt  ilniu 
had  Hi'lih'd,  nmhr  llic  rnh'  of  Araniaiiirliili.  ami  wlii'ic  all  now  iriiin^ril 
from  <  lia|inltc|i(<  .  jtllioii/h  a^'aiiist  ilii'  wL-hcsof  tin"  ('nlliiia  |n'o|'lr:  at 
last,  in  1H2.I,  for  no  miv  dt  linitc  vcasnii,  they  wryv  (liivrii  fiom  t'nlliainaM 

and    Wrlit    lo  ,\ra»/liilil  I.         "Y   .Mi'\irall/imo;    IIk-ii  tlli'N    a|i|i|iii|  to  till'   (111- 

prior  .\i' illina  II.  and  \v  !.•  allowi'd  to  lisc  for  a  t  iiiic  near  .\/i  a|ai/ali ", 
wliiii'  thi'ir  priests  svi'ic  siarcliin;^  for  the  prcilistiiird  loralion  of  llnir 
flit  life  I'll  \  ;  llii'ii  took  pltH'i'  the  separation  liei  w  een  the  .Mexiiaiis  .ind  I  In- 
l/'iillcas;  fhe  'f  latrllif/i**  (rhiaill  a  Kill;.'  from  the  cniperor  afler  ha\  in:  ii|i- 
I'jrd  to  i/iiiiitinl/iii  ill  Vtfiii,  (/niiiant/iii  rej^caiiis  the  iiniierial  thi'om  iinia 
Mt\m  II,;  and  tJiiiilly,  'fnioeiititlaii  wuh  foumleil  iu  liW7.  Vi'ijim,  toai. 
it'lfr.'N-:^' 

'A/,,  toiii.  ii  ,  j,^  ¥U'A,  4'A'l-^, 


FOUNDATION  OF  MKXICO. 


845 


Vcvtia,  Avlicn  he  states  that  Acainaplclitil,  of  Ciillnia- 
;i.s  oliosuii  kinu;'  of  the   Mexicans.      'J'Jic   I'uliel- 


(-111.   \v 

liiiUii  s( 


)n,  at  tlie  head  of  the  Mexicans,  was  vit"tori( 


)US, 


UK 


il  cMiiipelled  his  father  to  lice  fVoiu  his  capital,  i)ut 
1  in  it  at  once  assume  the  tith;  of  kinn",  and  was,  not 


1(111^'  alter,  ill  his  turn  defeated  and  driven  fi'oiu  the 
cirv.  This  was  the  iinal  departure  of  the  Mexicans, 
UMst  of  whom  y'atliered  at  Iztacah-o.  wliere  a  hand  of 
t'.ieir  nation  had  i>een  for  some  years  residinn',  under 
the  '''ief  'I'enuch.  ^Fanv,  liowever,  setth'd  at  other 
|i(iiiit-;  near  at  liand  on  the  hdvo  sliores  and  i-'ands, 
1  t  I  this  ]»eriod   is  atti-ihuted  alsc  theii*  inxentioii 


lilt 


("1 


nnamnas.  or 


Hoat 


mt 


irdens. 


Tlie  localities  thus  occujiied  at  this  jveriud,  siniul- 
taiieoi.sly  or  sut-cessively,  l)esides  l/tacalco,  were 
^[exiialtzinco.    Ai-atzintitlan,     Mixiuhtlan,   and    Te- 


iiia/ra 


Ititl; 


m. 


At     last    the     priests     selected     what 


t'u'V  deemed  a  suitahle  place  for  jMsrnianent  settle 
'II  lit,  the  same  sj)ot  where  C'opil  had  been  sar'i'iliced, 
an  island,  or  raised  tract  in  the  lake  marshes,  and 
|iieti  lied  to  tintl  there  liie  nopal,  ea^-le,  and  serpent 
which  had  heen  pronnsed  hy  theii*  i^od  as  a  token  that 
the  |n()|>er  location  had  heen  found.  The  noj)al  Lirew 
na  :;  I'uck  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  pool,  into  which 
tCK'  iif  the  two  disi'oN'ei'ers  was  instantly  drawn,  and 
n'lniirted  to  an  interview  with   the   Tlal 

th 


h 


ocs,  who  coll 


lirni'ii 


IM 


e  belK'l   that  here  was  to  be  their  |ieriiiaiieiit 
II '.     AcciMdiiin"  to  some  authorities,  a  title  lo  this 


Mtc  was  ohtaiiieil  trom 


the  1. 


an;''  o 


f  A 


zcauu/aleiL 


iii'st  task  was  to  erect  a  rude  temi»le  of  rushes  for  the 
iii'k  of  the  idol  I  liiit/ilopochtli,  which  was  located 
cxacilyover  the  stone  which  boi'e  the  famous  nopal; 


till'  lints  o 


f  th 


neople    we 


)Uilt   around    this  as   a 


ci'iitiv.  di\idud   by  di\ini>  command   into   tbur  warch 


cr  ili>tiicts. 


Tl 


len   all   set   imhisti'iouslv  to  woi'k.  the 


nidi  leNeliui^"  and  lillinu'  in  the  sifi-  of  their  town,  or 
lisl"iiM'  and  killing'  w  ild  ducks  on  the  lak»'s,  the  jnod- 
iiit-^   heiiiir   mostly    bai'tered    by    the    women    in    the 

for  build'' 


I'itii  >  ot'  fhe  main  land,  for  ston«   and 


WOO( 


846 


THE  ClilCIiniEC  TERIOD. 


inii^  matorial.  The  first  vietiin  sacrificed  to  the  i^ml 
ill  hi.s  new  tein})le  was  a  ( 'ulhua  iK)l>le,  of  liostile  sect, 
o[>p()rtunely  ca[)tured.*'  Tluis  was  founded,  in  l;!-J,");*' 
the  city  named — prohahly  tVoin  ^le.\i,the  original  name 
of  Hiiitziton,  and  Temicli,  tlieir  cliief  leader  at  the 
time  the  city  was  formed — Mexico  Teuochtithm.*" 

Quinantzin  continued  in  liis  q-lorious  career  at  'Wz- 
cuco,  allowing'  the  surrounding'  kinys  to  weaken  tlnir 
power  hy  their  intrii>-ues  and  contentions  one  AJth 
anotlier,  wliile  he  devoted  all  his  tMier^ies  as  a  dij;l(»- 
matist,  and  all  the  strenij;th  of  his  armies  to  tlic 
HtrenLithenin^"  of  his  imperial  ])ower,  the  enlai'^c- 
ment  and  emhcllishment  of  his  cajjital,  where  \\\'- 
u<i^ees  from  all  directions  were  kindly  welcomed,  tin; 
quellini^'  of  rehtdlion  in  vai'ious  ])rovinces,  and  tlio 
con(piest  of  new  lands.  Not  oidy  did  he  })roni|itly 
})ut  down  every  attemjit  at  revolt  in  his  own  dd- 
minions,  hut  insisted  that  the  kind's  of  Culliuaciii 
and  Azca])Uzalco  should  check  the  attem))ts  of  tluir 
I'fVoUinn"  vassals.  Huehuetlan,  Mizipiic,  Cuitlaliiiac, 
Zayollaii,  'femimiltt'pec,  and  Totolapaii,  are  naiiird  as 
the  rehcllious  provinces  thus  suhdued  durinjj;'  the  last 
years  of  this  emperor's  reign.     No  monarch  in  Aiiii- 

'"  ( >ii  tlio  fomidiitioii  of  Mexico,  its  diito,  iiiiil  iiaiiH',  spo  Viirnii,  MS., 
toiii.  i.,  Clip,  iv.-vi.;  T<iri/i(i  iiiii(/(i.  loiii.  i..  pii.  !(•_'  .'),  '-'SS-ltl;  I'li/li".  Imii. 
ii.,  ]m.  I.")(i  (10;  l.rlliLiiiihitI,  in  l\  i lajslxinnnih,  vol.  iv.,  p.  4(il;  Tirji-.hm'i'; 
ill  /(/.,  |i|i.  ."),  8  !(;  (>riri/i>.  Hint.  </(■)/. ,toln.  iii.,  li  "liU;  Anutii,  pp.  Ili.-i-li; 
C/tiriiirrii,  toiii.  i.,  jip.  ItiT-!);  Vvtuiirrrl,  Tnih-o,  ;>!  ii.,  ]i.  '2\\  Cui/i.r  Mm- 
ilir.ii,  ill  Kiiiiisliiiriiiiifh,  Vol.  v.,  p.  40;  Ar/i'tiiii.  ( 'Jiniii.  Xnrn/iran,  \i]i.  s.>\; 
('lira,  Trr.s  Siii/ii.i,  toiii.  i.,  p.  2;  Piirr/ms  /us  I'ilijri inrs,  vol.  iv,,  pji.  liHilI-7; 
(Jiilliilili.  ill  Aiii'f.  Hlliiat.  Sue,  Trinisiirl.,  vol.  i.,  iip.  141,  '_'(M-.'i;  S',i\ 
Mix.  (1<ii(/.,  Hit/itiii,  toiii.  viii..  pp.  40."),  41");  Mitlhr,  Anirr.  I'm/.,  \<.  .'illl; 
(tiiHi/ni.  ill  Prr.srii//,  lli.it.  I'mn/.  JAci'.,  toiii.  iii.,  )).  .'l.")(». 

•"•  Kate  1,'l'J.').  jiccoriliii;:  to  < 'Invi^^'cro,  (ijiipii,  ('iiiiiuilpiiiii,  I!i;i»cHr,  .iinl 
Trcscoit;  l.'t'.'T,  N'cvliii,  I'lillowiii;;  Si;,'licii/M  y  < loii.uoiii;  i;US,  Ihiiiiii:  Kl.'l, 
Ciii/r.r  M<  ii(lu,:ti\  11  10.  11(1,  or  iihoiil  \'lm,  iMlil.Micliitl;  ll.'ll,  C:iiii:ir;:ii; 
i;iJ(),  'I'l'/o/oiiioc,  ill  \'ii/h'it\  l.'tH).  III.,  ill  (litiidni;  l'J'_'."),  Cliiiiiiilpaiii.  in 
Ji/.\  1317,  SJLiiicii/ii,  iii/i/.;  l;tH,  'ron|iiciiiiiilil,  ill  lil.;  l.'fJl,  /iip;il;l,  in 
I'l'i/fiii;   l.'i.")7,  .Miiiliiicz.  ill   l'(////(Minil  (Idik/i'ii. 

■"'  Oil  ilcri\,ilioii  of  the  iiaiiic,  sec  vol.  ii.,  p.  ").")'.»;  also  Tnri/iniiKi'/d.  tnin. 
i.,  pp.  '.i-'-.'l;  T'  .yi.viiiinir,  in  Kini/.i/iiirniiil/i,  vol.  i\..  p.  J");  /.rt/i/.i-ni/nll.  ill 
Ji/.,  1).  4(11.  Tlicsc  aiitliois  (lcii\('  'rciioclilillMii  ficiiii  tlic  .\zti'c  iiaiicof  ilic 
iiopal  ('iivo,  '/Vis-  Siii/ii.i,  toiii.  i.,  p.  •_',  MlilliT.  .\iiiir.  I'm/.,  p,  .");tl.  iimi 
('iii'li.i  jal  l','«piMo--a.  ///.v/.  ,1/..,.,  toiii.  i,,  p.  ."U."),  ilcii\c  Mexico  I'lom  .\l'lt-ico 
'liiiice  amid  llie  iiiagiuy.H.' 


DEATH  OF  QUINANTZIN. 


347 


IKll 


liuiu'  could  have  resisted  Qiiiuaiitzin's  power,  ])ut  he 
meeins  to  have  had  no  disposition  to  encroach  on  what 
ho  deemed  tlie  legitimate  domains  of  his  hrother  sov- 
■iu;iis.  In  spite  of  the  opposition  of  the  Chichimec 
lies  to  his  reforms,  his  tendency  to  Toltec  usa'j'es, 
1  his  loudness  for  display,  the  enijieror  al'tei'  his 
jKiwer  had  become  firmly  estahlished  enjoNt'd  tlie 
love  and  resjtect  of  all  his  subjects.  His  sui'iiame, 
Tlaltecatzin,  'he  who  lords  the  eaith,'  is  said  to  ]ia\e 
Iteeii  yiven  him  in  consideration  of  his  success  in  sub 
(hiiu'j;-  so  many  ])rovinces.  Jle  died  iu  8  Calli,  I'lOf) 
iit  111  advanced  aije,  and  his  funeral  ctM'eiuouies 
Wire  conducted  with  all  the  ])oni})  that  had  bt-^'u 
cliaiacteristie  of  him  in  Hie.  Seventy  rulers  of  prov- 
iiKHS  ai'e  said  to  have  assisted.  His  bodv,  embalmed, 
was  seated  in  full  royal  aj)j)arel  on  the  liirone,  an 
ea"le  at  the  feet,  a  tiu'er  at  the   back,   r.nd    the   bow 


41 


ami  arrows  in  his  hands.  All  the  j>eo])le  ci'owded  to 
tlie  palace  to  take  a  last  look  upon  their  em[)eror.  and 
after  eighty  days,  according-  to  Tonpiemada,  his  body 
was  burned,  and  the  ashes,  in  an  emei'ald  urn  witli  a 
L;'ol(len  cover,  jilaced  in  a  cave  near  'i'e/cuco;  or,  as 
\'e\tia  and  Ixtlilxochitl  say,  buried  in  a  tenii>le  of 
the  Sun  in  the  Tezcocin^'o  Ibri'st.*'^ 

(.^■ainantziu's    eldei'    sons  liaviuu;'   proved  rebi'llioiis 
(liu'iiiv    tlieii'   father's    reisj-n,    and    bavin,;',    therefore, 


heen    oanished.    h 


s     youiiLi'est    son,     lei 


hotl. 


e» 


•hot- 


'ala 


l/iii,    or    'i'eehotlala, 


was     elKtsen 


as 


Ins    suc- 


cessiii'.      Techotl     reiyutid    from     !;!().")    to     l.l.'iT 
)irriu(l   durim;'   which   the  doiiiinions  attaehrd   to  tlu 


.1 


iTiiun   ol     I  I'zcueo  Were  almost    »'ntireiy    iiiuli>tiirlH'( 

liy  cis  il  or  foi'i'i;;'!!  wars.      (  Mily   one   war  is    reeoided, 

!iy  wliieh    th(^  province  of  Xaltocan,   peopled    ebielly 


.V    (  II 


oinis, 


w 


ith    th 


at* 


1   of   tl 


lllels   ol 


ot 


onuian, 


C^>iialiuacan,    and   'l\'coinic.    atttiii]tted    to   regain    her 

*'  ir.7,  V.-ytiu;  liJ.H.  \'2VX  or  I'J.VV  f\lliK.i.liill:  Hd.".,  Ilni>M'iir 
^■'  run/ii'  iiiiii/ii.  t»»m    i.,  |>|i,  Hii-T;  I'fiii'nii  rii,   (nin.  i.,  pp.  Ml-(i;    I'oi/lift, 
Imii.  i  .  pp.  171,  17»|».  IHI;    l.;'lif.i'ti(fiiff,  ill  f\iii;t-'<liiiriiiii//<,  vul.  ix.,  pp.  I'll"). 


lii.  .'1"'J,   Kill,  -l.-.S 


•/mil 


HII,   J«»MI. 


Ill 


I.  VIII.,  p.  •_'/; 


Hint.,  U 


111). 


IJ'J-');  i-i'i'tiiudits  ij  tjiiiixt,  't\n\h:\  Aimi\,  p.  311 


m 


-  h 


V-  i 


s  'i  1 


Iu.    ~    ■  5- 

11  -^  '    • 


318 


tup:  ciiichimec  pkuiod. 


iiidi^jtendoiico  of  Clilelilmec  imperial  aiitliovliy.  Tlio 
revolt  was,  liowevur,  |)romptly  re})rt'ssed  l-y  the  ciii- 
])er()r  and  Iiis  allies  niter  a  eainpuii;'!!  of  two  iiioiulis. 
'J'ezozouioc  liad  now  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  .\/,(  a- 
])Uz;deo,  and  with  liis  Tepanec  forces,  took  a  xrvy 
])i-oiniiient  ])art  in  this  war  a^'ainst  Xaltocan  and  the 
nortluMMi  })rovinces.  'J'lie  Mexicans  also  sent  an  aiinv 
to  this  Wiir,  and  received  some  territt)rv  as  a  rcMilr, 
the  rest  of  the  })rovinces  hein_iL>'  joined  to  tlic  dn- 
mains  of  Tezcuco  and  Azcapuzalco.*^  Tecliotl's  ta>t(s 
and  a.nd)itions  were  similar  to  those  of  liis  father,  and 
liis  lifty-two  yeai's  of  jteaceful  and  ]tros])erous  ici'^n 
enahli'd  him  to  .successfully  carry  out  his  proiccts. 
"J'o  liim,  as  emperor,  helon^'ed  the  allcLjiance  of  tlio 
kind's  of  Culhuacan,  Azcapuzalco,  and  ^Fexico  in  llio 
lattei'  part  of  his  rule,  when  the  latter  jiowcr  had 
risen  to  some  pron)inence;  l)ut  no  trihute  was  paid  fy 
these  kind's,  and  their  alle^'iani-e  was  probahly  only 
nominal/*  Over  the  ])rovinces  that  helon^ed  to  'I'lZ- 
cuco,  or  rather  the  kingdom  of  Acolhuacan,  Tic  Ih'II 
ruled  in  pi'ec  isely  the  same  manner  as  the  oilur 
kind's  ovt'r  tl.eir  respective  tei-ritories.  'J'he  lord  (if 
each  province  ackp()wled_i;'(.'d  his  alle^'iance  to  his  kiiiLi', 
paid  triliute  according  to  the  wealth  of  his  proplr.  aiid 
was  hound  to  aid  his  soverei*;'n,  if  so  rcfpU'stMl,  in 
time  of  war;  in  otiu  r  respects  ho  was  perfectly  inde- 
jieiident,  and  n'overtied  his  donnnion  with  aim' >t 
ahsohite  sway.  The  ioni;'  list  of  yassal  proN'inee^  and 
lords  o'iveii  hy  the   records*'"'  sliow   that    tlu'   aiitlior- 

Hlis  time  Slllijcctcii  f(ir  tllC  lirst  tilllf  In  tlic  cnilMlcir.  Its  iiili:iliil;ilil  ■  \^r]V 
Oldiiiis,  jiilil  till'  l('t'ii;,'('i'w  arc  said  in  lia\i'  liiiilt,  nr  icliuilt,  tlic  t  ll,\  iif 
<Miiin|iaii.  'I'l'/ozcMiiipf  is  r(']il'('sciitt'(l  as  liaxilij;  Ikhiic  the  |i|iiic'i|ial  |.iil  in 
(lie  war.  wliilc  tlic  ciniicnn'  'rcclicill  jniiii'd  in  it  umlc  In  watcli  ami  re- 
sliaiii  llic  allies  tliaii  tor  aii\  tliiii,;,'  else.  .Aiintliei'  war  in  'I'laseala,  in  n*  hidi 
fipi-ces  sen'  hy  'I'eelintl,  aie  said  hv  'l'(H(|Ueiiiada,  leiii  i.,  |i|i.  'Ji  .'i  >,  In 
iiave  jiaith  i|iateil,  was.  |ieilia|is,  llie  same  alieadv  ineiiliniied  in  iniinei  i  ma 
w  illi  the  kin;;  of  ( 'nlluiiiean. 

■"  .\/ea|iii/aic'(i,  .Mexicn,  ("oatliehan,  llMeMitla,  ( 'ciale|iee.  and  iciiir  i>r 
live  iilliers  lire  nK'iitinned  liy  I  \ilil\cieliitl,  in  A'///i/.s//'/vw(f///.  \id.  i\,,  |i.  .■!•"■•% 
as  |ia\ill;j'  nil  llil>ll(e;  lint  snnu'  nf  these,  aeeiirdillf,'  In  nther  anllmrilieH, 
were  aelnally  jnined  In  tlu-  kiiiplnni  nf  .\enlhnaiaii,  and  had  net  even  llie 
hnnnr  nf  a  trilmtary  hnil 

''■' The  list  nf  those  lords  |preseiil  at  llie  funeral   of    <,iiiinaii!  .in  iiml  the 


LIMITS  OF  THE  ClIICIIIMKC  KMIMKi:. 


31<J 


itv  (if  tlio  Clik'liiinec  emptn-or  exteiulud  far  Ixvoiul 
\n;iliuac,  out  do  not  enable  us  to  tix  cleliiiitelv  its 
limits;  it  prol)al)ly  was  but  little  less  extensive  than 
tlijit  of  tlie  emperor  at  Culliuacan,  in  Toltec  times, 
and  was  -vei'v  similar  to  the  Toltec  rule  in  its  nature'.'*^ 
Tecliotls  efforts  seem  to  have  been  directed  to 
the  coinplete  re-establishment  of  Toltec  culture;  to 
tlie  biiil(lin_iL;"-up  and  embellishment  of  his  capital;  to 
tlir  cnactin'j^  of  just  laws  and  their  strict  eiilbi-cemeut 
hv  the  ajjpointment  of  the  necessary  courts  and 
(iHiiials:  to  the  \vork  of  atti-actiny-  new  settlers  into 
his  kingdom  and  cai)ital,  by  kind  treatment  of  all 
iK'W-i-omers,  and  a  toleration  of  all  theii'  relij^'ious 
ht'Hi  t's  and  rites;  and  above  all,  to  the  centralization 
(f  liis  imperial  jtowei-,  and  the  gradual  lessening-  of 
the   preroi^'atives  of   his  vassal  lords.     Tl      "'  '" 


retuu'ees 


(■iirnii.iiinn  of  Tccliiitl.  is  as  follows:  Tczo/oiiiitc,  kiiij;  of  Azcapnzalcd; 
riiiiii/iii,  k'niiS  <pf  .\alliiiMii,  lonl  iif  the  (Uoiuis;  Mdcniiiatzin,  .NIiilouli- 
/oiii^il/ln.  Ill'  .Mi>nt('zuiria,  kini;  uf  Cuallii'lian;  Ai'aniji|iii'litli,  kiii^uf  Ciil- 
liiiiiiaii  anil  Mexico  (tliis  cinilil  iiii(  lie,  as  Moxini  was  nut  vet  foiiiiilcii ;  ('o\- 
ciixtli  uas  kill;;  of  (  ulliiiaraii,  lint  Acaiiiajiii'litli  was,  in  oiif  siiisf,  I'liicf 
111'  till'  Mi'Nirii'is.  ami  lu'ir  to  the  liiioiii'  of  ( 'uliiiiaraii);  Mixroliiiatl,  or 
Mi\>  iiliuat/iii,  kill;,'  of  Tlatt'lulni  (llic  Azti'c  Tlalcluli'o  was  not  yet 
Iciiiihlril;  r>ra-^i'iir  lii'lii'Vcs  lliis  to  refer  to  an  aiieicnl  city  of  tiiis  name); 
i,iii>'t ','ilieiiiiili.  or  (,>iiel/alateciiii\ii.  junl  of  Xocliiiiiijco;  l/iiiatlello|iac, 
iiinl  iif  ( 'iiitlaluiac:  ('liii|iiaiilil  li,  lonl  of  ,Mi/i|iiie  (( 'kalco  .\Ieiieo,  aceoiil- 
iiiL'tii  IJias^eiiri;  I'miIioiI,  luril  of  Clialco  Ateiico  {Ixtlilxnflulh;  (  hiiaca.  or 
eiMt'irall,  loril  of  rialiiiaiiaieo;  (acamaea,  lovii  uf  (liaico;  Teniaiat/iii, 
JMliI  lit  lliicxiitziiici.  (or  ,is  Mrassciir  has  it,  of  (i>tiaiilii|iiecliollaiil;  'leiiiat- 
zill,  |it'iin'e  of  litieMilzimo  | ///'(r.vvc///');  ('ucaztziii,  lonl  of  (j>iiaiitii|nilcliiila 
(/,i//,/.  "/////i;  Teociiiila|io|iocatzin,  lonl  of  ( 'iii'tlaxi'olnia|iaii,  ur  Cint  laelico- 
*\\w.  ( ■|iicliiiiiciatlal|ia,\ntzili.  Iii^^li-priest  of  Clioliila;  ('hicliil/in,  loril  of 
Iciieaia;  Mill.  |iiime  of  Tlascala;  .\iliiiil|io|iiiia,  lonl  of  Zacatlaii;  (jMia- 
ulii|Met/al,  lonl  of  Tcniiiiiiloc;  (  liicliilinatziii,  lonl  of  Tiilaiiciii;^o;  'I'lalle- 
c:il/iii,  lonl  of  I.Miiiiilicliiiiamii:  lecpall,  lonl  of  Atotoniko;  l^lai|iiaiilil/iii, 
k>r<«  of  tlie  Ma/aliiias;  ('lialcliiiilitlaiietzin,  lord  of  t 'o>  iiliiiaran;  ^  uliiiatl 
'  fiii'liiiiiecatzin,  lorij  of  < 'oiit(<|HM';  <jtiiiyaalil/iii,  lonl  of  lluexolla;  Teciilit- 
liti'iiiliilt/iii,  lord  of  Acolnuiii.  I.i tlil.iuihiti,  in  h'iiiiisltiirniiii/i,  vol.  ix.,  |i. 
Ik'):t;  Unissiiii;  Hiff..  toll),  ii  ,  |i.  f-S.  IxtliKoi'liiil  says  iliat  tliese  were 
iii>t  .■ill.  lint  nieivK  llic  Icailin;;'  vassals,  nil  relaicil  to  the  emiieror.  A  li-t 
'i''  ■4ii  is  yiveii  in  ixtlilx  ii-hill,  !>.  \\X\.  .'iiiil  ]'i  I'/i'i.  loni.  ii.,  iH".  -Jl  l-l.-i.  T.'l 
arc  siiiil  to  l»{i\e  .'itteiiileil  one  assemlily,  W  anotlier,  ami  W  anollier, 

<''\c\iii»  toiii.  ji.,  |i|i.  IS'.':i,  .iml  l>ra-scnr,  /li.sf.,  torn.  ii..  p.  C.'T.  state 
tliiit  tin- ijistant  )iroviiiccs  of  (,>iiaulileii  iilaii  (« Hiateinala),  Tecoinllaii  i\(-rii 
I'li/i  1  ( nti.iiita, ,  Teiii|iiaiitcii(  c  (TeliiKiiile|iril,  iiinl  .laliscn,  were  reiire- 
Hciit'i  it  III  iImmtowiI  llial  yjitliercil  at  Teelioirs  coronal  imi,  oil'eriii.u  their 
lii'iii,iV>  ami  alleuiaiiie;  hut  l\(  lilvoilijil,  |i.  .M.")H,  savsthal  these  |iiii\inien 
WiiiiM  Mill  i'ecooiii;',e  the  eiii)icror.  There  is  very  little  in.iliiio'Wtv  that  tin; 
eiii.lm,,,-  |i(iwercver  reai'heil  so  far,  hiit  not  unlikely  that  cniiiiniiiiical  ion 


I   5 


i.    I' 


tduk 


i'--    • 


li4l>swii  .Me.Mco  ami  Ceniral  America  at  this  [leriiMl. 


ni 


It 

• 


860 


THE  CHICIIIMEC  I'EUIOD. 


from  dlfforent  nations  "svero  ;2fivcn  separate  Avnrds  uf 
TezciK'o  for  a  residence,  and  Avere  permitted  to  cvrrt 
teMijtles,  and  to  perform  all  their  various  rites.  Jluinau 
sacritiee  and  reliii;ious  strife  were  alone  proliiliittcl. 
The  different  ereeds  and  ceremonials  of  Toltee  tiiiKs 
hecanie  almost  universal  in  his  kin^'dom/''  altli(iiiL:li 
the  ejnperor  liimst-lt'  is  said  to  have  ridiculed  all  tlust' 
creeds  and  sacrifices,  contentini^-  himself  with  the 
Avoishi[)  of  one  n'od,  of  whom  he  deemed  the  sun  ;i 
symhol.  He  is  ci'edited  with  havinuf  entertained 
sentiments  on  religious  topics  several  centuries  in 
advance  of  his  time. 

In  his  efforts  for  the  centralization  of  the  (lii- 
chimec  power,  he  first  summoned  the  chief  lords  df' 
his  provinces,  some  twenty-six  in  nund)er,  to  Tczcudi, 
and  ju'actically  compelled  tlu-m  to  live  there,  althoueji 


h 


'P 


tl 


leanniL!"  uiion  tliem  honoi's  aii( 


d  titl 


es  \\ 


hid 


\   ma(h'  it 


impossihle  lor  them  to  refuse  ohedicnct,'  to  his  wishe>. 
All  together  constituted  a  royal  council,  coiisuhed 
(»n  matters  of  national  import;  and  from  them  weiv 
selected  suhcouncils,  to  whose  matiagenu^nt  wei'e  eii- 
ti'usted  the  suj)erititendence  of  various  hranches,  such 
as  the  admiuistratiori  of  justice,  military  regulations, 
art  and  scieuce,  agricultiu'e,  etc.  Five  of  the  leadinu' 
lords  wei-e  entrusted  with  the  most  important  and 
lionoiahle   positions,    and  placed   at   the   head  of  tl 


diief 


councils 


As  an  offset  to  the  fa\ors  oriintid 


i' ^^'\■tia.  tipiii.  ii..  11)1,  1(1.'i-(!,  iin|ilics  (liat  tlio  new  ritos  ami  itlcii^  iiiim' 
ratlicr  finm  .Mi'sicaii  tliaii   I'lpltcc  inlliii'iicc. 

'"  'I'lic  ^('iicial  ('(luncil  nf  Slate,  riiiii|MiM'(l  nf  all  tlic  lii;:lu'st  Iniils.  iniii 
iif  Icarniii;;.  aliility,  and  cliaiai  tcf,  was  iircNidcii  iivcr  hy  the  ciiiiicror  liiiii- 
self,  of  till'  live  s|i('cial  ciiuncils  the  liist  was  tli.it  ol'  war,  iiiuifi-  a  Iniil 
\viiii  ic'ccivi'd  till'  title  (pf  'retlalitn.  ainl  e(iiii|i()sed,  ai'iordiiij,'  to  lira^seiir, 
of  liPi'ds  (if  the  Ardlliiia  liaticpli.  The  sectnid  was  the  Cumieil  of  the  I'A- 
clieiiner.  miller  a  sii|periii!i'iiileiil  nf  liiiaiiee,  w'th  the  title  'I'laiiii,  nr  till- 
]pi\i'iiiilli,  haviiij:;  eharue  ipf  the  eiilleetiim  of  tril ule,  and  eiiiii|in>eil  of  iiicii 
well  ,ie(|iiailiteil  with  the  resoiirees  of  every  jiart  of  the  niiinlry.  ihielly  il!< 
is  sjiid  ( 'hiehiiiiees,  (Hoiiiis,  and  lords  of  >le/titli  ii.  'I'lie  tliinl  was  !!:■ 
!  >i|iloniatie  Coiineil,  whose  |iresiilent  had  the  title  of  N'olinii.  iiii'.l  was  a 
kind  of  (ir.iiid  Master  of  (  en'iiionies,  whose  duty  it  w.  s  lo  reeeiw,  presi'iit, 
entertain  and  ilisipatdi  anihassadors.  Many  of  this  eouueil  were  I  iiIIiikis 
The  fourth  was  tiie  eouinil  of  the  royal  household,  uudi  "  the  Anieiliiilii, 
or  lli;.'li  ( 'hanihi'ilain.  This  eonneil  was  eoni|poseil  hii'jeU  of  Ti'|.aiu'rs. 
A   liftli  ollieial,   with  the  title  of  Cohuiitl,  suiieniuviideil  llie  w   rlv  ul  the 


fMi 


REIGN  OF  TECHOTL. 


851 


tli'^se  lords  at  the  capital  and  in  the  o-encral  o-oveni- 
iiKiit,  their  })rer()i;-ativL'.s  at  home  were  i>'reatly  diiiiin- 
islu'd.  The  twenty-six  provinces  were  sultdi\ided 
into  sixty-tive  de[)artnients;  the  lords  retained  their 
orJLlinal  titles  and  the  absolute  connnand  of  twenty- 
si>v  of  the  departments,  hut  over  tiie  other  thirty-nine 
no\(iiioi's    were    jilaced    who    were    su}»j)osrd    to    he 


WlinllV  ( 


levoted  to  the  interests  of  the  euiperor.      '1 


e- 


cliMtl  is  even  said  to  have  ijfone  so  far  as  to  transfer 
the  iiiliahitants  l)eloni>'iniL>"  to  ditierent  tribes  from  one 
|ir(i\ince  to  another,  so  that  the  subjects  of  each  chief, 


altluni'. 


Irrcll 

null' 


-jh  tl 
r  tril 


le  same  m  mnnoer  as  he 


for 


e.  were  o 


f  dif- 


)es. 


an( 


tl 


IS  the  emperor  crattily  nnayinei 


ftih 


h  less  easily  incited  to  revolt  in   the   interests  of 
hiettains,  who  were  ever  ready  to  take  ad- 


illllliltlOUS  c 


vaiitaLi'e 


of  fav(.)rable  circumstances  to  declare  their 
iii(li'|>endence.      If  the   L'hichimec  nobles  objected  to 


tlu'se  extraordmary  measures, 
vji'onled. 


their 


op})ositiun  IS  not 


At  one  of  the  ^rand  assemblies  of  kiiii^s  and  lords, 
lul'l  at  Tezcuco,  to  deliberate  on  the  <>"eneral  interests 
of  tlie  em[)ire,  in  i;U2,  Tei'Iiotl  announced  his  in- 
ti'iition  to  leave  his  crown  to  his  eklest  son,  Ixtlil- 
X'liliitl,  and  caused  that  ])rince  to  be  Ibrmaliy 
ackiii)wh'dL;\'d  as  heir  a[)iiarent  to  the  imperial  throne. 
It  (liH's  not  appear  that  any  opjxisition  to  his  succes- 
sion was  made  at  the  time/'''  aUhouuh  as  Me  shall  see, 
liis    ri'_;ht    was    not   undis[)uted    at    the  death   of  his 


IiivmI  ;;ii1(1  mikI  silver  siiiillis  iiiiil  fratlii'i  - woikcrs  at  Oculcd,  a  suluiili  of 
Tr/u  ,1.  'I'lu-  Spaiiisli  writers  stale  lliat  llie  lut'siileiil  'if  eaeli  of  tlu' 
rHiiii,  i!s  iiuist   Ilea  relation  of  flie  eiii|ieiiii\  iir  at   least  a  'I'ezeiicaii  imlile- 

liKlll,  I'lu' /iirinili/il,  tdlll.  !..  ]l.  SS;  Cliirliiirn,  tulll.  !.,  p.  ISl;  I'l  1//111,  \{t\[[. 
ii.,  I'll.   ISJ-.");    Urn.ssriir,    Hist.,  tdlll.   ii.,   li|i.  ^.'fll-l. 

^'  I'liere  seems  to  liavc  lieeil  some  tl'oillile  lietweeil  Ktlilvoeliiij  ami 
t!u'  Te|iaiiee  Uiii;;  Tezozomoc,  even  tiet'ore  'I'dliotl's  deaili.  I  \tl'l\oi  liii  1 
\\;i^  iiiiiiiaiTieil,  altliou'^li  liy  his  ediiciiliiues  lie  lia>l  many  eliildreii;  ami.  a^ 
\  I'Mui.  tiiiii.  ii.,  |i|i.  •_M7  !>*,  lias  it,  lie  tooU  'I'e/o/.omoi's  ilaieuliler  as  u 
«it'e  Ml  liis  father's  re(|iiest,  Imt  sent  lier  liaek  lie  fore  eoiisii  111  mating  tlie  inar- 
l':l:e;  oi',  aeeorilim,'  to  I  \t  lilxoehit  1,  |i.  'Jl.S,  lu'  lefiiseil  to  take  'l'i/ii/omo( 's 
ilaii^'liier.  who  hail  alreaily  heeii  n'|niilialeil  li\  some  one,  exeept  as  a  eon- 
cilliiiii'.  The  same  author.  |i.  ,'$."ili.  sa\s  this  deeiirreil  after  his  father'* 
ili'iitli.  lie  limilly  iiiairieJ  a  Mexieaii  iiriiieesH.  Te/ozomoe  was  \eiy 
muL'li  utremleU, 


PI  I 


-4 


'if 


! 


l! 


332 


THE  CHICIIIMEC  PEUIOD. 


Ih 


father.  At  one  of  these  assemblies,  as  all  the  author- 
ities ai^ree,  it  was  t)rclered  that  the  Naliua  laii^u;i'4(j 
should  1)0  employed  exehisively  at  court,  in  the  trilm- 
nals,  aud  iu  the  trausac-tion  of  all  public  atlairs.  it 
has  been  inferred  from  this,  by  many  writers,  that  tliu 
hui5^uaL,^e  of  the  Chichimec  nations  was  different  In m 
that  of  the  Toltecs;^  but  such  a  supposition  would  1  o 
inconsistent  with  the  whole  tenor  of  the  abdiii^in.d 
annals,  and  cannot  he  admitted,  Amon,L»'  tluj  new 
tribes  that  occupied  Anahuac  after  the  Toltecs,  tln'io 
were  doubtless  some  that  s})oke  anc^ther  tonj^uc;  tlio 
enforced  use  of  the  Nahua  at  court  was  aimed  at  tin.' 
chiefs  of  such  tribes,  and  was  a  part  of  the  empcrdi's 
L'-eneral  policy.  Of  course  it  is  just  possible  t]iat  one 
of  the  tribes  of  forei^ai  tongue  had  become  powciful 
and  constituted  a  large  part  of  the  population  of  T(  z- 
cuco,  but  such  a  state  of  affairs  is  not  probable,  and 
the  statement  of  some  writers  that  the  many  Icai md 
Culhuas  and  ]\[exicans  gathered  at  the  Chicliiuici.' 
capital  during  this  period,  came  as  teatlui's  of 
the  Nahua  language  at  the  court  of  Techotl,  cannot 
be  accepted.  Brasseur's  idea,  as  implied  thvoiivii- 
out  this  periotl  of  aboj-iginal  history,  that  the 
Chiclnmccs  wei'c  barl)arians,  gradually  civili/od  I  y 
the  few  Toltecs  that  remained  in  the  countiy,  and 
forced  by  their  kinos  to  adoiit  Nahua  lano-uaue  and 
institutions,  I  regard  as  wholly  imaginar}^  'flu 
struggles  of  Quinantzin  and  his  successors  were  di- 
rected, not  to  tlie  introduction  of  Toltec  usages,  hut 
to  the  }ireservation  of  their  culture,  threatened  by  tliu 
spirit  of  anandiy  and  inde})endence  that  followed  the 
downfall  of  the  Toltec  empire. 

Feeling,  at  last,  that  his  end  was  drawing  mar, 
and  that  the  work  to  which  he  had  devoted  his  ein  i- 
gies  must  be  conunitted  to  other  hands,  the  a, .id 
monarch  is  re])orted  to  have  held   a   long  inteivi<  w 

•'"  Till'  eiiipi'viir  is  siiid  tn  liavc  Icanicd  tlic  Naliiia  laii^'uajic  fniin  lii^* 
Ciilliiia  niirsi'  I'apaloMiiliiil,  ami  toliaxc  liccimu' m(  ciiiiviiiccil  ol  it-^  siiin'- 
riiiriiv  lliat  lio  oiilcii'd  its  ailniitidii.  Jxllilxvchill,  \i.  L'17;  Wytiu,  toiii.  ii., 
W.  Ill  1-5. 


DEATH  OF  TECIIOTL. 


353 


witli  Ills  son  and  heir,  Ixtlilxocliitl.  !^^()st  carnestlv 
he  iiistmctc'd  his  son  concci'ning  liis  futui'o  duties,  and 
w.u'nid  hiiu  against  dannons  Avhoso  occurrt  iife  lio 
aliiady  foresaw,  lie  fearid,  ahove  all,  the  projects 
ol"  'l\'/o/()inoc,  the  Tej)anee  king,  who  had  ali'eady, 
ahliough  nominally  loyal  to  Teehotl,  sliown  tokens 
of  fai'-rcacliing  and»ition  and  the  ])ossession  (»!:'  great 
executive  ahilitv,  and  who  evidently  reniend)ered  that 
Aculiiahnaeatl,  his  ])redecessor,  had  onee  heen  eni- 
]i('i(ir.  Sj)eeial  adviee  was  given  to  Ixtlilxocliitl,  who 
was  iii'ohai)ly  a  very  young  man,  although  there  is 
some  disagreement  ahoiit  the  date  of  his  hirth,'^'  as  to 
the  licst  |)olit'y  to  he  followed  with  the  king  of  Azea- 
iiuzalco,  and  after  jealouslv  strivin<jf  to  inihue  his  su(t- 
ctssor  with  the  si)irit  that  had  made  his  own  leign  so 
L;lori()Us,  the  emperor  died,  as  has  been  stated,  in  H 

Calli,  i;;57.'^-' 

ila\ing  traced  the  glorious,  though  peaceful  career 
of  tlir  fuiperor  Teehotl,  1  have  to  close  this  chap- 
ter liv  narrating  the  events  of  Culhua  and  jSFexican 
liistoiy  (luring  a  corresponding  ])eriod;  a  period  most 
fatal  to  ( 'ulhuacan,  the  m(_'tro[)olis  of  Anahuac  in  Tol- 
t(_c  tiiiics,  and  the  only  'J'oltee  citv  that  had  I'etained 
its  |iioniinence  through  the  dark  days  of  C'hichiniec 
invasion.  We  have  seen  the  AEexicans  ex]>elled  '\vo\\\ 
('ulliuacan  at  the  triumph  of  Achitometl  o\er  his 
lirotlici'  Aeama})ichtli ;  and,  altera  series  of  waiider- 


•m 

i  ill 

id 


Irar, 
liier- 

i.  w 
til  lii^ 

suiic- 
III.  ii.> 


■'''  Vcxii.i,  Imn.  ii.,  ]>]).  -17-S,  snys  lio  was  over  sixty  vcmi's  ulil;  l\lli^ 
xiicliill  ui\rs  1;!;{S  as  the  date  i if  liis  liii'lli,  wliicli  wciiilil  iiiaki'  liiiii  lc»  tliaii 
IwcMlv .  Tlic  iiii'tliiiil  (if  arri\  iiii;  at  liis  ai^c  scciiis  to  lie  liv  lixiiiu  llu'  ilalr 
III  liis  Mill"-- liii-|li,  iiiitiiij,' that  liis  t'ailirr's  wilt!  was  ciLzht  ycais  old  at  Iut 
liiuniauc,  aiiil  .aUiii;^'  iiitu  ciiiisiilciatinii  \\w  rcpiirlcii  ('liiiliiiiicr  ciistiiiii 
wliicli  ri'i|iiii('(i  till'  liiisliaiiil  til  wait  until  liis  \\\U'  was  fciily  hcfniH-  I'liiisiiiii- 
iiKiiiii;^  I  111' iiiai'ria;it\  ixtiilxncliitl  wa-^  ciiilnwcil,  at  liir'li.  witli  tliirtrrii 
tiiwiis  111-  |iiii\  iiin's;  liis  liiiitlii'r  is  said  to  lia\t'  liccii  the  >\Ar\-  ot'  ('o\ro\l  li, 
kill,'  lit  <  iilliiiai'aii. 

'-  l;ri;{.  m-  l;i.")7.  IxlUlxurhltl;  l»tli),  Vn/tin.  On  Ti'rlioirs  ii'iun  sec: 
lyll,l.f.,ri,lll,  ill  Kiiiiishnriiiiiili,  vol.  ix.,  [ip. ''-'17-18,  ;{."■).•{■(•,  -IDD-I,  (."lit,  4Cr-'; 
I ','/'/".  loiii.  ii.,  iiji.  17.S-'j;!l;  'rnri/iiiiiiiii/ii,  toiil.  i.,  jip.  iS7-'J,  lOS;  (7iir- 
i'l'i'",  tiiiii.  i,,  j»]).  KSO-1,  LSI;  S'iIiikjiiii,  Hist.  (!ni.,  toiii  ii.,  lili.  viii.,  ]!. 
■-'Til;  ]'i'iiiiirrl,  'IViilru,  ptii.,  jip.  I(i-I7,  -I;  Jlrus^mtr,  JUsL,  loin,  ii.,  pp. 
4J.-I-;!'.',  l-iT-Cl,  17'_>.:J. 
Vol..  V.  -Itl 


mm 
M 


o 


..^.n. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^^      /S^  4= 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


^  lit  ■" 

?   lis    112.0 


1.4 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WISV  MftIN  STRBIT 
WIBSTIR.N.Y    )  <:S0 

(716)  ari^soa 


.V 


^^^^^ 


%s 


8M 


THE  CIIICIIIMEC  PEItlOD. 


iiiinfs  al)()iit  the  lake,  foiiiulinir  their  city  of  ^Slexieo 
Teuochtithin  in  1^25.  One  year  before  the  city  was 
founded,  h()\vever,  Acainapiclitli  seenjs  to  liave  ic- 
^^•lin('d  his  |>(>\ver,  and  this  time,  his  fatlier  Coxcoxtli 
liavinLj  died,  he  assumed  tiie  title  of  kinuf.  His  nilr 
Mas  |tn»l»ai»ly  very  advanta^^eous  to  the  Mexicans,  his 
friends,  durinj^  their  first  years  in  their  new  city, 
while  they  were  strenythenint;-  their  j)ositioii ;  hut  in 
l',VM\  he  died,  smirdered,  as  some  of  the  records  imply, 
and  was  succeeded  hy  his  hrother  Achitonutl  I  1.,  the 
avowed  enemy  of  the  Afexicans  and  their  religions 


rites. 


Hi 


IS  accession  drove  many  oi  the  rival  s( ct  to 


d 


!Mexico,  and  he  thus  aided,  involuntarily,  in  huildiiit,^ 
lip  the  new  power.     The  infant  son  of  the  dead  kiiiy. 


also   name( 


I  A 


camaiiK 


htl 


1.  was  sav 


vi  either  hv   \\]> 


mother,  or,  as  others  say,  hy  the  princess  llancueill." ' 
J  )iiiinL4' the  troubles  between  the  rival  sects  lie.'ulid 
by  Acainapichtii  and  Achitometl,  larec  numliers  of 
Culhuas  had  left  their  city  and  either  taken  refuse  in 
Te/cuco.  oi-  had  joiiu'd  kindred  tribes  in  dillereiit  lo- 
calities. ( )n  the  final  accession  t)f  Aeliitonietl  lliis 
depopulatiui^  movenu'iit  was  continueil  to  a  yiiatt  r 
exten!  than  ever  before.  Accoi'dinjjf  to  JJrasstiir's 
documents,  a  war  wit'i  ("halco  in  \'M\\),  jbineiittd  hy 
Te/ozoinoc,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  Tcpaiiec  thidiie 
eiL'ht  years  bolbrt',  Ljavc;  the  linishinLT  blow  to  the 
]iowei- of  ( 'ulhuacan,  whii-h  was  j>i-actieally  abaiidnut d 
by  kiiiL"'  and  jteoplo  about  IIU7,  her  weaker  trihiitaiv 
])roviiices  bi.'iiin"  in  part  approjiriated  by  the  stidii.:(r, 
which  now   became  in(h'|iendent  of  all  save  impi  li,,! 

^■'  (I'liiiiiini,  Com/.  Mix.,  fol.  m\'2;  llnis.inir.  Hist.,  tttiii.  ii..  p.  I.M. 
Vcyliii.  Iiiiii.  ii.,  p|>.  l'J7-:iO,  ii}.'i< cs,  I'xrciit  in  ilnti-H,  ho  fur  iis  llif  Mirccs- 
ficiii  of  .\i'aiim|iirliili  \h  (■iiiicfriii'il.  i.iiil  liis  fricinisliiji  for  llic  Mcviriiii". 
lie.  liowi'M'T.  sii\  ^  iiotliiii;r  of  At'liitoiiit'll  II.,  (lalcH  A<'iiiiiii|mlilli'N  ilciilli 
ill  l.'to.'l.  mill  shiti's  iliat  lit>  \MiM  Niici't'i'ili'il  liv  IiIh  cldcHi  smi  Xiiilili'iiiui'. 
'riic  i''ii/i.r  Mniilntii,  in  l\iiiii>il.:iiiiiiitli,  \ol.   v.,  |i.  4'_',  iin|ilii'>  lliiil  .Niiiiiiii- 

)iirlitli  Iraiisfcrrcil  Ills  roiirl   in   l.'ITO  to   Mr\i ^iviii;:,  ii»  Muinliiiiii,  in 

Jiiiz'iiih;  In,  Cif.  ill  Ihir.,  tiilll.  i.,  p.  (!.  Hil.VM.  till'  lonlKllip  of  I  iilliilliritll 
to  one  of  iiiN  Holl^*.  Sec  also  l,rllil.yiirhill,  yy.  i.M8,  ',\V,\,  '.WW.  Mmli  of  lliu 
r.oiifii>ioii  ill  the  Ciiiliiiii  HiK'ccMNioii  in  caiMcil  Ity  tlii>  fini  lliat  ilicrr  writ! 
two  .\rMiiiM|iiilitliM,  one.  kiiii:  of  ('iilliiiacaii  anil  in  a  ccrlaoi  m'm-i'  llio 
Icailur  of  the  Mixiiuim,  and  tlic  otlii'r,  king  of  Muxivu  ul  a  lulcr  diiti'- 


AZTIX'S  AT  .MKXKO  Tr.NiMlITITl.AN'. 


jiowrr,  although  a  lar<j^o  portion  t'rll  into  tlio  liiiiuls  of 
ilu.'  kiiius  ot"  Az('!ij)iizalco  and  Acollmacan.  'Ilio 
l,ii-.4ir  part  of  tliu  Cullinas  jji-opcr  were  divided  lic- 
twirn  (.^^uanlititlaii,-  winch  soon  lieeaine  practically 
a  ( 'idliua,  or  Toltec,  city,  under   Iztactototl.   grandson 


( 


:tl 


oxcoxtii,  ^vlK)  sue 


•ceeded  in  l.'MS,     an<l  Me\i«o 


The  territory  on  which  Afexico  Tenochtitlan  was 
Ipiiill  sei'ins  to  havi!  heh»nn'ed  to  the  domain  <•!"  Azca- 
pii/.dco,  and  the  Mexicans  were  ol»lii;(.'d  to  ])ay  to  th(> 
T(  paiiec  kin*''  a  curtain  amount  of  t.'ihuto  in  iish  and 
dtlier  |ii"odnctions  of  tho  lake,      'i'liiir  piosj)erity,  the 

V  inakinijf  in   their 


iiiiprovemen 


ts  tl 


ley  were  cons 


tanth 


city,  and  tlieii-  stronijf  jiosition  in  the  lake,  taken  in 
co!ine»-tion  with  theii'  welhknown  valor  and  amhition, 
t Acited  nuich  jealousy  amoiiiif  the  surroundiiiL;-  nations, 
j'ossihiy  this  jealousy  is  alluded  to  in  the  t'ahle  <»t"  a 
I'ltal  epidemic;  which  j)revailed  at  this  time,  ascrihed 
i'l  tile  popular  tradition  to  tho  fumes  of  l'rie<l  Iish  ami 
itlin- delicacies,  wafted  from  tho  island  town,  which 


•:o 


.>l( 


M 


a  loni>i;i,uf  as  to  oc<'asion  illness 
Till'  Tej>anecs  were  the  oidy  peo})le  that  had  the 
pi.wcr  to  oppress  tho  Aztecs,  which  they  are  said  to 
li;i\o  done,  not  onlv  l>v  tlu>  exaction  of  tho  regular 
(lihutc  duo  them,  hut  hy  imp(tsin<jf  special  taxes,  to 
lir  |>aid  in  articles  of  no  value  to  the  I'oceivers,  hut 
wliich  could  he  ohtained  hy  tho  Mexicans  only  with 
L:iv;it  dilhcnltv  or  danuer.""  .Brasseur  savs  that  'I'ezo- 
/nnioc  even  went  so  far  as  to  send  his  son  Tlacotin 
to  rule  in  Ntexico  after  Tomich's  death,  and  he  dyin;^" 
alter  a  short  time,  iinotlu'r  son,  'reuhtlehuac,  heciinie 
i^'ivi'rnor."  I  tin<l  nothinsjf  in  tho  S|tanish  writers 
respect innc  Topauoc  ccovornors  in  Mexico,  although 
nolle  of  them  i;ive  any  very  delinite  idea  how  the  city 
:is  ^'ovornod  in  tho  early  period   td'   its  oxistonco. 


w 


■I  ( 


■iiMiarii  a 


ihI  n 


I'llHstMir  ilM  alidvc;  alsii  rtrnsurin 


]t.  U'A 


Ml   /l 


'iiiii/it,  Iniii.  i.,  ji.  ',•■'{;    Ihiraii,   MS.  tniii,   i.,  cap.   \. 


MS.,  tiiiii.  i. 


ia|i.  M 


'/ 


t  :ii-iiiiiiii\  II 


I  ii'/sliiil'ninl/i,   VI 


IX. 


J>1'. '.t-jll;  llcrrirti,  ili-i'.  iii.,  lili.   ii.,  cap.  xii;  .(<(iv/»».  Ilisl.  i/i  Ins  \  nil.,  pp. 
•l,l-:<;    Tiiri/iniiiiiilii,  tolil.  i.,  pp.  '.Ht-KU;  Vluriijivti,  tolii.  i.,    p,    I7<'>;    \'i  lnn- 
i-i-r'.  T'lilm,  pt  ii.,  pp.  '2'2-'.\. 
''  lli^/.,  toiii.  ii.,  p.  134. 


3.-(', 


TIIK  CHICMIMKC  PKIMOD. 


Sdiiic  .'lutliors  mention  TonuoJi  as  one  of  tlio  cliirls 
tliiit  ilii'L'ctod  tliu  ori<j;-iniil  Aztec  jniyiation;  others,  as 
Wf  liitvc  seen,  make  him  the  ehief  of  an  Aztec  hiiinl 
at  I/>acalco,  just  before  the  foundini,'  <tf  tlie  city,  aiid 
imply  that  lie  was  the  leader  imder  the  )»riesthootl  at 
the  time  of  its  fonndation,  and  I'or  s<>me  time  al'ti  r; 
while  still  other  writej-s  state  that  he  was  eled-d 
chief  three  years  after  the  fonndation.'" 

At  this  period  took  place  the  division  of  (lie 
AztecH  into  Mexicans  and  Tlatelnlcas,  althoiiuli 
A'evtia  dates  it  hack  heforo  the  f<tundati()n  of  tlujcitv, 
and  hefore  many  of  the  events  already  related.  It 
Mas  caused  hy  a  (|iiarrel  between  the  i)iiests  ai  il 
iiohles,  and  was  a  seci'ssion  t>f  the  latter  when  niialile 
to  cla-ck  the  i^rowini"'  power  of  the  foinier.  TonjUr- 
niada  attributes  the  separation  merely  to  the  o\ir 
crowded  state  of  tlie  <ity;  and  the  I'able  of  the  i\\<i 
bundles  whi*'h  originated  the  dissension  in  early  tiim  s 
has  already  bicn  related/'"'  i]i'asseur  sees  in  this 
di\isi(»n  the  im-vitable  Nahua  tendency  to  strtiL;i:lf 
bravtly  and  unitedly  ayainst  mislbitune,  but  at  the 
first  dawn  of  prospeiity  to  indulge  in  internal  strilc 
'I'lie  priesthood  usi'd  thiir  inllueiice  to  excite  the  luwir 
classes  aeainst  the  nobility,  and  particularly  a<;aiii>t 


th 


(K 


d 


their  TepaiK'c  j;*overnor,  whom  they  denouncei 
tyrant.  'I'lu-y  linally  smreeded  in  raisinj.;  su<  li  a 
storm  that  Teuhtlehuac  was  diiven  out,  and  his  |>art v, 
inchuli!i«»-  nntst  of  the  nobility,  (K'termined  to  set  k  a 
new  houK!.  The  coimection  of  a  Tepanec  ^ovenuT 
with  the  matter,  removi-s  some  of  the  «lilHculti(  s  in 
voKcd  in  other  versions,  but  it  is  not  easy  to  uiidi  r 
stand  why  'i'ezozomoi'  permitted  his  son  to  be  (hi\i  ii 


rom 


'I 


elKM 


htitli 


III. 


W'hate 


vcr 


tl 


11!     cnH'umstaiifi  s 


which   led  to  the  secisssion,  the  location  of  the  ii 


cW 


•'"'  Vif/tin,  \t)U\.  ii-.p.  151).  wrilt'i*  lln"  imiiif  Tciuilict/iii,  iiiid  liiilc"  lii'* 
I'lt'clinii  IMHO,  hi  the  Ciii/ije  Mni(lii:ii,  in  J\'iiii/\liiiii>iiii/i,  vnl.  v.,  \>.  Ml,  il  i-< 
stati'ii  lliiil  tli(>  iitlicr  I'liicfH  Hiill  DMiliiiunI  ti<  i;ii\t  I'll  tlicir  fliiim.  Sfc  iiUh, 
Cliirm-iii,  tiiiii.  i.,|i|i.  l7.'i-4;  Ton/Ill  iiiiiiiii,  toiii.  i.,  |i|i,  WW  01;  Mtudi'tn, 
Jlisl.'h'rfrs.,   |i.    lis. 

■>''  SiT  |i[i.  HiTiO,  uf  (IiiM  voluiiif. 


(;K(t\\TII  OF  MF.XICO  AND  TI,ATKI.ri.( O. 


3.-7 


c-taMislniiL'nt  was  luiraoulously  ])(»intt'(l  out.  'I'Ii»^ 
iiiililt's  were  attracti'd  l»y  a  wliiilwiiid  to  a  sandy  sjiut 
.•iiiioii;^'  tin;  reeds  of  tlio  lake,  al)out  two  miles  iVoiii 
Tniuclititlan,  and  i'oiind  there  the  shieUl,  an(»\v,  and 
led  serpent,  wliieh  they  cK-eined  a  most  happy 
'I'hev  ohtaiiied  a  title  (»!'  the  land   from   the 


(•ill 


M  'Wl'V, 


ane 


kinij:,  on  condition  of  a  yearly  tiihutt 


M 


a  IK 


lr( 


1  their  new   home   Xalteluleo,  afterwards,  'I'late- 


hil 


CO, 


rl 


J)oth  cities  <,M'ew  rapidly,  and  aeqiiiA'd  mn<h  pros- 
[!■  liiy  and  powi-r,  notwithstandin.;'  the  separation,  hy 
ri -isiin  of  the  l.ar^e  immiL,'"ration  that  they  received, 
ami  of  the  rivalry  that  .sprang,'  np  hetweeii  (he  two 
divisions.  Tlie  additions  to  the  i>opuIation  in  'j'e- 
iinilititlan  were  chielly  ("ullmas,  who  canir  in  so  larufo 
iiuiu!h  rs  as  to  ontnwnd^er,  perh.aps,  th<'  oi'i-^'inal 
.\f(\icans;  while  Tlatelulco  ri'ceived  a  corresponding^'' 
iiilhix  of  Teiianucs,  antl  many  iVom  other  nei^iihorinL,'' 
nations.  We  have  no  further  details  of  their  histoiy 
iltwn  to  the  death  of  the  em[>eror  Techotl,  at  Te/- 
iiico,  except  that  the  cstaMishmeiit  of  a  monarchy  in 
each  of  the  two  cities.  'J'he  Mexicans  were  at  lii-st 
nilcil  hy  the  iiriests,  with  certain  chiefs  not  deijnitely 
iianicl;  althoUL;'li  l»y  some  Tenuch  is  still  s|»oken  of 
as  alive  and  rulinL^  down  to  l.'{.">7.  it  was  finally 
il  I'idcil,  in  an  assemhly  of  prit'sts  and  wise  nun  of 
t  !'■  nation,  to  choose  a  kiii'jf,  aiMJ  the  ch(»ice  fill  upon 
Acanianichtli  11..  son  of  Acamapichtii  ol'  ('nljinacan. 


Till' lar'-e  ( 'ulhna  element  in  'l\'nt»chlitlan  donhtless 


liail    a   "j'l'eat    inlluencu    in    this    choit 


an( 


I    otl 


ler 


N'l'Ntia  Huys  llicv  lirsf  applii'il    In  l.jiiiiiiiiit/iii,   iilariii;;  lliis  fM-iit   in 


till'  ii'i:n  III"  .Mi'KiialiiiiK'iiil,  as  cmiii'iiu' 


I '•'/'/'»,    Icllll. 


I'l 


i;i."i,  i;is,  na-i;  yv 


'nil/Ill  lllllll'l.   tlllll.   i  ,   |i|l    ",l.'t,  !!',), 


•  1.     hiii;iii,   Ms  ,   tlllll.    i..   rari.  v.,   iiaiiii"*  I'lnir  iliidr.   wlin   wrrr   al    tin' 


lii:i'l  ■if  till'  HIM  i'».i(iiiist-i,      KiliKiM'liiil,  ill   A' 


/////vAi(/()i<(//(,  Niil.  i\..  |i,  ;t;is. 


iiiiiili.iiH  iwii  rhici's  with  llii'ir  a.liiiTfiit-*.     (  HIhts  .-iicak  nf  i'i;:lit.      .Vnisla 
I'.  I  is,  w  liii's  'rialcliilco.    '  |ila«'f  III"   Iriratos.'     llniiiaiii,   'idk/.    .IA.c,    fiil 
ll'l,  iji'liiii's  (III'   name  '  islet.'     Vrtain'x  it,   Tmlrn,  pi    ii.,   |i.    'J'J.  ilriivcs  it 
f  nil   lliiiil/i,   'Idiiitli,'   licraiiHC  lilt'  iiiarki'l   was  Ini'iitfii   lirrc.      Miassciir 


//. 


I  iiti,  ii.,  |ip.   1(>7 -S,  savs  liic  (iii;.'iiial   iiaim 


waw 


uiMi\a<'ai\ 


iiiiii 


I  .if 
II'  Ii 


la:il.'  uliiih  was  in   llu'  li'iriliuv  iM'JKii'.'iii.'  In    Tiali'liilrn,  at   llic  tin. 
KMiiiii  Nilla-if,  I'lil  in  lliu  'I'nltfc  pcrinil  a  tlniiiisliin;,'  city.     Sci-  alsn,  I'titri- 
y  'V,  idiii.  i.,  p,  170, 


3r.vS 


THE  cmciiiMKc  iMimoD. 


motives  wore  tlic  friciid.sliip  of  tho  caixlitlatu's  fatln  i- 
lor  tlu;  Mt!xic!iii8  in  ]>ast  times,  the  j>(»ssil)ility  (  t' 
recou(|iU!riM,i,''  the  old  (.'ulhiui  posst^ssioiis  and  joining- 
them  to  the  Aztec  domain,  and  possihly  thi^  extit  inr 
yonth  of  Acamapiehtli,  \vhi<li  olllred  tt)  thi;  j)rii  l 
hoinl  Ji  j>ros|H;et  of  easily  eontiolin;^  his  actions.  i  l.i 
vouiiLT  candidate  was  summoned  from  lV'/«nco,  uhi  iv 
lio  luid  taken  rel'ui^e,  toufetlier  with  the  |»riii(«>s 
Ihmciieitl,  who  had  rescued  him,  who  seems  to  h,i\c 
lieen  ic^ijcent  (hu'in^  Ins  minority,  and  who  is  even  .•-■lid 


to  1 


lave  become  nis  wn( 


I. '{;■)()  was  the  date  of  tl 


'I 


cession  of  Acama|>ichtli  1  I.,  tho  tirst  k'lw^j;  of  Me\i( 


eiioch 


titl; 


III 


O'J 


Mtoii    after,    ])rohahly   the    i'ollowin;. 


year,  l.'};')!,  tho 'IMatehilcas  also  deterinined  to  esliih 
lish  a  monarchical  form  of  i;-oveiiiiiient.  'I'hey  al>< 
sent  ahroad   for   a   kiiiLT,  and   received   a  son   of    ilu 


'I 


hii; 


ej)aneL'    kin 


ic 


03 


o> 


T 


d    Ui 


ezozoinoc,    named    yua»|Uaiiii|>il/.a- 


•■2  Tlicrc  is  M;n>al  divorxity  iiinoiinr  |li,>  iintliorilicH  rrs|ircliii;.'  tlic  I'.iivnl- 


n''c  of    AcaiiiiMiirlidi    1 1. 


IMC   lit'  wliii'li   iiiiiv    iH'iilialilv   III-  attril>iil<  •! 


Ill 


tlic  ('(tiifiiiiiiiliii^  III   twii  <)|°  the  HaiMf  iiaiiic      N'cytia.   tniii.    ii.,    |i|i.    JMi 
Itil,   ilalt'H    Ills    al•l•^'.■«^-ill||    l.'KiJ.   sa.\  m  a   |iiililir!tl  ninli".!  uf  I'mir  unun  | 


.I(mI   Ii 


•I.M'I 


lull,    aii:l    t'l 


iiii  tilt'  Sim  lit'    lliiii/ililiiiill    liv   Atiilu.'ilj, 


ilail;,'lili>r    iif    .\i'aiii.i|iiililli,      Chnijirlii,    tulii.    i.,    |i|i.    \1'A    I,    .\ni--ta.   |i|i 
•l(»'.l-7l    ainl  i»iiiaii,  Sis.,  liiiii.  i.,  rM|i.    v   \i.,  rriircsriil  llir  new  kin;;  ii> -uii 

of  0|ioi'li)li,  an   A/.li Iiii'f,  liy   Alulu/lli,  a  (nlliiia   inimi'i-H.     «  la\i,ini 

iiiaUrs  (111-  ilati'    \Xi'Jt;  'i'iiri|ilrinailii,  luiii.  i. ,  |i|'.  '.M-'.l7,   irfrrn  to   hi 


nolili'  A/lt 


>n  of  I 'oliuat/Kiitli   li\  till-  ilaii;^lili'i'  nt'  a  ('iiIIiiim  iliii'itaiii. 


I\tlil\iii'liill,    |i|i.  ;iH,  .'UH-',t,   l.'ili,   ;xi\cH  as  usual   two  or   lliri'r   MTsiiui-  i  f 


till*  iiiallri',  savin;,'  in  out'  |ilari>  llial  tlir  iirw  km;;  was  ilii' 


lliiiil 


III  lit   l!ii' 


kiii!^  of  A/ra|iii/ali'ii.  (ioiiiaia,  t'lim/.  Mi.r..  ful.  ,'lil'J.  Iiiin;:s  liini  liniii  <  "■ 
atlirlian,  wliitlirr  hv  hail  csraiifil  with  his  iiinllii'r  al'iri'  tin-  ilr.itli  uf  In  r 
hii^'liiiiiil  till'  riilhiiii  kin;;.      '  Araiiia|iirlitli,  kin;;  of  < 'iilhii.iran,  f.itiiri  i>l 


till'  sci'iiiiil  Ai'ania|iii 


htli 


poki'ii  of  hi'i't',  was  a  ;;ranilsiin  of  .\r\iii|iiaiiiit  i. 


hi  III  of   Ai'hitoiiii'll   I.,  hy  .\/ra\iirliitl,  ilail;:lllrl' III   tlir    Mr\ii|lll  lliiil/il;i 
Ai-aniii|iii'htli    I.  hail  also  nianii'il   Iworhitl.  ilan;;hli'i  of  'ri'iillrlniar,  vvlio 


I  lii'otiii'i' of  A/i'a\oi'hitl  anil  son  ni'  .hi'sainr   Iliiil/.ilatI,  ami  hail  liiiil 


liv  h 


Vrainaii 


r/,    T. 


lirhtli    II.'   nniM.iiiir.    Ilis/..   toni. 


II. 


ulri 


I  It    11  ,  1 


-■J;   Miiliiliiiiii,   in   /c 


•J, 


i|i    l(i',t-7(l.     St'i'  111- 

illntii,    I 'ill.    (/<■    /'" 


toni.    i.,  |i.  (I;   llirirni,  Hist.   (,'in.,  dor.  ill.,  lih.  ii.,ca|i.  \ii.;  I'linlnis  A«v 
J'i/iin'iiii:i,  vol,  iv.,  |i|i.   HMt.")-(».     'I'lic  ijiirsiion  of  tlir  iirw  kind's  niairiii;:r  ih 


«'\i'ii  iiiori' ilri'|ily  iiiMilvnl.      Si'i- sanir  anlhoriiii's. 
'I'J   'I'lir'/nriiini/ii,    toni.  i.,    Iip.  '.H   ."i;   ( '/nr'iiii  in,    ti 


si-iiv.    Hist.,   toni. 
I'hitI, 


11 


I'l' 
•171.      I>iiti'  ai nliiii'  to  I  lav  iyi'io, 


171 


/;- 


i:ut.    ImI 


lui. 


niilshuruiiiih,  vol.  i.\.,  |i|i.  'Ji:!,  ;ilS-<,»,  :i!IS,  |."i;i,  ami  N'r.v 
lli^l.  Ant.  M<  j..  toin.  ii..  |i.  I  11,  say  that  tin-  kiii;;'H  iiaiiii'  wa»  MiMulni.ii 
or  l'',|iriiut/in,  or  ( 'oliiiath'i'atl.  Si-c  also  I'lfniirrrf,  Tmlrn,  |il  ii.,  )'  '-' 
Sii'iiii/iiii.  Ili\/.  (liii  ,  toni.  ii  ,  till.  \iii.,|i.  'J7.'l;  (Irniiiiilu  ii  ilnli'i:.  T'ii<" 
Aiiii'i:,  |i|i.  171-"';  Mull'i'.  Ii'ii.tni.  loin,  iii.,  p.  l'.';  ami  (ur'ni/'il  I-.'s/hidi^i 
Ili.s'.    .l/i.i'.,  loin,  i.,  |i|i.  1117  W  with  |ioitiait. 


ciLvrTKU  VI r. 


THE    CIIRIIIMKC    I'KUlol). — CONCUDKD. 


A/rrr   IIistoiiv     I!i;|(;ns  of   Acam  mmciitii    II.    wit  (.Mviir  \i  iii-ii- 

ZMIIAI  ItKIII  II.I>IN(i  OK  Cl  I.III  ACAN  1 1 1  I  I/I  1,1  II I  I  11,  II.,  I\l\(i 
(II  Ml.XUo  Tl.AfATKOTZIN,  KiMl  OK  Tl,  \  IKI.K  l.i  o  (  11 1 M  M.I'O- 
KOIA  Sl<lKi:i»S  IN  MKXIto  I'l  \KK\I.  oK  TKnitiri,  Ix  I  I  II. Ml- 
(II  IT!,,     KMI'KHOU   ok    TlIK    ClIK  II  IMI.l  S      SVMI'KiMSoK    KlMOSjlsr 

I'l.ANs  OK  Tkzozomoc,  Tin;  Tki'anki'  Kino  Sm  ukt  (  oi  m  ii.  ok 
i;i:iii:i.s  Ui'.i.ioKU  s 'roi.iiiATioN  in  Ti  Zrl  c  o  (oNi^I  i>i  ok  ,\ai.- 
TiM\N  .\Nii  Crni.MH  Ai'     llii.iii  ok    Ni:/ uik  \i.(  dVon,     Wvi;  iii;- 

TWKKN  TKZn  CO    VNIi  AZIAIMZ  Al,'  o— \'n   roKM  s   OK    I  XII. II. Xoi  III  I  I, 

Sii;(iK  .\Ni»  1'"ai.i.  ok  Azcaim  /.Ai.ro     Tiji:  At  iii.i.'V  ok  'Ii  /o/omoi- 
I'u.i.    OK    TKzri CO- Ki.Kiii  r  AMI    IM;atii   ok   Ixti.ii.xoi  iiin 
Tl/oZiiMoC   !'l!Oll,.\IMKI)   KMI'KKoU  -  Kkoijii  amzation   ok    iiii:   Km- 
I'liM.     .ViiVKNi'i  itKs  OK  Ni:z\iirAi.ro\itTi,     Dkatii  ok  'I'KZoZoMoc 
Mwii.v  I  .siiMs  iiiK  Imi'i;i[iai,   TiiitoNK     MiniiKH  ok  iiii:  Mkxi- 
1  vs     Ki\ii-<      Nkzaihai.covoi  1,'s   \'i(  roiiv     Iiziomi.,     Kino    ok 

Ml. Mid      .\(Ol.llIA   AMI  AZTKI'    Al.l.lANiK      I"  VI. I,   oK    AZIAI'I  ZM.io 

I'lii;  Tiiii'Aurn'K  Ai.i.iaN(|;,  ok  tiii;  Ni:\v  llMniii:. 


Till' lu'xt  .'Uid  fiiiiil  cliji]!!!  r  nf  (lie  ( 'liicliiincc  an- 
nals mvcrs  U  IH'IMhI  dt'  tllKtr  ([Hit  Ih  I  s  (if  a  (•clitlllV, 
<  \li'ii(lii|o  iVtHii  tin'  (Icatli  III"  till'  ciiijicroi"  Tcflnitl 
ill  l-'i.'i7,  to  the  t'oniiatiwii  dl'  llic  Irl  |iai'tit(!  alliance 
I'liurcii  till!  Acdlhiia.s,  A/tcf.-;,  ,\\\i\  Ti|p,iiic.  s,  ill 
I  1.1 1.  It  cnilirarrs  tln^  ni^iis  dl"  tliicc  ciiiik  idis, 
I  MliKdcIiitl,  Tc/d/diiidc,  and  Maxtla;  and  is  a  iccdrd 
I'l  tuiitiniicd  stiMi'^'^Irs  I'di-  the  iin|i(  rial  |id\\ ci' lid  uccn 
lln'  Acdlliiias  and  'l'(.'|^ullOl'^<,  iv.sulliiig  in  ihr  liuniilia- 

I.I.MI) 


nco 


TMK  CIIIcniMKC  rKKIOI). 


tion  (»f  tlio  latter  and  the  triuin])li  of  tlio  foniiir. 
tlir«nii;li  tliu  Jiid  of  u  third  power,  wliieli  is  adiiiitt( d 
us  uii  e(jiial  to  the  victor  in  tlie  final  reconstruction  ot' 


tl 


le  i'niinre 


The  role  of  the   other  nati 


ons  o 


f  A 


iiii- 


hiiac  <liirinn'  this  period,  is  that  of  allies  t()  one  cr 
tlie  otlier  of  the  p(>\vers  mentioned,  or,  occasional Iv, 
of  rehels  ^vho  take  advantage  of  the  dissensions  nf 
the  ndinijf  powers  to  declare  their  inde{)endence,  en- 
joyed as  a  rule  only  until  such  time  as  the  masters 
may  have  an  oj»portunity  to  reduce  them  to  their  old 
allei;'iance.  We  tind  the  aljoris^inal  record  more  and 
more  complete  as  wo  a[)proach  the  e|)och  of  the  coii- 
([Uest,  with  much  less  confusion  in  chronoloy-y,  so  l;if 
as  leadiui;-  events  are  con<-ei'ned,  althouij^h  pi  licit 
agreement  amonu^  the  authorities  is  yet  far  iVom  licini,'' 
attained  in  the  minor  details  with  which  the  narrative  is 
crowded.  .V  new  source  of  disaL;reement  is,  mon'DVi  i-, 
reached  as  we  a])pr()ach  the  tinal  century  of  the 
native  annals — national  prejudices  t)n   the  j)art  of  tin- 


native 


hist 


oriaiis 


thi 


ouu'li    whom 


tl 


lose   annals 


;i\c 


heeii  handed  down,  and  a  constant  tendency  aiiitim^^ 
such  writers  as  Ixtlilxochitl,  'l\'Zozt)moc,  Chimal|t;iiii, 
and  ( "amarn'o,  to  exliihit  in  their  highest  colors  tlie 
actions  of  the  nations  from  which  they  have  dcsc*  iid(  i|, 
while  ever  ilisposed  to  cloud  the  fame  of  rival  powcis. 
Fortunatcdy,  one  authoi-ity  serves,  j^-enerally,  as  an 
elHriiiit  I'heck  u}»on  anothe'"  in  such  cases. 

in'foro  relatiujL^  the  j^'eiieral  history  of  AiKiliuac 
dull  ml;- the  successive  rei^'us  of  the  emjierors  ixtlil- 
xochitl and  Tezozomoc,  in  whit-h  histoi'V  the  Mexicans 
took  a  prominent  j)art  as  allies  of  tin;  latter,  it  will 
he  well  to  n'liince,  hrielly  for  there  is  little  to  say 
on  the  suKject — at  the  course  of  events  in  the  new 
cities  on  the  lake  marshes.  AVe  left  Tenoihtitlaii 
under  the  I'ule  of  its  Culhua  kin^',  Acannipichtli  II.. 
or  rather  under  the  reiu^ency  )f  his  (pieen,  llaiicueiti; 
while  Qinupiauhpitzahuac,  op  <  f  the  'l\'panec  kini;' 
Tezozomoc,  was  on  the  throne  of  Tlatelulco.  h^th 
kin-'doms   hein*''  trihiitarv   to  that   of    Azcapuzalcn. 


HKIGN  OF  ACA.MAl'KUTLI  11. 


861 


( )iii^  of  tlio  last  acts  of  the  qnocii  was  tlio  re-sottle- 
III'  lit  of  C'ulhuacaii  in  1;{78,  I*}'  means  of  a  colony 
Milt  from  Mexico  under  NauliyotI,  the  fourth  of  that 
n.iine  who  had  ruled  in  the  Culhua  city.  This  was  done 
jiiirtly  from  motives  of  pride  in  restorinij;'  the  cajtital 
i.r  licr  own  and  her  hushand's  ancestors,  ami  partly  to 
SI  iv(j  as  a  check  on  the  ejicroacliments  of  tlie  ('iialcas 
in  the  south.*  In  l."{.s:{  the  «|ueen  died,  ixtlilxocliitl 
states  that  she  Itore  her  hushand  thre>e  sons,  one  of 
m  was  lluitzililiuitl;  Chivi^-ero  tells  us  she  was 


W  11(1 


laiTtii, 


hut  took  charuc  of  tiie  educrdion   of  tw 


o  ot 


Ih  r  Iiijsltand's  sons,  Huitzilihuitl  and  (_'himalpo]»oca, 
liv  another  wife;  Tor(|Uemada  confounds  the  two 
A<iniaj)ichtlis,  and  is,  consecpiently,  _iL>reatly   ])uzzled 


a!)on 


t     llancueitrs    childi 


en 


aiH 


1    tiriallv,    Ihassi'ur 


shuus  that  she  was  esjioicsed  at  an  advanced  a^e  hy 
the  kinu:  solely  for  political  motives,  and  that  she 
livttl  hannoniously  with  his  other  two  wives,  one  of 
wlmm  liore  him  lluitzilihuitl,  and  tlu;  other  Chimal- 
)i(.|Mna.'-  The  rei^'u  of  Acaniapichtli  11.  dates,  in  a 
(•(  rtain  sense,  from  the  death  of  his  (pieen,  who  for 
111  any  yiars  hail,  at  least,  ruled  joititly  w  ith  l.im. 
The  lie.;inniny'  of  the  wars  hetween  the  ^[exicans  and 
(  lialcas,    whicli    wei-e    waited    ho  hittcrl}    for    many 


Via  IS,  is    attril)uted  to  A( 


ama| 


)i( 


■htl 


1  s   reiLi'ii,  as   are 


the  coMciuests  of  Quauhnahuac,  Mizcpiic,  and  XocJii- 
iiiilco:  hut  it  must  he  understood  that  it  was  only  as 
till'  allies  of  tiie  Te])anec  kiuLjf  that  the  AFexitans 
c:ina.;ed  in  these  wars.  Tor(|Uemada  and  .\cost;i 
a>;s(rt  that  Acamapichtli's  vv'\ij;\\  was  a  veiy  pea»-el'ul 
one.'     It  was  after  the   coii'iuest  of    Quauhiiahu; 


IV 


'  I'liifr.r   (7iililill/>.,    ill     //)•'( 


Msriir. 


His/.,    t 


iini.    II 


11.   <.)<).      Ill   tli( 


ex- 


|>l.lll,'ltlilll  lit    tlio  ' ' 


i-/-  .,•  r,  II.  u, 


ill  A' 


/  Itifshi iritHl^ 


ill,  vol.  v.,  |i.  I  IS.  Mil.  \  i. 


h.  I:!!,  ii  is  sl.'iti'il  tliat  Uiii;;  Ar!iiiiii|>i('liili  hiiniril  ilu'  ti'iii|iii'  uf  ( 'iiiliuaiaii 
III  Ki'.i'.l,  |ii'ii)ialil\  I'ftVniii;:  In  tlii'  i|iiaiirl.-<  nl  A('aiiia|iirlilli  I.  wilii  Cox- 
("Mii,  III'  Ai'liiliiiiictI,  at  an  cai'licr  iMiiml. 

■  I iilil.i-iirlull,  ill  h'iiii/sl>iiri)iii/li.  \ii|.  ix..  \>.  '2\'.\;  I'/ni-n/irii.  tmii.  i.,  |i|i. 
I'ti  7;   Till-'/ III  iiiitil'i,   tiiiii.    i.,   pp.  '.t.">-H;    ltni.\siiii\    Hi.sl.  till 


h'inliird,    I  ' 


"{ 


III. 


MK): 


Mi-.r.,  fill.  .SO'J;  III  III  III,  tli'c.  iii.,  lili.  ii.,  cap.  xii.;  .\iiisiii, 
II  si.  (/.'  Iii.i  Yiiil.,   pp.   ITO-M;   hniiiii,   MS.,    toiii.    i.,   cap.  xiii;   Mimhiln, 
ll(sl    Hilis.,  ]ip.    I4.S  it;  I'mli.i-  Ml  iiiliizii,    ill  Kiiiiisliiiriiinili,  Mil.  v.,  ii.  i'A. 
'>'iiili,r  Miiiilicii,  ill   Niiiii^liiii iiinili,  vol.  v.,   p.   '.I'J;   M'liiliitii,    liiniiir- 


<l'i,  Aiii.slii,  1. 


> ri I. s.si  II r,  and  tlnnijiro,  ixh  hi  pri'Ci'iliiij;  imti 


3G2 


THE  CIllCHLMEC  I'EIMOI). 


later  Cuernavaca,  that  the  first  goltl-workers  caiiic  tn 
ply  their  art  in  Tiiioclititlan.*  After  haviuu^  riilid 
^viselv  and  iustlv,  <!:reatlv  eiilar<nn<j:  and  iinproviii.r 
liis  ea}>ital,  ho  died  in  14U."{,  leaviiij^  the  choice  (»l'  a 
successor  wholly  to  his  iiohles  and  priests.*  TIkit  is 
^reat  disagreement  anionic  the  autliorities  resjtL(  tiiiL,^ 
the  length  of  his  rei^n,  some  dating  it  from  liis  tir.st 
call  to  the  throne,  and  others  from  the  death  of 
the  (lueen.  Immediately  after  the  funeral  of 
Acamapichtli,  an  assemhly  of  the  wise  men  of  the 
natitMi  was  lieM  to  deliherate  on  the  choice  of  a  suc- 
cessor. The  priests  made  an  ett'ort  to  acijuiie  the 
coiiti'ol  hy  di.scoiitinuinii"  the  monarchy.  They  wislii'd 
the  tem})ural  all'airs  of  the  state  to  be  manaoed  \>\  a 
senate  or  council,  with  a.  military  chieftain  to  had 
tl'.eir  armies  in  war;  hut  the  majority  helieved  that 
their  only  hoi)e  of  national  safety  and  I'uture  jiowcr 
was  in  a  monarchy,  and  iluitzilihuitl  1 1.,  the  ildist 
son  of  the  late  kiui,^  was  called  to  the  throne  duiiiiiif 
the  same  or  the  foUowino-  year.  The  s|>eechcs  hy 
which  the  old  men  convinced  the  assemhly  that  tliuir 
yet  precarious  condition,  considerinj^  their  isolated 
position  and  the  powerful  nations  surrounding-  tlimi, 
made  it  necessary  to  call  to  their  throne  a  \vi>c, 
prudent,  and  powerful  kino,  are  rec(»rded  hy  Diiiaii. 
Tezozomoc,  and  Tonpiemada;  as  are  the  addiessrs  of 
advii'c  to  the  new  kiny;  at  his  coronation,  in  A\hiih 
he  was  reminded  that  his  position  was  no  siiuciin  , 
l)ut  that  on  him  dei)ended  the  future  oreatness  of  the 
^lexicans  foretold  hy  the  oods.  The  choice  of  the  |iro- 
ple  was  ratitied  hy  kinn'Tezozomocof  Azcapuzalco;  ami 
at  the  same  time  it  is  rei)orted  that  Itzcoatl,  a  iiatiir,il 
son  of  the  late  kiny^  hy  a  woman  of  rank,  was  ap 
pointed  commander  of  the  Mexican  armies.     ( hw  ot' 

*  '''iii/i'.r  C/iiiitiih).,  ill  llrnnnriir.   Hist.,  t'Mii.  iii.,  ]i.  111. 

H>alc,  1 KU,  hiii-'iii:  IK>'.>,  aflcr  ifiifiiiu-,'  41  voars,  Vri/lin;  1 1().'>. 
Ihitiliiiii :  l;t.S',l,  :<7  yoarn,  Vlnriiimi;  14(M!,  7  Vl'iirs,  CdiliX  Till.  J!' III.; 
I'.i'M't,  Miiiiliiln;  ii'i;,'ii('il '.'I  Vfiirs,  Turi/Kiiiiiii/ii,  Sii/iiiiiHii,  l'iiili.r  Mnii/".'i: 
1271.  i'>l  yi'iiis.  I,fllil.fiiiliitl:  \\\  years,  li'miiiirii  ami  Motiilinin ;  4i'  umi'*, 
AvuhIii  i\\\A  lirnni;  14a;i,  .'i.'t  or 'Jl  years,  Jlrn.suxiui; 


AZTIH'  AI.MANt  KS. 


868 


till'  moans  hy  whic-li  the  Aztecs  struu'LfU'il  to  aUalii 
to  tlitir  j»iV(k-stiiH'd  tjfnatm'ss,  \vas  l»y  coiitrattiiiLr 
i'.iiii^Mi  luatrinioiiial  alliances  Avith  itowerfiil  nations; 
ami  as  I  luitzililinitl  liad  vit  no  wile,  an  enil)as>v  was 
sent  to  Tezozonioc  with  a  most  lunnMe  and  tlalteiini^ 
|irtition.  i>eL,^iTin^"  tliat  all-i>()Werrnl  sovereiLjii  to  lavor 
jiis  most  t)be(lient  vassal  1)V  sendini';'  one  ot"  liisdaniLfli- 


t.r: 


one     ot     Ins    jieaiis,     enuia 


h 


d«l> 


or 


lienors 


iVatliei's,"  as  Tonjiieuiada  exjiressiis  it,  to  sliare  \\  Itli 
tlir  iifW  kiiii^  Ins  ]»oor  lionie  in  the  niaishes.  'il\o 
|H  tit  ion  was  '^Tanted,  the  piineess  Avaiihcihnatl  was 
"ivtii  to  Unitzililniitl,  and  the  iollo\vin<r  vear  his 
Krotlitr  ( "liinialjtoiMMii  won  the  hand  oi'  thi'  hcaiitilid 


il'llirc^s 


Miahuaxoeliitl.    dau<'htei*    of    the     lord     of 


( .Miauhiiahiiae.    who    hec 


inie 


the   mother   (»t'   Monte- 


zinna/  i>v  the  allianee  witli  Quanhnahnac,  the  eity 
«>t'  Tt  noehtitlan  received  a  lai'i,^e  accession  ol"  artists 
ami  skillrd  W(»rknien ;  while  IVom  Tezozonioc,  who  is 


,s,ll( 


1  1)V  Wvtia  to  have  personally  visiteil  thi'  citv  at 
the  hirth  (tf  his  i,nands(»n,  the  Mexii-ans  oittanied  the 
iv!ii(»val  ot"  the  trihute  which  they  ha«l  so  lony  Inn 
•  ilili^cd  to  j)ay,  or,  at  least,  its  rednctioii  to  a  nien-ly 
inMaiiial  amount,  inchidinij;'  a  few  wild  fowl  atid   fishes 


thi-  rova 


I   tai.K 


F 


rom   this  time  tJM; 


M 


exicaiis 


;nv 


aid  to  have  felt  more  at  their  ease,  to  have  |>aid 
iiiipic  attention  to  the  arts  and  sciences,  ami  to  ]iav(! 
aliaiidtiiicd  thtir  ro;irse  garments  of  uniiifn  I'or  uunc 
Miiii[ituoiis  ajtpar 


■1. 


•^  AriistM  imhI  n«Trcr;i  writt' flu-  iinnio  <if  ITiiit/ilibuitr-;  wifo  Aviim-lii. 
V'uiil.  \i\tiii  »a\>  lnT  iiaiiu'  xMi*  M  ialm.iMnliii  I.  iiiid  iliiit  >lii'  ua^  ilic 
ilMiiyliti'i-  III   'l'i'/ii/.iiiiiiM-.      I  ni'<|iiriiiaila.    I  la\i;:('ni.  ainl   (iiiiiiara  iiiaUi'  liiiii 


iMiiiiv.  liixt,  Avaiiiii'iiiiiatl,   ilau;.'lilrr  cif  'IV/ii/iniiiic.   and  after' 


Mia- 


li;ia\ur|ijil.  |iriiiri->-i  nt  <^iiaiiliiialiiiai'.  the  laltrr  nt  w  limii  Imit'  Miiiiti/iiiiia  I. 
luliKiirliiil  -avH  tilt"  kill;.'  tiiaii'icil  his  nicrc.  'i'lt/iliiiat/iii.  ^'•'•"i''-'l''ii;^l''''r 
li  ri'/ii/>iiiiiM'.  iHu-  lit  w  liii>i'  rliililii'ii  \\a>  <  'liiiMal|Mi|iiiia.     I!i'a»«'iir.  icl\  in;j 


I'll  till'  I'iih  x  I 


I,,. 


iiiiiiiiin.  an 


I.I  .1/. 


,/. 


'(     ( 'ii/Zi niniiii,  ;;iM'M  llic  airiillll 


t    I    ll 


|in-iiitf<l  in  the  text.      Tin- ''.,«/.  .r  7'.//.  li'm.  ^a>  s  llnit/iliiiiiiti   tiiarriiil  a 
liaiiulilcrnt  the  (iriiii'fss  of  ( 'iratlirlian.  anil  a  ).'ianil-ilan;;litt'r  nf  Aiania|pirli- 
tli.  iiavin;:  liv  Iht  no  suns.     'I'l 
ii»  llint/iiilinill  s  lir^t  ~iin:  Vcvtia  >avs  it  \\a>  M 


)'/ii/<iinoi'   ainl    iMiian   name  i  liinial|>i>|Hii  a 


iiiitc/nnia 


I 


ani 


■{' 


ill    I 'la\  iu'i'i'o.  an<l   llrassmi  iiaiiic  tlic  lii'sl  sun  Aiiilnaiinaiatl. 


M' 


o 


I  till-  liratli  of  Ai'ania|ii<'litli  II.,  and  lln-  yuri'i-s^ion  and  niari;a;:f  n{ 


Ilail/ililiiiitI  II 


/'/ 


I'l 


.Ms.   toin.   i.,    ('a|i.  \i,  \ii;  < 'Inriiif  n,.  toni    i. 


'■>(•;  I'iiii{iituitll/tl,  liilll.    i.,    |i|i.  ilS-ldd;  S(i/iiii/iiii.    Iiini.  ii.,   lili.   \  iii 


nci 


Till:  cHicHiMr.c  im:i:i()I». 


I 


Vl'IT  soon  after  Triiitzililiuitr.s  acccssioi)  to  tli.* 
tliitdic,  t\w  'riatc'tuli-iin  kiiiL,^  CJiiacjuaiilijHtzalmac  dii d, 
and  was  siircecdi-il  l>y  liis  son  Tlacatfotzin,  accord in.^r 
to  iJi'assi'ur's  autlioiitics;  altlioiii^h  \'(  vtia  jilac»  s  ;it 
altout  this  daiu  the  suci-ession  and  niafiiai^e  of  <Jm;i- 
«|Uauh)>it/ahnac,  soon  followed  hy  Tlaeateotzin's  hiitli, 
the  latter  heconiinL,' kini;  only  in  1414.  'i'liis  siiljdt 
of  the  'I'latetulean  succession  is  inextricahly  conliixd, 
since  some  authors  make  ^[ixcoluiatl  jueccde  (^)ii,i- 
(jnauhpitzahuac  as  first  kini^*;  and  Ixtlil.\(whitl,  in  nUf 
of  his  relations,  even  ])uts  another  kini;',  Aniatziii.  hc- 
tween  the'  two.  The  matter  is  not  one  of  i^m-at  im- 
portance, since  it  is  certain  that  Tlaeatcotzin  ri  i.jii,(l 
after  1 4  14  dui-iuLj  a  most  excitint^  j)erii>d,  hijn^  me 
of  the  i'hit  f  military  leaders  in  Tezo/.onioc's  arni\ ." 
The  two  cities  had  hy  this  time  been  extended  oitiitlv 


1) 


)eyond  their  orii^inal  Imiits,  and  ^vel■e  siparated  onlv 
by  a  narrow  tract  of  marsh,  which  was  <lfy  at  Inw 
water.  Notwithstanding'  the  fair  jtroniiscs  made  hv 
the  'I'epanec  kiniL,^  to  his  vassals  and  allies  on  tin; 
lake,  some  of  his  tvrannieal  acts  seem  to  have  1m  tu 
diri'ct(;d  at  them  even  at  this  early  time,  if  wr  ni.iv 
credit  the  statement  that  Naulivotl  1  \'.,  in  comniniiil 


p.  '2(iS;  lxlliljti,rhUI.  i»|>.  '218.  S.')!!,  4.">r>-7:  Viii  ',  toin.  ii.,  pi..  '.'lit-'Ji;;  /'-• 
zir.iiiiiiH',  ill  l\iiiii.\l)'iriiiiii/i.  Mil.  ix.,  ii|i.  lO-ll;  i  in/i.r.  I'll.  Itrm.,  in  /./.,  \ii|. 

v.,   li|i.    1  |S-',I;    liiiiiiiiril,  ('mil/.  Mt.r.,  fiil.  HOJ;    Mnluh  iitu .  in  J<ii:liii/i ,  /,i.  I'.il. 

ill  l)iir.,  toni.  i.,  |i.  (>;  Hi  rreni,  <U'r.  iii.,  lili.  ii.,  caii.  xii.;  Ai'islu,  Hisi.  ili' 
lii'^  Villi.,  |i|i.  17;{">;  Si'iiiiiiizii.  ill  Ihif.  llisl.  Mi.i.,  M'l'ic  iii.,  loin,  i,,  y.  ."iii; 
I'.u/iirini'.  Ill  /./..  1).  'JSlt;  Miiiilkfii,  Hist.  Kili.s.,  [1.  1  J'.t;  liriix.siiir.  //.^^, 
ttiiii.  iii.,  |>i>.  1 1(t-I7. 

•*  Acinnliny  to  \'i'yti;i,  tniii.  ii..  ]>|i.  '21(i-7.  '21(i.  -I'.t-.'il,  Mi\r.iliM:itl 
ri'ij.'nt'ii  7-">  M-ars.  was  siiccct'ilctl  hy  lihiai|iiaiiii|iit/aliiiai'  in  I  KHI.  ami  lie  I'V 
'rhiialcdiziii  in  I  H  ».  Ixllil.Micliit'l,  iip.  lM.'J,  •2IS,  ;{.".;{,  .'CiCi,  l,'.;{,  4(i'_'.  ni\s 
.Mixfiiliiiall  iii«'il  ill  1'271.  rci^riicil  ."il  yi'.iis.  iiikI  wa^  surt<'C(lccl  li\  Iii~  -...ii 
<i)iia>|iiaiili|>it/ahiia<';  or  tlial  iu'  ilii-il  in 'rct'liiitj'.s  n  i^Mi  ami  was  hilliivMl 
l>v  'riacati'iil/iii;  or  that  <iliiaijiiaiili|iit/aliiiai'  tlit'il  in  l.'{.">;{;  or  wassinc  >  iilid 
liy  .\niai/iii:  ora;.'aiii,  that  'I  iaratfoi/in  siicccciIimI  iii.s  I'atiirr:  ami  iliai  lie 
inarricil  ,1  ilaii;.'lilor  of 'rf/o/oiiKw.  Salia;;iiii.  toiii.  ii.,  lili.  viii..  [i.  •JT.'t.  i-'- 
noii's  Mixi'uiiiiatI,  as  do  '!'ori|iioinaila,  to:n.  i.,  jip.  ",U-.">.  '.'ll,  l'J7'>.  iiii'l 
(lavi^'iTo.  toiii.  i.,  pp.  175,  ISl.  Hutli  flic  latter  iiiitliors  make  tlif  tir-l 
kill;;  a  sciii  of  Tf/ozoinor.  ("lavi;;pro  places  lii-*  iicrcHsion  in  I.TiH,  aiiil  lli;il 
of  'I'larateol/iii,  liis  successor,  in  \'VM.t.  'ror<|iieiiiaila  savs  tiie  lir-l  kin;.' 
rei;.,'iieil  ."{.'i  years,   ainl  was  followcil   l»y  'riacatent/in    in   the  Iciitii   vrar  nt 

lliiit/iliiiiiitrs  rule.      Ilolli  Mexicins  and    rialeliilca>  --eeni  to  have  rl.ii d 

the  honor  of  liaviiij:  had  the  lirst  kiiij,'.  See  also  /1,-ii.ssi  ur,  lli.il.,  toiii.  iii , 
p.  1'2:<. 


RKICN  OF  miTZlI.Iin  ITL  H. 


v,i\:, 


of  tlic  Aztoo-Ciilliiia  (•(•lotiy  at  ( 'iilhuacaii  lor  tlic^  past 
tiiirtv-tive  years,  Mas  iinirdcrcd  l»y  'l\'Z()Zoiii»»c's  or- 
(lti>  ill  HI."}."  Tlatt'luU'o  Mas  yet  in  its  liuildiii^s 
.iiiil  xiino  other  respects  siipeiior  to  its  rival,  j)eiliaps 
liv  r<ason  of  lu-iiiLT  less  :'-"l<'r  priestly  coiitiol,  or 
tliidii^Ii  the  jj^reater  I'avor  shown  its  pcopk-  hy  the 
T'  paii't's.  I3ut  Huitzilihiiitl  had  done  niiieh  to  hiiijd 
nil  ,ind  enihellish  Teiioehtitlan,  and  ]»articnlarly  to 
|ii(tiiiote  her  ooinniereial  indnstries,  hy  diyL;ini,»"  eanals, 
laiihipiyinLT  the  nuniher  of  ehinainpas,  and  hy  a  wise 


^v> 


tela  ot"  trade  reijulations.      lie  is  also  accredit 


I'U 


with  a  new  code  <tt"laws,  anil  with  the  introdu<tion  ol' 
w.n  ranoes  and  the  traininiif  of  his  sohliors  in  tlieir 
>k  lll'td  nianay-enient.'"  Mendieta  states  that  '  lis 
kiiiu"  tiMKinered  Tnltitlan,  (^nauhtitlan,  Chalco,  Tn- 
l,iiiriii_;(),  Xalt  . .  •  ,  ( )tonipan,  Tezcnco,  and  Aeolnia'  , 
(liiiiii.;  his  reiij^n,  hut  the  reference  is  oi'  coni'so  to  the 
w.ii-  ot'iiic  Tepanet'  kiiii^  hy  the  aid  of  his  ^fexican 
airh>:  and  Sahao'un  says  he  i'out^ht  ai,Minst  ('idhna- 
ciii.  nitrrinLT  donhtless  to  a  former  ruler  of  tlu'  same 
ii.nii.."  Iluitzilihnitl  II.  died  in  1417/-and  his  half 
lpn»tliri\  ( 'himalpopoca,  was  innnediately  chosen  to 
succci'd  him,  in  the  ahsence  of  any  lenitimati'  son. 
\V(  li.ivt;  seen  that  there  is  mu«-h  disaoreement  re- 
sin vtin'^    lluitzilihuitl's   inari-ia'_;-e   and    his   childi-en; 


Si  I 


Soil, 


IK' aiithoi-.s  even  state  that  (himalpopoca  was  his 
hut  the  majority   of  the   hest   authorities   a^n-e 


that  the  new  kiny*  was  the  sson  of  Acama])ichtli  I  I. 
and  a  hrother  of  Iluitzilihnitl.  The  latter'.s  oidy  le- 
"^itiiuate  son,  Acolnahuacatl,  was  killed,  in  childhood, 
liy  Maxtla,  son  of  Tezozomoc,  in  I  .")'.»!>,  through  I'ear 
that  he  might  iidierit  the  crown  of  Azcapuzalco,  as 


I"  / 


I'/' 7-  Cfii'nifi!/).,  in  /?rfr.?.«'wr,  /7AV..  torn,  iii.,  |i.  I'JO. 


I'iriiii. 


MS.,  t 


1)111.     I..     I'iljl.    VII. 


/'. 


r'/iii'iiiiii 


III.   t( 


I'l 


t.    KMI;    V 


li'i.  tuiii.  ii..  |i|).  •J'_>(i-S.  'JKi;   Itni.ssiiir.  ///.>/.,  tnm.  iii.,  |i|i.   l'J7S. 

I'    Mid/iilii,   llist.  Krli-s.,  II.   1411;   ('iii/i.r  MniilnZil,  ill  Kiiiil.sliiiriiiiif/i,  \i 


lit;  <'i/iiiifiiii,  turn,  ii.,  lil).  viii.,  |).  -'liS. 
i'ali'  I  114,  ]'i\i/fiii,  fiim.  ii.,  |i 


^•|■|'■  111  .  tuiii.  IV. 


!:!'.);  C, >,/>.,■  Te/I.  /, 


r>nf 


h 


III 


iirnii.  III 
L  iiuisltiiriiiiii/i,  vi( 


7//.V/.     ^frr. 


V  !•'•»; 


l:t'.:!,  l.fihlxirliiH,  ill  /,/..  vol.  ix.,  iiji.  '-'IS.   :?.'>(>.   4.";  1  Mt.t,  C/ii (;'</•  r<i.  t 

i  .  1'    i"M>;   1117.  I'lti/r.r   ( '/ii,ini//>.   ill    /!ni.w<iin\  lli.sl.,  tniii.  iii.,   \i.  )•_".»,  and 

Cw/ix  Miutldza,  ill  Kiiiij.-iboruujli,  vol.  v.,  Ji.  43. 


": 


3GG 


THE  CIIICHIMKC  PKRIon. 


( 'lavinvro  st:i!''s.  Aoost.a,  oonfouiuliii.q^  tliis  tradliiin 
uitli  tlio  fact  tliat  kini^  C'liiinal[»(»[)()ca  was  Ioiil;-  ;itt.  r 
killed  l)y  ^Faxtla's  orders,  tells  us  Cliinialpcuxtca  was 
killed  ill  childhood.  'ron|iieniada  adds  to  the  tact  nt' 
the  voimLT  Aeoluahuacatrs  imirder,  another  iiiotivr  \'nr 
the  crime,  in  a  tale  to  the  etfect  that  Tezozomoc  li.id 
j^iven  ^Taxtla's  "wife  to  the  ^Texicans  for  a  (|ii(  i n, 
lience  the;  wratli  and  ven^-eance  of  the  Tepanec  jiriiicc. 
The  choice  of  the  Mexicans  is  said  to  have  hetii  ap- 
jiroved  hoth  hy  the  enn»eror  Ixtlilx<»chitl  and  hy  Tt  /.d- 
zomoc.  ( 'hinialpopoca's  inarriano  has  already  luiii 
noted,  and  the  hirth  of  liis  son  ^Tontezuma  inmii  i- 
nnna;  Veytia  states  that  jiis  wife,  l)y  whom  he  liad 
seven  children,  was  the  })rincess  Matlalutziii,  a 
tlanu'liter  of  the  kin<4- of  Tlatehdco.  I  shall  ha\e  (»■- 
cusion  to  s[)eak  ayain  of  this  kin^." 


To  return  to  the  tjf(>ncra1  lustorv  of  tlio  Chidiii 


lire 


Ill- 


empire,  the  kind's  and  lords  wei'e  assend)led  at  IVz- 
cuco  to  perforin  the  last  honoi's  to  the  dead  em|ii  inr 
Tecliotl,  and  to  celehratc  the  accession  of  his  siiii 
and  (diosen  heir  lxtlilxotd)itl.  We  liave  seen  tliat 
Techotl  had  hy  his  t>-reat  ahilitv  and  hy  a  scries  dt 
most  extraordinary  political  measures  checked  tin' 
iiidej)eiident  sj)irit  of  his  vassal  lords,  avoided 
tcriial  strife,  ctiiitralized  the  imperial  power,  and 
made  himself  almost  ahsohite  master  of  A  iiiilniac. 
Anotlu'r  Techotl  nuyht  p'l'haps  have  retained  tin' 
mastery;  hut  we  have  seen  that  many  of  his  arts 
were  calculated  to  excite  the  opposition  of  tlie  (  hi- 
cliimec  lords,  that  on  his  dealhd»ed  he  expressed  liis 
mis'^i vine's  ri'spcctin^-  future  evi'uts,  and  that  IiIn  sun 
had  already  made  of  the  Tc)ianec  kin<^  an  eiieiny. 
It  is  ([uite  possihle   that    the  last  years  of  T 


eclliil 


Vn,/ 


i^  Oil  death  of   lliiitzililuiitl  TT.   niid  fiiciTssion  of  riiiniiilpopi 


/",   liiiii.   II.,   |i|i 


IKI'.t;   ■/'- 


niiirniiiiKt,    linn,    i.,    |i|i. 


|(i.")-7;  r/, 


tl",\,     W'l) 
lll':ill  I'll, 


fiilll.     i..     |i|i.    IS'_'-7;    l,rllllxni-hlll.   |i|i.  '1\H.    ;t.V)-(l,    I,"i7;    Amsln.   Ilisl.    ill    i 


[i|>.   iT.'t-.S;  Sii/iiiiiiiii,  tniii.  ii.,  lili.  viii  ,  p.  'JfS;  /tiirini,  .MS  ,  \< 


III.  I , 


Ytn/. 

Ciip.  vii,    viii,   Mnit/ir/ii,  Hist,  h'r/is..  p.   1  lit;   /Ini.isnir,  llisl.,  loin,  iii  .  p) 

I'J'.t.'ll;  Ciii/ijf  Mnidiizit,  ill  /\iii'/sliiiri>iiii/i,  vol.  v,,  p.   l.'l;  Cm/r.r  it  II.  linn 

ill  /</.,  II.  IJ'J. 


SUCCESSION  OF  IXTLILXOCIIIIL 


3C7 


rtiu'ii  wt 


re    niJirkod  witli    troultlcs    ^vlli(']l    Imvo    net 


111  ill  vcconk'd,  and  that  tlicrc  avciv  caiisrs  ol'  cninity 
towards  lxtlilx()<']iitl  wliicli  aiv  unknown  to  us. 
r.ia>scur  attriliutcs  tlio  nuslortuius  iliat  cnsufd  to 
Ixtlilxocliitl's  vacillatiiiij^  s)»irit  and  love  of  i-aso ;  Imt 
lii>  a<  ts  as  ivcoi-dcd  l>y  tlio  J^[)anisli  writrrs  indicate 
latlnr  a  ]»c'acet"nl  and  t'oi'^ivini^'  disposition,   joined  to 


liiai'Ki'i 


1  and    livilliant    aliilitios  as  a  wai'i'ior.      il 


o\V- 


( \(  r  tliis  may  lie,  trouMe  ahead  Mas  indicated  at  the 
vnv  I'liiid'al  of  liis  nii^'lity  and  |)o])ular  1'ather.  Many 
l(ii(l>  invited  to  participate  in  {\\c,  (H'ivnioni(>s  Avcre 
lint  present.  Veytia,  and  Ixtlilxocliitl  in  one  of  liis 
ii  lations,  sav  that  oidv  four  loids  atteialed  the  «»l»se- 


nii 


s;  hut  the  latter  author  elsewliciv,  and  also  J 


)0- 


tiiiiiii,  make  the  numhcr  present  over  sixty,  which  is 
iiiiicli  more  prohahle.  The  ahsenti'es  sent  in  various 
jii'itcxts  lor  not  attending';  it"  they  had  conu;  tluy 
w.iiild  have  heen  ohli^'ed  to  swear  allc^'iance  to  the 
III  \v  iiiipcror  or  to    openly  rehcl,   an    act   tor  which 


tii'V   were  not    yet  I'eady.      lor([Ueniada   and  ('lavi- 
tell  us  that  'rezo/omoe  was  present  at  the  l"u- 


■I'l) 


ih  r:!l.  hut  de|)artetl  iniiiiediately  altei'  without  .t^'ivin; 
lii-' adhesion  to  the  new  emperor.  ixtlilxocliitl,  how- 
ever, was  crowned  kine' of  Acolhuai-an  l»y  the  piinces 
piv^iiit  at  Tezcuco,  and  in  all  j»rolial»iIity  assimieil  at 
tii.it  time  the  title  of  Chiehimecatl  'recuhtli,  or  em- 
peiiii-,  that  was  his  due.  altho!"^h  no  aiithoi-  states 
this  (hrectly,  and  hoth  IxtliLxochitI  and  N'eytia  state 
expressly  that  he  was  nttt  erowiii'il  as  empi-ror  fer 
iii;ny  years.  Ixtlilxocliitl  says,  liowe\-er,  in  one 
)il .' e  that  he  was  proclaimed  'lord  |>,iianiount'  hy 
'iiihled    priiu'es,  and    there   was    no    apparent, 


111'  a,>si 


III!''  I\  e    jer   ( 


lelav  in   this  res|)ect. 
li  t 


xt  hlxoeliit  I    wa 


ill  lll--t  disposed  to  ?"esort  to  lofce  and  to  a\'ell'n'  the 
iii-iih  oU'ered  him.  I*uttiii^'  his  army  in  order  mikI 
>laliiiiiing  his  foives  in  and  ahoiit  the  capital,  he  sent 

"  ]'ti//i<i,  torn,  ii.,  |)|).  'j;;;   H.  'J.Kl,  '_M.";   Tiir'/iiniinifit.  tdiii    i  ,  |)|>.  n)S',); 

<'!■'<■  ■hi'u,    tiilll.    i..    |..    |s:i;    Ic'h'.riir/nf/.    \,y.    '.'IS    I'.l.    ;i:.ll,    ;t.-),S-',t,     JIII;    Hu- 


ll''I,  p.    IIJ;    Ilia 


llist.,  tiiiii.  iii.,  |i|i.  s7 


!  1 


t%\ 


i» 


)C,H 


t:h:  c:ii(  himkc  tkiuod. 


a    siiiiiiiiDiis    t.>   A/,('ji|)UZ!ilco,    ordcriiiijf    tljc    To]),iiiic 
kiiii,''  ti»  a|>|K'ar  lorthwitli  at  I'oiiit  t(»  ])ay  allci^iaiu c  \<< 


lis    (-'luptTor, 


I 


('/(»/•  )lll(K' 


not    Vft    rcadv    1 


or   opi  II 


revolt,  |ilra(l('(l  illiu-ss,  assurrd  I  xtlilxocliiti  of  li 
^,'■00(1  iiitf  tioiis  and  lov.dty,  and  jironiisi'd  to  roiiif  ;is 
soon  as  liis  health  wouhl'|Krniit.  'Jhe  ciniH'roi'  nndi  i- 
stooil  that  this  was  hut  u  iirutcxt,  l)iit  he  was  unw  ill- 
\w^  to  resort  to  liarsh  measures  it"  they  could  Ic 
avoided,  and  wan  induced  hv  his  counselors,  uiiin\  nf 
tlieni  perhajis  in  full  s^'inpathy  with  'l'e/o/,oni(ic,  tn 
await  the  hitter  health  of  his  o|i|ionent.''' 

In  the  ineantinie  'l\'/ozonioc  called  a  secret  nint- 
inLf  of  till'  disallected  loi'ds,  with  many  ol"  whom  ]\r 
may  he  supposed  to  have  heeii  already  in  coiiiimi- 
niciition.  The  kin^s  ol'  ^lexico  and  'i'iatelulco  wi  iv 
anionic'  the  allies  on  ulitmi  lie  counted  most,  and 
A\lioni  he  made  the  most  llatterini;'  promises  in 


tM 


case  n 


I'utui'i'  succi'ss.  Ill  a  loiiLIf  Hpeech  hel'ore  the  assi  ml  !y 
he  expatiated  upon  the  acts  of  the  late  (iii|ii  iiir 
uliicli  had  heen  most  calculated  to  oM'end  the  lords 
hel'ore  him.  lie  spoke  of  their  rights  as  indepnidciit 
('hichiuiec  rulers,  ol"  whicli  they    had   heen    de|iii\til 


d   Old 


inu   only    re|iai(l    hy    em 


1    h 


ij.ty  1 


lonois  a 


t    tl 


le    impella 


court;  ui'Ljed  upon  them  the  necessity  of  makiiiL;'  an 
eH'ort  to  shake  oil'  the  tyranny  that  op|ir(s>iil 
them  while  they  retained  the  power  to  act;  reinlndMl 
them  of  I  xtlilochitrs  youth  and  Li'eneral  unlitiM>s  ti 
«lirect  the  all'airs  ol'  a  mighty  empire.  lie  hoast.d  d' 
JiaviiiLi"  himself  alreadv  shown  his  indepeiideiii c  1  v 
ahseiitinn'  himself  from  the  new  eiii|>eror's  cmoiiati 
Accordiii<>"    to    most    authorities,    lie    disclaim 


oil. 


I'd    aiiv 


amiMtious    aims    ol     his    own,    or    any     intention    in 
despoil  I  xtlilxocliiti  of  his  domains  as  kini;"  of  Acfl 
liuacan,  his  only  ax'owed  design  heiiii;'  <»>  restore  to  ill 
Chichimec     lords    tlieii*    ancient    independence;    hut 


tilers  state  that  lit 


e  opelilv  expressed  his  intention    t" 
wear     the    iinperiid     crown.      At    any     rale,    the  a-- 
Kemhled  |)iiiices  siL^iiified  (heir  ap|i»'.i\al  of  his  \irn>, 
•1  Vnjtiit,  Inm.  ii.,  |i|i.  'J.'ll  7;  Li'lilxmliill,  ji.  .'t.itl. 


PLOTS  OF  TKZOZOMO(^ 


3C)i) 


niid  Idtiki'd  to  liiiii  for  (liri'ctioiis;  ])lf(l4(Ml  to  sccrt'cy 
lor  the  pri'sciit,  tlu-y  woi'o  disiuissi'd,  iind  'l\'/t>zoiiior 
lu''4;m  his  |ti'f|»ar;itioiis  lor  the  coiiiiiiuf  striii^'i^K'.  l>ut 
he  jiidci'odod  >slo\vly,  tor  ]\v  kiu'W  that  I  \tlil\ochitl 
u.is  not  a  toe  to  hi;  easily  overcome. '"  I  xtlil.\t»ehitl 
|irnl»ahjy  knew  of  the  iiieetiiiu^,  hut  still  took  noatti\e 
>ti|is  a'^^aiiist  the  're|>anee  kiii<jf,  although,  as  the 
Spanish  writers  say,  he  was  eoiistantly  arininn'  and 
(lis(i|tlinini,^  his  forei-s.  It  is  said  that  iinniediately 
npoM  liis  accession  he  renioNed  all  restrictions  nixm 
rcii^inus  riti's  anionLif  the  many  nationalities  and  sects 
wliivli  composed  the  j)o|>nlation  of  'I'f/cnco,  even 
|iciiiiittinn'  luimaii  sacrifice,  so  strictly  j)rohiliited  hy 
liis  ancestors.  lie  thus  laid  the  fonnd.ition  tor 
tniiihlcs  analoi>itns  to  those  that  had  dcsti'oved  'i'ollan 
and  ( 'nlhuacaih'' 

Tc/.o/oinoc  carefnlly  ])rei)ai'ed  his  mmv  to  fntni'o 
jKiwcr  hy  estahlishiiiLj  Tepanec  colonies  in  dill'crent 
loiahtics.  One  of  them  was  at  Tidtitlan,  neai' 
<^>:iaiilii  itian.  We  have  seen  the  latter  «'ity  pass 
iiiidrr  ( 'idluiii  eonti'ol  at.  the  fall  of  ( 'idhnacan  ;  hut. 
nt'tci-  the  rei'^ns  of  kimjf  l/tactototi  and  (pu'cn  lOhnat- 
lyciic,  the  ( 'hii'himecs  had  regained  (oiilrol  in  |.".7"J. 
Ill  I  "I'.iJ  an  army,  comiMtsed  chictly  of  Tt|»anecs  and 


M 


c\|rins. 


under  Xaltemoc,  lord  <•!'  <.)natdititlan,  con 


t|iicicd  ami  hurned  tlu'  ()tomicity  of  Xaltocan,  and 
a  l;n.;v  extent  of  territory  hetweeii  that  city  and  Tol 
Ian.  of  which  Te/ozoiuoc  took  foi-  himselt'  the  larger 
share,  ui\inn'  also  portions  to  his  allies  for  theii-  ser- 
vices. In  l.'i'.l'J  the  ( 'uitlahuacs  had  heeii  coni|iiered 
hy  tlie  Mexicans  ;ind  entrusted  to  a  <j;oNcrnor  devoted 
til  the  interests  of  'l\'/o/omoc,  who  emitraced  e\-e|'\ 
ti|'|iiirtunily  to  placi;  his  sons  oi-  his  friends  in  |tosi 
tiniis    where    thev    min'ht    he  of  usi'   to   him    in    the 


liitii 


M 


I  xtlilxochitl  watched  the  a'^n'resslv  e  mo\ 


iiiejiis  without    inteifi'i'in^',   from  cowardice  or   weak- 

I'' /i7/,/.ivWi/7/,  |i|i.   'Jl'.t,  il.'iil  7;   Tiir</iiriiiii'/'i,  lnin.   i,,    |i|i.    Iiis  it;  C.'a. 
fi'j'ro,  toiM,  i,,  |i.    lS."i;    Urns':' II r,  /li.\f.,  tiilil.  ii.,  li|i.    It.'t-J. 
"  lir<i.s.\riii\  llisl.,  tiiiii.  iii.,  pp    ltr>-ti. 
'"  A/..  |>|>   ilTKt'i. 
v.. I.,  V,    'Ji 


.OTO  THE  CHICHIMIX:  PKKIUD. 

iiess  as  one  would  tliiiik  were  it  not  for  substMUK'at 
events,  und  at  last  Tezozoinoc  proceeded  to  test  his 
adversary's  leelin^-s  towards  him,  l»y  sending",  lur 
three  years  sueeessiv  eiy,  a  ([uantity  of  cotton  to  Ttz- 
cuco,  at  first  with  the  request,  hut  finally  with  tlu) 
order,  that  it  should  he  woven  into  fine  fahrii-s  and 
returned  to  Azcapuzalco.  Twii-e  the  recjuest  \\;is 
jjfranted  and  the  cloths  sent  bjick  with  a  }»olite  im  n- 
sai^e,  still,  as  is  said,  at  the  ailvice  of  tiie  Acolluia 
counselors;  and  the  Te})anec  king  evidently  hegaii 
to  thiidv  he  had  overrated  his  emperor's  courage. 
He  was  disposed  to  hegin  hostilities  at  once,  hut  was 
induced  hv  his  allied  counselors  rather  to  incrca.M; 
year  hy  year  the  (piantity  of  cotton  sent  to  'J\'Z(MI(i», 
and  thus  to  gradually  accustom  the  Acolhua  king  to 
a  payment  of  ti'ihuti',  whih;  he  was  also  constantly 
winning  over  to  his  side  lords  that  yet  wavered.  On 
the  thiid  year  a  very  large  annmnt  of  cotton  was 
sent,  without  any  formal  re(|uest,  hut  with  a  incro 
message  directing  that  the  staple  he  forthwith  wuvt-n 
into  the  finest  cloths,  and  to  ensure  dispatch  that  it, 
he  (livid  d  among  the  Acolhua  lords. 

Ixtlilxochitl  was  at  last  fully  aroused,  refused  tD 
he  controlled  hy  his  advisers,  and  ri'turned  to  Tizo- 
zonioc's  message  a  reply  suhstantially  as  follinws; 
"  1  have  received  the  cotton  kindly  furnished  hy  vun. 
and  thank  you  for  it.  it  will  serve  to  make  (juihnl 
garments  to  he  worn  hy  my  soldiers  who  go  to  i-has- 
tist!  a  i>ack  of  rehels  who  not  only  refuse  allegiance  to 
their  em[teror,  hut  relying  on  my  forhearaiice,  havi' 
thi!  impudence  to  ask  for  trihute.  If  you  have  ninic 
cotton  send  it  als(»;  my  soidiei's  do  not  need  armor  to 
light  against  such  foes,  hut  these  (piilteil  garments 
will  giv(!  my  armies  a  finer  appearance  in  their  tri- 
umphal mai'ch."  With  this  reply,  or  soon  at'tei',  ac- 
cording to  IJrasseur,  a  formal  ciiallenge  was  sent  to 
Te/ozomoc,  whose  gray  hairs  and  near  relationshiii, 
as  Ixtlilxochitl  said,  I'ould  no  longer  ])i'otect  him. 
The  other  authorities  speak  of  no   foi'mal   chalKnuv, 


rUnPAKATKtNS  FdK  WAR. 


371 


liut  »»f  lon.^  pi'op!irati(Mi  on  hoth  sides  for  tlio  np- 
jiioachin^'  contlict.  The  Tepaiiee  kiiii^-  siiiuiMoiied  liis 
jillifs,  chief  iiinoiii,'-  whom  were  the  Mexicaiis  and 
Tliitehik'fi.s,  promised  to  lUvide  the  t'oncjuered  domain 
of  Acoihiiacaii  amoHj^  them,  and  prepaivl  to  marcli 
on  Tezciico.  Ixtlilxoehitl  also  calle*!  iijtoii  his  v.issal 
loi'ds,  iiichidiiiii^  tliose  of  Cctatholian,  lluexotla,  ('(»a- 
tejiec,  Iztapalocan,  Te})e[)uU'o,  (.Mialeo,  and  others, 
explained  t(j  tliem  the  amhitioiis  plans  of  Te/,<»zomoe, 
retailed  to  tlieni  tlie  favors  they  iiad  received  from 
Ills  ancestors,  and  ordered  them  to  aid  liim  inmu'di- 
ately  with  all  theii"  resonrces.  ^[any  of  the  authors 
state  that  ho  wished  at  this  time  to  I)e  crowned  as 
em[>eror,  l)ut  ])ost[)oned  the  ceremonies  at  the  wish  of 
liis  lords,  until  after  the  defeat  of  his  enen»y,  when 
tin  y  min'ht  he  performed  with  fittinLr  pomp.  All  the 
lurds  promised  their  assistance,  althonuch  some  of 
tlu'Ui  are  supposed  to  hive  heen  in  symjtathy  with 
TeZD/.omoc.  The  Spanish  writers  represent  these 
events  as  havino-  occurred  from  1410  to  I41'J,  hut  it  is 
evident  from  what  follows  that  they  are  to  he  attrih- 
uti'd  to  the  last  vears  of  the  foui-tetJiith  ceiiturv. 


19 


)rasseur,   relymiif  on  a   cha[»ter   or     lonpiemadas 


Work,'-""  states  that  in  the  chalK.'nue  mentioned  ahove 
the  ri'i^ion  of  Quauhtitlan  was  mentioned  as  a  hattle- 
U'lound,  and  that  it  was  followed  hv  a  three  yeai's' 
war,  in  which  Ixtlilxoehitl  succeeded,  at  least,  in 
holilin'jf  his  i>round,  and  therehv  «>'reatlv  increased  his 
.stienn'th  hy  inspirinsj;'  confi<lence  in  the  minds  of  his 
wavei'ini,^  vassals.  Otluu"  authorities,  howevi'r,  state 
that  o])en  hostilitii!s  were  "'ot  ( iii'^at'cd  in  for  a  Ioul;' 
tinii!  a!'        he  atfair  of  the  cotton,  althoun'h   pre])ara- 


tinns  were  made  on 


hotl 


1  sides 


an( 


1  tl 


lis  was  [>ro 


hal.b 


the  case,  since  [  liiid  nothing' in  Torqiiemada's  account 
tn  indicate  that  he  intended  to  make  this  war  distinct 


19  A.7//Ar<W/(V/,    pp.   '210.   a.">7,    lOl-'J;   Ti>r<pi<mitilit ,  toin.    i.,   pp.    IDH-O; 
('III fi^/i I'll,  tiiiii.  i.,  pp.  IH.'i-ti;   \'ii/liii,  tiiiii.  ii.,  pp.  21(1-1');  itra-iM  ar,  Ilixi., 


toiii.  ill 


1(m;-,s. 


»«  Mni,„r,j.  L  <l.,  torn,  i.,  ]ip.  108-U. 


i1 


873 


THK  ciiiciiiMEc  riMiion. 


from  tliat  whicli,  according  to  all  the  authorities,  t( 


place  SI  line  years  later. 

ixtlilxochitl  had  married  a  sister  of  prince  C'hiin.il 
j);)poca  of  Mexico — -half-sister  to  king  Jluitzililuiiil 
Jl. — hy  whom  lie  had  two  children,  the  princess 
Atototzin  and  prince  Nezahualcoyotl,  'the  iastin^ 
coyote.'-'  All  the  authorities  ayree  on  1402  as  the 
date    of    his  l)irth,    although    disan'recinu^    soinewliat 


respectin;^  the  mon 


ith.  d; 


>y 


an 


d    1 


lour, 


tl 


lese    van.i- 


tions   heint*-,   )>erhaj)s,    not    woiih    discussion    iVom 


;i 


liistorical    j»oint   of   vie 


w. 


Th 


le    jiredictions   of    ti 


ustroloi^ers  at  his  hirth  were  most  Hatterini;'  for 
i'uture  career,  and  he  was  enti'usted  for  education  ;i'h1 
training'    to    a    Tolteo    ^'entleman    of    hin'h    cult  inc.-- 
Xaltenioc  of   Quauhtitlan,    who  in    l.')i)5    had    com 
maiided  the  allied  iorces  in  the  coiujuest  of  Xaltotaii, 
had,  it  seoms,  o'aiiu'd  the  ^-ootl-will   of  hoth   the  ('!ii 


clumec  and  (_  ulhua  l)ranrlu's  ot  tlie  population  ot 
that  city,  the  power  of  which  liad  heen  oTcatly  in- 
creased; hut  this  ruler,  not  lendinuc  himself  ivadily 
to  tlie  plans  of  Tezozomoc,  is  reported  to  have  heiii 
assassinated  by  the  latter's  orders  in  14()S,  and  h's 
domain  to  have  heen  divided  and  put  under  sons  i  r 
I'rieiids  of  the  Tepanee  tyrant,  as  governors.-^ 

I'lie  first  act  of  open  hostility  took  place  in  llir>, 
when  Tezozomoc  sent  an  army  in  several  »hvi>ioi!s 
round  the  lake  southward  to  devastate  the  count ly, 
destrov  the  minor  towns  belon<>'in'>'  to  tlie  emneroi',  to 
join  I'orces  at  vXztahuacan,  take  and  foi'tify  Iztapaln 
can,  an  important  city  near  hy,  and  fVt)m  that  |'l; 
to  march  on  Tezcuco  and  capture  the  emperor.  I 
])lan  succeeded  at  first  and  many  towns  were  ])illa.;'(  tl. 
A  traitor  led  them  l)y  the  best  routes  and  gave  th  iii 

"  Tlio  former  also  rallotl  Toziniontziii  ami  Atotoztli;  ami  tin-  Jatlrr, 
Ai'oliiii/ili  ami  ^'ovolll/ill. 

i*  l.r//ifi-»r/,il/,']>\>.  UlS,  ;{.■)',»,  KM,  •»(»."),  irt;t;  />//(>(».  MS.,  turn.  i.,.ii|i. 
vi. ;  Tiiri/iiriiiiii/<i.  ti>\i{.  i.,  |i.  Ill);  f.'iiii  if  tiiniin,  Ihm  I'iii/r'in,  \i\  ii..  pp. 
41--;  llni.'iiiiiii;  ///.v/.,  toiii.  lii.,  |)|i.  lt)'.l-IO;  Cuiiiiiri/n.Ux  \iiiirt//ri  .luinihs, 
ttini.  M'viii.,  |).  I4(i. 

«'  Votlcx  (.'/liinulp.,  ill  Hias.icur,  Hist.,  toin.  iii.,  [ip,  iI7-lH. 


'll.' 


AVAII  I'.HTWKF.X  Ar(tI.HrAS  AND  Tr.rANT.rS. 


i:i-ri"U('tii»ns;  ns  tn  nianiirr  of  .'iss'iuItiiiL;".  <>r,  as  Hras- 
s  iir  says,  adinittiMl  them  into  tliccitv  kA'  Iztapalot-an ; 
l.iit  tlu'  inlial)i(aii(".s  under  the  hrave  L,'()V('nior,  (.^)iiauli- 
xildtziii,  siUH'iH'd  ill  ropulsinLif  tlu*  'IV'jiaMcc  loi'ces 
alilimiuh  not  Avitliout  oonsidci'aMo  loss  of  |(risoiiei's, 
t  I  wliit'Ii  niist'ortwuo  was  joined  tlie  death  of  the  Kravo 
n. (Veil! or,  murdei'ed  hy  the  hands  of  the  same  traitor 
iiiiiitiuned  ahove.  I  xtlilxoehitl,  hearini,'- of  themairh 
(if  his  enemy,  cami^  to  Iztapaloean  from  Tezcueo  soon 
after  the  hattlt\  with  a  sm;dl  army  liastily  n'atht-red; 
hut  the  Tepanei's  tincUni;'  that  tlieir  plan  had  failed  in 
ir-<  main  ohjeet,  had  retreated  to  Az;ea|Mi/ali'o.  and  th(i 
(■in]»t'ror's  force  was  too  small  to  attack  Te/o/comoc  in 
his  intriMichmc^nts.'-'* 

JV'fore  l)eL;'imiinn'  a.  cam[>aiL;'n  a'^'ainst  Tezozonux^ 
l\tlil\(»('hitl  called  a  meetiiiL*' of  sn<'h  va'^sal  lords  as 
were  accessihle,  and  had  his  son  Ni'/ahualeoyot  1  pro- 
(•laiiiii'd,  with  all  the  jiomp  of  the  old  Toltee  ritos,  as 


lii~;    successor    on    the    imju'rial    throne 


Tl 


le     liii;'ll- 


|iri.'-;ts  of  llnext)tla  and  ('holnla.  assisted  at  the  «-ere- 


il'inir 


un 


I    tl 


le    on IV 


lor.l 


s  presiMit    were;  those   of 


llm  \nrla.'"'' ( 'oatlii'han,  and  l/,taj>alocan ;  others  who 
Wiir  faithful  Were  htisy  preparimj^  their  t'oi'ces  foi* 
w  ir.  Thi-  authorities  do  not  a^'ree  whether  this 
111  viiii'^-  took  place  in  Tezcueo  or  lluexotla,  and  some 
im|i!y  that  Ixtlilxochitl  was  crtAvned  at  the  same 
t  inn '.-''' 

frzii/.omoe,  ti.o  old  to  lead  his  armies  in  person, 
i:.i\e  his  son  Maxtla  and  the  kiniTs  ♦»!"  Mexico  and 
Tlatelulco,    the    hii;-hest  places  in  command,   mal<ine- 

■I   li->lll.\-irhlll.    ])[>.     'JI'l.   ;».")«-!»,    .|I)J.        I).l'   '^     Kl'i'linlillU'     li>     tlli'      illlllldl', 

A|iiil  l."i,  i;t.V,l;  \)vK\  .'ta,  l.tli.'t;  141.").  l'<i//ii.  Idiii.  ii.,  pii.  -.'.V)  (1;  iljilc.  All;.:. 
li.  Ill'>       Tl  i-'jiii  iitntlii.  \<m\.  i.,  p,  lO'J;  ('/iiriijiiii,  loiii,  i.,  |i|i.    IS.")  ii;   llnis- 


'••  //'v'.,  iDin.  iii.,  |)|).  I 'id  I. 
'  S;iliM;,niii,  toin.  ii.,  lil).  viii 
K  .11  lliu'x.illii  In. Ill  tl 
•"■  Ixiil.ror/nt/. 


:i  li>t  ot'  t 


Mihi'-.t  <  liu'liimi'c  I  nil 


II'  sniM'i'-.N|iiii  I) 


f 


•i'.i-'.'(t.  ;r)'.i,  III 


II 


('  slates   that    in   tlii-i  iiifctiiiL', 


i>i'  aiiuilicr  I'l'lil  iiliiiiit  |Im>  saiiii'  tiiiit',  llifif  were  iiiaiix  tiilur  Imd^  |iri'>i'iil. 


U.\ 


nil,'  lilnsc  II 


r  .\ 


I'liliii.'iii  am 


I    I 


rpi'i'hiia 


1.,. 


III.  will),  allliiiiiuli  |ii'i'li'iiiliiiu'  III 


li'iiililiil.  k('|ii  'rt-/ii/iiiiiiM'  piisicil  as  Id  iIic  ciinrsc  cm'iiIs 


wi'l'i-   t; 


kiiiu'. 


"i\  Ills/.,  I 


\'i  i//i  I,  Imii.  ii.,   |)|).    'J."i7-S;   Tiir /II'  iiiitilit,    toiii.    i.,    p.    I  lit;  /j/'k.v- 


li.,  pp.  {•-'I'.'. 


11 


k  I: 


m 


M 


374 


THE  ciiiciiiMKc  rr:iiioD. 


tlio  latlor,  Tliicatootziii,  ('oinniaiulor-iii-chief.  ITc  al- 
so took  os[)oi'ial  care  in  stroni^tlieiiiuLj  his  lortiHi-atiuiis 
on   the   frontier.      Ixtlilxochitl   divided   his  lorccs  in 


th 


d 


iree  divisions: 


the  lii-st,  coinnianded  hv   Tothiiit 


/.111, 


•^•I'andson  of  the  lord  of  Coatlielian,  Avas  stationed  in 
towns  just  north  of  tlie  cajiital;  the  second,  iiiidci- 
Ixeontzin,  lord  of  Iztapaloean,  was  to  |trotect  tlu! 
southern  provinces;  while  the  third,  under  tiu-  <iii- 
l^eror  himself,  remained  ni;ar  Te'zcuco,  ready  to  niidi  r 
aid  to  his  otHcers  where  it  should  he  most  needed. 
They  were  ordered  to  remain  within  their  intreiicli- 
luents  and  await  tlu>  enemy's  movements.  The  Te- 
j)anecs  and  their  allies  crossed  the  lake  in  (•;uiihs, 
landed  in  the  roLrion  of  ICuexotla,  carried  some  sm.dl 


settlements    on    the 


ke   shoi'es, 


and    assaulted    tl 


Acolhuas  in  their  intrenched  positions.  D.iy  alti  i- 
day  they  rej»eated  the  assault,  and  wert;  dri\eii  hack 
oacii  time  with  heavy  loss,  hotli  sides  in  the  hh  an 
time  receiving;"  stron-.^  reinforcements.  Finally  To- 
chint/iii  fei'4-iied  a  retreat  towards  ( 'hiuhnauhtlai,  divw 
the  Tepanecs  in  pursuit,  faced  ahout  suddenly  and 
utterly  routed  the  forces  of  Tlacateotzin.  'J'lie  l 
shoi'e  was  covered  with  the  <lead,  and  tlu^  d 
army  retired  in  confusion  to  Azcajtuzalco.     'Idi 


llM' 


elealeil 


na 


tured 


emj)i'ror  u'ave  orders  to  discontuuie  otieii>iv 


opei'ations,  and  sent  an  emhassy  ])roll'ei'in^"  jieace  on 
condition  of  suhmission  to  him  as  emperor,  and  nlKr- 
'u\\X  to  fornfet  the  past.  Tezozonuu'  haui^htily  deelin,  d 
tlu>  overtures,  claimed  a  ri_i(ht,  as  the  nearest  nlativi! 
of  till'  t^ri'at  Xolotl,  to  the  title  of  Chichimecatl  Te- 
culitli,  and  aimounci'd  his  intention  to  enforce  \iU 
tdaiins,  iiamine;'  a  tlay  when  his  armies  woidd  au'ain 
meet  the  Acolhuas  on  the  Held  of  ('hiuhnauhtlaii. 
This  may  he  the  challeni^-e  already  referred  to  as 
recorded  hy  Toniuemada.  At  any  ratt\  it  w.is 
accepted,  a  laro'e  army  was  concentrated  at  the  point 
indicated,  and  another  at  Jiuexotla,  which  pbice,  as 
was  ascertained,  Tezozoinoc  really  intendi'd  treacln  i- 
ously  to  atttick,  and  which   he  expected  to   tind  ceiii- 


I\TI,Il-.\()lIIITi;s  VKTDUIKS. 


luuiitively  undert'iuled.  Thu-iteotzin  ('ross«>(l  the  l;ike 
as  betbru  ill  caiK^es  with  an  iinnieiiso  iinnv,  l)Ut  as 
Itt'toro  was  (lefoatt'd  in  a  siu'cessii)ii  ot"  battles,  and 
at'tiT  some  days  t'oived  to  reti'eat  to  tlie  'IV'j>anec' 
capital,  hranehes  of  the   Acolhua  army  in  the  niea 


n- 


•kini,' 


r  sever.i 


1   t( 


►wns   m   the  enemv  s  (iomam 


veral   lords   who  had   deserted   tin 


27 


time  sai 

and    iiuiiislunii;'    si 

iiniifior  to  join  Tezozonjoi 

Ixtlilxoeliitrs  star  was  now  in  the  ascendant;  his 
valiir  and  success  in  war  inspired  new  confidence;  and 
iiiaiiv  joi'ds  who  had  hithei'to  held  aloof,  now  dechu'ed 
tlitir  alK'Lfianeo  to  the  empi'ror.  As  usual,  the  Tez- 
ciiran  m(»nareh  was  disposed  to  suspend  his  military 
(ijM'iations,  and  receive  tin;  allegiance  which  lie  suj)- 
jiiised  Tezozomoc  Would  now  he  ready  to  offer;  hut 
lie  soon  leai'ued  that  his  adversary,  far  I'rom  ahandon- 
iiit;  his  projects,  hail  succeeded,  hy  new  promises  of  a 
I'liture  division  of  tei'ritory  and  s|)oils,  in  nainin^"  ovei* 
to  his  side  the  lords  of  two  jxnverful  j>rovinces,  one  of 
which  was  Chalco,  adjoining"  the  Acolhuan  domain  on 
iioith  iUid  south.      Ivxasperated  at  his  foe's  per- 


tlh 


1 


M>tiiice,  and  havmy'  a  larner  army  than  evi'r  l)eh)i\ 


th 


at  his  coimnand,  Ixtlilxochitl  determined  to  punisli 
Tizozonioc  and  his  allies  in  their  own  territory. 
hi'a\  iuL^-  at  and  ahout  Iztapalocan,  and  under  the  lord 
i>t'that  city,  a  siifHcient  army  to  keep  the  Chalcas  in 
(lurk,  he  marched  at  the  head  of  a  lari»'e  army  north- 
ward  and  round  the  lakes,  takiiii;'  in  his  coui'se  <)tom- 
paii  and  Tollan  with  many  towns  of  minor  importance. 
Now  without  oppo.sition,  now  after  a  hloody  conihat, 
tnwn  after  town  fell  hefore  the  advancing'  con<iUcror 


WllMSt 


fury  was  directed  against  Ti'pauec  soldiers  and 


ti't'arlici'ons  vassa 


Is,  w 


omen  and  ( 


cases  soai'ed 


in  th 


'hild 
.f 'I 


ren   l)em'_;'  m   al 


ni( 

Ul( 


le  jMovince  of  lepotzotlan  he  was 
t  hy  the  re^'ular  Tepanec  army  of  lMI(),()()0  men 
iiT  tlie  Tlatehdean  kinj^'  'flai-ateotzin,  who  attempt - 


»'  l.i'//il.rnrl,;t!,  j.ii.  .T.fMiO.  tO.'-ri;  I'  7.'."'/,  fom.  ii  .  jip.  'J.'T-l'iS;  Tor- 
ijihiiiii'lii,  toin.  i.,  |i|i,  n)-!-'.';  (7i(rii/iri>,  toiii.  i.,  ji.  1  Sii;  Jlru^.Min;  ILsL, 
t'liii.  iii,,  |i|i.  l'J'J-,">, 


:     ! 


376 


THE  CIIICIIIMEC  rEIIIOI). 


0(1  to  stay  tlie  tide  of  invasion,  but  after  a  tk-speiMte 
conHict,  Avas  I'oreecl  buck  to  (^uauhtitlan,  and  thou  to 
Tojiatoo,  "whoro  a  second  ^roat  l)attle  was  ibiinlit. 
Dofoatod  at  ovory  stoj),  the  allied  rehols  were  at  hist 
foix-ril  to  rotn-at  within  the  tbrtitieations  of  Touial- 
paU-o,  whicii  defondod  Tezozonioc's  capital,  Azca|iu- 
zali'o,  For  lour  months,  as  some  authorities  state, 
the  sioi^o  ol' the  city  was  prolonn'od,  Ixtlilxochitl  oii- 
(h'avoriuijf  rather  to  harass  the  pent-up  enemy,  and 
gradually  reduce  tlioir  mimhcr,  than  to  brini''  about  a 
general  onua^'omout.  Finally,  when  he  coidd  Imld 
out  no  lonii'ei",  Tezozomoe  sent  an  embassy  to  tlio  oiu- 
peror,  throwing- himsi'lf  entir-'ly  upon  his  mercy,  Imt 
pleadiun'  most  humbly  for  i)ardon,  remindiuLT  Ixtlil- 
xochitl of  thuir  near  relationship,  pledging  the  sr.li- 
missiou  of  all  his  allies,  and  ])romising  to  coiiio 
])ersonally  to  Tezcuco,  on  an  api>ointed  day,  to  suiar 
the  allegiance  he  had  so  long  and  unjustly  withheld. 
The  too  lenient  emperor,  tired  of  war  and  bloodshed, 
granteil  tlu;  petition,  raised  the  siege  against  the  ad- 
vice of  all  his  lords,  ivturiiod  to  Tezcuco,  and  dis- 
banded his  armies.  Brasseur  makes  this  campaign 
end  ill  1416;  others  in  1417.  Ixtlilxochitl  states 
that  tlio  canij)aigii  lasted  four  years,  and  that  Tezozo- 
moe had  msder  his  conunand  500,000  men.''* 

By  this  act  Ixtlilxochitl  sealed  his  fate.  Some  nf 
his  truest  allies  \\]\o  had  fought  for  glory  and  loyalty, 
undorstandiiiL'"    Tezozomoc's    hvpocrisy   and    deemiiiL' 

»^  lit,  ^ 

their  labors  thrown  away,  were  disgusted  at  their 
oiuperors  ill-timed  idomeiicy  and  withdri'W  their  siip- 
})ort.  Many  more  lords  had  undertaken  the  war  with 
the  ex|)ectation,  in  case  of  victory,  of  sharing  aiiiniig 
themst'lves  the  Tepanec  dtiminions.  The  I'ank  and 
tile,  with  the  lesser  chieftair.s,  havl  borne  the  toil  and 

2^  riavi.u:iM-n,  tiiiii.  i,.  |i,  ISCi.  stiiti-s  tliat  Fxtlilx<iL'liifl  ^riantcil  this  ]HMce, 
iiDt  Ih-'Miim'  lie  liinl  any  failli  in  'I'c/ciziiiiinc  <ii- was  ilis|iiis(>il  tn  he  Ifiiifiit  lo 
hisallii's,  liiil  liciaiiM' liis  army  was  i'i|iially  I'xliaiistoil  wiili  tlial  oi'  ilie 
eiit'Miy.  ami  lie  was  \inalilc'  In  cciiiliiiiic  Imslilitics.  This  is  hanlly  ]iinli- 
ahlc.  ailliiiii;^li  lie  hail  chiiihlicss  siill'iTcil  iikhc  than  tho  rcnirds  inilii  iiic. 
Si>o  alsci  l.rf/,/.r„r/ii//,  pii.  -J'Jd,  :{i;it-'J,  -)(«,  l.VJ;  ]'ii//iti,  fi)m.  ii.,  i)|>.  -'■^■ 
7();   Tiir<jU(inii(/(i,  torn,  i.,  iip.  IKS-Ill;   UriLswiKi;  lli'uf.,  toin.  iii.,  i>[i.  l-'--7. 


IS      M 


THEArifi:ilV  OF  TKZOZOMOC. 


377 


(!.i:i-iT  <»f  ;i  loiii,'-  c-;nn{)aii!fii,  and  now  tliat  it  was 
t.!i(lt(l,  wore  (leiiifd  the  sjxtils  that  heloii!4V(l  to  them 
n^  victors.  The  diseoiiteiit  was  loud  and  widi'-spivad, 
iC'd    I  xthlxofhitl's   pivstii^e  outside   ot"    Tezcuco  and 


dill'      o 


r   two  adi(»iniiiij:   cities,  was 


lost   f 


oreVfl', 


Tl 


le 


Tc]»auee  kin,l,^  with.out  the  sli^'htest  idea  (  f  i'uhillinn- 
his  j»led'4'es,  fomented  the  spirit  o{'  mutiny  l)v  promis- 
iii.;  the  lords  as  a  reward  ot'  rebellion,  what  they  had 
fiiliMJ  to  ohtain  in  loyal  eomhat,  new  domains  t'rom 
t!i(  Tezcucan  possessions,  tonethi^r  with  indepiiidence 
of  iiiiperiid  power.  Another  motive  of  hatred  on  the 
I  lit  of  Tezo/.omoc  toward  1  xtlilxocliitl  is  mentioned 
i.v  Ihasseiir's  documents  as  havinijf  come  totheknowl- 
.!_;.•  of  the  former  kiiii;'  ahout  this  time.       His  son' 


\vi! 


a  near  r» 


■lat 


ive  o 


f   the   Tezcucan  kin 


>'\  who 


had 


l.ft  Inr  hushand  and   Azcapuzalco   for   yood  reason? 


W:i> 

iiii>tri 

llOlKt 
II 


now  found  to  he  livin<»'  in  or  near  Tezc 


uco  as 


tl 


le 


o 


f  an   Acolhua  i-hief,    thus    deii-radiiiii'    the 


r  of  the  Te|ianec  I'oyal  family 


iviiiL?  eomp 
'  f 


iiMtions  tor  a  renewal  ( 


leted  as  secretly  as  } 
ral  e*^*  the  Avar, 


IIOSSl 


hie   1 


IS   j)r( 


iioiinc  '( 


Tezozoinoc  an- 
1  his  readiness  to  swear  allegiance  t(»  his 
Si)Vi  riii;-n,  and  hi^  intention  to  celehrate  that  act  and 
till'  liturn  of  })eace  l»y  ,L'"raiid  festivities.  As  liis  a^e 
the  state  of  his  health  would  not  itermit  him,  ho 


nml 


I  not  J) 
s.iid,  to  o-o  to  Tezcuco,  he  ap[>ointi(l  a  suitalile  ioi-a- 
tioii'"  for  the  ceremonies  and  invited  Ixtlilxochitl  to 
1k'  piesent  with  his  son  Xezahualcoyotl,  aci-(>m|»;inied 
<iiily  hy  unarmed  attendants,  for  theTepaiiecs  had  not 
\\t  recovered,  he  said,  from  their  terror  of  the  Acol- 
liuii  soldiers.  The  emperor  at  tirst  consented,  al- 
though hy  this  time  he  had  no  faith  in  tlu;  Tepaiiec. 
liioti.irch,  and,  alMindoned  in  his  caj)ital  hy  all  his 
lending'  nohles,  hitterly  rejieiitetl  of  his  unwisi-  course; 
liiit  at  the  last  moment  he  sent  i'rince  TecuiltecatI, 
his   iipother,  or  as  some  sav  his  natural   son,    in   his 


-''  '■-,-/,•,•  (7,, 


iiiMliiiaii 


li':i:uii:ill;ii', 
hvatl. 


'iiiiil/t.,  ill  Itrns.siiir.  Ilisl..  toin.  iii.,  )i|i.  I'Jll-l{(t. 
lillaii.  as  till"  S|iiuiisli  writers  Miy;   lii/is-i'iir  .--ays   it    was   at 
ii  'i'l'itaiu'c   |iU'asiuv-i'i'S(irt  in  \\w.   iiiDUiitaiiis  ot  (  liiuciiauli- 


!■* 


ii 


i 


378 


THE  CIIICIIIMEC  PKIlIOn. 


lii    i! 


stuad  to  make  excuses  for  his  al»senoo,  and  try  to 
liave  the  ceremony  postponed.  The  suhstitute  was 
ilaved  ahvo  on  liis  arrival  at  Tenainatlac,  and  Tt/.o- 
zonioc,  finihiiLC  that  the  prey  had  tc^mporarily  escijicd 
liis  trap,  ordered  liis  tr()o[)s  to  march  immediately  oii 
Tezcuco,  entered  the  Acolhua  domains  on  the  dav 
after  the  murder,  Mud  the  followinL,'  day  surroumltd 
tlie  capital.  The  lords  of  Huexotla,  Iztai)al()can,  and 
Coatepec,^'  Wen;  the  only  ones  to  render  aid  to  the 
emperor  in  this  emer'^encv.  The  city  was  •jaUantlv 
d'tended  hy  the  small  ijfarrison  for  many  days,"  hut 
jit  last  the  emperor  with  Xezahualcoyotl  and  a  few- 
companions,  hy  the  advice  of  his  lords,  left  the  citv 
at  nij^ht  and  took  refuL^e  in  the  forest  of  Tzinca- 
noztoc,  where  he  soon  learned  that  Tox[)illi,  chief  of 
the  Chimalpanec  ward,  had  ])ronounced  foi'  Tezozo- 
moc  and  t)pened  the  city  to  the  enemy.  A  scene  of 
carnaL>-e  and  [)lunder  ensued,  such  of  Ixtlilxochitls 
jiartizans  as  survived  ileelnjj^  to  Huexotzimo  and 
Tlast-ala.  From  his  retreat  at  Tzincanoztoc  the  eia- 
jieror  sent  to  demand  protecti»)U  of  the  lord  of  Otoia- 
pan,  a  man  deeply  indehted  to  him  for  honors  in  the 
last  cam])aiL»n;  l)ut  his  j)etitioii  was  denied,  and 
his  messenger,  who  was  also  his  son  or  nephew,  a 
i'amous  ufeneral,  was  murdered,  his  hody  torn  in  pieci  s, 
and  his  nails  strung  on  a  cord  for  a  necklace.  l!y 
this  time  ijuite  a  compajiy  had  gathered  ahout  tlie 
emperor,  and  the  enemy  had  also  ascertained  his 
whei'eahouts.  Aided  hy  the  natural  stren_u;'th  of  his 
position,  he  defended  himself  for  many  days,  until, 
without  food  or  hopt  of  succor,  he  decided  to  .strive 
for  life  no  loni^'er.  '  he  authorities  differ  widely  in 
the  details  of  his  de;.  i,  and  the  matter  is  not  siitli- 
ciently  important  to  n  vrrant  a  repetition  of  all  tiiat 
has  heen  said  ahout  i  Torquemada  and  Clavi^xio 
state  that  he  was  dr.  vn  out  of  his  last  retreat  hy 

"  I'rasscur  says  ('oatlicliaii,  wliicli  is  inure  likely. 

'^  .">;),  and  111,  an?  Ixllilxoi'liitrs  li;,'mes  in  liiirerent  places;  Veytia  ^avs 
10,  uiul  IJrasseur  40. 


r»i:ATii  or  ixtlilxocihtl. 


.179 


]>r>tnii.sL'>l  fiivoraMo  coiulitioiis  of  suriviultT.  and  was 
tivacherously  inunleretl;  l)ut  in()st  ivj;\\'o  that  at  t!u' 
last  approach  of  the  foe,  a  haiul  ot'  Chalcas  and  ineii 
(it'  ()toinj>aii,  he  iinhioed  Ids  son  to  conceal  hiinsilt'  in 
a  tree,  tnrned  alone  npon  the  enemy,  aiul  tV-U  coven'd 
with  wounds.  At  the  close  of  his  last  conversation 
with  Xezahualcoyotl,  he  uv^ed  him  to  esvipe  to  his 
iVitiids  in  Tlascala,  always  to  deal  leiuentiy  witli  his 
tiKinies,  for  he  did  not  repent  of  his  own  mercy, 
tliKiinh  it  had  cost  him  so  deaj"  he  conchided  l»y  s;iy- 
uvj;:  ''I  leave  to  tliee,  my  son,  no  other  inhei'itance 
than  thy  how  and  arrow;  strive  to  ac(piire  skill  in 
their  use,  and  let  thy  stronn'  ai-m  restore  the  kiny- 
(loui  of  thy  (luchimec  ancestors."^  The  emperor's 
death  took  place  prohably  in  1419.^ 

Kes]iectini]j  Tezozomoc's  short  reii^n  of  ei^ht  years, 
we  Hud  in  the  records  a  u^eneral  account  of  the  lead- 
iiif  events,  hut  learn  verv  little  ahout  the  order  of 
their  occuri'eni-e.  ( )f  the  lords  that  had  remained 
faithfid  to  1  xtlilxochitl  to  the  last,  those  in  An;ihuac 
Were  forced  to  suhmit  for  a  time  to  Tezozomoc  or  Het> 
lor  protection  to  the  eastern  })lateau;  but  the  ruler  of 
laore  distant  provinces,  like  those  in  the  east  about 
lluoxotzinco  and  Tlascala,  and  those  in  the  north  in 
the  Tulancinyo  region,  beyond  the  reach  of  ']\'i)anec 
]>n\ver.  utterly  n-fused  allegiance  to  the  new  soverein'u. 
Of  the  powers  that  had  supported  Tezozomoc,  tew  or 
none  seem  to  have  done  .so  from  any  frietidship  to 
him,  or  resj)ect  for  his  claims,  but  for  the  dii'cct 
litiiefit  which   they  lio[)ed  to  gain  from  the   chitUge. 


■>^  f.rtfi/.rnrfiitr.   p]..    220-3.   r^(VJ-    ,  403-1,  -l.'IV »,   402.3:   Vr,///,,^  f,.in.    ii.. 

Jip.  -'7.S-',i;>;    7'iir<iiic,iiiii/",  liiiil.  i.,  |i|p.    110-13;   I '/nritji  ro,    tmii.   i.,   ]i|i.    1S7-'.I; 

Jlriissiiir.  Hist.,  toni.  iii.,  ]•!>.  120-38. 

"Oft.   2',l,    141S,    \'iiili,i\    1410,    fl<i>-i<irr,t\    1410,   I.rllil.ti.rhifl.    y.  MV.\\ 
lil  22,    141."),    1,1.,    11.'  454;    Scjit.    21.  141.S,    Id.,    p.  404;   141'.l,    IU;is.snn\ 


M 


>i''|M('iiia<lii    iiii|ilit'H 


tlijit    Ixtiilxocliiti's  xv'v'w  iasti'cl    oiilv 


s('\('ii   vcars. 


Siiliaumi,  \.)\\\.  ii.,   lilt,  viii.,  \>.  27t),  says  in-  riilrd  (11   ycais,  (lining'  wliicji 
liiiii'  iiiilliiii;;  wiirtliy  iif  iiifiitiiHi  oci-uircii.      Ixtlilxoi'liitl   in   cine  ]ilact',  [i. 


2.':i,  savs  tliat  tli(>  ia-l 


WlltT 


('IiaiKv  \va 


I's  lasted  3  v 


(•ai'M  ai!( 


1   27.3 


•Is 


•'.  I".  3(i»,  that  tlicy  lastcil  .'lO  iMiisi.'i'iiti\o  years,  iiiid  tiiat  iiiilliniis  of 


I'l'uiile  [leiiblicJ. 


K)J 


380 


Till-:  CHicniMix  PEition. 


i 
) 


" 


fi 


tila 


Some  foni^'lifc  simply  to  "'aiu  tlieir  iiidcpondonco,  dp  ro- 
ustai)lisli  tlio  old  (Jhichiiaec  feudal  system  hrokcii  u[> 
by  'roehotl,  and  such,  at  the  t-lcso  of  the  w.ir, 
simply  assumed  tliuir  inde[)unduu(e,  the  sti-on^i  r 
j)i'oviiices  retaiuiui^  it,  and  the  weaker  heino^  kejit  in 
suhjeetion  by  force  of  arms  only,  and  keepiiit^-  tlu- 
're|)aiiec  kino"  so  busy  durinic  liis  short  term  that  Im 
had  hardly  leisure  to  consolidate  his  eni[)ire.  Tlio 
other  class  of  Tepanec  allies  had  been  drawn  into  tlic 
war  by  Tezozomoc's  extrava^'aiit  promises  of  iww 
honors,  domains,  and  other  spoils;  these  auaittd 
the  complete  establishment  and  re-or<ifanization  of  I  In; 
em|>ire,  and  the  fulfillment  of  the  emperor's  jiromiscs. 
Tezozomoc  ])roposed  as  a  basis  of  reconstruction  of 
the  empire,  the  division  of  power  in  Anahuac  anioiiL;' 
seven  kings  according'  to  the  old  feudal  system,  the 
concpiered  Acolhua  domains  to  be  divided  anioiiL,^ 
the  seven — himself,  of  course,  takin<4'  the  largest  share, 
nnd  each  of  the  other  six  to  be  independent  in  tht; 
government  of  their  realms,  bui  co  ackni)wledL;«'  him 
as  em[)eror  and  to  pay  a  re^'ular  tribute.  The  scmmi 
kinL;(loms  were  to  be  Azcapuzalco,  ^^exico,  Tlatclulro, 
Chaico,  Acolman,  Coatlichan,  and  Ifuexotla,  the  last 
two  beinjif  <>'iven  to  the  lord  of  ( )tompan  and  his 
son.""  Ivino"  Chimal[)opoca  of  ^Fexico  was  to  receive 
the  province  of  'IVzcuco  and  ccirtain  Cuitlahuac  dis- 
tricts; to  kiiiL!^  Tlacatcotzin  of  Tlatelulco,  was  to  lie 
m'iven  portions  of  lluexotla  and  Cuitlahuac.  Soun! 
minor  rewards  were  also  awarded  to  the  lesser  aliicil 
cliiel's.  The  conditions  were  accei>te(l,  although  not 
without  some  dissatisfaction  on  tin;  jtart  of  the  Mexi- 
cans, who  had  expected  much  more,  and  of  such  (  hiils 
as  were  not  amony*  the  seven  chosen  kinu's.  Aiiiiil 
fji'rand  ceri'monies  and  festivities  in  an  assembly  of  ihe 
allied  lords,  Tezozomoc  jM'oclaimed  himself  eiiipi  im", 
and  the  six  kind's  as  bis  collean'ues,  to  be  consulted  in 
all  niattei's  of  g-eneral  government  ;  announetd  tlie 
transfer  of  his  capital  to  Azcapuzalco;  offered  a  i^eii- 

'•)'' 'rtir(|ii('iiiailii  stales  lliiit  'rczd/Kiiiuc  ic^nM'il  ( 'iiatlicliim  t'nr  IuiiimII. 


REIGN  or  TEZOZOMOC. 


381 


cml  niniiesty  to  tlio  followers  of  Ixtlilxocliitl  on 
(•oiiilitioii  of  submission  to  the  new  political  arrange- 
iiicnt;  olfeied  a  reward  for  tlie  capture  vt'  Nezaliual- 
covotl,  dead  or  alive,  ])roc-laiiuin:n"  that  all  should  ho 
tuati'd  as  traitors  and  j)unished  with  death  who 
!>li(iuld  dare  t(j  n'ive  aid  or  shelter  to  the  funitivo 
iiriiice;  and  a)H)ninted  olficers  to  j)uhliely  })roclaiin.  hi*<' 
iuct'ssiorx  and  the  new  measures  that  accompanietl 
it,  in  everv  oity  in  the  empire.^* 

Si>ni(!  authoi-ities  state  that  the  anmesty  Jiroelainied 
1  \-  Ttzoznmoc  in  favor  of  the  Aeolhua  provinces, 
•.icludcd  Ireedoni  from  trihute  for  one  year;  however 
this  in.iy  have  heon,  the  matter  of  tril)ute  was  not 
iiirannx'd  until  aiter  the  j^fand  assend)ly  and  tlio 
swraiiiin' of  alleniance  to  the  new  emperor,  hut  was 
Vi  s(  rvrd  hy  tlie  crafty  Tepanec  as  a  means  of  i»racti- 
(lily  I'ct  liiiinn'  for  himself  what  he  had  a])pai'ently 
•iivcii  to  the  six  kin^s,  and  what  had  in  most  cas(  s 
piMvcd  satisfactory  to  them.  Finally  the  system  of 
t'.ihiiti'  was  annnuiici.'d.  The  amount  of  trihute  j  ml 
(if  ptisiinal  scivico  recjuir^d  was  made  much  more 
ltiii(h'iis()ine  than  it  had  I'ver  been,  greatly  to  the  dis- 
sitisfaclion  of  tlie  })eo]ilo  and  subordinate  chiefs; 
tlicii  each  l<in<;  was  to  collect  the  tribute  from  his 
(Iniiiiiiidiis,  to  I'etaiu  one  third  for  himself,  and  to  ])ay 
ovri'  ;it  Azi*ai)U/alc()  tlie  remaininiL>'  two  thinls  into 
till'  iiiipcrial  ti't'asuiy.  Thus  the  allied  powers  dis- 
ciivcivil  that  'l\'zii/,(imoc  had  outwitted  them;  tliat  he 
had  taken  Ibr  liinisidf  in  tiie  division  of  territory  tht; 
hnifs  share;  that  Ir  had  !.;reatly  increased  the  l)urd(  n 
of  ta\atii)n  throughout  the  country;  tliat,  not  content 
with  the  revenues  of  his  own  states,  and  a  nominal 
triliiite  from  his  coUean'Ues  as  a  token  of  their  alle- 
yiaiKv,    he   claimed    two    thirds    of  that  IVom  oilier 


'"  iMlilvDi  liitl  li'lls  II  slriiii,i.'i'  story,  to  (lie  I'lVi'ct  (liiit  Tc/uzihihh's 
"Hii'cis  VMTt'  iljifi'lrd  liijisU  llic  1  lillili'cli  ill  cMcli  |ilii\  iliri',  wlni  wm-^  llicir 
l.iii,^';  Mli'll  lis  rc|ilicil  '  Tczii/iiiiu"','  Wire  In  lie  rnrcsx'd  iiiiil  lliiif  |iiirilits 
rcwiinliMl;  liiit  iliDM'  liiiit  aiiswiTcil  '  Ixllilvncliill,'  or  '  Ncziiliiiiilcouiti,' 
"I'll'  |iiii  III  (li'tiili  wiiliiMit  ini'rcy.  'I'liii^  lu'iisluil  UimiMiiidM  id'  iiiiiDccnt 
I'liililiTu.     Ill  y\■///(/,^/>(//v/'.••//^  \iil.  i\.,  ]'\).  •_'■.•.'),  Wi'.i, 


882 


THE  cHiciiiMF.c  ri:nioi). 


states;  and  tliat  -wliilo  they  liad  plained  the  ein]itv 
titles  of  kiiisj^s  and  associates  in  the  imperial  |»o\\( ;, 
they  were  in  reality  only  i^oveniors,  poorly  paid  tor 
the  lal)t)r  of  colleetinijf  taxes  aiul  administering^  the 
m'ovcrnnient.  Tlie  ^lexicans  and  Tlatehdcas  had 
been  promised,  moreover,  or  at  least,  had  exjurtid, 
an  esta!)lishment  on  the  basis  of  the  old  Toltcc  alii 
ance,  with  their  own  kin<;s  as  the  two  allies  of 
Tezozomoe,  owinijf  him  only  a  nominal  alK'niaiicc. 
^lorcover  Chimalpopoea  had  now  suceecdt'd  to  tlm 
throne  of  ^Texieo,  anil  he  was  a  friend  of  Xczaliiial- 
coyotl  and  had  never  been  favorably  disposed  tow.iid 
the  Tepanec  monarch.  The  ^lexicans,  liowcvi  i-, 
maskcid  their  discontent,  until  snch  time  as  tlicv 
should  see  an  opportunity  for  revenue;  the  otlicr 
]>owers  made  open  and  loud  complaint,  so  far  as  tlicv 
dared  to  tlo  so.  The  final  establishment  of  'l\/,o/,ii. 
K.oc's  empii'e,  so  far  as  it  was  ever  established,  is 
placed  by  the  Abbe  Jirasseur  in  14*25.^^ 


',ii 


Prince  Nezahualcoyctl,  after  the  death  (tf  liis 
father,  had  been  joined  by  a  few  faithful  frii-nds  and 
had  succeeded  in  makinL*'  his  escape  to  Tlascala  and 
.1  luexotzinco,  wheiv  he  found  the  jteoph;  and  lords  tiiie 
to  him,  and  c(»n<ident  of  theii"  ability  to  repel  any 
force  the  Te|)anec  usurper  could  send  against,  tlieui, 
but  not  strouiif  enough  iit  this  time  to  warrant  tlieni 
in  utulertakinn'  an  offensive  war  ai^ainst  tlu^  alliid 
foi'ces  of  Auiihuac  for  the  restoration  of  Ne/.aliiial- 
coyotl  to  his  ancestral  tlwone.  They  advised  him  to 
put  himsidf  in  coimnunicatio  \  with  the  many  disat- 
I'ected  chieftains  of  tlu;  valley,  and  to  awall  Ills 
opportunity,  which  was  sure  to  come,  and  that  snon, 
promisiuLi^  him  their  aid  in  such  an  I'meru'eiiey.  Tln' 
j)rince  thereupon  tuiMU'd  btddly  about  and  returned  In 
jVuiihuae     in    tlisi^uise.      His    adventures    and    hair 

"  ]'iif/i'i,  tniii.  i.,  lip.  ;t(l(»-(>.  .'UTi-lT;  l.illilxiii-liill.  ii]!.  '.'-'1-5,  :i('i.',-s,  |iil, 
•I  ">  I,  Kilt;  Tiiri/iiriii(ii/ii,{t)\\\.  i.,  pp.  Ii;t-l(i;  I'/iirii/ini,  tuiii.  i.,  pp.  I'.iii  il; 
I'lrnssi'iir.  Ilisl..  Iiiiii.  iii.,  pp.  I,'IS-.IS;  lUiliinnl,  lilfn,  \t\i.  I  )!{-4j  Miihilini'i, 
i;i  Iciiiliiilvttii,  ('ill.  i/r  hue,  tmu.  i.,  p.  '-.'.")l, 


V-  \ 


ADVENTIUKS  OF  NKZAIirALCOYOTL. 


38? 


1, 


.lih 


nadlli  escapes  cliirmi*'  his  waiidoriiins  are  re 


(It 


■luted 


(litail  l)y  the  Spanish  wiiters,  hut  must  he  omitted 
liciv  as  luivini^  no  special  im})ortanee  in  cnnnei-tioii 
witli  the  t;'eneral  history  of  the  eountrv.  Jle  touiid 
iViciuls  in  every  direction,  and  was  especially  pro- 
tected hy  (Jhimalpopdca  of  ]\Iexico.  It  is  said  that 
111'  was  j)r"S(;nt  in  dis^-uise  at  the  assend»ly  when  'I'e- 
zi/diiioc  was  crowned,  and  when  he  heard  a  rewar<l 
dlllicd  for  his  murder,  was  with  dlHiculty  j>revented 
li\  his  friends  from  makiuiif  himself  known,  so  y-i-eat 


\\as  Ills 


rai^e.  Finally  his  aunts,  the  queens  of  Afex- 
i  • )  and  Tiatelulco,  went  with  a  lar^-e  com|)any  <tf 
1  ulics  to  the  palace  of 'fezozomoc,  and  interceded  for 
tluir  nephew  with  so  much  earnestness  that  the  kiiiL;- 


(■(iiiiiterinanded  Ins  iirevious  orders,  and  u'ran 


d 


jiriiiiission  to  reside,  m  a  [)rivate  capacity,  at  .Mi'Xico 


»ted  1 

t  yu 


iini 


ind  soon  a 


fter  1 


10    w 


as  even   allowed  to  live  at  Tez- 


Cl 


ICO  ill  a  |)alaci^  that  had  h^'on^'ed  to  him  ]>ersonally 
tn>m  his  hirtli/"* 

Ti'zo/.onioc  was  now  very  old  and  inrirni ;  i'or  si'Veial 
\i  ais  lie  had  heeii  kept  alive  only  hy  means  of  arti- 
t'h ill  warmth  Jind  the  most  careful  attentions.  \\y  a 
It  iiipeiate  life  and  freedom  from  all  excess,  in  addition 
ti>  a  rohiist  constitution,  he  had  jirohmned  his  lite 
i\(ii  hevond  the  usual   limit  in   thosi;  davs  of  yreat 


'ip'tvitv,  aiu 


1    ret; 


iine( 


I    tl 


le    ust>    o 


f    all    his    mental 


t'ariilties  to  t\\v  last.  In  liis  last  days  he  repented  of 
the  |iardon  that  he  had  i-xteiided  t<»  Ne/alii;alcoNot  1 ; 
I'ni'  lie  dreamed  that  an  eai;le  tore  his  head  in  pieces 
and  cniisiimed  his  vitals,  while  a  ti<^'er  tore  his  ieet. 
The  a.sti'(ilon(.|-s  informed  him  that  the  ea^le  and  the 
tiL;ei'  wrw  Nezahualcoyotl,  who  would  surely  o\t  r- 
thi'iiw  tilt!  TepaiH'c  power,  punish  the  people  of 
.\/,(a|nizalco,  and   i-ey-ain   his   father's  impi-rial  power, 


iiiilos  he  coll 
last   charu'e 


Idl 
to  1 


te 


Hit  t 


o  (leatn. 


he  old   monarch  s 


lis  sons 


Mid    to    his   iiohU's   \\as   that 


■On  Nc/aliuali'tivotrs  ailvciiluii's  iluriii^;  (lii«  |u'rii»i,  dnwii   to  iilimii 

ll-'il.  MM'  l.,t/if.n,r/,ii/,  pp.  'J'-M-"!,  :»(!»•.-!•,    Illl-ri,    li;:!-!;    \'i,/H,i,   l ,   ii.,  J. p. 

■'IIM,  ;illll,  ;tl7l'.t;  i'liiriifnt,  tiiiii.  i.,  pp.   I'.HI-I,   lit.'!- 1;    Tiir<iiiimi(ilii,  tniii, 


!■.  It    1  lti-7;   /»('((.v 


llisl.,  Iiilii.   iii.,   pp.    1  lS-,"il(. 


H 


f    f 


-   m 


\   ' 


-M 


TilH  CHICHIMKC  I'KItlOD. 


Noziiliualcoj'otl  slunild  bo  killed,  if  possible,  dtiiin.^ 
liis  fimenil  exeirises,  when  ho  would  probably  Ix; 
])reseiit.      Ho   died   in   1427,  iiaininu^  Tayauh,  one  (,|' 


b 


lis  sons,  as   bis  successor  on 


tl 


10 


3pane 


c  aiK 


1  ( 


lii;l 


cbimec  thrones,  and  cbaroiuLi!'  bini,  after  tbe  Acoll 
])rince's  deatb,  to  strive  by  every  means  in  bis  }»i»\v.  r 
to  make  friends  amonii;'  bis  vassal  lords,  and  to  avoid 
all  harsli  m(.>asures.      Maxtla,  anotber  son,  seems  t;) 


lavo 


had 


more 


ability 


aiu 


1 


exnerience 


tl 


lan    Ills 


brother,  but  his  father  feared  the  conse(|uence  of  lii.s 
hasty  temj)er  and  arl)itrary  manner,  l)y  wbitli  lie 
iiad  already  made  a  multitude  of  enemies, 


A 


number  of  juinces  and  lords  were  assembled  at  the 
royal  obsei|uies,  ainoni^  them  Xezahualcoyotl  biiiiscir, 
against  the  advit-e  of  bis  friends,  but  relyiiiL;'  oa  his 
jifood  fortune  and  on  the  assurance  of  a  sorcerer  in 
"wlioni  be  had  i^reat  faith,  that  be  could  not  be  kill(  .1 
at  that  time.      The  heir  to  tlie  throne  was  disj)osi(l  to 


liave  his 


fat) 


ler's  reconuiH'iidations  carrieil  out  diiiii 


tbe    funeral   exerci 


ses. 


but   ]\ra\tla    claimed    that 


would   ho  bad  policy — for  himself,  probably,  in 


SK 


leratii 


on  ol'  bis  own  am 


bit 


solemn    an  occasion   hv  murdei 


lous  I 
U 


ilaiis — to  diso'r 


Coil- 
ice  so 


^v 


11  tl 


le  aiithoritii 


a,<4"ree  that  'I'ezozonioc  was  the  most  unscriijmloiis  and 
tyrannical  iles])ot  that  ever  ruled  in  Aiiahuac;  thoonly 
o'ood  that  is  recorded  of  him  is  his  own  strict  moral- 
ity, and  bis  strict  and  im|iailial  enforcement  of  jii-l 
hiws    and    pimisbmeiit    of    climes    within    his    i   ,;i 


(lomiiiioiis. 


][ 


IS     exlraiirdmai'v    a 


bility 


as    a.    (lihio- 


matist   and    politician   is   evident   iVoni  the  ovciil' 
his  career  as  related  above/'^ 


3''  Tlicri'  is  nini'li  rDiifiiMimi  rcsjirTtitti;  tlu'-ii-  sons  (if  Tcziizdiiini'.  I\llil- 
xoi'liiti  ill  line  |ihii'(',  |i|>.  ,'tiiS  <),  iiiiiiii's  .Ma\tlii,  'I'liyiiiili,  iiiid  AlhiliiM 
li'jiall /In,  III' Tlalri'MN  |iall /in,  as  tlii'  suns  siininnini'il  In  his  ilcalli-luil.  In 
anntlu'r  iilacc,  |i.  Kil.  lit!  tails  two  tif  tlifiii  'i'ial/i,  nr  Tayat/i,  ami  Thuav- 
a|ialt/iii.  'riiii|ii('iiiaila  nanit's  liit-ni  Maxlla,  'I'aNal/in,  iiinl  'I't'i'iilil/iiitli. 
All  imply  (li.il  .Maxlla  was  the  cjilfsl  sun.  Mra-sciir,  fnlltiw  iiiLj  llif  ',,./,,,• 
('hiiiinljiiij.iirii,  slali's  tlial  'rt'/ii/iiiiiiif  liatl  I'iulil  lt';,'il  iiiialf  smis,  til  wlmin 
jMaxllaltiii  was  llif  si'vinilli  ami  (/iift/alayal/iii  (  Tavanli,  nr  'I'ayal/iiil,  tin 
Kixlli. 

^"  I'li/hfi,  ttiiii.    ii..   lip.    ;i'l-!t,   liiiii.  iii.,   pp.   :!-ll;    ilalf,  I'fli   'J,  I  I '7. 
i£(UlXinlnll,\t\K   •JI7,  •-•-'."1-7,  :tllS-7(l,     Iiri,     I.')!,    1(11;  ilak's,    .Maivli  '.'0,  ir.'T, 


MAXTLA  USUUPS  THE  TllUUXE. 


385 


^r.ixtla,  altliougli  deprived  of  the  succession  to  tlie 
)iii|>('iial  throne,  had  been  made  kinL;*  of  Coyuhuacan, 
a  |ii()\  ince  of  which  he  had  lon^'  heen  ruHn,n'  lord. 
Ho  had,  however,  no  intention  of  j^ivinLi;'  u[)  his  chiini 
to  Ills  father's   crown;  Tavauh    Avas  of  a  weak   and 


va('iilatui!j^  dis[)(jsition,  luivni_<;'  no  enemies,  but  ulsi)  no 
iViciHls  e.\ce})t  the  kin^s  of  ^Mexico  and  Tlatehdco 
who  ]U'ol)ably  hated  his  brother  rather  tluin  lavored 
him;  ^^a\thl  by  reason  of  Ills  hl^^h  mUitary  rank  iiad 
coiitidl  of  the  army ;  and  only  a  iew  days  alter  the 
I'liiural  of  Tezozonioc,  he  hail  hiniself  proclaimed  em- 
pLioi'  of  the  Chichimecs.  Ho  olfered  his  brother  in 
I'M'haDLje  his  lordship  of  Coyuhuacan,  but  the  latter 
.'•cL'iiis  to  have  n'ono  to  reside  in  ^lexico.  Chimal- 
i|)ni;i  blamed  the  de[)OHed  sovereign  for  having-  so 


,i.>ily   lelincjuished   his  dai 


ms ;   'M 


id  by  Ills  ad\  ice  a 


|il(it  was  foiMued  some  months  later  to  assassinate  tlu 
ii>ur|iir.  Tayauh  was  to  have  a  palace  erected  for 
liinisrif  at  jVzca[)Uzalco,  !Maxtla  was  to  be  inviti'd  to 
ht;  jtrcsent  at  the  cerenio!iies  of  (h'dication,  and  was  to 
he  straiinh'd  with  a  wreath  of  llowers  while  beinLf 
t>h<)wu  the  apartments.  A  ]>aj4'e  overheard  and  re- 
vrahd  the  plot;   Maxtla  aideil  in  the  erection  t)f  the 


laiacr 


)!•  his  bi-other,   and  had  him  stabbed  in   tl 


iO 


)iii(l>l    nf   the    festivities,    instead    of   waitiuL;'  to   be 


41 


^.Kiwn  the  rooms  and  himsell  becomin!^  the  vi^'tnn 

(  liiiiialpopoca  and  'riacateotzin  had  e.xcused  tiu-m- 
^  Ives  from  attendlniif  the  fetes,  else  they  very  likely 
iiii'^ht  have  .shared  Tayauh's  fate.  Now  that  the 
plot  was  reveah'd  and  thi,'ir  connei'tion  with  it,  they 
\w  II  knew  that  Maxtla,  who  before  had  I'easons  to  bii 
iiiiti'ieiidly  to  theiii,^'^  would   ne^'lei-t  no  opportunity  of 

M  ml,  'Ji,  I  I'JT.  1  I'-M.  Tun/ihiiiiti/'i,  turn.  i..  jip.  (W,  I17-'2I.  •-':),■(;  i  7„r;,irr„, 
I  MM.  I,,  |i|i,  l',M-(i  ;  (late,  11-2.  UnisMiir,  His/.,  tuiii.  iii.,  |i|i.  Ili-.")t; 
il.ilf.  M.inli  •.'!,    I  r.'T. 

"  Sec  nil  ilic  iisiii'|iiiti()ii  of  Miixlla  aiiil  till'  tlciilli  of  his  linillicr,  fn/il- 

.'■■ifhill,  |i|),  'JJCi,  ;17|,  l(;4-,"i;  I'll/till,  liiMI.  iii.,  |i|i.  11  IS;  fiin/io  iiiiin'n ,  luiii. 
i..  |i|i.  Il'.l-'.'l;  I'/iiriiiiro,  (iitii.  i.,  |t|i.  HMi-8;  Jirii.\.\(  ki;  IIisI.,  tuin.  iii.,  |i|i. 
I."u7;    V'tdiii-rrt,   Tiiih'ii,  lit  ii,,  n,  '_MI, 

''  Oil  Mi'i'itiiiil  of  llicic  lii(Mi(lslii|>  for  Nt'/.aliiiali'oyoil  a  mi  'riivaiili.     Aii- 
titlirr  i.iii-iMif  ciiiiiitv  bi'twi'i'ii  ('liiiiiaiiMiiioca  ainl   Maxtla,  i-- Miiil  to  ii,i\t! 
Vol,.  V.    'J,^  ' 


'. 


;t 


i'^ 


iM 


386 


THE  CHICHIMEC  TERlOn. 


rovoiiq'O.  A  strange  story  is  hero  c^ivon,  to  tlio  cfTict 
that  ( /liimalpopoea,  ovorwlielined  by  inisfortiiiit.',  re- 
solved to  sacritice  himself  on  the  altar  of  the  ^eds, 
or,  as  some  authorities  state,  hv  announcinu-  sikIi  i 
resolve  to  test  the  feeliiiLifs  of  his  jieople  and  ])()ssililv 
to  provoke  a  revolt  in  his  favor.  IVFaxtla,  feai-inq-  tlir 
latter  motive,  sent  a  force  of  men  to  ^[exioo  and  ar 
rested  the  royal  victim  just  before  the  sai-rificc  uas 
to  be  performed,  takini^  him  as  a  prisoner  to  Azca- 
]»nzalco,  or  as  others  say,  C(Mifinin<Tf  him   in  his  own 


1 


)nson  a 


t  U 


ex  ICO. 


C\ 


uma 


Ipoi 


)oca  t 


litnl 


soon  after  t! 


ii-^ 


event,  probably  killed  by  order  of  !Maxtla,  but  tlicri" 
is  no  aLTi'eement  as  to  the  details  of  his  death,  oi'  tliat 


of  Tlacateotzin  which  took  j)lace  about  the  sanu-  time.*' 
The  death  of  the  Aztec  kind's  took  ])lace  in  14'JS,  and 
was  followed  by  a,  re-imposition,  and  even  a  douldin'i, 
of  the  tributes  of  early  days,  accom})anied  by     vn  y 


been  the  dishojior  of  tlio  former's  wife  hv  tlio  lattor,  slic  liavliii,'  Iv 


ticcil  ti    A/riiiii 


|lll/.lllCl 


hv  111 


.1  of  t\ 


<■'  X'cvtia,  toiii 


T.., 


laiit'c  ladii' 


pp.  lS-;{'_',  says  tliat  iimmMlialclv  after  tlic  assas 


fioii  of  Tayauli,  a  posso  of  iiicn  was  scut  to  scizo  t'liiiiialpopoca,  wlimn  tluy 
foiiiiil  ('M'-;a,;,'i'cl  ill  some  n'li;^ioiis  rites  in  tlic  temple.  Several  aiillioi^  ^tiile 
tliat  tlie  kin;;  died  in  ]prisoii,  liaviii;;  lieen  pn!vioiisl\-  visited  liy  Ne/aliiial- 
«'oyotl,  who  risked  his  own  life  to  save  him.  N'eytiasays  Ne/ahiialcii\iiil 
found  him  miieli  reduced  from  starvation,  went  for  food,  and  fmiiid  liim 
dead  on  iiis  return.  'l'or(|iieiiiada,  torn.  i..  pp.  I'J-'-S.  following'  Sii:iieii/;i, 
says  he  linii;^,'  himself  to  avoid  starvation.      Ixtlil.xochiil,  ])i..  •_'i2ii  S.  ;i7l  .t, 


4."'7,   4(!t-.">,   in  one  p 


states  that    he  died    in    Ne/aliiialcovotl 


In  anotlu'r  ndation  he  savs  that  .Maxtla  in  his  rai:e  at   Nczaiiiialiiivoii' 


escape  sen 


t  t(.  M( 


>  and  hail  ( 'himalpopoca  killed  in  his  stead,  llie  :e 
sassins  lindiii;;  liini  in  the  temple  earvin;;  an  idol,     .\costa,  llisl.  ih' jn 


Yiiil. 


ip.  4 


l»;  II 


errera,  dec.  ii 


lih 


ip, 


ezozonioc,  in 


ill!  Ill 


Olll.     I. 


V1\K\', 


stale  lliiit 


linrDinih,  vol.  ix.,  ]ip.  11-12,  and  Dnraii,  MS.,  t 
(luring  Tezozomoe's  rei;;ii  the  Tepanee  noliles,  fi'arfnl  that  ( 'hiinalpopm  m, 
us  the  ^'landson  of  'rezozmnoc  would  succeed  to  the  Tepanee  tliiciiic,  sent 
to  Mexico  and  liatl  him  assassinated  while  asleep;  aildiii^' t  hat  t  lie  ;;i,iiiil- 
died  of  K''i«'f  "*  this  act  1     lirasstMir,  Hist.,  toin    lii,  iip 


fall 


ezo/omoe, 


l,")S-;»,  1(11,  implies  that  .Maxtla  only  arrested  the   proposed  sacnhciv  aiul 
a;.|reeswith  I xtlilxochitl's  statement  tliat  the  kiii^\\iis  mnrdeieil  al  Mcmth 
k  liile  at  work  in  the  temide. 


■riieTlatelill.'i 
froi.i  his  pal; 


n^'was  killed  liythe  same  partv.     Ileal  lirsi  c^ca| 


Ti 


Init   was  overtaken  mi  the  lake   while  stiniiiu'  to  ir:ii!i 


ezciieo,  and  his  hodv  was   sunk.     Such    is   the  accoiinf    i^Incii    Ii\    iim-t 


ml  hoi" 


Ixt 


lilxochitl  savs  lie  drowned   hinistdf;  while  'ror(|nemadM  iccm 


two  versions     oiu^  that  he  \\as 


ilh 


tor  tre.ison 


liiisl  Nczahiiaii  iiviii 


aiH 


I  I 


le 


ilher,  that  I 


le  wa 


s  killed   hv  .Moiiteznniii   I.  of   .\le\ic( 


iNii 


n  the  death  of  the  .\zIim'  kin; 


r/, 


iirnlrrii.    tolll.   1.,  p 


ill    liir.liiili'ilii     (ul,  (If   lh)i\,   tom.    i.,   p.   (i;  (irninii/i 


J/ 


!.")!,    ]'r/inicrrf,     Trtifro.    pi 


.'ll(t-;t;   M,iff''iiil'i 
>  (iii/i'i'::,    Tiiiili 


pp.  -(i-7;   t'ltilix   Miiiilir.ii,  ill 


J\iiii/ilti)ri,it'jh,  \(il.  v.,  p,  41;  Coi/rx  'I'lll.  Hint.,  in  ///.,  \ol,  \i.,  p.  llt."i 


NKZAHlALrOYOTL  PRKPAHKS  Idll  WAR. 


3J^7 


1<in(l  of  oppresisioii  and  insult  towards  the  iuliabitant.-i 
ot'  tho  lake  cities.''* 


^faxtla  liad  resolved  that  Xezahiialcoyotl,  as  will 
as  ( 'liinial[)opoea  and  Thu-ateot/iii,  must  die. 
Whetlier  he  eauie  to  intercede  for  ( "hinialpojMM'a,  oi' 
as  other  authors  say  was  sunnnoned  hy  Maxtla,  the 
Arolhua  prince  visited  Azcajuizalco  at  this  tinic,  iiiid 
Very  narrowly  escaped  death  at  tluj  hands  of  tin- 
soldiers  posted  ahout  the  palace  with  oi'ders  t(»  kill 
liiiii.   hy   rteeing   through   the   roval   y-ardens  and   iv- 


tiu'iun 


o-  to  T 


ezcuco. 


A  T. 


■l)an 


ec 


for 


ce  was  immedi- 


ately (lis})atched  to  the  latter  city,  with  instructions 
to  kill  or  capture  him  at  a  haiKpiet  to  which  he  was 
to  lie  invited  hy  the  o-ovcrnor  of  the  city,  -  a  hastard 
Ill-other  of  Xezahualcoyotl,  hut  his  deadly  foe,--  hut  ho 
was  a<4ain  fortunate  (.'nouui-h  to  elude  their  })ursuit, 
!   after  havinijf  received  otters  of  aitl  from  several 


am 
lord 


Aiuil 


mac,  esc 


a))ed  to   ITuexotzinco  and  'I'L-u 


cala.      He  found  the  provinces  of  the  eastern  platean, 
iinliuliiiof  Zacatlan,  'Pototepec,   (V-mpoala,  'I'epi-pul 


Vi), 


(liohila,   and  Te[)eaca,   more   enthusiastic   than  ever 
ill  his   favor,   and   moreovt'r  ot)nvinced  that  the  time 
1   come  for  decisive   action  witli   a  view  to  restore 


lia( 


tl 


mil  to  [he  imperi;il  Mirone  ot    his  ancestors 


f  \\\> 


A 


I'liues 


Were   I'aised  and  placed   at   his  disposal;  word  canu 
t    the   Chalcas  would  join   in   the  enter{»riso ;   tin 


[iia 


iipathy  of  tlu'  ]\rexicans  and  'IMatelulcas  he  was 
alivady  assured  of;  he  conscMpieiitly  retuiMied  to  Ami- 
liiiac  and  estahlished  his  headi[uai'ters  at  a  small 
vilLi'^'e  n(\ar  Tezcuco/'     After   lia\  iiiLi',  a<-cordino-  to 


Aeytia,   taken   Otompan  and  soiiu"   of  the   adjoiniiiL;' 


I'.il.',  .lulv  '2;?.     1  1'27,    or    IIJl.     f.r/li/.i-nr/,///;    MilV   .'U ,    1  IJ7,  Si,,, 


Miiivii  ;n.  1 1-.'7.  I'l/ii 


I/;  .hilv    l'.>.    I  |-->7,    I' 


<':,'/•:■  ][,,i</n:„-   l.f_'(i.  C,,,/,,!-  7V/V.  i; 


■i/fi" ; 


1  I'.'.'t,  <'/'in;,, 


I  l-'T 


I  I'JS,  Ciiili.r  ( 7iiiii(i//i'i/i'ir,i, 


'' Till' S|):inisli  w  riti'i'M  Htalc   tliiil   almut   tliis  tiiiii'  the  kin;;  nt'   ('IkiIih 
lii'i'Miiii'  ili-.:ill'cctcil,  ami  II  II 
DVrr  ihiiM 


lu'li  ill 


*>iv;ilniii|i>n\(itl 


U'sscll','!'!',    Xoldli'culllli,     WHS    si'llt    til    will    llilll 

ic  iiilliii'iici'  of  liis  wile,  wliii  was  a  sislvr  of   lliiil/ililiiiilziii, 


r 

iillr;.'i;iiiri'  \\;ih  mi  a Mint  ni  liis  liatri 


(•iiici  ('oiiiiscjiir. 


ic   Cliali'a  kill;,'  saiil   lii--  tliaii;:i'    nt' 
il  aiiil  I'l'ar  ot' till'    Mi'\iraii   Iviiiu.  I>iit 


i^inicil  at  la-^t  to  IcaM'  tiic   iiiMttiT  to  liis  iM'o|ik',   who  ili.'i'iili'tl  iiiiaiii- 
iiiuii-lv  ill  fa\oriif  Niv.aliuaicovotl. 


;i' 


i 


I 


888 


THE  CHICIIIMEC  PEIIIOD. 


towns,  tlie  callicd  army  was  divided  into  tliroo  C()V|).s. 
The  first,  composed  of  the  Huexotziuca  and  Tla.s- 
caltec  forces,  was  to  move  on  Acolman;  the  sect >iul, 
made  U[)  diiefiy  of  Chalca  troops,  was  to  attack  Co.it- 
lichan;  while  Nezaliualcoyotl  himself,  with  tliu 
remainini^  allied  forces,  was  to  o[)erate  a^'ainst  Ttz- 
ouco.  The  first  two  divisions  were  perfectly  sncces.s- 
ful,  captui'ing  the  cajiitals,  Acolman  and  Coatlichaii, 
and  lay  ill":  waste  the  snrroundin'''  territorv.  Accord- 
inijf  to  Ixtlilxochitl  and  Vevtia,  Nezahnalcoyotl  was 
e(pially  fortnnate,  took  possession  of  the  Acolluia 
capital,  and  disl)anded  a  large  ])art  of  his  army;  hut 
the  author  of  the  Codex  Cltiina!j)Oj>oca,  partially 
confirmed  hy  Torquemada,  and  followed  by  the  Ahbij 
Bi'assenr,  states  that  the  prince  imperial  failed  at 
t!iis  time  in  his  assault  on  the  citv,  and  only  sue- 
ceeded  in  fortifyiiii^  himself  advanta^'eously  in  tlic 
suhurl)  of  Chiauhtla.  Subseipient  events  make  tlii.s 
the  more  probable  version  of  the  matter/ 


46 


m 


The  murder  of  Chimalpopoca  and  Tlacatcotziii 
caused  the  wildest  excitement  in  Tenoclititlan  ainl 
Tlatelulco.  From  these  acts,  together  witli  tlio 
burden  of  tribute  and  the  many  insults  heaj)ed  upnu 
them,  the  people  well  knew  Maxtla's  intention  to 
destroy  forever  their  kingdoms  and  reduce  them  to 
their  former  condition  of  abject  vassalage.  A  mass 
meeting  com})osed  of  all  classes  was  held  in  ^lexico, 
which  anxiously  awaited  the  decision  of  the  senate, 
where  the  question  of  their  future  condition  and  ])oliiy 
was  long  and  hotly  di^uaissed.  The  old  and  the  tiinid 
members  were  in  favor  of  yielding  to  the  demands  of 

<"  I  liavo  (Hiiitti'il  in  tliis  iit'connt  nf  Xc/aliuali'oyutrs  (light,  return,  ainl 
victiirious  (•anii)ai;;n,  the  numerous  details  (if  tlie  prinee's  aihcntures  aii'l 
(>sea|ies,  ilie  nauu's  of  iiinis  to  wlioni  lie  aji|)!ieil  and  the  tenor  of  each  icply, 

the  wonderful  omens  that  on  many 'usioiis  foretold  success  to  iiis  plans, 

t  >ld  at  s)  <,'reat  len;,'th  hy  tlie  aiillioritii  s,  hut  eomparatividv  iiniiiiporiant, 
iiiid  alloj,'elher  too  hiilkv  for  mv  space.  See  on  this  jieriod  of  lii'-lniy: 
Vr, //,;,,  torn.  iii..  PIP.  li,  .T<-7'.t,'  '.»->- 107;  I.i-//if.r»r/utl,  pp.  •J_'.S:i"),  :)7.i-'>l, 
-l').")!'),  K>."i-7;  Tnr'/iiiiiiii  /ii .  tittu.  i..pp.  l'J.")K(;  C/itrii/rrn.  t.ui.  I.,  jip.  '.'O'J- 
JO;  J'>ru.Mciir,  Hidt.,  torn,  iii.,  [ip.  171-3;    Wtanccrt,  Tcaliv,  jil  ii.,  pp.  -IJ-"' 


ITZCOATL,  KINC  OF  MKXICO. 


889 


an  emperor  wlioso  power  tlicy  ooulJ  not  liopo  success- 
fully to  resist;  they  implored  their  collca!j;-ues  not  to 
pluii!jfe  the  people  into  war  and  the  lK)rr()rs  of  future 
s'  ivcry  by  their  rash  spirit  of  indei)endence.  But 
the  vounof  men  of  all  classes,  seconded  by  most  of 
the  nobility,  were  in  favor  of  war,  chidinu^  the 
cowardice  of  the  rest,  and  boldly  j)roclaiminij^  their 
choice  of  death  rather  than  a  dishonorable  su])nussi()u 
to  the  tyrant's  commauds.  Moreover,  the  <>ods  had 
fdrctold  their  future  j^reatness,  and  should  they  render 
themselves  unworthy  of  divine  favor,  and  Itriiiijf  dis- 
grace  on  the  memory  of  their  valiant  ancestors^"  It 
was  decided  by  a  lar^e  majority  to  prt)ceed  to  the 
election  of  a  kiiiijf  who  should  lead  them  to  victory. 
According  to  the  Codex  ChlmaJpopoca,  the  first  choice 
of  the  assembly  was  M(jnte7Aima,  eldest  son  of  Chi- 
iiialj)opoca,  but  he  declined  to  accept  the  crown, 
jileading  youth  and  inexperience,  and  urged  the  claims 
of  his  uncle  Itzcoatl,  for  many  years  commander  of 
the  armies.  The  other  authorities  do  not  mention 
the  choice  of  Mont(iZuma.  However  this  may  have 
lieeii,  Itzcoatl  was  unanimously  elected,  and  was 
Clowned  with  the  usual  ceremonies  and  with  some- 
tliiug  more  than  the  usual  amount  of  speeches  and 
advice,  in  view  of  the  gigantic  task  assumed  by  the 
new  king,  of  shaking  off  the  Tepanec  yoke.  Tem- 
jiaiiecatl,  or  Tlacaeleltzin,  was  sent  to  demand  a 
contlnnation  of  the  ])eople's  choice  at  the  hands  of  the 
emperor  Ma\tla.  But  he  found  that  the  news  had 
preceded  him  and  had  been  ill-received,  war  had 
itractically  beirun,  and  a  blockade  was  (.established. 
The  embassador  succeeded  in  reaching  the  royal 
]tirsence ;  but  though  assured  of  Itzcoatl's  loyalty, 
Maxtla  haughtily  replied  that  ^lexico  nuist  have   no 


*' Tliis  (lisonssion  is  pliiccil  by  ditrcriMit  iuitlidrilii's  licfdiv  or  iifhT  tlie 
cliiiii'i' (if  a  kill;;.  Tiiis  is  ii  iiiiittiT  of  no  ;:nMt  iiii|ioilini(t';  liic  o|i|ii)^iiioii 
til  war  iifoliiildy  coiitiiiucil  ilowii  to  tlic  I'oiiiiiii'iici'iiii'iil  of  liostiiitics,  liiit 
till' I'lci'tioii  of  a  warlike  kiiijr  wii-*  of  itself  t'niiivah'iit  to  a  (li'claralioii  of 
yar,  in  view  of  .Maxtlii's  weir-kiiowii  (lesiyiiwj  coiiHeiiiiuiitly,  I  liavu  iilaeed 
it  lieioru  the  elcetiou. 


CijU 


!l^l 


300 


THE  CHICIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


w 


king,  must  be  ruled  l)y  Tepancc  ijovernors,  or  take 
the  (-onsecjucnces  of  a  fruitless  revolt.  Tlacaeleltzin's 
return  with  the.se  tidiui^s  caused  a  new  panic  anioni,^ 
the  more  timid  of  the  Mexicans,  but  by  renewed 
»;xhortations,  by  promises  of  honors  and  booty  in  case 
of  victory,  their  courage  was  brought  to  the  sticking 
point,  and  the  same  eml)assador  was  sent  to  Azca- 
puzalco  with  a  formal  declaration  of  war.*^  ^^"b'  J*- 
few  days  after  Itzcoatl's  coronation  the  Tlatelulcas 
also  chose  a  king  and  joined  the  Mexicans  in  their 
fight  for  national  existence.  There  was  some  jealousy 
between  the  two  powers,  but  their  interests  were  now 
identical.  The  choice  of  the  Tlatelulcas  fell  iiix^ii 
Quauhtlatohuatzin,  a  celebrated  warrior,  luit  lut  of 
loyal  blood;  and  to  this  inferiority  in  the  rank  of  lu  i- 
luler  is  attributed,  by  some  authors,  the  inlerior 
])(»sition  thereafter  occupied  by  Tlatelulco,  j)rcviously 
e(pud,  if  not  superior,  in  power  to  her  sister  city." 

Such  was  the  state  of  affairs  in  the  early  part  of 
1429,  when  the  news  of  Nezahualcoyotl's  success 
reached  Azcapuzalco  and  ^lexico.  All  communica- 
tion had  been  cut  off  between  the  cities  of  the  lake 
and  tlie  maiidand;  many  sharp  attacks  had  been 
made  by  I tzcoatl  on  the  enemy's  lines;  but  no  gen- 
eral   engagement    had   taken    i)lace.     The   ^Mexicans 


1^ 


*■'  An  oxtr.'Kinliiiarv  treaty  is  s])()kon  of  In*  Tczozomoo,  Diiran,  Aciist:!, 
ami  ( 'lavi^ji'ro,  by  tlio  terms  of  wliicli  tlio  iiolilos  boiimi  tlioiiisclvi's  in  cax' 
ot  (li'lcat  to  j;ivo  u])  tlioir  Ixiilies  to  1)l'  stu'rilici'd  to  the  j;'"''*;  \\liili'  tlu' 
|)eo])I(>  liomid  tlieiiiselves  ami  their  deseLMidaiits  in  ease  of  vietory  to  liecunn' 
the  servants  of  llie  iiiddes  for  all  fiitnre  lime.  Veytia  states  that  titles  of 
iioliility,  and  pennission  to  have  many  wives,  were  ainon;^  the  iuducciiieni^ 
i>  hravery  iield  out  to  the  ]del)eiaiis.  It  is  m)t  im])ossihli!  that  the  eoiiliart 
alluded  to  may  have  heen  invented  or  exa;,';,'erated  in  later  times  hy  the  im- 
liles  to  support  their  extrava;,'ant  elaims  upon  the  ]u'o]ile.  'ron|U('!iiiiilii 
a:id  Ixtlilxoehitl  refer  to  no  sueh  contract,  and  to  no  claim  for  the  I'cpantc 
rei'o;,'iution  of  tlieir  kin;j;;  lint  state  that  the  election  of  llzcoatl  mi  llic 
o:u'  side,  and  the  heavy  trihutes  with  tlie  dishonor  of  Itzcoatl's  wifi'  on  ihc 
other,  led  to  the  estahlishment  of  the  blockade. 

•»'-*((ii  the  snceession  an<l  declaration  of  war  in  Mexico,  see — Tun/ii'-^ 
iiiaiiit,  torn,  i.,  pji.  I'iS-.St.  This  author  says  iiolliini;  of  the  .suecessinii  nf 
a  new  kin;;  in 'llatelulco.  C/ttciifini,  U>m.  i.,  ]ip.  •JIM>-1;<;  Vri/lin.  toni.  iii.. 
ji]).  7H-ltl,  i;{7;  AcDsfii,  Jfiaf.  t/'r  Ins  Viu/.,  ]i]>.  iT'.t-S.S;  Dnnni,  .MS.,  tmn. 
1  ,  cap.  viii.,  ix.,  I.v/liljv/u//,  jip.  '2;{.")-ti,  3S1,  .SS.'k  4(M),  4ti.");  TczDZoiiinr.  in 
h'niijslioroKii/i,  vol.  ix.,  pp.  11-15;  llrnssnir,  Jli.sf.,  toin.  iii.,  ]>|).  lt'i">^; 
\\!a>ici'rt,  Ttu/ro,  pt  ii.,  p.  '27;  Uraiuulus  y  Ualciz,  Tarda  Aiitcr.,  p.  l''!. 


SIEGE  OF  MEXICO. 


391 


lit'i^'-an  to  find  tlieir  condition  critical;  ^raxtla  ox- 
jxctcd  to  bo  at  an  early  datu  in  ])o.sses.sion  of  tho 
Aztec  strongholds,  and  deferred  until  after  such  suc- 
cess all  ortensive  operations  against  Nezahualcoyotl ; 
the  hesieged  Aztecs  naturally  looked  towards  the 
Acijlhua  })rince  for  assistance  against  their  common 
f(»c.  ilere  the  national  prejudices  of  tho  original 
native  authorities,  followed  by  Spanish  writers,  begin 
t(»  a|ii)ear  in  tho  historic  annals.  Ixtlilxochitl  and 
Vtytia  favoring  the  Acolhua  interests,  represent  the 
Aztecs,  liard  pressed  by  the  Tepanecs,  as  having 
liunihlv  implored  the  aid  of  Nezahualcovotl,  who 
graciously  came  to  tlieir  relief;  Tezozomoc,  Duran, 
and  Acosta  make  the  Mexicans  conquer  the  Tepanec 
king  unaided,  and  render  assistance  to  the  Acolhua 
jnince  afterwards;  while  Torquemada,  Clavigero,  and 
the  authorities  followed  by  Brasseur  state,  what  in 
the  Hght  of  future  events  is  much  more  probable,  tliat 
the  two  powers  formed  an  alliance  on  equal  terms,  and 
for  nuitual  advantage  against  the  usurping  enq)eror. 
At  anv  rate  Montezuma''^ — identical,  as  Clavijjfcro 
and  Brasseur  think,  with  Tlacaeleltzin — was  sent  to 
NLzaliualcoyotl,  in  conq:»any  with  two  other  lords. 
The  ambassador  succeeded  in  ])enetrating  the  enemy's 
lines,  although  one  of  his  companions  was  captured, 
made  known  to  Nezahualcoyotl  the  wishes  and  condi- 
tion of  the  ^Mexicans,  and  received  assurances  of 
sympathy,  with  promises  to  consult  with  his  allies, 
render  aid  if  possible,  and  at  least  to  have  an  inter- 
view with  Itzcoatl.  His  chief  difficulty  would  seem 
to  liave  been  that  most  of  his  allies  not  without 
leasoii  detested  and  feared  tlio  Mexicans  more  tliau 
the  Tepanecs,  and  by  too  liastily  following  his  own 
inclinations  and  esjK)using  tlie  Aztec  cause,  he  miglit 
risk  his  own  success.  The  fact  that  an  alliance  was 
finally  concluded  between  these  powers  shows  ch'arly 
that    neither    alone    could  overthrow  the  formidable 

''" 'I'liis  iiaiiic   is  written  in  nmny  ways;   ISIdtcnhzoiufx  or  Motcuczoma 
tiling  [iriilialily  more  correct  tluiu  the  fiiinihir  form  of  Moulezuma. 


i.rl 


111 


392 


THE  CincniMEC  PERIOD. 


li 


3^,[ 


!M<ixtla,  and  that  it  was  no  act  of  condescension  (,r 
pity  on  the  part  of  cither,  but  ratlier  of  ni .-essity,  to 
join  their  forces.  On  his  return  ^fontezunia  was 
captured  l)y  the  Chalcas,  or  beinijf  sent,  as  soinc 
authorities  state,  to  Chalco  for  aid  was  retained  tor  a 
time  as  a  prisoner,  hut  set  at  Hherty  l)y  his  jaiKr, 
and  reached  jSIexico  in  safety."  This  action  (jf  the 
Chalcas  is  said  to  luive  so  displeased  the  surroundiiiL,' 
nntions  that  neither  party  would  accept  their  alliaiici', 
hut  this  may  well  he  doubted,  considerinuf  the  stretii^tli 
of  that  people.  The  Huexotlas,  according-  to  Tor- 
quemada,  withdrew  their  allegiance  on  heariiiL;-  tliat 
the  Aztecs  were  to  be  aided.  Nezahualcoyotl  and 
Itzcoatl  had  an  interview  soon  after  at  ^lexico,'- 
where  the  former  was  received  with  great  rejoicinn-, 
and  a  plan  settled  for  the  campaign  against  ^laxtla. 
whose  territory  was  to  be  invaded  by  the  allitd 
armies.  At  abcnit  this  time,  according  to  the  Ci><l<\c 
C/it'ynalpopocd,  the  province  of  Quauhtitlan  succeedid 
after  a  succession  of  reverses  and  victories  in  sliakiiiL,*' 
off  the  Tepanec  yoke  and  announced  tlieir  iVieiidsliip 
to  the  ^lexicans,  although  they  were  unai»lc  to  iviidcr 
any  ojien  assistance  in  the  early  part  of  the  cam- 
paign. ^^ 

Tlie  campaign  by  which  ]\[axtia  was  ovcrtlirown 
and  the  imperial  power  wrested  from  the  hands  of  t 


II  (J 


Tepanecs,  lasted  over  a  hundred  days.  To  relate  in 
detail  all  that  the  authorities  record  of  this  campaign, 
the  marches  and  counter-niarcli^'s,  the  attacks  and 
repulses,  the  exploits  of  the  Icadci'f-  and  lesser  cliict'- 
tains,  noting  all  the  minute  variviions  in  stateiiunt 
res})(M'ting  the  names  of  cliioi's,  places  attack<(h 
nmnber  of  troops  engaged,  and  the  chronolo'^ii  al 
order  of  events,  would  reipiire  a  cliapter  mucli  longer 

■''•  Tntzintceiihtli,  kin^'  of  Clialco,  is  said  to  liavo  scut  tlic  priMiiit'r  tii>t 
to  lliu'xntziiica  and  tlii'ii  oIIVtimI  him  to  Maxlla  to  In-  saiTiliceil;  mil  tliu  kw^^ 
sent  him  liack  and  ri-fiiscil  to  do  so  disiioii'iraliii-  a  (U-cd. 

i'  Itrasst'itr  says  tiic  lirst  iiitoivicw  was  at  'I'ciiayoi'aii. 

53  Sec  ViifliK,  totn.  iii.,  ji]). ',ll-'2,  KtS-'"'?;  ( 'AnvVyfyvf,  toiii.  i.,  jjji.  "JO;)  1 1 ; 
IxtULrnrliill'.  pp.  '2'M\,  ',\S\-i,  KMi-T,  4t>4-i>;  Tirriiiiri'iitiilK,  torn.  i..  pp.  l.'tli-ltt; 
Brusscur,  llUt.,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  173-9;  Duruii,  MS.,  toin.  i.,  cup.  i.\. 


SIEGE  OF  AZCAPUZALrO. 


303 


tli.ui  my  space  will  allow,  Avould  bo  monotonous  to  the 
i^'t'iicral  reader,  and  could  not  probaMy  be  made  suf- 
ticieiUly  accurate  to  be  of  f'-reat  value  to  tbe  student 
of  abitriLTinal  military  tactics.  The  ijfeneral  naturi;  of 
the  war  and  the  results  of  the  victory  may  be  told 
ill  a  lew  lines.  The  allied  Acolhua,  TlascalUsc,  Cho- 
liiltce,  Mexican,  and  Tlatelulcan  forces,  under  Xe- 
zahualcoyotl,  Itzcoatl,  ^rontezuma,  and  other  It;a(lers, 
aiiiounted  to  three  or  four  hundred  thousand  men. 
^[ost  eiitered  Mexico  in  canoes  from  tlu;  east;  but 
sonic  divisions  marched  round  the  lake.  At  a 
jiivconcerted  sij^nal,  the  lio-htinijc  of  a  tire  on  Mt 
Qiiauhtepec,  all  the  forces  advanced — probably  in 
("Uioes,  for  it  is  not  certain  that  causeways  had  yet 
liteTi  constructed —on  the  Te})ane(!  territory.  'I'he 
loi'd  of  Tlacoj)an,  by  a  previous  understanding^  with 
tilt"  allies,  opened  that  city  to  tbe  invaders,  thus 
Liiviu''-  them  a  sure  footin*'-  in  the  country  of  tlu;ir 
f  )(\  and  in  a  few  days  Azcapuzalco  was  closely  be- 
sicixed.  j^Iaxtla  had  an  army  somewhat  smaller  than 
that  of  his  opponents  but  they  foUL,dit  for  the  most 
part  behind  intrenchments.  The  enijieror  personally 
took  no  ]»art  in  the  battles  that  ensued,  but  placed  his 
greatest  general,  Atazatl,  at  the  head  of  bis  ai'mies. 
])ay  after  day  the  conflict  was  waufed  at  ditl'erent 
j»nints  about  the  doomed  capital  without  decisive 
result,  althouL,'h  many  local  victories  were  won  by 
liDth  sides.  At  last,  by  a  desperate  effort,  !Mazatl 
succeeded  in  driviuij;-  the  ^[exicans  back  to  the  lake 
shore;  in  the  panic  that  ensued  maJiy  ^Fexican  soldiei's 
threw  down  their  arms  and  bei^.i^'ed  for  (piarter  ;  itz- 
coatl (kH'Uied  the  battle  and  his  cause  lost.  Cursiiitr 
the  cowardice  of  his  troops,  he  called  upon  his  nobles 
and  cliieftains  to  rush  upon  the  foi' and  die  lu'avely ; 
his  call  was  i-^^sponded  to  by  lar^e  nund)ers,  the 
tioops  followed  with  new  couraijcc,  and,  re-inforcenients 
liuviii;;-  ari'ived  o})portunely,  the  tide  of  battle  was 
turned,  Mazatl  was  slain  in  hand-to-hand  cond)at  by 
^[untezunla,    and   the    Teixincc    cai)ital    carried     by 


P|i 


■d- 


.i\' 


394 


THE  CHICHIMEC  PERIOD. 


;;i 


n 


IE 


iii  ' 


assault.  Large  numbers  of  the  soldiers  were  put  to 
the  swvjrcl,  a  lew  bands  escaped  to  the  marshes  and 
mountains,  the  city  was  plundered  and  burned,  aiul 
the  emperor  was  found  in  a  bath  and  slain.  Azca- 
puzalco  never  regained  a  prominent  place  among  tliu 
cities  of  Anilhuac;  it  was  chiefly  noted  in  later  times 
as  a  slave  mart,  and  the  disgraceful  traffic  is  said  to 
have  been  inaugurated  by  the  sale  of  the  Tepaiiuc 
inhabitants  after  the  Acolhua  and  Aztec  victory. 
For  a  short  time  the  victorious  armies  ravaofcd  tlio 
territories  on  the  west  of  the  lakes,  which  still  re- 
mained faithful  to  Maxtla,  and  were  then  recalled,  and 
the  allied  troops  dismissed,  laden  with  spoils,  to  their 
own  provinces.  Itzcoatl  and  Nezahualcoyotl  had  no 
doubt  of  their  ability  to  keep  their  foes  in  cheek  and 
complete  the  conquest  by  the  aid  of  their  own  troupts; 
they  consequently  returned  to  Mexico  to  celebrate 
their  victory." 

The  fetes  in  honor  of  the  victory  and  victors  were 
long  continued,  and  conducted  on  a  scale  uiij)ie- 
eedented  in  the  Mexican  capital.  After  Itzeoatl 
and  Nezahualcoyotl,  Montezuma  seems  to  have 
carried  off  the  highest  honors.  The  altars  lan 
with  the  blood  of  sacrificed  human  victims,  rites  most 
repulsive,  as  is  stated,  to  the  Acolhua  king,  but 
which  he  could  not  prevent  on  such  an  occasion.  A 
])rominent  leature  of  the  ceremonies  was  the  rewaid- 
ing  by  lanas  tiud  honors  of  the  chiefs  who  had  distin- 


i^  Tlio  (iiiof  i)oint  nf  diflerctico  bctwonn  flio  •inflioritioH  on  (liis  i 
|ijvi;.'ii,  is  tlie  loliitivo  lioiiur  duo  t(»  the  (iiU'iTciit   iillics  and  It'inltis, 
«'.s|iiH'ially  till'  mIuii'o  wliicli  the  Mexicans  and  Acoliiiuis  rt'siiectivcly  !im 
tlie  iivcrlliniw  (if  tlio  'lV'])aiuH' tyrant.     ('lavi;;oni  platH's  this  war  in   1 
and  thinks  tliat  causcwavs  wore  already  hiiilt,     N'cytia  nixes  tliecliitc  I 
notes  that  the  Mexican  troo|)s  were  riehly  ejad,  while  the  fMi-ces  of  N 
liualeoyotl  wove    plain,    white   ^arnieiits,  ami   makes   the-   siej^c   lii.->t 
days.     Ixtliixoeliitl  also  ;;ives  the  datci  1428,  and    the  leii;:lli  of  tin' 
KID  anil    115  days.      Aeein-dinj;  to    Jlrassenr,   Ne/ahnah'oyoll  foiiMii    ( 
ilnrin^;  th(>  sie;,'(>  nf  A/capii/aUo   to  reconiiner  Acolnian   and  Coat  lie! 
which  had  revolted.     He  calls  the 're|ianec  leader  Ma/at/in,  and  </\\i's 
<la(e  as   ]VM     See   r.rf/i/xnr/iit/,   ])]i.   'J.Mli-7,  3S.'-4,    107,  4t;(l;    lr///(V',  t 
iii.,  pp.     1'_'0  ttlt;    Ihiniii,   MS.,   toiii.   i.,  eaii.   ix. ;  ('/(irii/im,  toni.  i., 
'J14-'J!l(;    Torqiiniiiii/,1,    toni.  i.,    jip.   14(K?;  liriin/iiitr,   Hist.,   toni.  iii., 
180-.');  Acostii,  Hint,  de  lun  Yiid.,  p|».  183-5. 


Mtll- 

ami 
il  la 
l-'.'i. 
I'JS, 
r/a- 

11(1 

war 
inii! 

I.'IM, 

the 
ini. 
pp. 
pp. 


THE  Tril-rARTITE  ALLIANCE. 


C95 


gulshcd  themselv^es  for  bravery  in  the  war,  and,  as 
hoiiio  authorities  say,  tlie  punishment  by  exile  of  such 
as  had  shown  cowardice.  The  fetes  were  inimedi- 
iitcly  followed,  perhaps  interrupted,  by  the  tidings 
that  Huexotla,  Coatlichan,  Acolman,  and  the  adjoin- 
iiii,^  towns,  had  revolted;  and  the  Mexican,  Acolhua, 
and  Tlatelulca  forces,  with  some  assistance  from  tlio 
eastern  plateau,  marched  through  the  eastern  part  cf 
tliu  vaDey,  and  after  a  series  of  hard-fought  battles 
(•()ii<[uered  the  cities  mentioned,  together  with  Teoti- 
Imaean  and  in  fact  nearly  all  the  towns  from  Iztapa- 
locau  to  the  northern  mountains,  excepting  probably 
Tezcuco,  although  some  authors  include  the  conquest 
(if  that  capital  in  this  campaign.  In  some  of  the 
( ities  no  mercy  was  shown  to  any  class,  but  all  were 
slain.  Veytia  moreover  divides  this  campaign  into 
two,  and  places  in  the  interval  between  them  the 
final  establishment  of  the  empire  to  be  given  later. 
Tnnniemada  and  Clavigero  connect  the  latter  part  of 
this  campaign  with  a  subsequent  one  against  Coyu- 
iiuaean.®' 

At  this  time,  in  the  year  1431,  and  before  Nezn- 
hiiahoyotl  had  regained  the  capital  of  his  father's 
(■in]iii-e,  as  Brassour  insists,  took  place  the  events 
wliich  closed  the  Chichimec  period  of  aboriginal  his- 
t(tiv,  tlie  division  of  Anilhuac  between  the  victors, 
the  re-establishment  of  the  empire  on  a  new  b.isis. 
Iln'  result  is  well  known,  but  respecting  the  motives 
that  h(l  to  it  there  is  great  oonfusiun.  It  was  de- 
ciiled  to  re-establish  with,  siiglit  modifications  the 
ancient  Toltec  «'ontederacy  of  three  kingdoms,  inde- 
jicndi'iit  so  far  as  the  direction  of  internal  afi'airs  was 
cniiceined,  but  allied  in  the  management  of  foreign 
atliiirs  and  in  all  matters  affecting  the  general  interests 
"t  the  empire,   in  which  matters  neither  king  ci)uhl 

^' Si'c  C/orii"'  ,  torn,  i.,  l>p.  --I  3;  'ruri/HCtiiinid,  toiii.  i.,  lip.  ll'2--(i; 
V'i/ti,i,  iiiiii,  ,.'  ,)p.  ia(i-47  I.'m-OO;  I.itfi!.v<n'/iiff,  pp.  'j;(7-s.  .Hs;t  .".,  i(i7, 
■l')i)-7;   I'l  iuziimiH',  ill   Kiiiii-ilioroiiifli,  v-il.  ix.,  ])p.  I(i-17;  Jiiinni,  MS.,  tmii. 


i*l 


1  ,  I'lip.  i\.;  .\riislii,    Ill's/,  lir   Ins    )':ii/.,   pp.    JSJ-.');    \'ita,'rL'rf,    Ti 
ii .  p.  'IS;  liruswiir,  lliist.,  torn,  iii,,  pp.  ibi~\). 


■1.1  ni, 


396 


THE  CHICIIIMEC  PEIUOD. 


act  witliout  the  consent  of  his  two  colleagues.  Tlie 
tlirco  kingdoms  were  Acolhiia  with  its  ca])it;i]  at 
Tezcuco,  undor  Nezahualcoyotl  wit'  the  title  of  (lij- 
chiniecatl  Tecuhtli;  the  Aztec  with  Mexico  for  its 
ca})ital,  I  nder  Itzcoatl  bearing  the  title  of  Culliua 
Tecuhtli;  and  the  Tepanec,  capital  Tlacopan,  under 
Toto(|uihuatzin  with  the  title  Tepaneca  Tecuhtli.  A 
line  drawn  in  a  general  north  and  south  directiMH 
through  the  valley  and  lake  just  east  of  the  city  of 
Tenoclititlan,  divided  the  Acolhua  domains  on  the 
east  from  those  of  Mexico  on  the  west.  The  ('a])ital 
Tlac()i)an,  with  a  few  surrounding  towns,  and  as  jsonie 
.say  the  ( )tomf  province  of  Mazahuaca,n  in  the  north- 
west, made  up  the  limited  Tepanec  domain.'"'  Tez- 
cuco and  Mexico  seem  to  have  been  in  all  rcsjucts 
tHpial  in  power,  while  Tlacopan  was  far  infeiior  to 
either.  As  a  descendant  and  heir  of  the  C/hicliinieo 
emperors,  Neziihualcoyotl  nominally  took  precodciico 
in  rank,  presiding  at  meetings,  occupying  the  ])lac('  of 
honor  at  public  ceremonies  with  his  colleagues  on  his 
right  and  left,  but  had  no  authority  whatever  over 
them,  and  was  proliably  in  respect  to  actual  military 
power  somewhat  inferior  to  Mexico.  Provinces  con- 
quered by  the  allied  forces,  together  with  all 
tiie  spoils  of  M  ^r,  were  to  be  divided  equally  be- 
tween AFexico  and  Tezcuco  after  deducting  one  lil'th 
for  Tlacopan." 

"w 'I'lii' lino  in  snid  to  liiivo  oxtondoil  from  Totoltopv'c  in  llio  imitli  In  ii 
iioint  ill  (lie  liikc  near  Mexico,  wiiicli  would  )k>  :;i  ii  S.W.  coui'm'.  Tlinirc 
It  cxIt'iiiliMl  to  mount  ('iit'Nfoiiiiitl  [iroliiilily  lowanis  flu- S.  Iv  Siilisri|Uiiit 
fvt'iitH  seem  often  to  indicatiHliat  tli('s(>  lines  wert!  intenileil  to  lie  iinldi- 
iiilelv  |iroion;'eil,  ai.d  to  lioiind  future  eoniiuests.  Itnihseiir,  llisl.,  tmii. 
iii.,  )•.  '.MKJ,  taucH  this  view  of  tlio  matter,  iiltliouj,'li  on  p,  I'.M  In-  iiii|iliis  tlic 
eontiaiy. 

■''  Such  was  the  liasis  of  the  alliance  iK-cordiuf,'  to  i.;tlilxoeliitl,  \'c\ii;i, 
/iirita,  and  Mrasseur.  All  a^xree  respectinjj  the  inferior  position  of  Tlnn- 
]ian  ami  her  share  of  the  spoils,  hut  IxtlilxochitI,  p.  4<')'i,  makes  hotli  \\n\  w 
small  liihute  to  Te/cuco,  Veytia  makes  NeAaliualcoyotl  superior  in  in'in- 
inal  rank  as  ahove;  Ixtlilxocliitl  in  most  of  his  relations  makc>-  liiiii  nii'l 
It/coatI  e<|ual  in  this  respect;  >.hile  TiM-iiuemada,  Clavi^'ero,  (hummiii.  mihI 
Puran  make  It/coatI  supreme,  and  yivo  to  Mexico  two  iliirds  iiisicml  nf 
one  half  of  the  spoils  after  dediH'tiiifX  Hio  shall'  of  'l'laco]tan.  The  i  liiif 
support  of  the  latter  opinion  is  the  j;reat  proportional  j,'rowlli  nl  iln' 
Mexican  domains  in    later  timen;  hut  priictically  Mexico  rcceiNcd  iiiin  ii 


TERMS  OF  THE  ALLIANCE. 


3U7 


Tlio  confusion  among  the  autlioritios  about  the  cir- 
cunistances  and  motives  that  led  to  tho  iri-partito 
alliance  on  the  aljove  basis,  arises  chieHy  IVoni  tho 
patriotism  of  the  native  authors.  Tlio  narrative  as 
j^ivcn  l)y  Ixtlilxochitl  and  Veytia,  to  the  effect  that 
Nczahualcoyotl  suspended  his  triumphal  march 
tliioun'h  his  old  dominion  of  Acolhuacan  to  assist  his 
fririid  and  relative  in  overthrowinj^  ISIaxtla,  dismissed 
his  allies,  and  then,  out  of  kindness,  admitted  JtzcoatI 
t(j  an  e(jual  share  with  himself  in  the  em})ire,  before 
coiii[)leting  the  conquest  of  Tezcuco,  nuist  evidently 
be  accepted  with  many  allowances.  There  is  still 
more  evident  exai^j^eration  in  tho  tale  of  Clavio-ero, 
L"czo/omoc,  and  Duran,  that  Itzcoatl  overthrew  the 
"  'aiiecs,  held  the  power  in  his  own  hands,  and 
^laciouhly  i)ut  the  Acolhua  prince  on  the  throne  of 
Tczriico  in  consideration  of  his  friendship  and  assist- 
ance. It  is  evident,  as  already  stated,  that  the 
-illiance  l)etween  Itzcoatl  and  Nezahualcoyotl  was 
formed  f.)r  the  protection  «jf  mutual  interests;  tliat 
no  allii'd  troops  were  disbanded  wliich  could  be 
retained;  that  if  the  conquest  of  Tezcuco  m as  po.st- 
jioiied  after  the  fall  t>f  Azca[)Uzalco,  it  was  because  the 
alli(  s  had  their  hands  full  in  othei"  directions;  and 
tiiat  in  the  Hnal  division  and  estal)lishment  of  the 
empiie  necesisity  and  policy  [)layed  a  nun.h  more 
jironiiiier,!  par',  than  friendship  or  condescension.  On 
til  •  ont  'tiuub  if  we  suppose  that  the  Aztec  militaiy 
fon  ',  's  i  ••  ^\  ty  ])rol)able,  was  at  the  time  superior  to 
that  vm'  L;i"  Acolhuas  it  nuist  be  remembered  that 
Ne/aluiaiccr,  »•!  mid  the  presti^;'e  of   beiny   the   legiti- 

iiiHi VIM    (liim    (lie   <\v<)   fliinls   nlintli'il    fo   licr   liv    tlicsc   iiiillicirs.     F 

lliiiik  it  iiioi'c  liUi'ly  tliiil  Mcxit'ii  in  licr  ^iciit  iiiilitiiiv  ihiwit  ainl  Ihm'  of 
('iiiii|iii"<i  tiiiiU  much  iiiiii't'  tliuii  lii'i'  |ii'ii|M'r  sliiii'c,  at  lii'^t  willi  tlic  ciiiiscnt 
of  Ihi' (■(illi'.iL.'iic.i  ami  later  williiml  sacli  luiisi'iil ;  ami  il  is  al^ii  iiMsxiipJc 
tli:it  llii'  (ii\  isiiiii  a;ri't't'il  u|iiiii  rcfcri't'il  niiiy  In  rniniiiots  ai  riim|i|j^li('il  iiii< 
ilir  icilaiii  I'liiiiiiliniis  mil  locnriicii,  or,  a  su|iinisili(iii  wliidi  a^ncs  \iiy 
iiiMil\  wilii  till'  artiiai  ili\isi«iii  in  iatcr  limes,  ihal  eacii  nf  liie  lline  k\njji. 
i\nu]^\\:  III  liave  tlie  ('iiiti|iiei'eil  |irii\  iiiees  tiial  aiijuiiieil  iln  leii  ilniy,  aiiil 
tliiil    ^'  '  iiliiiiiH'il    till'   !ar;,'e«l   sliai",  mil  miiv  mi  aieiMiiil  nf  iier  aiiilil- 

tiiili,  '-  .  e. 'iii.i  llie  niiist  (lesiralile  lieiil  for  eiimiUeHl  jiriiM'il  In  lie  ill  tllU 
Miillieii-i  ■  ;.n   Hiiilli-west.     See  iirorcililig  Hole. 


I.  i 

11 


St 


,! 


I 


! 


398 


THE  CHICIIIMEC  PERIOD. 


(!       i 


m 


mate  licir  to  the  imperial  throne  of  tlie  CliicliinuY's, 
tliat  lie  was  popiihir  in  Andliuac  and  had  the  sujipoit 
of  the  eastern  cities;  while  the  Aztecs  were  uni- 
versally liated  and  could  depend  only  on  the  viiloi  of 
their  chiefs  and  tlie  nunihers  of  their  army.  It  is  not 
impossible  tliat  the  delay  in  taking  possession  of  the 
Acolluia  capital,  was  because  the  allies  of  Nezalni.il- 
coyotl  refused  to  complete  tlie  conquest  until  their 
])rince  had  some  guaranty  against  the  ambition  of  the 
Mexicans.  On  the  other  hand,  if  we  crecUt  the 
statements  of  those  who  represent  NezahualcoyotI  as 
holding  the  b.  -i.nce  of  j)o\ver  in  the  first  alliance,  it  is 
to  be  uo^'hI  ti.  .  struggle  had  been  a  des[)ei'at(' 

one,  even  witii  t  aid  of  ]\Iexico;  that  it  was  yet 
far  from  ended,  that  revolts  were  occurring  in  evtiy 
direction,  and  that  with  the  Aztecs  as  foes,  the  success 
of  NezahualcoyotI  was  more  than  doubtful.  On  t'lis 
supposition  the  delay  in  taking  Tezcuco  is  to  he 
attributed,  as  indeed  some  authors  claim,  to  the  fear 
of  Itzcoatl  that  if  he  conti'ibuted  further  to  iiiciease 
his  ally's  power  he  Avould  soon  be  in  a  ])osition  to 
dietate  terms.  Neither  power  could  stanil  alone, 
]\[exico  against  all  Aniihuac,  Tezcuco  against  Mexico 
aiul  her  own  inde[)endent  and  revolting  vassals; 
hence  the  foundation  of  the  alliance  on  equal  terms 
is  perfectly  conq)rehensible.  To  account  for  the  ad- 
mission of  Tlaco[)an  to  the  alliance,  we  have  the 
I'acts  that  that  city  had  rendered  important  service  in 
the  defeat  of  Maxtla  at  Azcapuzalco;  that  she  may 
very  likely  have  been  promised  a  place  in  the  empiit! 
in  case  of  success;  that  in  any  event  it  was  policy  to 
concentrate  the  yet  powerful  Tepanec  element  in  a 
friiiudly  kingdom;  and  finally,  as  several  antlmis 
state,  that  the  families  of  Totocjuihuatzin  and  Neza- 
hualcoyotI were  closely  related  by  mai'riage.  Some 
auth(iriti(!S  state  that  Tlaco[)an  was  admitted  throii'Ji 
the  influence  of  Itzcoatl,  oth.ers  insist  that  it  was 
Ntizahualcoyotl'M  idea.  The  mauguration  of  the  ihw 
order  of  things,  including  the  crowning  of  Nezahual- 


CLOSE  OF  THE  PERIOD. 


399 


(Mvotl,  kiiiff  of  Acolliu.acan,  and  the  conforrini*'  of  tlie 
iiropcr  titles  iij)on  each  of  tlic  colleai^uos,  was  cele- 
Itratcd  ill  Mexico  with  great  pomp  in  ]4.']1.  Thus 
(lids  the  Chichiinec  period,  during  which  a  small 
Iijiiid  of  turhuleiit  marauders  had  })asscd  tinough  op- 
prcssidii  and  misfortune  to  a  leading  place  among  the 
Anirricaii  nations,  IVfany  strong  trihes  were  yet  to 
1)(>  pcisuadcd  or  forced  to  submit  to  the  new  order  of 
jxilitical  affairs;  the  measures  hy  which  this  was  ac- 
(oiiiplished,  and  the  Aztec  power  spread  far  and  wide 
I'll  nil  Anahuac  as  a  centre,  until  it  came  in  contact 
with  a  greater  power  from  beyond  the  ocean,  will 
ionri  the  subject  of  the  T'^Uowing  chapters/" 

5'' Ti)t(i(]iiilinatzin  was  t'le  prainlson  of  Tpzozoiuop,  and  liin  (lanixlitor 
vas  eiilu'r  ('oiiciil)iiie  or  \vi(f  d'  Nozaliualcoyotl.  T<in|iu'iiiaila  ami  Clavi- 
pT(i  st.itc  tliat  tlip  fH'n|ilt'  of  tlu!  n'}j;ion  about  Tfzi'Uco  iii'tilioiicil  ltZ('  itl 
to  iillciw  Ni'zalmalcoyotl  to  riili;  over  tliem,  iK'causp,  as  tlii'  latter  su>:j-'t'>ts, 
tiii>  tcnilory  liail  bt'cu  j^ivoii  to  ('hiiiialpoiioiia  liy  'i'czozonini'.  'I'u  N'cza- 
liiiiilniyotl,  (liiriii;;  liis  stay  in  Mexico,  are  attrilxitcil  a  jialacc  ami  liuiitin;,'- 
|i:mU  at  ('iiaiinltcjii''',  tojrctlicr  with  Hcvoral  rcxervoirs  and  tlio  idc.i  of  an 
ai|iit'iliiit  to  supply  water  to  tlie  city.  Veytia  elaiuis  to  liave  seen  tiaees 
(if  llic  liKimdary  line  helween  tlu^  Aztec  and  .\cidliua  domains.  It  ex- 
tended from  .Mount  Cuexcomatl  in  the  Houth,  hctween  l/ta|ialapan  and 
I'ldliiiaean,  tlirou};h  the  nortlicrn  lake  at  /umpan^'o  to  'I'otoltepec.  This 
^^olll(l,  however,  Ix;  far  from  a  straij;ht  line.  See  resjiectin^i  the  eslaldish- 
nieiit  of  tim  new  alliance:  /xf/t/d-iir/iif/,  p]i.  "JltT-H,  ;{S;{,  4(17,  4.")4,  -KIT; 
\''i/liii,  liini.  iii.,  pp.  l.').')-(iS;  Tiin/iiniiiiifii,  tom.  i.,  pp.  14l(-4,  l.")4-('i;  C/nri- 
ijirn.  toll).  1.,  ].p.  'i'Jl-.'i;  Ihiraii,  MS.,  torn,  i.,  cap.  ix..  x.,  xiv.;  /Ints.sriir, 
llisf.,  turn,  iii.,  )ip.  187-'.(;{;  (luiiKirn,  Coiiq.  Mix.,  I'ol.  303;  rn/icult's  Miu:., 
viil.  i.,  p,  I'J;   Vetuncvrt,  Teulro,  pt  ii.,  p.  28. 


CHAPTER    VIII 


THE    AZTEC    PERIOD. 

Outline  of  the  PERinn— Revolt  of  CoYtiirACAN  — XEZAiiirAun. 
voTL  ON  Ti:r  TiiuoxE  of  Tezccco — Conqlest  of  Ql'ai:iith'lax, 

TlU/riTLAN,  XOCHIMII.CO,  AND  CUITLAIIUAC  — CoNCJlEST  OK  C,)!  A- 
LHTITLAN  -DESTUUCTION  OF  THE  RECOKDS  — DEATH  OF  IlZCOATI, 
AND  Ac'CE.SsfON    or    M(tNTEZlMA  I.— \E\V  TeMI'LES  AT    MkXIid  - 

Defeat  of  the  C'iiaixas — Tuoiules  with  TLATEi.ri.coCdN- 

QUEST    OF    COHUIXCO    AND    MAZATLAN  — FLOOD     AND    SiX    Vl.AHs' 

FAiMiNE— Conquest  of  Miztecapan— The  Aztecs  Conqi'eu  riii; 

PU()VL\LE  of  ClETLAIHTLAN  AND  REACH  THE  GULF  COAST   I'l.NAI, 

Defeat  of  the  C'ilvlcas  -Cami'aicn  in  Ci  extlan— IJiui  u  oi'  Ni:- 
ZAHUALi'iLLi— Improvements  in  Tenochtitlan—  Emuahsv  tk  (hi- 
coMozToc— Death  of  Montezima  I.  and  Accession  of  Axava- 
CATL  — llAlU   IN  Ti  •  i:axtepe(  — Chimalpopoca  succeehs  Tuto- 

QUIHUATZIN  OX  THE  ThROXE  OF  TlACOPAN— NeZAHL ALril.l.l  SltV 
CKEDS    NeZAHUALCOVOTL   AT   TEZI  TCO-UEVOLT   OK   Tl.ATKI.I  l.l  d   - 

("oxcjiKsT  OF  Matlaltzinco— Defeat  uv  the  Takahcos— Dkaiii 
OF  Axavacatl. 


\i 


'I  I 


Tlic  annals  of  the  Aztoe  period  oonstltuto  a  rccoi'd 
of  successive  coiu^uests  by  the  allied  Tepanec,  Acol- 
hua,  and  ^lexican  forces,  in  which  the  latter  play  the 
leading-  role,  and  by  which  they  became  ])racticnlly 
masters  of  the  whole  country,  and  were  on  tlie  j)()iiit 
of  subjunatinof  even  their  allies,  or  of  faliiiio'  before 
a  comhination  of  their  foes,  when  they  i'ell  betoiv 
n  I'oe  fi'om  across  the  sea.  liesides  the  fre(iU(Mitly 
recurrinof  camjjaio'ns  aofainst  coveted  ])rovinces  or  re- 
volted  ciiieftains,   we  have   the  constant   o'l'owth  of 

|400J 


OUTLINE  OF  AZTEC  HISTORY, 


401 


Triioclititlaii  and  Tozcuco;  the  construction  of  cause- 
Wiivs,  canals,  acjueducts,  and  other  public  works;  the 
iTLction   of  magnificent  temples  in  honor  of  blood- 
thirsty gods;  and  nothing  more,  save  the  inhuman 
(iacritice  of  countless  victims  by  which  this  fanatic 
|ie()|>le  celebrated  each  victory,  each  coronation  of  a 
new  king,  each  dedication  of  a  new  temple,  strove  to 
avert  each  impending  disaster,  rendered  thanks  for 
every   escape,    and   feasted   their   deities    for   every 
mark  of  divine  favor.     From  two  sources  there  is  in- 
tit)(luced   into  this  record  a  confusion   unecpialed  in 
lliat  oi'  all  preceding  periods.     The  national  preju- 
dices of  the  original  authorities  have  produceil  two 
almost  distinct  versions  of  each  event,  one  attributing 
the  leading  rule   and  all  the  glory  to  Tezcuco,  the 
(itlier  to  jVIexico.     The  other  source  of  confusion  is  in 
the  successive  camj)aigns  against  or  conquests  of  the 
same  province,  as  of  Chalco  for  example.     This  prov- 
ince, like  others,  was  almost  continually  in  a  state  of 
revolt;  and    there  was  no  king  of  Mexico  who  had 
not  to  engage  in  one  or  more  wars  .against  its  people. 
Ill  the  aggregate  about  the  same  events  are  attrib- 
uted to  the  Chalca  w'ars,  but  hardly  two  authorities 
,HTou|)  tliese  events  in  the  same  manner.      Some  group 
them  ill  two  or  three  wars,  others  in  many,  and  as 
lew  attemjtt  to  give  any  exact  chronology,  the  result- 
iuL;'     complication    may    easily    be     understood.     To 
reconcile  these  difterences  is  inn)ossible;  to  give  in 
lull  the  statement  of  all  the  authorities  on  each  ])oint 
uould   amount  to  jirinting  the  whole  history  of  the 
period  three  or  four  times  over,  and  would  prove  most 
nioiiotoiious  to  the  reader  without  servino-  unv  o-ood 
juujiose;  the  choice  is  therefore  between  an  arbitiary 
.UToiiping  of  the  events  in  (piostion  and  the  adojjtion 
of  that  given  by  Brasseur  do   Bourbourg.      .\s  tlio 
latter  has  the  claimed  advantage  of  resting  on  origi- 
nal documents  in  addition  to  the  Spanish  writtirs,  I 
prefer    to    follow    it.      In     respect    to    the    dilliculty 
arising  from  a  spirit  of  rivalry  between  Mexico  and 


ila 


w 


M 


Vol.  V.    'JO 


f:i 


402 


THE  AZTEC  PEKIOD. 


T'zcuco,  T  shall  continue  the  assumption  alivadv 
made  that  the  two  powers  entered  into  the  alliaiKMj 
on  terms  of  c(piality,  carefully  notini^,  however,  tlio 
views  of  the  authorities  on  both  sides  respectinLf  all 
important  jioints. 

While  Nezahualcoyotl  was  still  residinf^  in  ^Mcx- 
ieo,  a  desi)erate  attemjit  was  made  to  retrieve  the 
defeat  at  Azcapuzalco,  by  Coyiihuacan,  the  stron^-est 
of  the  rcmainin<»'  Tepnnec  provinces.  The  rulers  nf 
this  province  applied  for  aid  to  all  the  lords  in  tliu 
region,  picturing  the  danger  that  hung  over  all  from 
the  Aztec  power  and  ambition;  but  for  some  reason, 
l)robably  fear  of  the  new  alliance,  all  refused  to  take 
]»art  in  the  war,  and  the  Tepanecs  were  left  to  fight 
their  own  battles.  Tliey  began  by  robbing  and  in- 
sulting Mexican  market-women  visiting  their  citv  for 
purposes  of  trade;  afterwards  invited  the  Mexican 
nobles  to  a  feast  and  sent  them  back  clad  in  woiiuns 
garments;  and  finally  openly  declared  war.  Their 
strong  towns  of  Covuhuacan  and  Atlacohuavau  soon 
fell,  however,  before  the  allied  armies  under  Itzeoatl 
and  Montezuma,  and  the  whole  south-western  section 
as  far  as  Xochimilco  was  brought  under  subjection.^ 
Itzeoatl  making  a  triumphal  return  into  his  capital  in 
1432. 

It  was  determined  in  the  following  year  that  Ne- 
zahualcoyotl should  return  to  Tezcuco  and  take 
possession  of  his  ancestral  tlirone  of  Acolhuacan.  A 
large  army  was  fitted  out  for  the  conquest,  but  its  aid 
was  not  required;  for  the  lords  that  had  thus  fai-  held 
out  in  the  capital,  realized  that  their  cause  was  hope- 

>  Dinrtn,  MS.,  torn,  i.,  raji  x.;  Chn'iffrrn,  foni.  i..pp.  222-3;  Trzozintuf. 
in  KiiigshoroiKjh,  vol.  ix.,  iip.  KS-'J.">;  lirnssritr,  Hist.,  toiii.  iii.,  Jip-  I'.M'i; 
Annstn,  llisl.  delfts  Viid.,  jip.  4S('>-7;  '/'ori/iii-iinnfii,  ttmi.  i.,  p.  145,  Diiniii 
and  ('liivi{.;oro  pliu'o  tlicsi' c'\  outs  after  Nczalmalcovdtl  luul  f^onoto  rc/.iiicii. 
'I'lie  foniicr  BtatcH  tliat  Tozcuco  was  one  of  flic  cities  a])plieil  to  fur  iiiil 
.aj?aiiist  the  Mt  xieans,  and  intiddufes  here  the  story  of  the  i)eo]ile  on  iIki 
lake  shore  having;  lieeii  maiie  ill  hy  the  smell  of  fish  in  Tcnoehtillaii;  iiml 
the  latter  states  tliat  llnexotla  aided  Coynhuacan  in  this  war.  Tonnii'iii:ii!:i 
rilaees  the  war  in  the  second  year  of  It/coatPs  rci;,'ii,  and  inii)lies  that  llie 
^Icxieans  were  forced  to  make  several  expeditions  before  tliey  were  omi- 
pletely  sueceasful. 


OCCUPATION  OF  TKZCUCO. 


40C 


less,  fled  to  Tlascala  and  in  other  directions,  allowini,' 
tlio  kinsjc  to  enter  Tezeuco  \vithout  resistance,  "where 
liL'  was  gladly  received  by  the  people,  was  puhlidy 
crowned  hy  Itzcoatl,  and  proclaimed  a  sj^eneial 
amnesty,  which  course  soon  brought  back  many  even 
of  the  rebel  lords.^  Soon  after  his  return  lie  made  a 
visit  to  Tlascala,  concluding  with  that  power  a  treaty 
of  alliance,  and  afterwards  ruling  in  great  harmony 
Avith  all  his  allies;  at  least,  such  is  the  version  of  the 
Alihe  Brasseur,  and  Clavigero  speaks  of  no  trouble 
at  that  j)eriod;  but  other  Spanish  writers,  although 
i„it  agreeing  among  themselves,  give  a  very  different 
version  of  the  events  that  occurred  immediately 
after  the  occupation  of  Tezeuco.  According  to  tho 
statements  of  Ixtlilxochitl  and  Veytia,^  Itzcoatl  soon 
repented  of  having  allowed  Nezahualcoyotl  tho 
sujireme  rank  of  Chichimecatl  Tecuhtli,  and  made 
fconie  disparaging  remarks  about  his  colleague.  Ne- 
zahualcoyotl, enraged,  announced  his  intention  to 
march  on  Mexico  within  ten  days;  Itzcoatl, 
frightened,  made  excuses,  and  scn^  twenty-five  vir- 
iLjins  as  a  conciliatory  pi-ift,  who  were  returned  un- 
touched; a  bloody  battle  ensued,  and  the  Mexican 
king  was  obliged  to  sue  for  ])eace,  and  submit  to  the 
iiavuient  of   a  tribute.     Ixtlilxochitl  even  savs  that 

It  V 

the  Acolhuas  entered  Mexico,  plundering  the  city 
and  burning  temi)les.  Torquemada*  mentions  a  diHi- 
culty  l)etween  the  two  monarchs,  and  Nezahual- 
(oyotrs  challenge,  but  states  that  Itzcoatl's  excuses 
were  accepted  and  an  amicable  arrangement  effected. 
i)<iturini  refers  the  quarrel  and  challenge  to  the  later 
reign  of  Axayacatl.  Ortega,  Veytia's  editor,  denies 
that  any  difficulties  occurred  f  and,  indeed,  the  story 
IS  not  a  very  reasonable  one,  which  is  perhaps  Bras- 
.scur's  reason  for  iirnorino-  it  altoyfether. 


'  Tnnjiirm(if?a,  toin.  i.,  pp.   14.'-fi;  Flnminn;  Tlixf.,  tniti.  iii.,  pp.  lOfi-S. 
'  I.ri/i7.r„r/iifl,  jip.  '.'3'.»-40,  407-8;  flu-  iilliaiieo  witli  TIuhciiIu  is  spoken  of 
oil  p|i.  •J17-H.      I'li/liii,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  l()H-82. 
*  Miiiiiini.  Iik/.,  toiii.  i.,  ji.  17">. 
■'  J'liliiriiii,  Idea,  p.  'JO;  UtiojK,  in  Vcytia,  toia.  iii.,  p.  178. 


iOi 


THE  AZTEC  PEKIOD. 


;*. 


i  -i 


r)nco  seated  on  tlie  tliroiio  of  Acolhuacan,  Xe/,a- 
ImaU'oyotl  devoted  himself  zealously  to  the  recun- 
structiou  of  his  kingdom,  followin*^  for  the  most  part 
the  ])lan  marked  out  by  his  grandfather  Teehotl,  ainl 
ostaLlishing  the  forms  of  government  that  endured  to 
the  time  of  the  ('on(|uest,  and  that  have  been  i'lillv 
descril>ed  in  a  preeedinir  volume.  Unlike  the  kin"- 
of  ^fexico,  and  against  his  advice,  he  restored  to  a 
certain  extent  the  feudal  sv-stem,  and  left  many  of 
his  vassal  lords  independent  in  their  own  domains, 
instead  of  appointing  royal  governors.  He  was 
jirompted  to  this  coui'se  by  a  sense  of  justice,  and  l)v 
it  his  popularity  was  greatly  increased;  the  plan  was 
verv  successful:  but  whether  it  would  have  succeeckJ 
in  later  years  without  the  support  of  the  ]\[e\i(an 
and  Tepanec  armies,  may  perha[)s  be  doubted.  ^laiiy 
however,  of  the  strongest,  the  most  troublesome,  and 
es])ecially  the  frontier  provinces,  or  cities,  were  jilaced 
under  the  king's  sons  or  friends.  Full  details  of  tlie 
governmental  system  introduced  by  this  monarch,  of 
tlie  many  councils  which  he  established,  are  given  liy 
tlie  authorities  but  need  not  be  repeated  here.  J^ii- 
ticular  attention  was  given  to  science  and  arts,  and  to 
educational  institntions,  which  continued  to  il(,)uiisli 
under  his  son,  and  for  wiiich  Tezcuco  was  noted  at 
tlie  ai'rival  of  the  Siianiards.  The  city  was  detinitclv 
divided  into  six  wards  called  after  the  iidiabitants  of 
different  nationalities,  Tlailotlacan,  Chimalj)ane('an, 
lluitznahiiac,  Tepanecapan,  Culhuacan,  and  ]\ri'\- 
i<'a})an,  and  was  enlarged  and  embellished  in  evoiy 
direction  with  new  palaces,  temples,  and  both  ]iul)lic 
and  royal  ])arks  and  ])leasiire-grounds.'' 

In  14.'U  the  Chidiimec-Culhua  city  of  Quaiditi- 
tlan  was  brought  under  subjection  to  Mexico,  or  at 


e  Pon  T.rtUlrnrhitl  pp.  2.'?!)-47,  2.')8-r)l,  .ISfi-S,  407-0,  4r)4-.'».  4r.7.S;  Vnji:,'. 
Iiim.  iii.,  pp.  18l!-'J()'.),  •_'•.';{-!>;  Ton/Hnjiiidii,  toiii.  i.,  pp.  Ht)-7,  MiTil;  ' /" 
■niirni,  toiii,  i.,  pp.  '2'J')-(i,  '24'J-7;  lirii.sstiir,  Hint.,  toiii.  iii.,  pp.  I'.l7'-'i>-' 
<  iijitlifliaii,  Tcpi'tliHi/.tiic,  'I'cpcclipim,  ('liiuliiiaiilitia,  'l'ulaiiciii;,'ci,  (,ii;;iu- 
chinaiico,  Xiooti'pcc,  and  'rcotiiiiiacaii  arc  int'iitioncil  aiiioii^'  the  pidviiiriM 
wliiiM"  luriis  \v''i('  ri'stoitMl.  Ixtlilxix'hitl  ami  \"i'\tia  say  tliat  llic  ^miiu' 
^ysll■lll  iif  provunial  yovcniiiioiU  wm  forced  ou  Mc.vico  by  Nuzahuulcnuiil. 


CONQI'I-^T  OF  XOCHIMILro. 


4C5 


le:i>t  entrusted  to  s^overnors  appointed  l>y  Ttzeoatl, 
who  made  certain  troubles  anionic  the  })eople  in  tho 
chcice  of  a  ruler  an  excuse  for  uiarehinL»-  an  army  into 
that  part  of  the  country.  Tultitlan  was  also  con- 
iiiKivd,  j)rol»al)ly  in  the  same  exjieditioii.^  Xoi'hi- 
milco  was  now  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  Anahuac, 
and  hv  reason  of  its  location  partially  on  the  lak(\ 
anil  of  a  deep  in(tat  which  guarded  the  land  side,  was 
also  one  of  the  strongest.  Cuitlahuac  was  even  more 
stioiigly  defended;  hut  both  cities  were  forciul  to 
viijd  to  the  ^[exicans  and  their  allies  during  this 
V(  ar  and  the  following.  Many  Ti'panecs  had  taken 
iit'iige  in  these  t(»wns  after  the  fall  of  Azca[)Uzalco, 
and  their  rulers,  trusting  to  their  incniased  force  and 
the  strength  of  their  defences,  were  disj>osed  to  re- 
L;ai'd  the  Aztecs  without  fear.  Some  authors  accust! 
the  Xo(diiinilcas  of  luiving  provoked  a  war  hy  e!i- 
iidachmeiits;  others  state  that  thev  were  formallv 
sunuiioned  hy  Itzcoatl  to  submit  and  pay  tribute  or 
resort  to  the  lot  of  battle.  They  made  a  brave  re- 
sistance, but  Itzcoatl's  forces  crossed  their  moat  by 
iilling  it  with  l)undles  of  sticks  and  })rand)les,  and 
lUttTed  the  town,  driving  the  army  to  the  mountains, 
wlure  they  soon  surrendered.  Authorities  differ  as 
to  the  treatment  of  the  people  and  the  government 
iin|iosed,  as  they  do  in  the  case  of  most  of  the  coii- 
(|H'",% ;!  cities;  but  Xochinnlco  was  certaiidy  made 
tril»utary  to  the  Mexican  king.  The  Cuitlahuacs 
Were  contpK'red  in  a  later  exjx'dition.  The  cause  of 
the  war,  as  Tezozomoc  tells  us,  was  the  refusal  to 
si'iid  their  young  girls  to  take  part  in  a  festival  at 
Mexico.  The  battle  was  fought  for  the  most  ])art  in 
t'Miioes,  the  city  was  taken,  as  is  said,  by  a  det.ich- 
ninit  of  stiulents  under  the  command  of  AEontzeuma, 
iiad  many  prisoners  were  brought  back  to  be  sa<'ii- 
ticed    in    honor    of  the    ijod   of  war.     Accord i no-    to 


I 


n 


r 


"  Ilnissriir,  llisf.,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  2()'2-3;  I'li/fin,  torn,  iii.,  p.  '_';?(!;  Tnn/iif. 
lixnl'i,  toiii,  i.,  p.  l.'iO;  <_'/<( riijiru,  toiii.  i.,  p.  "J-fS;  I'tiinrrrt,  'l\nlrii,  pt  ii., 
1'.  I's. 


>i 


40(J 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


i4    :    . 


i|:^ 


m.  ' 


f - 


fir 

i  r ! ! 


Tezozomoc  and  Duran,  tlio  people  of  XocliiiniK'o  with 
those  of  C^)yuhuaeaii  ^vere  ordered  to  funii^ih  ma- 
terial and  buihl  a  causeway,  the  first,  it  is  said,  \vhii-h 
led  from  Mexico  to  the  mahdand.  Herrera  ainl 
Acosta  tells  us  that  after  the  concpiest  of  Cuitlahu.u-, 
Nezahualcovotl,  seeinsf  that  it  was  useless  to  resist 
tlie  destiny  of  the  Mexicans,  voluntarily  offercil  liis 
alleL;"iance  to  Itzcoatl  and  retired  to  the  second  rank 
in  the  alliance.  The  latter  adds  that  to  content  the 
monarch's  subjects  with  such  a  measure,  a  sliam  l)at- 
tle  was  foUL^ht,  in  which  the  Acolhua  armies  pic- 
tended  to  be  defeated.^ 

An  opportunity  was  soon  offered  the  allied  powei-s 
to  test  their  strength  outside  the  limits  of  the  valley, 
where  reports  of  their  valor  and  rapidly  yrowin.;- 
power  had  preceded  them.  The  rich  city  of  (.^)uauh- 
naluiac  in  the  south-west,  had  once,  as  we  have  seen, 
formed  aji  alliance  by  marriage  with  the  !Mexiians, 
but  friendly  relations  seem  to  have  ceased.  In  a 
dirticulty  between  the  hjrds  of  Quauhnahuac  and 
Xiuhte[)ec,  a  neighboring  city,  about  the  hand  of  the 
forni'M-'s  daughter,  the  latter  called  upon  the  ^Fexi- 
cans  for  aid,  which  they  were  only  too  ready  to  grant. 
Tlie  tliree  kings,  toij^ether  with  the  Tlahuica  forces  nt' 
Cohuatzin,  lord  of  Xiuhtepec,  marched  against  the 
fated  town,  entered  it  after  hard  fighting,  burned  its 
temple,  imposed  a  heavy  tribute  of  cotton,  rich  cloths, 
and  fine  garments,  thus  taking  the  first  step  in  their 
victorious  march  toward  the   South  Sea."     The  re- 

8  Ixtlilxorliitl,  pp.  384,  4r>8,  and  Vcytia,  toiii.  iii.,  pp.  140-.V2.  'J.Sl ."., 
state  that  Nt'zalmali'oyotl  acctmiplislicil  tlio  ('(iiKjiii'st  of  Xdcliiiiiik'd  wiih 
till'  aiil  of  ji  few  Tlascaltocs,  h'aviiij;  Itzcoatl  entirely  out  of  the  alluir. 
C'l.ivij;eio,  toiii.  i.,  pp.  'J'_'()",  tells  us  that  the  Xochiiiiilcas  (leteiiiiiiitd  i.i 
luaUe  war  (»n  the  Me.xieaiis  hefore  tliey  heeame  too  stroiij;.  I>iiraii,  Ms., 
toiii.  i.,  ea]).  .\ii.,  .\iii.,  relates  an  evil  omen  for  the  Xochiniilcas.  in  tin' 
traiisfonnalion  of  a  dish  of  viands,  round  which  they  were  se:itcd  in  ili- 
liberation,  into  arms,  lejrs,  liearts,  and  other  liunian  parts.  See  also  /;'/  'v- 
si-iii;  llisf.,  toni.  iii.,  jip.  '2(H)-,");  TvzuzniHDr,  in  Kii,(/\hi>riiiii//i,  vol.  ix.,  ]>]>. 
'27>-'M)\  SdltiiijKii,  torn,  ii.,  lih.  viii.,  |i.  '2()S;  Arit.itu,  Ilist.  i/r  fn.s  Yitii.  \<\i. 
4S.S-0(»;  Tim/iiriii'i</<i,  toni.  i.,i)p.l4(>,  148-!);  Vitiiiivrrt,  Tra(ri>,\\\  ii..|i.'-N; 
Ikvrrrd,  llisl.  (ii-n.,  dec.  iii.    iih.   ii.,  cap.  xiii. 

'J  Ixtlilxochitl,  pp.  "iiS-'J,  .'iay.s  that  (.iuauhiiahuuc  and  eiijht  other  t"\viis 


AFr.VIUS  IN  (HALIITITLAN. 


407 


liuildiuL,^  and  re-peopliiiLf  of  Xultoojui,  by  colonies  of 
^Mexicans,  Acollmas,  and  Tcpanecs,  and  l>y  a  ^athe)'- 
iiii,''  uf  scattered  Otonii's,  is  attributed  by  the  dnhx 
ChtiiutliHipoca  to  the  year  l4o5.  At  the  same  time 
WLie  laid  the  foundations  of  a  new  temjde  in  honor  of 
Ciluiacoatl,  and  work  on  the  ^rand  tLnii)le  of  Iluit- 
zildpDchtli,  beyun  long  beforj,  was  actively  })rose- 
cuted.  So  zealous  was  kinu"  Itzcoatl  in  advani-in*; 
tiic  n'lory  of  his  people  that  he  is  reported  by  Salia- 
guu'"  to  have  destroyed  the  ancient  records  which 
related  the  glorious  deeds  of  more  ancient  peoples. 
Xothinij  further  is  recorded  during  Itzcoatl's  reiuii 
s.ivc  the  execution  of  the  death  penalty  on  certain 
Cliichimec  families  of  Quauhtitlan,  who  refused  to 
]i,irtici[»ate  in  some  of  the  religious  rites  in  hon(.)r  of 
tlic  Aztec  gods,  a  short  campaign  against  the  i)rov- 
iiico  of  Ecatepec,  and  a  vaguely  mentioned  ren  wal 
uf  hostilities  with  Chalco." 

I  liave  already  noticed  the  statements  of  Acosta 
and  Herrera,  that  after  the  conijuest  of  Cuitlahuac 
Nczaluialcoyotl  resigned  his  sui)remacy  in  favor  of 
the  Mexican  king.  Other  authors,  iis  Tezozonioc, 
])unui,  Gomara,  and  Sigiienza  y  Gongora,  also  imply 
that  from  the  end  of  Itzcoatl's  reign,  the  ^lexican 
king  was  supreme  in  the  alliance;  hut  their  state- 
laciits  disagree  among  themselves,  and  with  previous 
.statements  by  the  same  authors  to  the  effect  that  the 
!Mr\ican  king  was  supreme  monarch  at  the  foundation 
of  the  alliance.     Although   Itzcoatl   and  his   succes- 

woxc  ii warded  to  Nczahuiilcoyotl,  Trpozotlan,  Tluastppcc  and  otliors  to 
Il/.ciiiitl,  lii'sidt's  tlie  .share  of  'riaropaii  nut  spi'citiod.  'I'lii'  .sanic  autlmr 
>,'ivi'>  ln'R'  wiiliont  details  of  cliroiiid(i;.'y,  a  list  of  .siilise<|iu'iit  conijiu'sts  liy 
till'  iillic-i  at  this  period,  wliieli  we  shall  liiid  scattered  thrnni^liunt  this  and 
till-  l'iilli(winj,'  reif^iis;  sueli  are:--C'haleo,  It/ucan,  'I'epeaca,  'I'ecalro,  Tcd- 
liiiaiaii.  ('oluiaixtlalniaean,  llnaltepee,  l^iianlilDidico,  Atoeh|ian,  Ti/auh- 
ociac,  I'liciitepee,  Mazaliuaeun,  'J'lapaeoia,  'I'laiiheocauhtitlaii,  and  'i'nlan- 
ciii^'u.  See  also  on  coniiuest  of  t^inuihnahuai',  C/iirtij,rii,  toni.  !.,  pp.  •_''J7->S; 
T'ir/iiri,iiii/ii,  toni.  i.,  pp.  li'.l-oO;  Vii/Zm,  toni.  iii.,  p|i.  •J.'J.")-(i;  Vilaiirvrt, 
T'li/rii.  |it  ii..  p.  "28;  Jinissciir,  Hisf.,  toni.  iii.,  ])p.  'JO,')-?. 

'"  H'sf.  (int.,  toni.  iii..  lih.  x.,  pp.  13i)-4l;  see  p.  UK),  of  this  volume,, 
and  \iil.  ii.,  p.   'y2H, 

"''/•/(.(•  c/tiimi//).,  ill  JJrKsscur,  Hist.,  toiii.  iii.,  i([).  2(tS-ll;  Torti'> 
hnul'i,  toni.  i.,  p.  150.  ', 


I 

I; 

.III 

•  iiiil 


I   'i| 


■'i  Ml 


_ii ;  [ 


408 


Till   AZTEC  PERIOD. 


sors,  by  taoir  valoi*  and  desire  of  conquest,  took  ;i 
leadinijc  P'^i't  i'^  ^^^  wars,  and  were  in  a  sonso  niastcis 
of  Analuiac,  there  is  no  sntficient  evidence  that  tluv 
ever  claimed  any  snperority  in  rank  over  the  Anil- 
luia  monarch,  or  that  any  important  dltticuhies 
occurred  hetween  the  two  powers  initil  the  last  yeais 
of  tlie  Aztec  ])eri()d.^^  The  king  died  in  1440,  recom- 
mending' the  allies  above  all  thing's  to  live  at  i)o;u'c 
with  each  other,  ordering  work  to  be  continued  on  the 
temple  of  l[uitzilopochtli,  and  making  provision  fur 
statues  of  himself  and  his  predecessors  on  the  tlii'oiio 
of  ^Mexico.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew, 
Montezuma  llhuicamina,  or  the  elder,  who  was 
already  commander  of  the  armies  and  high -priest 
of  Huitzilopoch<:ii." 

His  election  having  been  confirmed  by  the  kings  of 
Tezcuco  and  Tlaoopan,  ^[t»nte/uma  1.  was  ci-owiied 
with  something  more  than  the  usual  ceremonies, 
botli  because  of  his  high  ecclesiastical  ]iosition  and 
because  he  was  the  first  monarch  crowne-d  ly  the 
jMexicaiis  as  a  perfectly  independtnit  nation.  Ac- 
cording to  several  authors  this  king  made  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  Chalcas  l)efore  his  coronation  to 


u  Ti~ii~tn)K)r,  i  I  Kiiiff.shoroiiijfi,  vol.  ix.,  yp.  'M)-'2;  Dnraii,  AIS.,  toni.  i., 
call.  '^^•'  '^""I'to'K,  Coii'i.  Mix.,  fctl.  ,'}(i;i;  Sii/iinan,  in  l>iii\  His/,  .1/.  .r  , 
si'iit'  iii.,  loin,  i.,  ]).  ."I'.t;  'l"on|iuMiiiiila,  toiii.  i.,  ]i.  I41)-."t(t.  dciiii's  tlic  >tory 
that  Ni'/aliiialcoyotl  siiliiiiitti'd  to  U/.t'oatl.  N'claiicvrt,  Tinlrn,  pi  ii..  |i|i. 
'Xi-l,  makes  iliiMii  still  of  i'i|ual  rank,  'rczozomoc  makes  no  nientinn  ct 
liny  events  in  hzeoatl's  rel','n  after  the  etmiinest  of  ( 'nil  lahiiac.  Oiiraa, 
cap.  xiv,  states  that  hi"  coiH|Hests  inclmkMl  Clialeo,  (ihianlmalmac,  llni'- 
xolziiieo,  ami  Coallichaii.  ('las  i;.;c'io,  (om.  i.,  pp.  '_''_'S-',t,  'J.'SJ-,');  'I'uriiiieniail.i, 
toMi.  i,,  II.  157,  ami  N'eytia,  tom,  iii.,  ]tp.  'J.'lli-7,  place  in  lizcoall's  i'i'i;:ii  llie 
oiiuin  ol  the  tid. lilies  with 'i'latelnico  wliicii  will  lie  spoken  of  lieicaflci'. 
.\ci'oii!in^'  to  ihi-  I'ik/iX  Miiiiln::ii,  in  Ktiiiislinruiiij/i,  vol.  v.,  p.  II,  ll/ioall, 
or  Izi'oaci,  coiwiuereil  "Jti'ities. 

'•'  Dale,  I  HO  Jtiinni,  .MS.,  tom.  i.,  ciip.  xiv-xv.;  Cinhx  Mtiii!i-:ii.  in 
Kiiiii^!i(iiiiii<ili,  vol.  v.,  |i.  I.'i;  .]f-,,i/ii/(i,  Jli.sf.,  .'■''•/'s.,  |i,  l.'iU-,  /,!'//. y.io  /,,//, 
IM).  'Jl'.t,  4."i7;  Vi/iiiirrrf,  Tnifri),]>i  ii.,  ]).  ~H\  I'lt/iirini,  in  />i,r.  Ilsl.  M  i  , 
iserie  iii.,  torn,  iv..  ?>.  •J,'!',l;  Ihiissinr,  llixl.,  I  un.  iii.,  pp.  '.'I  I  I'.'.  Iiiiiini 
also  M;i\(.s  l-tj,".  ami  Ixtlilxochitl  I  111.  I  i;{(i,  \'ii//ia,  tom.  iii..  pp.  "J^C  •<; 
Vhirliitr:i.  tom.  i.,  ]i.  ■_'•_",(;  llii.i/iniiiniff,  Mni'iiii/ns  ilr  In  .l/iiiiiii/n,  loin,  ii  , 
]i.  171.  Si'C  also  on  th' succession  ;  llrrrirn,  lllsl.  Uni,,  ilec.  iii..  lili.  ii  , 
cap.  xiii.;  Arn.s/ii,  lli.st.  i/r  Ins  )'iii/.,  pp.  I'.MI-.'l;  Siiliuifiiii,  tom.  ii.,  lil>.  \iii., 
p.  'JliS;  '/'iii''/iiiiiiiii/ii,  loin,  i.,  pp.  I.'ill,  171;  'l'i''.ii::"iiiiii\  in  KiKiislmViniiili, 
\ol.  i\..  p.  ,'{0;  Miihi/niiii,  ill  hiizhulvctti,  CiiL  (/c  J)uc,,  tom.  i,,  p.  (I;  '"'• 
intd'ti,  Coiiij.  Mix.,  fol.  'M'.i, 


REICN  OF  .M(tNTEZrMA  I. 


409 


I'olll 


olitaiii  tlio  necessary  prisoners  for  sacrifice." 
tlif  lii'st  (lays  of  his  reii^ii  ^Nroucezuina  s^iivo  yreat 
attontiou  to  the  huildini^'  of  temples  in  liis  capital, 
olitainiiiLT  many  of  his  \vt)rknjen  from  Tlacopaii,  ami 
jiis  plans  I'rom  the  skilled  arcliitects  of  Tezciico,  Ho 
socuis  to  have  instituted  the  custom  so  e.\t<Misi\fly 
iiracticed  in  later  years,  of  erectim'-  in  Mexico  tem- 
|)lcs  in  honor  of  the  ufods  of  forein'n  pro\  iiiccs  coii- 
(jiu'i'cd  or  ahout  tt>  he  conipiered,  makiu'^'  these  ^ods 
.-altordinato   to   Huitzilopochtli    as    their    woi'sliipfi's 


hiect    to    the    ]\[exica)»s.      Two    temiil 


es 


are 


1)(M' 


SUDJ 

ally  mentioned  hy  the  docnments  which  Jhas- 
SL'Ur  follows;  one  called  Tiuitznahuateocalli,  and  the 
(itluT  tliat  t)f  ^[ixcohuate[)ec.  The  lalt*'r  was  huilt 
t.i  ri'crive  the  relics  of  the  ancient  chief  ^Fixcohuatl, 


15 


which  had  heen  preserved  for  centuries  in  their  toin- 
]i!c  at  Cuitlahuac,  an  ohject  of  veneration  to  all  of 
Tdltcc  descent.  A  (piari'el  hetween  Tezozomoc  and 
Acdhniztli,  rival  lords  of  that  city,  afforded  a  sulli- 
ciciit  pretext  for  sending'  thither  a  ^[exican  army; 
the  t(Mn}>le  cau_L>'ht  tire,  hy  accident  as  was  claimed, 
and  the  lord  who  had  received  aid  could  not  refuse 
Montezuma's  recpiest  lor  the  now  shelterless  relics, 
Avliich   were    translei-red    to    their    new   restin,L'"-[dace 


111   lelioch 


titli 


m. 


Tl 


lis  was  m  144 


-  Ill 


The  Chalcas  whom  we  lun'i'  ol'ten  I'ound  dnhtini^', 
iiihv  (111  the  side  of  the  Ac<!]huas,  now  on  the  side  of 
the  Teiianecs,  hut  always  hating'  the  Mexicans  most 
hitteiiy,  s(!ei  i  to  have  mana,o"ed  their  alliances  so 
shrewdly  up  to  this  time,  as  to  have  avoided  hecom- 
in<jf  involved    in   the   ruin    that  at  diU'ereiil  times  had 


(i\-cr\\  lu 


lined  th(^  leading'  |iowers  of  .\ii;ihnai 


Since 


the  lunnation  of  the  new  alliance,  in  which  tluy  had 


H  v.i,f;„,  \ 


mil.   III. 


!■  S(. 


Ml 


(•ii|i. 


Mil. 


I  '.7. 


iiiirrr 


'J,">(),  '.',1,),  III  tins  Miliiiii 


lull 


Chin,!. 
tiiiii.  i. 


it\    Hist.,   tmii.   ill.,    ]iii,  'JIH-17;    Vifitin, 


I.    tolii. 
■ii.i.  x\i. 


i:i(l;   7'. 
I'lic  liilh 


•ri/iii'iii 
III 


>'/'!,  tiiiii.   i. 


I'l' 


.1111. 
l.-iO- 


I' 


Ih. 


MS. 


IT    lllllllnr    IS    Cil 


I'l'l'iil  III  >t;iti'  iliMt    .Miiiili'/iiiiia 


iliil  iini  i(.i|iii.st,  liiit  ^illl|llv  iiitU'ri'tl  aiil  ill  liiiiliUii^  lii.-i  tiiiijili'^  fniiii    I'la- 
t'l  ;i.iii  ami  'l\'/fiu'ii. 


I  ' 


410 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD, 


l.i 


'^1 


no   part,  tlieir  soldiers  had  fought  many  skirmishes 
with   the  allied   forces,  but   the   latter  had  made  no 
united  effort  to  conquer  them.     Having  bect)mf  nu- 
merous and  powerful,  the  Chalcas  now  dared,  in  I44;i, 
to    measure   their   strength   against   the   allies,   tluii' 
chief  pur[)()se  being  to  humble   Mexico.      They  ])io- 
voked  hostihties  by  seizing   and  putting  to   deatli  a 
party  of  noble  young  men  who   were   hunting  mar 
their  frontier.     The  l>arty  included  some  nienibiis  of 
the  Mexican  royal  family,  and  two  sons  of  Nezahual- 
eoyotl.      The  dead  bodies  of  the  latter  were  embali.ird 
and  made  to  do  service  in   the  palace   of    Toteotziii, 
lord  of  Clialco,  Jis  t(jrch-bt.!arers.     The  effect  of   such 
an  indignity  was   immediate,  and   brought   upon  (lie 
})erpetrators  tlie  whole  strength  of  the  allied  kings. 
The   Mexicans   and  Tepanecs  approached   by  wati-r, 
the  Acolhuas  by  land;  they  were   'uet  by  the  ( 'haha 
army,  and  for  several  weeks  the  conHict  raged  fiercely 
without  decisive   advantage  on  either  side.      Kings 
]\[ontezuma  and  Totoquihuatzin  connnanded  in  ]hi- 
son;  Nezahualcoyotl's  forces  were  under  his  two  ehk^t 
sons.     Another  son,  Axo([uentzin,  only  about  seven- 
teen   years   old,   performed    prodigies    of   valor    and 
turned  the  tide  of  victory.     Visiting  liis  brothers  in 
camp,  he   was  about   to  eat   with   them,  when  tiny 
ridiculed   his  youth   and  told  him  that  was  no  place 
for  a  boy  who  had  done  no  deed  of  valor.     Ashamed 
and  angry,  he  seizetl  arms  and  rushed  alone  against 
the    enemy,    taking   ca[)tive  one  of  their    mightiest 
warriors — their  aged   lord  Toteotzin  himself,   Ixtlil- 
xochitl  says — and  creating  a  panic  which  caused  ulti- 
mate defeat.      The  victory  was  com}dete,  the  (  halca 
army  was  scattered,  the  city  taken  and  made  trilm- 
tary  to  tlu'  ct'iitral  powers,  although  these  peopK'  were 
aide  subseMjuently  to  cause  the  victors  nnich  trouble 
Nezahualcoyotl  was  so  angry  at  the  nuirder  of  his 
sous    that    for   once   he    shared    to   st)me    extc'     the 
bloodthirsty  spirit  of  the  Aztecs,  and  gladly  gave  up 


CONQUEST  OF  TLATELULCO. 


411 


tlio  Clialca  captives,  among  wliom  was  their  chief, 
to  the  sacrificial  Mock." 

The  exact  status  of  Tkitelulco  under  the  tri-partito 
alliance  is  not  clearly  recorded;  but  the  inferior  j)osi- 
tioii  acrorded  that  city  had  doubtless  caused  nuich  jeal- 
oiisv  and  dissatisfaction,  which  had  already  produced 
sniue  trouble,  though  not  open  ru[)ture,  between  the 
two  kings,  if  we  may  suppose  Quauhtlatohuatzin  to 
liave  1)een  at  this  date  considered  as  a  king.  During 
^[()ntc7,uma's  absence  in  the  Chalca  war,  the  Tlate- 
lulca  cliief  ventured  so  far  as  to  engage  in  plots 
against  the  existing  state  of  things;  ^lontezunia,  on 
his  return  declared  war;  the  people  were  reduced  to 
sultiuission,  their  ruler  was  killed,  and  ^NToipiihuix, 
supposed  to  be  in  the  interests  of  the  ^Mexicans,  was 
put  in  his  place.*"  On  liis  return  from  the  C/halca 
war,  and  while  ^tontezuma  was  punishing  the  treason 
ut'  tlie  Tlatelulca  chief,  Xezahualcovotl  was  eni2a<>ed 
ill  (|U('lling  a  revolt  in  the  nortliern  province  of  Tu- 
lancingo,  where  the  rebels  had  burned  .some  towns 
and  di'iven  out  the  Acolhua  garrisons.  The  })rovince 
was  now  finally  coiujuered  and  joined  to  the  domain 
o\'  Acolhuacan  under  royal  governor.s.  Nezahual- 
luyotl  is  also  said  to  have  founded  a  new  town  in 
tliis  i-i'gion,  and  sent  colonists  from  Tezcuco  to  dwell 
ia  •.,''■•' 

The  rich  provinces  of  C'ohuixco  and  ^Fa/atlan, 
just  sdutli  of  Anahuac  and  of  the  province  of  (,^)nauh- 
nalniac,  at  the  time  the  southern  limit  of  Mexican 
cuiiipiest,  had  Ioul*'  beou  coveted  by  the  Aztec  kings; 


'"  Viiitiii,  tnin.  iii.,  ])1),  'JKI-i;  Tin''/ii>iii<ii/ii,  toin.  i.,  )ili.  l."i()  I;  C/nri- 
pirn,  tiiiii.  i.,  |)|i.  'j;t(»-l;  Ixtlil.riifhill,  |)|i.  '_'.").")-7,  -HiT-S;  hrnisiiir,  lli.s/., 
t'Mii.  iii.,  ])|». -Jiy-'-M;  SiiliiKjidi,  toiii.  ii.,  lili.  viii.,  p.  'JdS;  Vi/fnicrrf,  Ti- 
nt"'. |it  ii.,  )i.  'Jil. 

'■*  TiiniHiiKiii/n,  tmn.  i.,  ]>)•.  l.")('(-T;  Vhiriiirni,  turn,  i.,  ii|>.  'JJV.'H;  ]'ii/hii, 
Imii,  iii,,  |i|i.  '.M'J-H;  l{rfts.\riir.  His/.,  turn,  iii.,  |iji.  il'Jl-.'i;  finnimln.^  if  (In/i'i::, 
'J"i'i/i.\-  .\iiiit'.,  ]i.  17(»;  Vftitiicri'l,  JKitro,  pi  ii.,  p.  .'((•;  ShIkuiiik ,  torn,  ii., 
lil>.  viii.,  pp.  •.•7:<-t. 

''  l,tl/i/.iiir/iill,  II.  '2  >;  lini.i.siKr,  lli.sf.,  torn,  iii.,  ji.  '2'1'>.  'I'lic  fDrincr 
jniilhir  Miys  tliiit  tills  niinpicwl  cvlcndi'il  tii  (jliiimliiliiiiaiicn  iiml  .Niluicpi'c, 
lull  iiii|ilii's  ijiat  it  liiok  plai'i'  iiiiiiii'tliatclv  al'tfr  tlic  treaty  witli  'I'lascaia, 
wlinli  I'lijluweil  No/.aliiialfu^i)tr.^  acei'-Hsiou  tn  llie  'IV'/.iuiaii  tlirtnu'. 


VVm 


m 


412 


THE  AZTEC  TEKIOD. 


arul  in  1448  the  desired  opportunity  prcscntod  itself. 
The  Coluiixcas  attacked  and  put  to  dealli  a  large 
nuniLer  of  traveling  merchants  from  ^lexico,  jiro- 
voked  to  the  outrage  doubtless  by  the  arbitrary 
conduct  of  the  latter,  "who  deemed  that  the  gicut 
power  of  their  own  nation  freed  them  from  all  obligu- 
tion  to  obo}^  the  laws  of  nations  Avhich  they  visitrd. 
The  murder  of  the  traders  was  more  than  a  sullirieiit 
cause  of  war  to  the  belliu'erent  allies,  and  by  a  cam- 
paign  concerning  which  no  details  are  recorded,  the 
two  provinces,  or  at  least  most  of  their  towns,  wciv 
con([uered  and  annexed  as  tributai'ies  to  the  Aztec 
domains.^"  Durini'-  the  followinLif  years  the  .\/ti(s 
"Wore  called  upon  to  suspend  their  foreign  con(jue>ts 
and  to  striii]ci>-le  at  home  against  water  and  snow  and 
frost  and  drought  and  famine,  foes  that  well  nigh 
gained  the  mastery  over  these  hitherto  inviiieihle 
warriors.  In  1449  heavy  and  continuous  I'ains  so 
raised  the  ^vaters  of  the  lake  as  to  inundate  the 
streets  of  Tenochtitlan,  destroying  many  l)uiKlings 
and  even  causing  ct)nsidera.ble  loss  of  life.  The  mis- 
fortune was  bravely  met;  the  genius  of  Xezaliiial- 
coyotl,  the  engineering  skill  of  tliC  valley,  and  the 
Avhole  available  laboring  force  of  the  three  kingdoms 
"Were  called  into  reijuisition  to  guai'd  against  a  iccui- 
rence  of  the  Hood.  A  dike,  stretching  irom  noith  to 
south  ill  crescent  form,  was  constructed  tor  a  <list;ni(r 
of  si>ven  or  eight  miles,  se|)ai"ating  the  waters  of  the 
lake  into  two  j>ortions,  that  on  the  ^^Texican  sidr 
being  coinj)aratively  independent  of  the  fVesli  wat^r 
flowing  into  the  lake  in  the  rainy  season.  The  dike 
Avas  built  by  driving  a  double  line  of  piles,  the 
interior  space  being  filled  Avith  stones  and  e.nih, 
the    whole    over    thirty,    or,  as   many   authors   say, 

f" 'riii>   tnwiiH  iniMltiDllccI    IIS    iiicluilril    in    tliin   <'(iiii|ni'st    luc  ('iilnii\ti>, 

O/Moiimii,  (,>iici/iill('|ii'(',    l\('iit('i)]iiin,  'I'cDM'iilniiilcii,    I'licli'in'c,  N'r.iiliii'i , 

V:i(';i|iii'litlM,  'l'iiliiU|iini.  'riiii'liniiiliicac,  'ritii'licn,  ( 'liil!i|itiu,  'l'iiiiiM/iihi|iiiii, 
<Viiaiilil('|pt'(',  ( »liiiii|>iin,  'r/(iiiipiilninc'im,  iiiul  ('iizMiiiiildiiiiaii.  Sec  I'l ////'', 
<iiiii  iii.,  ]>.  'Ji;t;  '  7(M'///(yv),  timi.  i,,  II.  'JHH;  Tiir'iiiiinnilii.  linn,  i.,  i^.  \'U\ 
JtriiMiin;  llisf.,  toui.  iii.,  jui,  --.')-7;  \  litimrrf,  Tiii/ro,  \i{  ii,,  \>.  M,  I.fihl- 
ifiir/ii/l,  |i.  *_>1SI, 


FAMINE  AND  PLAGUES. 


413 


sixty  feet  wide,  and  forming'  a  imich-frequented 
|iiniiu'iiade.  This  work  may  he  considered  a  orcat 
triiiiiiph  of  al)original  engineering,  es])ecially  Aslieii 
we  consider  the  millions  spent  hy  the  S}>aniards 
umltr  the  best  European  engineers  in  })rote('ting 
tliL'  city,  liardly  more  effeetuidly,  against  similar 
iuuiidations.  The  Chalcas  seem  to  have  taken  ad- 
vantage of  the  troid)les  in  !\rexico  to  revolt,  hut 
ucrc  easil}'  brouglit  into  subjection  by  an  army  under 
]\[iiiitezuma.^^ 

The  famine  and  other  plagues  already  alluded  to 
liigaii  two  years  later,  and  continued  for  a  period  of 
six  years.'-^  The  authorities  do  not  altogether  agi'ee 
respecting  the  exact  order  of  the  visitations,  but 
severe  frosts,  a  heavy  fall  of  snow,  long-contiiuied 
(lidiight,  consccjuent  failure  of  all  crops,  famine,  and 
(|iitleinic  pestilence  are  mentioned  by  all.  All  the 
\allev  and  many  provinces  without  its  limits  were 
visited  by  the  famine;  indeed,  Totonacajtaii,  or 
liUthern  Vera  Cruz,  is  ^ejjorted  to  have  been  the  only 
jMit  of  the  country  that  entirely  cscaj)ed  its  effects. 
Tlie  sutK'i'ing  and  moi'tality  among  the  lower  classes 
Were  tei-ril>le;  the  royal  granaries  Merc  thrown  o})en 
hv  Older  of  Xezahualcovotl  and  IMontezuma,  but  the 
sii|i|ily  of  maize  was  soon  exhausted,  and  the  tish, 
reptiles,  bii'ds,  and  insects  of  the  lakes  wei'e  the  only 
>!)Ui('es  of  food.  Thousands  of  the  poor  sold  tliem- 
selves  into  slavery,  some  at  home,  othei's  in  foreign 
pinviiices,  to  obtain  bari'ly  food  enough  to  sustain  life. 
Se\tMal  .NFexican  colonies  attribute  their  origin  to  this 
priidil  ot'  v..nt.  The  rulei's  could  not  pi-cveiit  the 
sile  dl'  slaves,  l)ut  they  forbaih'  chililren  to  be  sohl 
iit  less  rates  than  four  or  live  huiidreil  ears  of  corn 
eieh,  according  as  they  were  boys   or  giils.     This 

'■  ScvtMiil  iiiilliovs  1,'ivo  till' dates  ns  11  ((>.  I'li/Ziu,  tmn.  iii..  ]i|).  'JlT-S; 
r/"  ■/'/> /•!/,  Imii.  i.,  ii]'.  -.■<.'{-4;  T<iri/ii<iiiii</ii,  tuni.  i.,  |i|i.  I"i7-S;  llrns.M  m; 
il'^i  .  loiii.  iii.,  |i|),  'J'JS  ,'{.'.  This  luitlinr  j;i\('s  tlic  whIiIi  nf  liic  iliLf  us 
liliHMi  .'iillVcl.       \'i/,nirrr/,    Tin/io.  \i\  ii,,  p.  :f(t. 

■     I  IIS -"0,1 "(////'(, •    i»:)l-(i,    ISnis.sr,,!-.    \\\',-:y\,  l',i<li\r  Till.  Ji<  1,1.;    11(14-7 

(llll-7;j  II  years  at'tur  UL'ct'ssiim  ul'  Montezuma.  iJuntii. 


Iff  H- 

■ill 


fill  iy 


m 


J.  '•  :i 


414 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


i- 


natioMiil  disaster  was,  of  course,  attributed  to  tlie 
anger  of  the  gods,  and  the  utmost  efforts  were  made 
to  conciliate  their  irate  divinities  by  the  only  etlira- 
cious  means  known,  the  sacritice  of  human  victims. 
But  since  fighting  and  conquest  had  ceased,  siich 
victims  were  exceedingly  scarce.  Nezahualcovoti 
would  allow  none  but  prisoners  of  war  to  l)u 
sacrificed  in  his  dominions,  arguing  that  such  forfeited 
their  lives  by  being  defeated,  and  that  it  made  Imt 
little  difference  to  them  whether  they  died  on  tlio 
field  of  battle  or  on  the  sacrificial  altar.  Moreover, 
only  strong  soldiers  were  believed  to  be  acceptalilc 
to  the  gods  in  such  an  emergency;  the  sickly  and 
famisjiing  plebeians  and  slaves  could  not  by  tlicii- 
worthless  lives  avert  the  divine  wratli.  The  result  of 
this  difficulty  was  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  com- 
pacts known  in  the  world's  lustorv.  It  was  anivcd  in 
a  solenm  treaty  that  between  the  Atexicans,  Tepamcs, 
and  Acolhuas  in  the  valley,  and  the  Cholultec.^,  Tlas- 
caltecs,  and  Huexotzincas  of  the  eastern  i)latcaux, 
battles  .should  take  place  at  regular  intervals,  uii 
battle-grounds  set  apart  for  this  purjtose,  between  i'oes 
ecpial  in  number,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  obtaining' 
captives  for  sacrifice.  Such  battles  were  actually 
fought  during  the  years  of  famine,  and  })erha|is  in 
later  years,  although  the  almost  constant  wars  iciid- 
ered  such  a  resort  rarely  necessary.  Tn  the  last 
years  of  the  famine  Nezahualcoyotl  laid  the  founda- 
tions of  a  great  teocalli  at  Tezcuco,  in  14,");")  tin; 
tving-ui)  of  the  cycle  and  the  renewal  of  the  sacivd 
fire  were  celebrated,  and  the  fbllowiniif  year  of  M.")(! 
was  one  of  great  abundance.  The  time  of  Avant  and 
disaster  was  at  last  completed;  a  period  of  plenty  and 
l)rosperity  ensued.** 

2'i  Ihintii,  MS.,  tdin.  i.,  ra]).  xviii.,  xix.,  xxx.,  sayn  the  snow  fell  Unci'- 
(l('('li  ill  lli(>  viillcy.  111!  jilsK  tells  us  that  very  iiiaiiy  siild  as  slaves  iliiiiii;; 
till'  famine  were  raiiMMiieil  and  returned  afti-rwanls;  tiiis,  however,  ilni's 
not  apply  to  sueli  us  went  to  Totoiiaeapan,  sinee  these  ii'iiiaiiied  in  lli.il 
jii'ovinee.  I.rt/i/.rochit/,  jip.  '2.")0-l,  "J.")",  says  that  tiie  slaves  sold  to  llio 
i'otonaes  were  all  sacrilieed  to  seetire  a  ('ontiiiuaiiee  of  iiroilueiiveiie^^  in 
thu   iiroviuce.      This  author  also  iuuiicm  Xieulcncatl,  a  rhiseultoi;   uohii', 


I 


CONQUEST  OF  MIZTECAPAN. 


415 


Witli  returninL,'  plenty  and  prosperity  at  liomo, 
came  back  the  spirit  of  toreigii  coiirpie.st.  The  first 
to  tall  before  the  allied  forces  was  the  province  of 
(.'oliuaixtlahiiacan,  or  LIp})er  jV[izteca})an,  lyiny-  in 
till.'  south-west,  in  what  is  now  Oajaca,  and  adjoininj^ 
tliat  of  Mazatlan,  which  had  already  been  added  to 
the  Aztec  domain.  As  in  the  case  of  the  last-men- 
tioned i)rovince  and  of  many  others,  ill-treatment  of 
^Mexican  traders  was  the  alleged  motive  of  the  war. 
The  Miztec  king,  called  Dzawindnnda  in  his  own 
country  and  Atonaltzin  by  the  Mexicans,  had  caused 
many  of  the  traveling  merchants  to  be  })ut  to  deatli 
and  had  finally  forbidden  the  whole  fraternity  to 
trade  in  or  to  ])ass  through  his  territory.  'I'heie  is 
every  reason  to  believe  that  this  ])rohibition  was  mer- 
ited by  the  conduct  of  the  Mexicans.  At  this  time, 
and  still  more  so  in  later  years,  the  monarchs  of 
Aiiiiluiac  made  use  of  their  merchants  as  spies  to  re- 
jiort  ujion  the  wealth  and  power  of  different  j)r()vinces, 
to  ascertain  the  best  methods  of  attack,  and  to  pro- 
voke a  (piarrel  when  the  conquest  had  once  been 
tletei'mined  upon.  The  province  of  ^liztecapan  was  a 
rich  field  of  traffic  and  was  moreover  on  the  route  to 
the  rich  commercial  towns  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Aiuiluiac  Ayotlan,  whei-e  tlu3  jiroducts  of  the  coun- 
tries l)()th  north  and  soutli  of  tlie  isthnuis  were  offered 
for  sale  at  the  great  fairs.  The  ^AFexicans  attended 
these  fail's  in  com])anies  which  were  well  armed  and 
were  little  less  than  small  armies,  trusting  in  their 
own  strength  and  that  of  their  sovereign,  and  sliow- 
iiig  but  little  respect  for  the  laws  of  jirovinces  trav- 

lis  tlic  iH'i'soii  will)  Hii;,'j;('st(Ml  tlir  Imttli's  fdr  rii;ili\('s.  Ttriissriir,  Hist., 
tiiin,  iii,,  i)|i.  2,'VJ-(>,  iiii|p|i('H  tliiit  the  iiiiiiu'  Tiiinnin'iiiiini,  '  it';;iiiii  uf  our 
suli>i>-l('ii('c,' was  jfivcii  on  accoinit  uf  tlic  events  clescriheil,  altliiiiiL.'li  tlio 
Millie  aiiihor  l\as  simkeii  freijiieiitly  of  the  'rotniiaes  at  a  jierioil  many  ixii- 
tiiries  earlier.  See  also,  Trzit~iiiiiiii\  in  l\'iii</slinr(tii;//i,  vol.  ix,  j  p.  OH-fi; 
Tnninniiiii/tt,  toni.  i.,  |i|i.  ]7\H,  171;  i'ldfiijiTii,  foni.  i.,  lip.  '.'Hn-.'i;  Sn/uiiiini, 
tmii.  ii..  iii).  viii.,  p.  'id'.t;  Viiitin,  toni.  iii.,  pp.  'JlS-",t;  ' 'r  '•  r  Till.  I,'' in.,  in 
KiiiUxliiirutlijh,  vol.  v.,  p.  l.'ilt.  Aeosia,  Hist,  ilr  ^^s•  1  ml.,  p,  HI,'!,  ailil  llel- 
reni,  (lee.  ill.,  Uli.  jj,,  eaii,  xiii,  nii'rely  state  that  it.  was  a):ree(l  to  reserve 
TliiMnla  an  .1  liattle-llelil  wliereon  to  exercise  tlii^  armies,  ami  (o  olitaiu 
I'liplives,     Torijiieniuda  throws  Hoiiic  doiihl  on  thi«  agreement. 


i^ 


416 


THE  AZTEC  rEIlIOD. 


crsed.  Atonaltzin  was  a  proud  and  powerful  rukr, 
and  was  iKjt  at  all  unwilling  to  measure  his  strength 
against  that  of  the  central  nations.  Montezuma  s^iit 
an  embassy  to  bear  his  complaints;  Atonaltzin  sent 
l)aok  by  the  same  embassy  a  great  quantity  of  valu- 
able gifts,  sam[)les,  as  he  said,  of  the  tribute  tlic 
^lexicans  might  expect  if  they  should  succeed  in 
con(|uering  his  armies  in  the  war  which  must  decidt! 
which  king  was  to  pay  tribute  to  the  other,  Moiitt- 
zuma's  re[)ly  was  to  march  at  the  head  of  a  laryL' 
army  towards  Tilantongo,  the  capital  of  Cohuaixtla- 
huacan.  The  result  was  that  the  allied  forces  were 
utterly  routed  and  driven  back  with  great  loss  t(t 
their  home.  jMontezuma  had  underrated  the  strength 
<»f  his  adversaiT  and  had  undertaken  the  concpicst 
with<»ut  sutlicient  })reparation. 

A  few  months  were  now  spent  in  new  preparatii)iis 
on  l)oth  sides  for  a  renewal  of  the  struggle.  The 
vVztecs  in  some  way  formed  a  secret  alliance  with  the 
lord  of  Tlacli<juiauhco,  near  Tilantongo,  who  was  an 
enemy  to  Atonaltzin.  The  !Miztecs  on  the  othei-  hand 
obtained  aid  from  the  Tlascaltecs  and  Huexotzint  as, 
who  before  the  ^Vztec  alliance  had  been  the  leading' 
traders  o\'  the  country,  and  who  were  jealous  of  the 
eonunercial  eiiterjtrise  shown  and  success  achieved  Iv 
their  rivals.  'J'he  war  began  with  an  assault  by  tlie 
^liztec  leader  and  his  eastern  allies  on  TlaclKjuiauhco; 
but  the  ]\Iexicans,  Acolhuas,  and  Te[)anecs,  under 
!^[ontezuma,  inllicted  this  time  as  severe  a  defeat  as 
they  had  suffered  befort';  Atonaltzin  was  forced  to 
surrender,  and  the  whole  province  was  annexed  to 
the  dom.iin  of  the  victors,  as  were  Tochte})ec,  Zapet- 
lan,  Tototlan,  and  (.'hlnantla,  soon  after.  T'he  auvili- 
arv  armv  of  the  Tlascaltecs  and  Huexotzineas  was 
almost  amiihilated.  The  record  closes  with  a.  n-man- 
tic  e]>iso(le  of  Afontezmna's  love  for  Atoiiahzin^ 
(jueeii;  the  Miztec  king  was  killed  shortly  alter  hv 
his  own  sid)jec  s,  not  improbably  at  the  instigation  "t' 
the  Aztecs,  and  the  assassins  brought  his  (pieeii  wiih 


t'ONliUEST  OF  CUETLACIITLAN. 


417 


the  news  of  his  tloatli  to  !\[oxico.  A  palace  was 
liuilt  for  her,  hut  she  is  said  to  liave  resisted  tlie  Az- 
tec monarch's  ardor,  and  to  have  remained  faithful  to 
lur  first  hushand.  The  conquest  of  Cozanialoaj)an 
and  (^uauhtochco,  also  in  the  Miztec  region,  followed 
(luring  the  same  year  and  the  following,  provoked  as 
littore  hy  the  pretended  murder  of  traveling  mer- 
chants.-^ 

Klated  hy  their  success  in  the  south-west,  the  allied 
kings  next  turned  their  attention  toward  the  south- 
eastern province  of  Cuetlachtlan,  in  what  is  now 
central  Xcvn  Cruz,  lying  between  the  Aztec  ])osses- 
siiiiis  and  the  thriving  commercial  towns  of  the  Xi- 
calancas  (Hi  the  gulf  coast  in  the  Goazacoalco  region. 
According  to  Veytia,  Tonjuemada,  and  Clavigero, 
the  chiefs  of  the  province,  incited  by  the  Tlascaltecs 
and  promised  aid  by  them  and  the  other  cities  of  the 
eastern  })hiteau,  declared  or  adopted  measures  to 
jirnvoko  the  war.  ])uran  and  Tezozomoc,  on  tlie 
coiitiaiy,  represent  the  Mexicans  as  having  sent  an 
embassy  to  the  south-eastei'u  provinces,  demanding  a 
tril)iite  of  rare  shells,  or  even  of  live  shell-fish,  and 
threatening  war  as  an  alternative.  Tlie  ambassadors 
were  to  include  the  Totonac  territory  in  their  de- 
laaiuls,  liiit  were  seized  and  murdeivd  in  Cuetlach- 
tlan, their  dead  bfulies  being  subjected  to  great 
indignities,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Tlascaltecs. 
The  army  immediately  dispatched  IVom  the  lake 
cities  was  one  of  the  strongest  whicli  liad  yet  f  )Ught 
t'wf  the  glory  of  the  Aztec  alliance,  and  mnnbere<l 
among  its  leaders  three  ^NTexican  princes,  Ahuitzotl, 
Axayacati,  and  Tizoc,  who  afterwards  oci-upied  tlie 
thione.  and  Mo(juihuix  the  ruler  of  Tlatcdulco.  The 
alhaiice  of  the  L)lmec  province  with  Thiscala  and  the 


•i 


'•'  I>atc,  ltr>S-0,  ac<'or(liiiK  to  nrasseur;  Ha))  ncconliii;,'  to  tlic  nlhcr 
inilliiii-.s.  Iliiiaii,  NlS.,  tmn.  i.,  caii.  xxii.,  xxiii.,  ami  'I'l'/o/diiiui',  in  /\'.„;/.s- 
hnroihjh,  viil.  ix.,  pp.  .M-H,  say  iiotliiiij,'  of  tlic  aid  icikIi'MmI  liy  liic  '!  iascal- 
ti'(>  ami  llucxotziiicas.  Sec  also  ('/uriijiri),  tniii.  i.,  |)p.  •J.'i(J-7;  I'li/tia, 
'"III  iii,,  p|i.  •_M'.t-.")l;  Itnissiiir,  lli.s/.,  toin.  iii.,  pp.  "JltT--")-;  Tuniiainndu, 
t'liii  i.,  pp.  I,"i>.i-()l;  I'ifiiiiccrf,  Tiiiti\j,  pt  ii.,  pp.  30-1. 
Vol.  V.    27 


418 


THE  AZTEC  PEKIOD. 


i  i  f  j 


other  cities  seems  not  to  have  been  known  at  ^Mexico 
when  the  nrmy  began  its  march,  and  wlien  it  l)et'anio 
known  excited  so  much  apprehension  that  orders 
were  sent  to  the  generals  in  command  to  fall  back 
and  postjwne  the  conflict  until  further  prei)arati()ns 
could  1)0  made.  All  were  disposed  to  obey  tlie  royal 
command,  save  Moquihuix,  who  l)ravely  announced 
his  purpose  to  attack  and  defeat  the  enemy  with  Jiis 
Tlatcdulca  soldiers  unaided.  His  enthusiasm  had  an 
electric  effect  on  the  whole  army;  there  was  no 
longer  any  thought  of  retreat;  the  battle  was  fought 
in  disobedience  of  orders,  near  Ahuilizapan,  now  ( )ri- 
zava;  the  army  of  the  enemy  was  defeated;  the 
Aztecs  were  masters  of  a  broad  tract,  extending  fVuin 
Analuiac  south-eastward  to  the  sea;  and  over  six 
thousand  captives  were  brought  l)ack  to  die  on  the 
sacrificial  block.  Duran  and  Tezozomoc  state  tliat 
the  nations  of  the  eastern  plateau  did  not  give  the 
aid  they  had  promised,  treacherously  leaving  the 
province  of  Cuetlachtlan  to  its  fate;  but  this  is  con- 
sistent neither  witli  the  character  nor  interests  of  the 
Tlascaltecs,  and  it  is  more  likely  that  their  army 
Bhared  the  defeat.  The  victors  were  received  at 
Mexico  with  the  hiijfhest  honors,  the  kings,  priests. 
and  nobles  marching  out  to  meet  them;  the  leadeis 
were  rewarded  for  their  bravery  with  lands  and 
lienors,  particularly  !Mo(|uihuix,  wlio  received  besides 
the  hand  of  a  Mexican  princess  nearly  related  to  the 
royal  family;  and  the  blood  of  the  six  thousand  ca])- 
tives  furnished  an  offering  most  acce})table  to  the 
gods  at  the  dedication  of  a  temjile  that  had  just  been 
completed. 

A  revolt  of  the  jtrovince  of  Cuetlachtlan  is  recorded 
by  Duran  and  Tezozomoc  at  a  later  date  not  definitely 
fixed,  when  the  IMexican  governor  was  nnirdered,  tlio 
payment  of  tribute  suspended,  and  the  and>assadors 
sent  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  such  suspension,  shut 
up  in  a  tight  room  and  suttbcated  Avith  burning  <hile. 
The  Tlascaltecs,  as  before,  ottered  aid  which  was  not 


REVOLT  OF  THE  CHALCAS. 


419 


fiirtliconiiiiij;  the  guilty  parties  were  put  to  deatli 
liv  older  of  the  Aztec  iiionarehs,  and  the  tributes  of 
tlir  province  were  doubled.^' 

The  Chalcas  never  missed  an  opportunity  for  revolt, 
aiul  did  not  fail  to  take  advantage  of  the  events  which 
olili^vd  the  hated  Aztecs  to  give  their  whole  attention 
to  lorcign  wars.  During  the  war  in  Cuetlachtlan, 
tliiv  are  said  to  have  defied  the  Aztec  power  by 
refusing  certain  blocks  of  stone  from  their  ([narries 
needed  for  building-})ur{)oses  in  the  capital,  and  also 
to  have  seized  and  imprisoned  several  ^lexicans  of 
]iiL;h  rank.  Among  tiie  latter  was  a  Ijrother  of  !Mon- 
teziuiia,  whom,  according  to  several  authorities,  they 
offered  to  make  king  of  Chalco;  he  refused  to  betray 
his  country,  but  at  last,  influenced  by  entreaties  antl 
threats,  pretended  to  consent.  At  his  reipiest  a  higli 
[ilatforin  was  erected  for  the  performance  of  certain 
eeivnionies  designed  to  fire  the  hearts  of  tlie  Chalcas 
ill  the  new  cause;  but  from  its  summit  the  captive 
|ii'iii('u  denounced  tlie  treachery  of  his  captors,  called 
u]ioti  the  Mexicans  to  avenge  him,  predicted  the  defeat 
and  slavery  of  the  people  of  Chalco,  and  threw  him- 
self lieadlong  to  the  eaiih  below.  The  total  amiihil- 
atioii  of  this  uncontrollable  people  was  determined 
uituii  by  tlie  kings  of  Mexico,  Tezcuco,  and  Tlacojian; 
and  a  peculiar  air  of  mystery  enshrouds  the  war 
which  foUowed.  During  the  whole  period  of  prejiar- 
ation,  of  conflict,  and  of  victory,  the  ])eople  o{'  the 
("ipital  engaged  in  sidenm  processions,  cliants,  prayers, 
suiitiees,  and  other  rites  in  honor  of  the  A/tecs  who 
had  perished  in  past  Clialca  wars.  Signal  tires 
hlazed  oa  the  hills  and  in  the  watch-towers;  and  it  is 
even  said  tliat  the  gods  sent  an  eartlnpiake  to  warn 
the  Chalcas  of   their  impending  doom.     The  battle 


II 


'''  Accdidiii;;  to  Voyti.'t's  rliniiinloj^y,  tlii^  roiKiucst  took  jilacc  in  1  l.'iT; 
l>nissc\ir  puts  (his  iuiil  tile  followiii;;  rvi'iits  in  1458-9.  Sec  Vri/tin,  loin. 
iii.,  pp,  'J.")!-;!;  Ixtlil.iiivhitl,  J).  4(17;  ('/iirii/rro,  torn,  i.,  ]ip.  'J.'IT  S;  I'm- 
ijit'iiiiidti,  tiini.  i.,  jip.  lf)l-'2;  ]'i/iiiirrrf,  i'liifra,  \t\  ii.,  |i.  .'U ;  Hnissrur, 
lli^l,,  tdiii,  iii.,  pp.  "J.VJ-T;  Ihirmi,  MS.,  torn,  i.,  cap.  x.\i.,  xxiv.;  T<:zuzoinije, 
ill  Ktiij.'ilnjrijiiijli,  vol.  i.\.,  p|i.  48-51,  53-U. 


(    I 


-120 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


raged  for  a  whole  day  before  the  fated  city  and  the 
Aztecs  were  at  hist  victorious,  as  they  had  heeii  in  a 
previous  war  against  tlie  same  city.  Great  nuniltiis 
of  the  enemy  fell  in  battle  or  were  put  to  the  swonl 
during  the  pursuit;  the  almost  deserted  town  was 
entered  by  the  Aztec  army;  surviving  Chalcas  wcro 
scattered  in  all  directions;  many  took  refuge  in  tlio 
cities  of  the  eastern  plateau,  others  perislied  in  the 
mountains  rather  than  to  submit  to  their  hated  foe; 
but  enough  were  finally  pardoned  by  Montezuma  and 
allowed  to  return  to  their  city  to  cause  not  a  little 
troul)le  in  later  years.'^® 

Other  events  recorded  as  having  occurred  befoie 
14()0  are  few  in  number.  The  most  important  was 
tlie  conquest  and  annexation  to  the  Tezcucan  domain 
of  many  towns  in  the  north-eastern  provinces  of  Tzi- 
nuhcohuac,  Atochpan,  and  Cuextlan,  the  home  of  the 
Jluastecs  in  the  Panuco  reo-ion  on  the  a'ldf  coast.  In 
this  campaign  the  allied  troops  were  under  two  of 
Nezahualcoyotl's  sons,  and  this  was  tl.o  only  inijort- 
ant  addition  to  the  Acolhua  ])ossessions  «incu  the 
date  of  the  tri-partito  alliance;  yet  there  is  no  evi- 
dence that  Nezahualcoyotl  expressed  or  felt  any  dis- 
satisfaction at  the  rapid  growth  of  the  Mexican  do- 
main; ho  was  not  ambitious  of  conquest,  and  douht- 
less  received  his  full  share  of  other  spoils  and  of 
tribute.  At  about  the  same  time  the  INlexicans  con- 
(juered  several  strong  cities  on  the  southern  odge  of 
the  Choluliec  plateau,  such  as  Tepeaca,  Quauhtin- 
chan,  and  Acatzingo,  thus  threatening  the  inde])ond- 
ence  of  the  eastern  republics;  outrages  on  travoliui,' 
merchants  were  as  usual  the  real  or  pretended  excnso 
for  these  conquests.  Tenochtitlan  and  Tlat  ^ 
had  now  grown  so  far  beyond  their  original  lin 
to  form  really  but  one  city,  the  boundary  line      !iii»' 

"''  On  the  ('(inquest  of  Chivlco,  sec  Diirioi,  MS.,  toni.  i.,  caii.  xvi.,  xvii.; 
Trzitzonior,  in  Kin<ifihoroiiqh,  vol.  ix.,  pp.  33— K);  Cliirii/rro,  toni.  i.,  pp. 
'2.1S-40;  IlrKssnir,  Uisf.,  tdni.  iii.,  p|).  S.nS-fil;  Arosfii,  llisl.  fh  hts  Vii'l.. 
])p.  492-;j;  llcnxra,  doc.  iii.,  lib.  li.,  cap.  xiii.;  Vci/tiii,  ti>ni.  iii.,  pp- 
2r);j-4. 


BIRTH  OF  NEZAIUALI'ILLI. 


421 


a  narrow  and  shallow  ditch.  This  ditch  was  now 
(IcepeiiL'd  aiitl  widened  at  the  joint  ex[)ense  of  tlie 
two  powers,  and  formed  into  a  navii^ahle  canal. 
(Jniit  improvements  were  also  made,  particularly  in 
the  market  building's  of  Tlatelulco,  which  had  now 
become  the  connnercial  head({uarters  of  the  wlu»le 
country  north  of  Tehuantepec.  The  connnercial  in- 
terests of  the  empire  had  been  most  jealously  pro- 
moted hy  the  reioiiing  monarchs,  and  the  Aztec  mer- 
ili;uits  had  contributed  no  less  than  the  Aztec  armiesj 
to  the  glory  and  [)rosj)erity  of  their  nation." 

I:'  1 4(j.'}  Nezahaulcoyotl  married  a  daughter  of  the 
king  of  Tlacopan,  obtaining  her  hand,  if  wo  may 
credit  Txtlilxochitl  and  Torquemada,  in  a  manner 
that  retlectcd  no  credit  on  his  honor.  She  had  been 
from  an  early  age  the  wife  of  Temictzin,  a  Tlatelul- 
(ii  general,  somewhat  advanced  in  years,  but  the 
laarriage  had  not  yet  been  consunnnated  on  account 
uf  her  youth.  The  Acolhua  monarch  desiring  by 
laarriiige  to  leave  a  legitimate  heir  to  the  throne, 
unci  '^t'fv  ming  enamored  of  the  young  Azcaxochitl's 
charms,  sent  her  husband  away  to  the  wars,  and 
managed  to  have  him  killed.  After  her  period  of 
mouining  Avas  past,  the  fair  Azcaxochitl  was  made 
i|Utxn  of  Tezcuco;  the  nuptial  feasts  Listed  eighty 
(lay>  among  great  rejoicings  of  nobles  and  peo[)le;  and 
within  a  year  the  queen  gave  birth  to  Nezahualpilli, 
t!i<j  emperor's!  only  legitimate  son  and  his  successor.-'* 

-'"  Arciiiiliii;,'  to  the  Codfx  TcU.  Rem.,  in  KiiKishoromjIi,  vol.  v.,  pp. 
l"iii  I,  I  lie  colli  [lU'st  of  (ioazacoiilco  took  iiliU'i-  altout  this  tiiiic,  in  1  JtJI.  I  \- 
I'ilMiiliiil,  p|i,  •J4',l-5l»,  implies  tiiat   tlie    riascaltccs  f(iiiL:lil   on  tlic  su\v  of 

aiiiiai'iiyot!  in  the  connni'st  of  Ciic.xllan.  See  \'ri)/i(i.  toin.  iii.,  p.'Jol; 
.1  '<'",  llt'sf,  (/('  !(ts  Villi.,  p.  4'.K{;  C/iir/(/irii,  toni.  i.,  p.  2U);  '/'on/Ill  iiiiii/ii, 
tiiiii.  i.,  p,  i()4;  Hr(t.'<.iciir,  Hint.,  toin.  iii.,  pp.  2()1-'J,  •J(>7-!l;  Tizo'Dinm-,  in 
h'  "isliiiviiiuili,  vol.  i.\.,  pp.  4()-(!;  I'l  /(iiirrr/,  Tictrii,  pt  ii.,  ](.  ',V2;  on  the 
I       leree  of  the  A/.tees,  .see  vol.   ii.,  jip.  .S7.S-!)'.t. 

■' ('lavi;,'ero.  ton.,  i.,  p.  '-'.'{-,  slates  that  the  'repan(>e  jirincess  was  the 
i'iii|icicii's  seeonil  wife;  a.'xl  l.xtlil.xocliill  implies  that  Nezahnal|iilli  was 
Iwr  M'lonil  .son.  There  is  also  no  a;.'i'eemc  iit  respeciinj;'  her  name  cir  that 
"t  liii  fatiier  and  liushand.  .Ml  au'rt'i' ih^it  this  chilil  was  Imin  in  14(14  or 
llC).").  See  /.if/i/  liitl,  |ip.  '2.V{-4,  L'oT,  4(17;  V'lllin,  toni.  iii.,  j))).  '-'44  (i; 
Jii'iix-tnir.  llixf.,  ,oni.  iii.,  ]ip.  '_'7i-.'i;  Tunjiii'iiinilK,  Una.  [.,  pp.  l.-)4-0; 
V'.l'MH-Cii,  Tiatru,  pt  ii.,  pji.  '-"J-SO. . 


4U\ 


422 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


The  year  14G5  is  o-i/en  as  the  date  of  tlie  final  siili. 
mission  of  the  Clialcas;  tliat  is  the  suiTCiidtT  ami 
return  to  tlie  city  of  tlie  last  bands  that  had  simc 
their  defeat  lived  under  chieftains  of  their  own 
choice  in  the  mountains,  and  ke[)t  up  some  show  of 
hostility  to  ]\Iexico.^  In  14(5(],  the  causeway  and 
aqueduct  extending  from  Chapulte})ee  to  Moxico,  and 
su[)})lying  the  capital  with  pure  water  through  a  jiipo 
of  burned  clay,  were  completed.  This  work  had 
bec:i  planned  by  Nezahualcoyotl  during  his  rcsidiMicu 
at  IVIexico,  and  had  been  commenced  by  ItzcDatl. 
Work  was  contiimally  pushed  forward  on  the  giaml 
temple  of  Huitzilopochtli,  and  many  teocallis  wen; 
built  at  this  period  in  each  of  the  three  allied  cajii- 
tals.  One  in  Tezcuco  is  particularly  mentioiud, 
wdiich  was  very  richly  decorated  with  gold  and  |ire- 
cious  stones,  and  was  dedicated  by  Nezaluudcoyotl  to 
the  invisible  god  of  the  universe.  This  pyi'amid  v,a~! 
completed  in  1407,  but,  according  to  the  Codr.r  ('l,i- 
'i)Kil/)op(H'a,  fell  as  soon  as  finished.  It  was  nectssaiy 
to  rebuild  the  structure,  and  that  it  might  be  dmir 
rapidly,  the  Tezcucan  monarch  called  up(»n  Moiitr- 
zuma  for  laborers  from  his  tributary  city  of  Ziiin- 
pango  anil  otl.ei"  northern  towns.  The  peruii^.^iitn 
was  given,  but  the  i)eoplo  of  Zumpango  rid'used  to 
send  workmen,  and  raised  a  revolt,  whiidi  was,  hew- 
ever,  (juelled  by  the  Acolhua  forces  iu  a  short  eain- 

1 


>ai<>'n 


30 


A  remarkable  story  t(dd  by  Duran  and  attributed 
to  the  reign  of  Montezuma  !.,  may  be  introdiict d 
liere  as  well  as  anywhere,  altiioujjh  it  is  niei'e  than 
doubtful  whetlier  it  should  receive  anv  credit  jis  a 
historic  record.  In  the  midst  of  the  idorv  ae(|iilivd 
by  his  valoi',  ^rontezuma  determined  to  semi  an 
armed  forced  to  the  region  of  the  Seven  (  aves  wluinv 
his  j)eople  came.     Though  armed  they  were  to  hear 


I 


^  (\i(fi\)'  Ti'U.  Riiii.,  iu  Kiiignhnrouijli,  vol,  v.,  ]>.  J.'il;  nniMnn;  Ili^t., 
Void,  iii.,  p.  '2'". 

^0  llrit.s.snir,  His/.,  toiii.  iii.,  pp.  '277-80;    Ixtlilxnchill,  p.  '_Vi7. 


MISSION  TO  CHICOMOZTOC. 


423 


ricli  presents,  with  orders  to  explore  the  country  and 
soareh  for  the  mother  of  Hiiitzih)pochtn,  ^vho  if  yet 
iiHve  woiikl  1)0  })lease(l  to  know  of  her  son's  })rosj)erity 
and  ly'lory,  and  would  gladly  receive  the  gifts  of  his 
clioseu  ]>eople.  The  intention  was  made  known  to 
TliK  aclelt/in — a  famous  prince  who  seems  to  be  identi- 
cal with  ^[(j'ltezuMia  before  the  latter  became  king,  but 
(if  whom  many  wcndrous  tales  are  told  even  after  the 
latter  ascended  Uie  throne — who  gave  his  a})j)roval, 
but  recommended  that  a  peaceful  embassy  of  wise 
men  ;in(!  sorcerers  be  sent  on  this  mission.  At  Coa- 
tcpcr  ill  the  regiiiu  of  Tollan,  after  pertorming  varicnis 
I'cligious  rites,  tbe  sixty  sorcerers  chosen  for  tbe  e\[)e- 
ditiou  were  transformed  into  different  animal  forms 
and  transported  with  their  treasure  to  the  land,  of 
their  fatliers,  to  the  lake-surrounded  hill  of  Culhua- 
can.  TEere  they  found  certain  people  who  spoke 
their  language  and  to  them  announced  their  })ur[)ose. 
The  jtriests  of  this  })e(Ji)le  i'emend)ered  well  the 
departure  of  the  Aztec  tribes,  and  were  sur|»rised 
t(i  It'arn  that  their  original  leaders  were  dead,  for 
their  companions  left  behind  were  yet  ali\e.  The 
iiusscngiTs  Merc  promised  an  inter\'iew  witli  C'oa- 
tUc'iie,  motlier  of  their  goil,  and  had  a  most  tire- 
hv;r.;i'  journey  up  the  sandy  hill  with  tlieir  gifts, 
luuch  to  the  wonder  of  the  guiding  ])riests,  who 
Wdiuhi'cd  wiiat  thev  could  live  upon  in  tlu.'ir  new 
lioiiir  to  have  become  S()  effeminate.  At  last  they 
tiiiiiid  the  aged  mother  of  J  l.uit;:ilo}>ochtli  wei'ping 
liittcrly,  and  stating  that  since  her  son's  depart- 
ure she  had  neither  washed  her  b(»(ly  and  face, 
cunihed  liei-  hair,  nor  changed  h'-r  garments;  neither 
thil  shii  propose  to  attend  to  iier  to'let  until  his 
return.  Tlie  ohl  woman  expressed,  however,  consid- 
crahh'  interest  in  the  all'airs  of  Mexico,  and  maihi 
kiKiwn  some  prophecies  of  her  son  alioul  (he  coming 
•»!'  a  sti-angi^  peopli>  to  tai<e  the  land  from  the  Me\i- 
•'iitis.  'fhe  nx^sseu'icrs  were  llually  dismissed  with 
pioeiits    of   fowls,    lish,    llowers,     and    clothing,    for 


I 


Hi 

m 


»■  I'ii' 


;( 


it* 
I 


ll 


I'  «l 

If 


I 


III 


ff:t 


424 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


Montezuma;  and,  re-adopting-  their  disii^-uises,  Averc 
brouglit  ])ack  in  eit,dit  days  to  Coate{)0(',  \v]u;i-o  tlicv 
discovered  that  twenty  of  tlieir  numher  "were  niissiiiir. 
These  lost  members  of  the  company  were  never  licard 
of  moro.^^ 

Montezuma  died  in  1469,'''^  leavinij;'  his  country  in  ;i 
more  flourisliiny  condition  than  it  liad  <  ver  known, 
notwitlistandinn^  the  six  years'  famine  that  liad  oc- 
curred durins*'  his  reiijfn.  He  left  to  his  people  or  t(( 
liis  jiohkjs  the  choice  of  his  successor  from  amoni^-  Iiis 
three  grandsons — by  his  dau^liter  Atotoztli  ;iii(l 
Tezozomoc,  son  of  I tzcoatl— Tizoc,  Axayacatl,  and 
Ahuitzotl,  expressing,  however,  a  ])reference  for  the 
second,  who  was  now  commander  o\'  the  ]\roxic;in 
armies.  His  remains  were  enclost^d  in  an  urn  and 
deposited  in  the  walls  of  the  grand  tem])le  now  ;i|>- 
]»roaching  com[)letion,  and  his  wishes  were  followt^d 
in  the  c'loice  of  a  successor. ^^ 

Before  the  coronation  of  the  new  monarch  could  lie 

"  [liinni,  ^FS.,  torn,  i,,  rap.  xxvii. 

•'^IKlt,  Vii/Ziii;  UOS,  Vititnrn-t,  I.v//il.>-i,r/ii/f,  tiiiil  Iln/in-iiii;  I  K'lO, 
IxtJilxiiililtl,  linissriiv,  ('odrf  l'/iiliii(//i.,  Ciii/i\r  Till.  Hi  tn.,  ('''(Ii-.r  Mindicn. 

^^  Dm'iiii,  -MS.,  toiii.  i.,  ('ii|i.  xxviii-xxix.,  xx\i  li.,  ami  'I'czipziniipr,  in 
Kiiii/.iliiiriiiii/li,  vol.  ix.,  |i|).  .^S-CiH,  (1(1,  attiihiitc  In  Miiiittv.iiiiiM  I.  the  nm- 
<Hi(st  (if  ( >ajiHii,  and  tlio  cstaliliHliiiu'iit,  then' iif  a  Mrxicaii  nilmiy.  'I'licy 
may  ri'tVr  in  llu-  cDiKiiu'st  uf  tlii'  land  uf  the  Mi/.ii  r.s  alii'ail\'  iclalcil,  nr  to 
tliiil  III'  more  .scmiIIhtii  imits  of  Oajai  a  at  a  later  iii'iiinl.  'I'licv  al>u  vlalr 
dial  Axaxacall  was  the  -mi  <if  Mmilf/iima.  l>iiiaii  (cIIh  us  that  Mniil,'- 
/lima  lit'i'iin-  liis  dcalli  had  his  ima;4t'  sciiliiiiin-d  mi  ihi'  <'lil)'  al  ( 'ha|iiill('{M'(  ; 
and  llial  Axayacatl  was  iKiminatcd  liiii;^'  I-y  'I'larai'lcll/in,  wlm  drcliiHMl  llic 
tliruiic.  Till'  t'liilr.r  M,  iiilii:n,  in  KiiKisliununih,  Mil.  \,,  |)|i,  iri-tl,  t'lilliiwiil 
by  Mi'iidii'ta,  lli.st.  Krlr.i.,  p.  l.-)(),  ;;i\c  the  iinuilicr  ot'  piii\  imcs  cmiii'icii'il 
liy  Mmitc/nma  as  Ihiity-lhn'c.  Ixllilxdchitl,  ]ip.  'J.'iT,  (."iT,  says  .Mmiti/ii- 
iiiii  li't'l  scvi'ial  sons.  Tnnincniada.  imii.  i,,  pp.  Kl'.t.  I7-,  sjiys  he  leti  diii', 
mil  iiamt'd.  lint  that  licdisiiilicrilt'd  him  fur  t  lie  hhimI  uf  I  lie  iiatimi.  .\(ns|;i, 
llisf.  ill-  Ins  Villi.,  )ip.  lit;},  I'.t.'t.  and  llcnciji,  dee.  iii.,  lili.  ii,,  cap,  xiii.,  niiiKi' 
Tiziic  precede  .Axayacatl,  Imtli  hriii;,'  suns  of  Mmitc/iiina.  ('amarLin.  in 
\niirrilis  Aiiiiiilis,  tdiii.  xe\iii.,  p.  ITS,  nuiLcs  ,\liiiil/iitl  precede  .\xayai  iill. 
\'etanc\rt,  Tinlro,  pt  ii,,  p.  ;{-,  says  that  .\xayacatl,  Ti/uc,  and  .Miiiit/nil 
^vere  siiiis  of  Mopti'xiinui'H  iinidi*  liy  u  daiiuhter  of  li/coall.  Moiolinia,  in 
IriKliiiliilii,  I'lil.  ill' lliii'.,  tmii.  i..  )i.  (),  and  tiomar.i,  Ciiiii].  Mix.,  fol.  .'li'll, 
represent  Monteznma  as  liiniii;;  li'cn  succeeded  liy  his  (laii;,Hiler.  Sec  .il-H 
mi  the  di'alli  and  rharacler  of  M'Uile/nnia  !.,  and  the  accession  of  Av^iwe 
call;  llrussiiir.  Ilis/.,  toin.  iii,,  mi.  'J.SO-'J;  Clirii/i  rn,  torn,  i.,  p,  l' 1 1 ;  I  • 'i- 
till,  toiii.  iii.,  pp.  'J."i|-."i;  fliihwhii.  Ml  hii''.  Jlisf.  J/<,r,,  si'ii'  iii.,  torn,  i\  ,  p, 
'JIO;  Ciiilix  Till.  Ill  III.,  in  Hiniisliiiniiiijli,  vol.  v.,  p[i.  Il'.l,  l,"i|;  Snliiiijini, 
tmii.  ii,,  lih,  viii,,  pp.  '208-U. 


RAID  IX  TEIIUANTEPEC. 


4'25 


CflcUrMtcd  witli  fitting  Boloniiiity,  and  in  a  manner 
uoitliy  (»f  liis  prodec'usHors,  victims  for  wacriHco  must 
\v  cqitnred  in  lai'go  numl)ors;  and  it  had  now  Ix'come 
;iii  (stalilislicd  custom  for  cacli  newly  elected  king  to 
u'ldcrtako  in  person  a  catn[)aign  with  tlie  sole  ohject 
d'  ]>ro('uring  captives.  Axayacatl,  in  com})lying  with 
the  usage,  distinguished  himself  l)y  the  most  (hiring 
r;ii<l  vet  undertaken  hy  Aztec  valor,  l^assitii--  rapidly 
siMithw.". J  l)y  mountain  routes  at  the  head  of  a  huge 
force,  and  avoiding  the  Miztec  and  Za[>otec  towns  vi' 
Oajnca,  he  suddenly  2)resented  himself  hefore  the 
city  of  Tehuantepec,  routed  the  defending  army, 
(hawing  them  into  an  andnish  l»y  a  pretended  retreat, 
c!itered  and  ])illaged  the  city,  cai)tured  the  rich  com- 
iiuix'ial  city  of  (iuatulco  some  distance  ahove  on  the 
coast,  lel't  a  strong  garrison  in  each  stronghold,  and 
returned  to  Mexico  laden  with  ])lunder  and  "vvitli 
thousands  of  captives  in  his  train,  almost  l)efor(!  his 
(li'paiture  was  known  throughout  the  country.  iJras- 
srur  tells  us  that  he  ci'ossed  the  isthmus  in  this 
(■aiii|)aign,  and  lor  the  time  suhjected  to  Aztec  rule 
the  province  of  Soconusco,  even  reaching  the  frontiers 
ot' ( hiatemala;  hut  Torquemada  is  given  as  the  au- 
thoi-ity  for  this  statem((nt,  and  this  author  implies 
nothing  of  the  kind,  conse(|Uently  we  may  douht  it. 
The  sacritice  of  captives  from  (hstant  and  strange 
lands,   together   M'itli  the  rich    sj)ods    l)rought    hack 


oiii  the  south-sea  provmces,  nn[»arte(l  minsual  e( 


ted 


at 


to    tl 


le  coronation  ceremonies;  the  successhn  warnoi 


was  congi'atulated  hy  his  colleagU(S  at  Tezcnco  and 
Tlaropan;  and  the  jieople  felt  assured  that  in  Axaya- 
catl they  had  a  monarch  worthy  of  his  suhjects' 
adiuinition.^* 


"  I>Mr,iii,  MS.,  torn,  i.,  Clip,  \v\ii.,  hiivh  tliiit  llic  fir^l  fivo  yours  (if  .\xn- 
yiinitl'N  ivi'_Mi  were  lUKlistiiilicd  liy  wiir.  Sec  mi  tin-  'I'clmaiilcin'i'  rniil  jiiiil 
till' iiiiniiiiiiiiii:  Tiir'/iiiiiiudd,  tiiiii.  i.,  |i,  17-;  /Imssi  m;  Jl  t\/. ,  \ii\u.  iii., 
|i|i.  'JsilT;  Vilinivfrl.  'I'liilrii,  )it  ii.,  ji.  M'J;  ''I'lrii/i  >•»,  tmn.,  i.  |i|i.  "J  II  "J  ; 
.['■imlii.  Hist,  ilv  liiD  Villi.,  Y\\.  •i'.tt'i  7.  Ni'Vlia,  tipiii.  iii.,  p.  'J."iii,  iiml  <  lii\i- 
yi'iii  ^|MiiU  (if  waix  ill  liic  liixi  yciim  nf  his  rcigii  aguiii.-'l.  llii^  icMilliiig 
)iiii\iiiccs  (if  ('iictiiiciiliaii  ami  i'dclilciH'c. 


Ifli 


42G 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


Iff 


Durlnf]^  the  same  year,  perhaps,  a  l)attle  was  ious^lit 
aufaiiist  Huexotziiioo  and  ^Vtlixco  on  the  IVoiitifi',  in 
■■viiicli  tlie  three  kings  took  part  personally;  and  it  is 
recorded  that  in  the  midst  of  the  conflict  Tezcatli- 
poca  appeared  to  the  Aztec  armies,  cheering'  them  on 
to  victory.  On  the  return  of  the  victors,  AxayucatI 
and  ^locpiiliuix  of  Tlatelulco  each  erected  a  iiuw 
temple  to  tlie  gods  of  Hnexjtzinco  to  pro])itiate  tlioso 
divinities  in  case  of  the  war  l)eing  resumed,  whicli  was 
foretold  hy  the  oracles.  The  ^Mexican  tem})le  was 
called  Coatlan,  and  that  in  Tlatelulco  Coaxc^lotl;  tlitj 
latter  was  a  grander  structure  than  the  former  and 
its  erection  in  a  spirit  of  rivalry  excited  sonu;  ill- 
feeling  on  the  part  of  the  Mexicans,  and  was  nut 
without  an  influence  in  fomenting  the  trouhlis  that 
broke  out  between  the  cities  a  few  years  later.'*'  An 
Oi'lipse  of  the  sun  which  took  })lare  about  the  time 
the  tenn)les  were  completed,  was  thought  to  jtrntend 
disaster,  and  was  followed  within  a  [)eriod  of  two  years 
by  the  deativ  of  the  Te}»anec  and  Acolhua  monai'dis, 
Tot()>|uiliuatzin,  king  of  Thicopan,  died  in  1470  at  an 
advanced  age  and  after  a  long  and  prosperous  leign, 
during  wliich  he  had  gaiiuid  the  respect  of  his  suit- 
jects  and  colleagues,  fighting  bravely  in  the  wars  of 
tlie  empire  and  a('('e})ting  without  com[)laiiit  his  small 
sliai'e  of  tlie  spoils  as  awarded  ])y  the  tiM'Uis  of  tli<' 
alliane(\  lie  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Chimal- 
jxfpoca.''*^ 

The  burning  of  an  immense  tract  of  forest  lying  fo 
tlie  west  ttf  Azeapu/.nleo  toward  the  Matlaltzinco  re- 
gion, is  recorded  hy  one  authority  as  ha,ving  oecurietl 

^^  Diito  ncronliii;,'  tci  tlic  S|iiiiii!<h  writers,  MCpS.  Nccurdin;;  1<i  llic ''''"A/ 
Ti'll.  Jtiiii.,  in  l\iiiiisliiinii(<ili,  \o\.  v.,  [i.  liid,  Jliicxiit/iiicn  luid  M'i/ol  m|"'Ii 
llic  iiriiviiicc  (if  .\lli\fii  ill  I  l,"i{'p,  (lri\  iii^' iiw  iiy  the  |i('ci|ili'  uf  ( iii;ir;irli;il;i, 
Uii'  tormcr  iiiissi'ssurs.  Only 'riinpii'iii.-nlii,  lorn,  i.,  \\\\.  17'-'-H;  mul  I'li.i-- 
Mciir,  llift..  fiiiii.  iii.,  \\\\.  iiST-S,  iiiciitinn  llic  ii|i|iiiriliiiii  (if  Ti'/catlii""  :i 
Sec  iilsd  t'ldviijiiii,  t((in.  i,,  ]i|), '.M-,  -IS;  ]'ct///<i,  loin,  iii.,  jip.  '2'i>'i-~ :  Vilmi- 
vrrf,    Tnitrii,  yX  ii.,  |ip.  ',Vl-\\. 

■''Itiili'  Mli'.l  iicciirdiiiy:  to  S|iiiiiisli  writers;  llTlt  Mceoriliii;,'  tn  t'nil'i' 
(7iiiii'i//iii/iiir(t,       I'fi/liii,  tiilll.   iii.,  |i.  "idl;    Unisxriii;    Jlisl.,  Idlil.   iii..)'-  '-''*^> 

C/iiriifi  I'll,  tciiii,  i.,  |i.  'jj'_>;  Titrijiiciiiiiilii,  t(jiii.  i.,  !•.  17-'l;   I'ltuitfcrf,  J'tili", 

jit  ii.,  ji.  :)•-'. 


to 

rr- 

I||{iull 

Jialii. 

I ' 

I',,,/..'- 


DEATH  OF  NEZAHUALCOYOTL. 


427 


ill  1471;"'  and  in  the  next  year  took  place  the  death 
of  Xezaluudcoyotl,  the  kin*,'-  of  iVcolhiiacan,  and  con- 
si(Kiod  as  the  g-reatest  and  wisest  of  the  Cliii-hiniec 
iiKduirchs.     His    adventures    in  early  life  while  de- 
prived of  Ids  ancestral  throne  have  cast  a  olaniour  of 
romance  ahout   his    name;    and   the    fortitude    with 
Avliich  he  su]»[)orted  his  luisfortmies,  his  valor  in  re- 
o'lr.niiio"  the  Tezcucan  throne,  and  the  i)roinin('iit  i)art 
taki'ii  hy  him  in  the  wars  of  the  allies,,  are  eiitliusias- 
tically  praised   hy  his   biographers.      His  chiel'  .t^lory, 
hducvtr,  de[)ends  not   on   his  valor  as  a  wairior,  hut 
t)ii  Ills  wisdom  and  justice  as  a  ruler.     ])uriii<jf  his 
rci'iii  his  domain  had  been  increased  in  extent  far  less 
than   that  of  ^lexico;  but  he  had  made  the  city  of 
Te/cui'o  the  centre  of  art,  science,  and  all  liioh  cul- 
tuit'     the  Athens  of  America,  as  Clavioero  exj)resses 
it,  of  which  he   was  the  Solon — and  his  kinoclom  of 
Acolhuacan  a  model  of  <«'ood  government.     Such  was 
his  iiillexibiliu    in  the  administration  of  justice  and 
enforcement  of  the  laws,  that  several  of  his  own  sons, 
ahhouo'h  much  beloved,  were  ])ut  to  death  for  oil'enses 
a^'aiiist  law  and  morality.     Otiicial  corru{)tion  met  no 
inci'cy  at  his   hands,   l)ut   toward  the  poor,  the  aoed, 
and   the   unfortunate,    his   kindness   was   unbounded, 
lb   was  in  the  habit  of  traveling'  incoonito  amono-  his 
su'iijccts,  visitino'  the  lower  classes,  relievino-  misfor- 
tuiir,  and  obtaiiiino'  ustjful  hints  for  the  ])erfection  of 
his  cod(>   (tf   laws,  in    which  he   took   especial    j)ride. 
I''\rr  tlu;   pi-omoter  of  education  and  cultine,  he  was 
lilinselfa  man  of  li'arnino'  in  various  brandies,  and  a 
]to(t  of  111)  mean  tah'Ut.'''*'     His  relio'ious  views,  if  i-or- 
iv(tly  reported  by  the  historians,  were  far  in   ad\ance 
ot'  those  of  his  contemjiurai'ies  or   of  tlu;   iviropeans 
who  ill  tile  cause  of  relioion   ovcTthrew  Tezcucaii  ciil- 
tniv;   he  seems   to   have    been    unable    to    re>ist    (be 
A/.t(c   influence   in    favor  of  human  ^acrilices,  but  Ik; 
(lr-Mi\cs  the  credit  of  ha\ino'  o[>posed  the  slieddino"  of 

■"  <'(iili\r  l'/iiiiin//>„  ill  ni'iis.'fiin;  Ilin/..  tciin.  iii.,  [i,  288. 

■J-  s,.,.  \,.i.  ii.,  pp.  •jk;.;,  'Jilt,  iTi-'j,  mi  7, 


■1  II  -I 


i 

r<  i 


428 


THE  AZTEC  TERIOD. 


Llood  and  ridiculed  the  deities  that  demanded  it. 
The  only  dishonorable  action  of  his  life  is  tlie  nietlinl 
by  whicli  he  obtained  his  queen,  and  that  may  liavu 
received  a  false  coloring  at  the  hands  of  unfrioiidly 
annalists.  Some  of  his  poems  were  afterwards  n- 
garded  as  prophecies,  in  which  was  vanuely  an- 
nounced the  coming  of  tlie  Si)aniards.  He  died  in 
1472,  leaving  over  a  Jiundred  children  by  his  cuiuii- 
bines,  but  only  one  legitimate  son,^^ 

Feeling  that  his  deatli  was  near,  Nezahualcovotl 
had  assembled  his  family  and  announced  Nezahiud- 
pilli  as  heir  to  the  throne.  He  informed  his  oldd- 
natural  sons  that  only  l)y  leaving  the  throne  to  a 
legitimate  successor  could  he  hope  to  secure  a  })eacc- 
ful  succession  and  future  prosperity.  He  ex])ressL'(l 
great  esteem  for  his  oldest  son  Acapi}>i()ltzin,  who 
was  now  at  the  head  of  his  armies,  and  great  coiili- 
dence  in  his  ability,  calling  upon  him  to  ser\c  as 
guai'tlian  and  adviser  of  Nezahualpilli,  at  the  time 
only  eiglit  years  old,  during  his  minority,  and  to 
l)rotect  his  interests  against  possible  attem})ts  of  his 
otiier  brothers  to  usurp  the  crown.  Acapipioltziii 
])r()mised  to  obey  his  wishes,  and  was  ever  alter 
iaitli^'ul  to  his  ])r()mise.  Several  authors  say  that  tlk' 
Iving  gave  orders  that  his  death  .'-'bould  not  be  an- 
nounced until  after  liis  son  was  firmly  seated  on  the 
throne;  others  state  that  it  was  a  popular  l)ilitf 
among  the  commou  people  that  Nezahualcoyotl  had 
not  died,  but  had  been  called  to  a  ])lace  among  thu 
gods.  After  the  funeral  of  the  dead  king,  at  which 
assisted  an  immense  crowd  of  nobles,  even  iVom  for- 
eign and  jiostili*  provinces,  sucli  as  Tlascala,  ("holnl'i. 
Tehuantepec,  IVmuco,  and  Michoacan,  three  of  his 
sons  showed  such  evident  designs  of  disK)yahy  to  the 
apitointed  successor,  that  the  young  prince  was  k  - 
moved  to  Moxii-o  by  his  Aztec  ancl  Tepanoc  col 
leaofues,  and  the  ceremonv  of  coronation  was  ixMibiincd 

3»  Date  I  iTtl.   Or/n/K  ami  Vhri'jcrv;  1KV2  or   l»7-',    (jIUIxwIuII;  III-', 
Cii(/i,f  ('/nliiiii'/iiijiufii. 


('(INQrEST  OF  TLATELILCO. 


420 


iliti\'.  Axayacatl  is  said  to  have  spout  most  of  Lis 
time  ill  Tezcuco  tliiriiiir  Nozaluiali)illi's  minority,  ami 
it  is  not  imi)rol»al)lc  tliat  lie  took  advantaino  of  his  col- 
It  au'uc's  youtli  to  streno'tlioii  his  own  position  as  prac- 


tically lioacl  of  the  empire, 

ill  the  year  of  Axayacatl's  accession  tliree  hills 
rnuiltlcd  in  Xuchitopec,  that  is,  there  Avas  an  earth- 
([iiakc  lortihodinn'  disaster,  uhich  came  upon  the  })eo- 
]>lo  in  1472,  in  the  sha})o  of  an  Aztec  army  under 
Axayacatl.     ])urin^'  a  raid  of  a  few  days,  the  ])r( 


iiici'  was    ravaij'ei 


1  and 


I  crowd  of  captives  hrou 


)V- 

olit 


nai. 


k   to  die  on  the  altars  of  ]  rnitzilo{)ochtli.      Such 
emada's    account,   Avhich    is    interi)retcd    hv 


on 


1^1 


l»iasseur  as  referring'-  to  a  raid  across  the  isthmus 
into  the  (luatemalan  province  of  Xuchilti'pec,  or 
S(irliito])e([iies,  but  there  seems  to  he  very  little 
reason  for  such  an  interpretation  when  Me  consider 
liat  there  were  two  towns  named  Xuchitepec  in  the 


iinuiediate  vicinity  of  Anahuac 

All  the  authorities  relate  with  very  little  disai^ree- 
iiieiit  that  in  ]47."5  Tlatelulco  lost  her  inde[)endence, 
and  was  amiexed  to  Mexico  tinder  a  royal  governor. 
Hitherto  this  eity,  notwithstandinuf  the  troid»les 
(lining-  the  rei^'u  of  ^[onte/.uma  resultinLj  in  the 
(li  ath  of  her  kiui^'  and  the  elevation  of  Mo(|uihui\, 
had  heen  more  independent  and  enjoyed  i^ivater 
]ii'i\  ileuses  than  any  of  the  other  cities  tributary  to 
the  ^^(;xican  throne.  Jjut  the  Tlatehdcas  vii'wed 
the  rapid  advance  of  ATexican  powi-r  with  much 
jcalousv ;  thev  eoidd  not  foryvt  that  for  many  vears 
tlhir  city  had  heen  superior  to  her  nein'hhor;  tliey 
AVi  If  |»rou(l  of  their  wealth  and  commercial   rejjuta- 


tiiin. 


and  of  the 


>ll-k 


well-lcnown    valor    o 


.f   tl 


leir 


1 


)rnice 


<"  On  tlic  clKiractci'  iiiid  ilrntli  of  Nczalmalrityntl,  ami  llic  Hiici'cssiuii 
111'  Nivaliiial|iilli,  nvv:  hx'llil.inrlilti ,  \\\\.  'Ja  1  (I'J,'  ^IW-il.  Ii;;  S;  Tun/ii''- 
'".(«/«,  iiiiii.  i.,  lip.  l.'>(),  l(U-!>,  17;i-t;  <'/.((•/-/< /•(/,  imii.  i.,  ii|i. 'J.'iJ,  lM'-'-S;  llni.i- 
*'"'/',  lli.st.,  turn,  iii.,  |)|>.  "iSS  HOI;  I'r/iunrrt,  Tdi/ni,  pi,  ii  ,  pp.  .'{li-l; 
Viiitid,  1(1111.  iii.,  ji|).'-'l7,  -Mil  7. 

^'  Tiiri/iiriiii((/ii,  liiiii.  i.,  p.  17<>.  'I'lui  autliiir  nays.  liowcMf,  tliai  tin' 
|ii(i\iMri'  wa.-*  'nil  till'  I'liaNt  nf  Aiuilnuu'."  JJia-miur,  llisl.,  imii.  iii.,  [ip. 
;illl-'.'. 


■H 


480 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


!Aroquihinx.  We  have  seen  that  there  had  been  cdii- 
«i(leral)le  dissatisfaction  about  the  building  of  the  tuiu- 
l)les  a  few  years  earlier;  and  frecjuent  quarrels  Iiad 
taken  place  in  the  market-places  between  the  nun 
and  women  of  the  two  cities.  Duran  and  Tezozonioc 
relate  certain  outraijes  on  both  sides  at  the  be^in- 
ning  of  the  final  struggle.  Moquihuix  at  last,  count- 
ing on  the  well-known  hatred  and  jealousy  of  the 
different  nations  in  and  about  the  valley  toward  tlic 
Aztec  king,  formed  a  conspiracy  to  shake  off  tlio 
power  of  Axayacatl,  and  invited  all  the  surrouiuling 
nations  except  Tlascala,  whose  commercial  rivalry 
he  feared,  to  join  it.  Except  Tlacopan,  Tezcuco, 
and  Tlascala,  nearly  all  the  cities  of  the  central 
})lateaux  seem  to  have  promised  aid,  and  the  }>lot 
began  to  assume  most  serious  proportions,  threatening 
the  overthrow  of  the  allied  kings  by  a  still  stronger 
alliance.  But,  fortunately  for  his  own  safety,  Axa- 
yacatl Avns  made  aware  ot  the  conspiracy  almost  at 
the  beginning.  It  will  be  remembered  that  a  niar 
relative  of  his — his  sister,  as  most  authorities  state — 
had  been  given  to  Moquihuix  for  a  wife  in  reward  for 
his  bravery  in  the  south-eastern  campaign.  She  had 
been  most  grossly  abused  by  her  liusliand,  and  leaiii- 
ing  m  some  way  his  intentions,  had  revealed  the  plot 
to  her  brother,  who  was  thus  enal)led  to  obtain  from 
his  allies  all  needed  assistance,  and  to  be  on  his  guaid 
at  every  point.  I  shall  not  attemi>t  to  form  from  the 
confused  narratives  of  the  authorities  a  detailed  ac- 
count of  the  battles  by  which  Tlatelulco  was  coii- 
(juered.  At  the  beginning  of  open  hostilities  the 
wife  of  Moquihuix  fled  to  Mexico.  A  sinudtanemis 
attack  by  all  the  rebel  forces  had  been  planned;  but 
none  of  the  rebel  allies  actually  took  part  in  the 
struggle,  approaching  the  city  only  after  the  battle 
was  over  and  devoting  their  whole  energy  to  kt-ep 
from  Axayacatl  the  knowledge  of  their  complicity. 
Moquihuix,  confident  of  his  ability  to  defeat  the  un- 
prepared   Mexicans    without    the    aid   of  his   allies, 


,1  'i' 

I  li,: 


DEATH  OF  MOQUIIIUIX. 


431 


liiivlncc  excited  the  valor  of  liis  chieftains  and  soldiers 
l)V  s.u'iificiul  and  religious  rites,  ,i,nvin,<4'  them  to  drink 
the  Avater  in  Avhich  the  stone  of  sacrifice  had  heen 
AViishcd,  hej^an  the  conflict  before  the  appointed  time. 
For  several  days  the  conflict  raged,  first  in  one  city, 
tluii  in  the  other;  but  at  last  the  Mexicans  invaded 
Tlatelnlco,  sweepini*-  everythini^  before  them,  'i'lie 
f^urvivinijf  inhabitants  fled  to  tlio  lake  marshes;  the 
remnants  of  the  army  were  driven  in  confusion  to  the 
iii;irket-})lace;  and  Moquihuix  amid  the  im})recations 
(if  his  own  people  for  the  rashness  that  had  reduced 
thcui  to  such  straits,  was  at  last  thrown  down  the 
stcjts  of  the  i»'rand  temple,  and  his  heart  torn  from  his 
liriast  by  tlie  hand  of  Axayacatl  himself  The  city 
was  for  a  time  devoted  to  j)lunder;  tlien  the  inhal»i- 
taiits  were  oatliered  from  their  retreats,  after  havini;" 
litrn  comjielled — as  Tezozomoc,  Acosta,  and  Herrera 
tell  us — to  croak  and  cackle  like  the  froy-s  and  birds 
ot'  the  marshes  in  token  of  their  perfect  submission; 
licavv  tril)utes  were  imposed,  includino-  many  special 
taxrs  and  menial  duties  of  a  humiliating  nature;  anil 
iiiially  the  town  was  made  ii  ward  of  Tenochtithin 
under  the  rule  of  a  governor  appointed  by  the  ^[exi- 
caii  king.  The  re-establishment  of  peace  was  followed 
ly  the  punishment  of  the  cons[)irators.  The  Tlate- 
liilca  leaders  had  for  the  most  part  perished  in  the 
war,  hut  two  of  tliem,  one  being  the  jmest  Poyahuitl 
who  liad  performetl  the  religious  rites  at  the  begin- 
ning of  hostilities-'  were  condenmed  to  death.  The 
same  late  overtook  all  the  nobles  in  other  j»rovinces 
whose  share  in  the  conspiracy  could  be  proven.  So 
tt  rrjliK'  was  the  vengeance  of  Axavacatl  and  so  long 
the  list  of  its  victims,  that  the  lords  of  Anahuac  were 
tilled  witli  fear,  and  it  was  long  before  thev  dared 
a'^aiii  to  seek  the  overthrow  of  the  hated  Aztec 
power." 

*^  AutliiMitips  on  the  Tliitolulca  wnr: — Durnii,  MS.,  (oni.  i.,  cap.  xxxii- 
xwiv.;  Tir.iiziiiiiiii\  in  Ki)iii>:lniriiiiijh,\t\\.  ix.,  )i|>.  (i(»-7ti;  Tunjiii  iii((i/ii,  toni. 
i .  ii]!.  ITt)  S(l;  Sa/idfiKii,  turn,  ii.,  lili.  viii..  ])\>.  'Jd'.l,  "274;  \'i  i/fin,  toni.  iii.,  iip. 
-ViOtJl;  JJra^scur,  lUii.,  loni.  iii,,  pp.  302-15;  L'luvnjcru,  torn,  i.,  pp.  218- 


!     1 


Y! 


432 


THE  AZTEC  PEUIOU. 


A  strange  anecdote  is  told  respecting-  the  fate  of 
Xiliuiltenioc,  lord  of  Xochimilco,  who  had  eitlur 
taken  part  in  the  Tlatelulca  war  on  tlie  rehel  side, 
or  more  probably  had  failed  to  aid  the  ^Mexican  kin^- 
in  a  satisfactory  manner.  Both  Axayaeatl  ami 
Xiliuiltenioc  were  skilled  in  the  national  game  of 
flaclitli,  or  the  ball  game,  and  at  the  festivals  in  lioiior 
of  his  victory,  the  former  challenged  the  latter  tn  ;i 
trial  of  skill.  The  Xochimilca  lord,  the  better  ])layLr 
of  the  two,  was  much  embarrassed,  fearing  either  to 
win  or  to  allow  himself  to  be  beaten,  but  the  kiiii;' 
insisted,  and  wao-ered  the  revenues  of  the  ^Nrexicaii 
market  and  lake  for  a  year,  together  with  tlie  rule 
of  certain  towns,  against  the  city  of  Xochimilco,  on 
the  result.  Xiliuiltenioc  won  the  game,  and  Axaya- 
eatl, much  crest-fallen,  proclaimed  liis  readiness  to 
])ay  his  wager;  but  either  by  his  directions,  or  at 
least  according  to  his  expectation,  his  op})onent  was 
strangled  with  a  wreath  of  Hewers  concealing  a  sliji- 
noose,  by  the  people  of  the  towns  he  had  won,  or  as 
some  say  by  the  messengers  charged  to  deliver  tlie 
stak 


la 


Ives. 


Thus  far  the  Aztec  conquests  had  been  direettd 
toward  the  south-east  and  south-west,  while  the  fer- 
tile valle3's  of  the  Matlaltzincas,  immediately  adjoin- 
ing Anahuac  on  the  west,  had  for  some  not  very  clear 
leasoii  escaped  their  ambitious  views.  A  very  faver- 
able  opportunity,  however,  for  C(m(|uest  in  this 
direction  presented  itself  in  1474,  when  the  ]\latlalt- 
zincas  were  on  bad  terms  with  the  Taraseos  ef 
^lichoacan,  their  usual  allies,  and  when  the  loid  if 
Tenantzinco  asked  the  aid  oi'  the  Mexicans  in  a  (jiiar- 
rel    with  Chiniaiteeuhtli  the   kint<-.     Axavacatl   was 

')-2\  Vifanrrrf,  Trnfrn,  pt  ii.,  pp.  34-5;  Graiuafos  i/  Galrrz,  T(irth:i  Ain'i:. 
]il).  ITO-S;  Mnii/irfd,  Hist.  J'Jcles.,  p.  150;  Ani.sf,!,  Hist,  dc  Ins  Yinl.,  p.  -W\ 
llrirrn,  tU'c.  iii.,  HI),  ii.,  t'lip.  xiv. ;  Lrlliixor/iitl,  pp.  'JlW-IJ;  UalUilai,  iii 
Aiiur.  Ef/uii).  .Sue.,  Trtiiisiirt.,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  1'20. 

ii  Tnn/iintifii/ii,  tinn.  i.,  pp.  ISO-I;  fjffil.ior/iitf,  \i\). '2{\ii-i,  4k)S;  Wl'in- 
crrt,  'I'caliv,  pt  ii.,  i>.  35;  JJi'itsacKi;  Hist.,  toiu.  iii.,  pp.  31(5-17. 


CONQUEST  OF  MATLALTZINTO. 


4n3 


fi'.ilv  too  L;la(l  to  eniL!^nL,^c  in  an  iiiidertakint;'  of  this 
luitiii't',  liut,  ill  order  to  liavu  a  inoi'c  just  cause  ot" 
iutiit'frcnc'tj — for,  as  ])uraii  says,  tho  Aztecs  never 
liirkt'd  (juarrels  with  otlier  nations  !— lie  peremptorily 
didcred  the  Matlaltzineas  to  }"urnisli  certain  1. ui Id ii im- 
material and  a  stono  font  for  sacrificial  }»urjioses,  and 
(111  their  refusal  to  comply  with  his  commands, 
iiiaiilied    aij^ainst   their  province   at   tlie   head  of  tlio 


d 


aliuil  troops,  and  accompanied,  as    ionjuemada  says, 
hv  his  collean'ues.      Town  after  town  in  the  southern 


lai 


t   of  tlio   province   fell   hefi 


ore  Ills  arm.-' 


UKi  wei'o 


ilaccil  imder  Mexican  governors.      Such  were   \alat- 
aiihco,    Atlapolco,    Tetenanco,    Tepemaxah-o,    Thico- 


Tciiiitan, 


^let 


S 


I  line 


Azt 


epec,     Izmacantejiec,     an 


eo    colonists    were 


left 


d     ("aliniaya. 
ill   each   coiuiuerec 


I 


ttiwn.  aiul  Tonpiemada  tells  ns  that  peo]»lc  were  taken 
fiMiii  the  other  towns  to  settle  in  the  first,  Xalatlaidico. 
Tc/iizomoc  relates  that  the  kintjf  at  one  time  in  this 
(•a!ii|iai'4n  concealed  himself  in  a    ditch    with    eiijlit 


\\arrioi': 


aiu 


I  fell 


I  poll 


tl 


le   rear  c> 


f   tl 


le   eneniv  w  lio 


liad  Ixi'U  drawn  on  hv  a  feiiifiied  retreat  of  the  Aztt3cs, 
'■iii^iii;^'  ^I'eat  jtanic  and  slaughter.  Flushed  with 
viitniy,  the  allies  jtressed  on  to  attack  XiquipiK-o  in 
the  iiortli,  the  strongest  town  in    the   ]»ro\ince,  and 


Toh 


Ilea,  the  ca[»i 


tal.      Xi 


uiuipilco   is   si)OKen   o 


ipui 


)k 


>f 


as  an 


<  •toiui  town  under  the  command  of  Tlilcuetzpalin, 
with  whom  Axayacatl  had  a  personal  comhat  during 
this  hatth',  heiniif  wounded  so  severelv  in   the  thi'di 


that    \\( 


w 


as    lame    for    life,   and    nairowlv 


escai>e( 


d 


a^i. 


Tezozonioc   claims   that  the  ()t(tmi  chieftain 


w.i^- 


II K 


hh'U  in  .1  hush  and  treaclierouslv 


wound(  ( 


It! 


le 


^hxicaii  king,  who  was  in  advance  of  his  troojis;  Ix- 
tlilxiichitl,  ever  ready  to  claim  honor  for  his  ancestors, 
t  11-^  us  that  it  was  the  Acolhua  commaiKk-r  who 
.'•avcd  Axayacatl's  life;  while  ( "lavigero  and  ()rtega 
imply  that  a  duel  was  arranged  hetweeii  the  two 
liMih  is.  The  enemy  was  defeated,  their  leader  and 
"Vi  r  cK'veii  thousand  of  his  men  were  taken  captives, 
aail  the  town  surrenderetl,  as  did  Toluca  a  little  later, 

Vol.  V,    aa 


iiti ' 


434 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


I 


and  otlicr  towns  in  tlie  vicinity.  The  news  of  tlit' 
conquest  was  received  witli  |f,n'eat  joy  at  tlie  capital; 
the  Senate  niarclied  out  to  meet  and  recdw  the 
victorious  army  on  its  return;  trium})]ial  arclies  wiic 
erected  at  ireijuent  intervals,  and  flowers  were  stnwii 
in  the  path  of  the  victors.  The  captives  were  sacii- 
ficed  in  honor  of  the  i^'od  of"  war,  or  as  Tezozoiiinr 
says,  at  the  dedication  of"  a  new  altar  in  his  teiiipk', 
except  the  hrave  Tlilcuet/palin   and  a  few  connadcs 


who  were  reservet 


,1  t(j  <j; 


race    l)V  then 


deatl 


I  aiiotlior 


festival,  Avhich  took  place  somewhat  later.      ])uri 
this  Matlaltzinca  Avar  a  very  severe   earth(|nake 


\va> 


exi»ei'ienced 


^V  year  or  two  later  the  ^Fatlidtzincas  I'evoltcd  ami 
ohtained  the  i)roniise  of  assistance  from  the  Taiviscos. 
who  were  anxious  to  measure  their  strength  aL:aiii>t 
that  of  the  far-famed  Aztecs.  But  the  Taias((t 
monarch    Avas    unused    to   the     celeritv    of    ^lexican 


tactics,  an< 


1  A 


xavaca 


tr 


ai 


mv,   thirtv-two   thou^aiKl 


strong',  had  entered    Matlaltzinco,  i-e-captured   Xi(|ni- 
pileo  and  other  princij)al  t>)wns,  ciossed   the  front ieis 


of  Michoacan,  and  ca[)tured  and  hurned  several  cities, 
inchIdin^•  Tan^imaroa,  or  Thiximaloyan,  an  inqxntaiit 
and  strongly  fortified  place,  hefore  the  news  of  their 
d  'j)artin'e  ivached  Tzintzuntzan,  the  Tarasco  i"i[iital. 
But  the  Tarasco  army,  superior  to  that  ot'  the 
Aztecs,  and  constantly  re-inforced,  soon  reached  the 
seat  of  war,  attacked  the  invaders  with  such  fury  tliat 
they  were  driven  hack,  with  oi-eat  loss,  to  Tohn;i. 
This  was  douhtless  the  disaster  indicated  hy  an 
eclij)se  durijio-  the  same  year.  After  tluis  sliow  iii'4' 
their  power  hy  defeatini''  the  ju'oud  warriors  nl'  t!ie 
valley,  the  Tarascos  did  not  follow  up  tiicir  :i(!\aii- 


41  A. 


in;:  til  tlip    (^nilrx  Tiil.    Unn.,    in    Kiiiijxhnrnx'ih,    \ol 


l.'l.tliis  war  ami  iMitliiiiiako  t<icik  iilair  in   Uli'-'.     Tiiniui'maila,  tinii.  i 

....     ..         1  .1  ^        .1  •     ,1  e       1 i  I- : Ik ■ 


lSl-1' 


jiKU'c's  tlicni   in  the 


■ii.xtii   Ni'ar  (I 


f   .V 


IS.  tiini.   i.,  <'a|i.  x.x.w.-.wxvi,,   am 


.xavacatl  s  ii'i;;ii. 


I  i'/.(i/iimoi',   111  hiiiijshiiriiii'ih.  \ 


als.i,   l.rflil..'„h,il. 


\ 

ix.,  jiji.  7(i-.S'J,   Htati'  tliat   'I'lilcnctziialin  i'siii|ii'il 
]).  '1M\  Cliiriiiiri),  tiiin.  i.,  ]i]i.  'jrrJ-,S;  linissnir,  llint.,  toiii.  iii..  |i]i. 
Viiitlii,  ("111.    iii.,   11)1.  'JtiT-S;  Ihrnra,  ilei'.    iii.,    iili.  iv.,  cap.   xvii 
ttiKcrrt,  'I\((li-<i,  [it  ii.,  [1.  IJo. 


■  ih. 


.1. 


DKATil  OF  AXAVA(  ATL 


435 


t;i  'f,  Itiit   rtturiR'd  to  tlioir  own  rountrv,  leaviii<jf  tlie 
Mcvicuis    still    nmsters    of    ^liitlaltziiico.      AiiotliiT 


iittL'mj>t    at    revolt    is   va 


iLTnclv 


rcfort 


ltd 


some   vtai's 


later,  hut  in  1478  the  Matla.ltzmea  eities  were  ]iiinia- 
iinitly  joined  to  the  Mexican  domain,  and  the  h  adinn* 
.M,itl;i!tzinea  divinities  transferred  to  the   temjilcs  of 


fiii)( 


htitli 


m 


Axayacatl  died  in  1481,  just  after  his  return,  as 
Diirau  mforms  ns,  from  Chapultepee  whither  lie  had 
l;(»iii'  t(»  inspect  liis  image  carved  on  the  clitf  hy  the 
>uh'  of  that  of  Montezuma  1.  Brasseur  states  that 
liis  (lavs  were  shortened  by  the  excessive  mimher  (»f 


lis    CD 


iicuhines.      He  was  succeeded,  according'  to  th 


.f  hi 


I   ot    his   predecessor 


hv   T 


IZOC, 


e 
Tizocicatzin,    or 


(  lialiliiuhtona,   his   brother,   who  was    s 


ucceec 


l.,l 


m 


his  (itlice  of  connnantler  of  the  army  by  Ahuitzotl. 
Diiraii  iusists  that  the  throne  was  a^ain  offered  to  the 
mythical  Tlacaeleltzin,  who  declined  the  lionor  but 
oIK ml    to    continue   to    be   the  actual   ruler  tluriuLi: 


izuc  s  reiun 


id 


'n 


l-ll,      :       1 


*'<  Must  of  tlio  details  of  tliis  war  are  from  lirrfssnir,  ITisf.,  tmn.  iii.. 
]i|i.  ;!_'l'~.').  Duraii,  MS.,  toiii.  i.,  ca]).  xx.wii.- viii.,  and  '\\-/.i>y.'<\\u<i\  in 
KnuiJi'ir  iiKjIi,  v(d.  ix.,  it]),  Si>-7,  stale  siiniily  tiiat  to  ]ini(un'  \ictiiii--  fur 
till' ill'. liratiiiii  (if  ii  new  .saerilicial  stone,  tlie  A/tecs  niaii'licd  \<>  llie  Imr- 
diTs  iif  Miclioacan  and  were  deicaled  liy  sn|iciii)r  ininilieis,  n-turnin;,'  to 
Mi'xicn.  Tile  victims  were  filially  (ilitaineil  al  'I'liliininiieiiee.  Oilirr 
aiitlmiN  represent  the  Aztecs  as  vieliirioiis,  tiny  liavin;^  added  to  their 
]i()>scs-,iiiiis 'ri)cii|ian,  TDtotlan,  'I'laxinialuyan,  Oeiiillan,  and  .Malaiale|pec. 
Sic  Tiiniiiiiitiiild.  toni.  i.,  |).  IS'J;  t'liivitii  rii,  turn,  i.,  |i.  '2.').'!;  \'iliniiri  1^ 
'J\'ih-'i.  |it  ii.,  ]i|i.  ;i,")-(i;  Ciiili'.r  Till,  linn.,  in  KiiKjshnnniiili.  vol.  v..  ]i.  I.")|. 

'■'  I  laN  ij.'ei((,  tdiii.  i.,  ](.  '17V,\.  ;iives  the  date  1477.  Accord  in;.'  to  the  '  '(k/i.i- 
.I.'  ii'/ic'i,  in  KiiKishui-oiiiih,  vol.  v..  ii.  47.  it  was  i4.S'2.  All  the  otliei-  author- 
ities a;;ree  on  1481.  See  on  family,  cliaracter,  and  death  ot  .\\a\acali, 
and  siiccessinii  of  Tizoc:  Vii/fin,  toin.  iii.,  |i|i.  ■J(i'.i-7I;  hmini,  MS.,  ton:. 
i,  i'a|i.  xxxviii-ix. ;  TiZDZaiiKu',  \n  Kiiiii.'<lioriiiii//i,  \(d.  ix.,  jip.  SS-'.il,  I4;i; 
liilil.i-iii-liill,  |)p.  •J(!4-.");  Tiin/iii'/iKii/ii ,  toiii.  i.,  p.  Is.!;  \'i  Imirirl,  T'ulni, 
|it  ii.,  ]i.  .'Ill;  Arosid,  lli.sl.  i/r  lii.s-  Viiil.,  |ip.  4'.t4-rc,  Xi'i/iint.:!'.  in  />'"•.  Ili-it. 
Mr.,  s  lie  iii.,  toiii.  i.,  I).  7(1;  Ilirrmi,  dec.  iii.,  Iii).  ii.,  eaji.  xiii.;  (lulliitiii, 
ill  Atii'i-.  Etitnu.  iSuc,  J'l'uiinuct,,  V(d.  i.,  p.  ]()4. 


CHArXER    IX. 


THE    AZTEC    PERIOD CONCLUDED. 

PiKir'N     OF     TlZOC  —  NkZAIH  AI.I'll.I.I      i)K!K\I.S     TIIK      IlrKXoTZIM'AS  — 

Ami  iZdTi.,   Kim;  oi'   Mkxico-  ('ami'akins  I'oi!  ('ai'iivi;>     Imiu- 

CATION  (IK  llriTZll,l)l'(M'HTI.r.S  TkMI'I.K  -Si:\  KNTV  TiIOI  SAMi  \  II  • 
Tl.MS  TdTI",!!  nil  AlZIK  n.,  KiNIi  (iK  'ri.ACOI'ANMKXlc  AN  CciN- 
(,H  i:s|N  ((INIJIKST  OK  ToTdNACArAN  -  AZTKC  liKVKIiSKS  -  Sll  TKSS- 
I'll.  KkVoLT  ol'  'rKlirANTKI'KC  AM)  ZaI'OTKCAI'AN  ( 'oM.M  i:  ,T  (!!■ 
ZaCATOI.I-AN  -  ANKCDOTKS  ok  NkZAIII  AI.IMM.l  — Ni;\i'  Ai.il  Kill'  t, 
AND  IMNDATION  iiK  MkXIIO  -MoNTKZlMA  11.  ON  llli;  Tlll:ii\i;— 
CoNlllTloN    OK   Tin;     HMI'IUK-MoNTKZK.MA'S    I'ol.K  V        INsI  ( VK^^S. 

Ki  I.  Invasion  ok  'I'i.ascai.a-  Famink— ("oxtiiKsr  ok  Mizik(ai'\n 

— 'I'VINCi-ll'  OK  TIIK  ("VCM;  in  I.'iOT  (tMKNSOK  COMlNd  I  )l>  \-- 1  KI:  - 
TlIK    Si'AMAHDS   ON    TIIK    (  dA.vr   OK    f'KNTHAI,   AMKKICA       Ik'nl  |;|  i: 

I!i:i\vi;i;n  Mkxico  and  Tkzcico  -KKTiitKMKXT  and  1>i:\tii  m- 
Nkzaiiiai. I'll. 1.1     Catama,   Kinij    ok  Acokiuacvn- -  1!k\(ii.i    (ir 

IXI  I. II  MM  Mil  I,  I'INAI,  ('AMI'AUiNS  OK  TIIK  Azi'KCS  'I'lll.  .^I'AN- 
IAi;iis    ON     llll,    Cl  I.K   <'0A.ST -AUIMVAI,   OK    IIkKNAN    CoiiTKS, 


Tizoc's  odroUMtidii  was  jir(?cc<l(,(l  l)y  a  oaiu]);ii'.;n  in 
tlio  iiorth-on.st,  wIuto  tlic  jirovinccs  stivtcliin^  tVom 
Mc/titl;in  to  tlie  L;nir  hid  takuii  a(lv;mta'.4'(!  <•!'  llif 
'I'lnti  liilca  and  NFatlalt/inca  wars  t<»  sliakr  dll'  ilif 
yoke  (if  their  oonijiu'i'ors.  'Wy.w/Annvc  am  hni.ni 
represent  this  caniiiaiLiii  as  havino*  heeii  ni  d(-ilak(  a 
by  Ti/dc,  al'tei'  most  cxteiisixc  ]>ri'|»ii'a(ion  ,  lor  tlie 
|)nr|i'»sc  of  ohtainino-  raptivt-s,  hnt  attended  ith  littK' 
success,  only  ahout  I'orty  |ii'is(tners  lia'.'in^'  Ikiii  sc- 
cni'eik  The  lonner  author  tells  us  that  thi>  u.ii' 
luol;    jijace    (hiiino'    XezahualcovotTs    reion.      .\ce>(ii 


REIGN  OF  TIZOC. 


437 


impHi's  that  the  faih>iro  resulted  iVoiii  Tizoo's  oowarJ- 
icc  .;•  bad  jneneraLship.  I  xtlUxoehitl,  followed  hy 
liiasst'ur,  makes  Xc/ahuali>illi  the  leader  in  this  his 
lirst  war,  aeeoinpaiiied  hy  hoth  his  eollea^'iies.  ]le 
seems  to  have  felt,  iiotwithstandiiiL;'  his  exti'eme 
youth,  much  siiame  at  not  havini;'  i)erf()rmed  any  glo- 
rious deed  of  ai'Uis,  ruling'  as  lie  did  over  so  valorous 
a  leople  as  the  Avolhuas,  and  even  to  ha\e  heoii 
ridiculed  on  the  suhject  hy  his  elder  hrothei's;  hut  in 
this   war   he   made   I'or   himself  a   lastiuLi;"  /••'nutation 


Wnl'i 


ilV  Ot 


lis  aneestoi's  and   his    rai 


lie  war   IS 


i>'])i'cscnted  hy  these  authors  as  a  sueei  ssion  of  \ic- 
tnii.s  hy  wliicli  ('uextlau  and  the  flUnoundinn' 
|iro\iiu'cs  were  hrou^ht  ha'-k  to  their  allen'iance.  No 
•I'ses  are   aJhidcd  to.      Tlio   ea|»tives    taken    were 

the    mw    kinL;'    at- 
1, 


rc\i 


saci'ilici'd   at   Tizoe's   c(ji'onation, 

tciiiiitinn"  to   surpass    his    ])V((leces;,ors    l>y    t^iviuL;'    a 
maLi'niticent   ri'>ti\als    whicli    contimiod    for 


SCl'K.'S     o 


forty  days.'     An  expedition  aijainst  'iMaeote[K.'e,  mcn- 
tiniird  hy  'J'or([Uema<la    witliout  details,    seotjis   t<.    he 


tile   ("uly   other  war    m  win 


•h    T 


i/oc  euLta 


l^'cd  d 


iii'ncj' 


his  i-cii4ii.^  He  either  lacked  the  valor  and  skill  in 
\v;n'  which  dii^tiri'^uished  his  predeeesj-.ors,  or  like  the 
Ti7,ciit  an  monarclirt  helieved  he  could  host  jironiote 
liis  nation's  well'are  hy  atti.'ntion  to  peaceful  arts. 
\'vy  litth'  is  reo(mled  of  tins  kini;';  his  c  \<j;)\  was 
\ri\  -loit.  and  was  marhed  hy  no  \ery  inijuirtant 
events.  l)urinu'thi>  period,  howi^ver,  oe<Mirrt(l  a  war 
hetwei'ii  Nezahualpilli  and  liui^huet/in,  tlu^  loi'd  of 
1  liie\(.tzir,co.  This  war  seems  to  have  I.een  <  lused 
hy  the  |i|ots  of  Nezahualpilli's  l>rothers  who  had  ol>- 
taiiied  the  aid  of  1  fnexotzinco.  Aet'ordin^"  lo  Jh'as- 
scur  lh(!  Acolhi'a  kin^'  an<l  Ihiehuetzin  wei'*-  horn  i'l 
the  Minie  day  an<l  lioui',  an<l  the  astri»loL;'ei's  hai! 
incdicted  that  the  former  would  onedav  he  eonouei'ed 


'  7'':iC((/(ific,  in  Khiffshnrni  ij/i,  vnl.  i\.,  up.  !i:!-S;   /hinni.    Ms.,   inm.   i,, 
'"'\]>.    \',.-   .I«v).s7f(,    llisf.   ilf  Ilii    Villi.,  |i.    I'.Ci.   liraf-siiir,    lli.-il.,  imii.  i.,  ji]!. 

.'t.'i;:ii;  i.,-!!ii.\;„hiti.  i.]i. '-'(;,">•(;. 

'    I'dl'^llillllll/ll,    llllll.    i.,    p.     IHJ, 


Hi 


ill 


,i 


'  i 

r.n 


m 


h, 


i  1  ^' 


>>    V 


4T» 


Tin:  AZTEC  PER  TOD. 


ly  th  ■  l.ittcr,  'vlioso  dt'tVut  Avould,  Jiowc  vor,  lie  (■(!(>. 
l)i-iitf(l  Ky  tlit^  Acolhuiis,  Jiuelnietziii  iis«-i'i-t;iiii( d 
iVdin  tlic  m.'ilciiiitciit  Acolhua  ])riiict',s  a  .stntciiiriit  of 
tlio  forces  tliat  were  to  twari'Ii  anaii)st  liim,  with  ;i 
(I'sciiptiou  of  N\'znluinlj)illi's  aviiioi',  and  dircctrd  nil 
]iis  iin'ii  (o  iiiaki'  it  their  chief  ohject  to  kill  the  kiii". 
l)iit  Xe/„diiial|»illi  K'anicd  the  iiiteiitioii  of  liis  (i|i|)ii- 
iieiit.  clad  a  cajttaiii  witli  his  ;iniior,  placed  liim  ;,{ 
till'  he;id  of  one  division  of  his  aiiiiy,  while  he  liiiii>' ll' 
in  disL;uise  took  connnand  of  the  other  division.  Sd 
t'nrions  was  the  attack  n])()n  tlie  mock  kini^-  tliat  he 
was  killed,  his  soldiers  driven  hack,  and  tin-  lliiexot 
/incas  elated  with  victory;  hnt  in  tlu'  meantime  the 
main  Ik  dy  of  the  'J'ezciicati  army  came  np  ami 
attacked  the  foe  as  they  wei'e  chant  inn'  theii'  soul;'  "f 
victory.  The  n-al  Xe/ahiialpilli  killed  1 1  nehuit/ia 
ill  personal  <'i)ml»at,  after  )'ecei\inL;'  a  serions  woimd 
ill 
at 
to   his   capital    laden    with  honors  and  .s|)oils.      At  his 


foot,  the    1 1  nexotziiicas    were    utterly    loini 
id  I  heir  citv  was  sacked,  the  Acolhna  kin^'  retnriiin 


retnrn  to  Tezcuco   Xezahnalpilli  enclosed  an   ana  e 
land  eipial  to  the  space   that  had  sej)arated  him  I'lmi 


]i 


irm\'  (hirm'4'  rne  ii 


itt 


e,  or,  as  sonu'  sav,  * 


'MUal    ti 


that  occupied  l»y  the  llnexotzinca  ai'iny,  ei'ectln^' 
Avithin  the  enclosure  a  yrand  palace  with  mannillceiit 
H'ardeiis  and  immense  Lfraiiaries  lie  also  coiuplctMl 
the    temple    <it'     I  luitzili'pochtli    commenced     hv    hi> 


lather,   and    sacriticed    at    its    dedication   t 


le    captlXes 


hri>Ui;'ht  from  the  liwt  war;  ior  altlnai^^h  he  is  said   li 
Irr  >'  inherited  to  s(»m<'  extent  his  fathers  repiin'iiancc 
(o  human  sacrifice,  lio  certainly  consented  to  such  sac 
riiic<>>  oil   several    occasions.       Tizoc    also   completed  ill 
\\H'A  the  orand  teinph'  of  i  liiitzilo|)ochtli  at  Me\ici>.  on 
which  his  predeccHK*;]!'     had  e\| 


lelK 


l.<l 


-o  niu( 


h  lal 


lOl 


TIm*   Mexiciin    kinj/,   however,   died    in    llM>,   al'ti  i-  a 
f^  i'^it  tA'  six  yejirs,      \\\f  di-ath  is  reported  to  ha\'  "<'- 

i tf'Hlt'ivhitl,    pf)    mA,   '-WJUTa,    lid;   TnniKniiiulii.   loiii.    i,    |>|i     ISIl-l: 
f'/<if  •/  //f,  Urtu.  i  ,  \>[>   'Irti-li;   /hii.ixi  iir,  Misf.,  turn,  iii.,  |i|i.   ^Vll-l;    V'lHi". 


t  );i;l.     11^ 


\'i 'ilfii'l'l'l,    I'liiti'ii,   |rf     ii.,   |).   .'1(1.       Si'M'I'Jl!    illllllnl.-i   ill 


tfilUrt-  mi    /MDJjIctioll  II,  Hi«-  (<'|ii|ili'  to  Aluii(/i>t 


Ai'cr.ssroN  OF  AiiriTzoi'i.. 


■inn 


furi'i 


■tl  from  t!u'  "trects  ol'  jtoisoii,  or.  as  tlic  rcci n'ds  liav. 


ir.  «'t  niivn'ic  s] 


It  lis,  a( 


liuinistci'i  (1  1)V  cci'taiii  scrcfrcsscs 


;il  the  ciiiniuaiKl  ot' TfcliMtl,  l(i>'(l  of  !  ziapalajiaii,  with 
t!ic  coiiiiivaiifc  ot"  Maxth-i,  lord  of  Tlachco,  jirohaMy 
tViiiii  motivt's  ol"  |)e'is()iial  sjiitc  Some  aiithoi's,  as 
.I)iiraii,  Acosta,  and  Hcrrcra,  assert  that  he  was  ])oi- 
smicd  liv  his  own  suhjects,  who  were  disgusted  with 
liis  cowardire  and  inleriority  to  his  jir(  dec'('>sors ;   hut 


lornier   i.osn.'n   as   (•( 


iinniaiuK'r   of   the    Mexiean 


iii'ieics    !s   ()j»]>ost'd    to    the  chari^e  of  cowardico,  as   is 

till    indi^Miatioii  of  the  ])eo])le  at  liis  mui'der  and  the 

siiiiiniai'v  execnt ion  of  all  coiincrted  with    tlif  crime.* 

Ahiiit/otl.  the  last  of  th(!  three   hriitlurs,  was  now 


(•:|||r( 


1    to    the    throne,    the    fai 


nons 


Tl; 


It; 


icat'n  it/m    s 


^till 


r.rii>iiiL;'  the  er. iwii,  if  wo  mar  credit  Duran  and 
Ti7.(i/onioc.  I  )iii'iiiL;' the  lirst  year  of  the  new  kind's 
i(  i'^ii  successful  camjiainns  are  Nanuely  recorded 
a Miii'-'t  the  Mazahuii  region  adjoinini;"  the  city  of 
.\i  i'ii;>ilc(>,  against  the  towns  of  the  'IV.iuhcoacas 
;ai(l  'I'ochpaiiecas,  suhject  to  tlu;  kin^'<loni  of  .lalisco, 
;!U'aiii>^t  the  south-easti  I  n  jti'ovinces  of  the  Mizlecsand 
Zipiitccs,  and  e\-en  a';ainst  the  ('hiapaiiec  frontiers, 
while  Nt'zahnaliMHi  i;i  the  meantime  coiKpiered  Xauli- 
llaii  on  the  ,yu  if  coast.  Nodetailsof  these  cam  |»ai«4'i 
arc  <.;'i\  cii  sa\e  that  the  fortress  of  llnaxyacac.  in  ( ); 
jacM,  sinci!  known  as  ^loiite  .Mhan,'^  was  hiiilt  and 
garrisoned  l>y  th«  Aztecs;  l»ut,  t  he  ohji'ct  of  these  wars 
was  to  pi'ocurc  captives  for  the  coronation  of  Aliuit- 
y.<>\\  and    foi-  tin'  dedication   of    the  niaiid    tem|ile   of 


IS 

I- 


-  t) 


1  liiit/ilojxtchtli,  which   tool,    place  in    ll^;(l   or    Ms 

'  hitrmi.  Ms.,  tiiiii.  i.,  ciii).  xl,;  .Iru.^fn,  lli.if.  i/r  l,,s  Yml  ,  )i.  liiri;  //>  r- 
y  t".  ili'i'.  iii.,  lili.  ii  ,  cull,  xiii.;  \'>i/h'ii.  tulii.  iii..  |>|i.  'J7l.-7ti  S;  Clnvnii  rn, 
liiiii  I  ,  |i|i.  ■.'.■i.'t-4,  L'.'><).  'I'llis  aiMlmr  \i\\vs  \\w  diiti'ilH  riS'J.  Turi/in  niiu/ii, 
Imii.  i,.  |i|i.     IS'J-.");    I'lliniri,-/,    T>ii/rii,    lit    ii.,    ]i|i.    li(i-7;   Sitlniiiiiii,  liilii.   ii 


1 1.  '1W\  I 


illlls'llll'IIIKlll ,    Ml 


'.IS    llHI;    Litl,Lfi,ilnll, 


llisl,  y»\\.  iii,,  |.|i,   ;i;H-."i;   Cntlix  'I'll/.  Jt'iiii,,  ill 
'  'i-.:ii .1,111111',  ill   /(/..   vol.  i\.,  |i|>. 


il.    \i  ,   p.    III.  cliltr    I  IST 


•] 


.'(l.'i.  '-'(17;  I'tii/i.r  Miiiilu.'  .  ill  l\iiiiislii'ri'iit\li ,  m.I. 


*  .  I'll.  17  s.     JxtliKniliiil  iliiiiiis  tilut  'I'iziir  (lii'tl  a  initiiviil  liciiili,  ami  lliat 
ri''liii|l  (liiil  tliiriiii'  liis  iciini. 


i    Si 


I'  \ol.  iv,,  pii.  ;<77  <*<•■ 
'■'  l>iar«s('ni',  Hist.,  Iiiiii,  iii.,  pit,  ;|.'17  KK  li-lls  iic  tliat  (In-  Xiiiiiiiiilcn  cani- 
|>;iii,'ii    fiii'tiiHlicit  l'aptiv('^«  fur   tlu'    riirni.atiiin.  Nvliilr   lli<<  piimIihIh  nl'    tli(> 

ntllO'  wal'h  WCI'l'  ITHOrVl'll  for  I  lie  clt'iliraliuli        'ri'/ii/niiivic,  ill  Kiiiifslniniinill, 


410 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


Tliis  (lt>(lic'!iti()ii  was  witnessed  l)y  millions  of  visit(.is. 
iiirludiuo-  re})reseiitiitives  iVoiu  all  parts  of  the  count  tv, 
fi-()iii  hostile  as  well  as  friendly  })rovinees,  the  iuinii  r 
hi'iii^'  n'i\en  the  hest  ]iositions  to  view  the  fi'sti\  iii.  s, 
and  heiiiL;'  loaded  with  rich  j)i'esents  at  their  ilcii.iit- 
nre.  The  chief  ieature  of  the  exercises  was  the 
saciilice  of  ca])tives,  of  whom  from  seventy  to  ci^htv 
thonsand  jierished  on  the  altar,  'J'he  victims  w,  ic 
ai'ranL^cd  in  two  lines,  stretchin^f  from  the  tem|ilc  I'lir 
out  on  the  canseways;  the  kind's  henan  thi'  liloodv 
woi'k  with  their  own  hands,  and  the  jnMests  folioucd, 
each  continnini»'  the  slaui^hter  nnlil  exhansted,  win  u 
another  took  his  place.  This  was  the  most  extciisi\c 
sacrifice  that  ever  took  ])lace  in  Aiuilmac,  and  it  was 
followed  hy  others  on  a  somewhat  smaller  scale  in  tlir 
lesser  cities,  amonn'  Mhich  one  at  Xalatlauhco  in  tlic 
]\latlalt/.inca  rei^ion  is  jiarticidai'ly  mentioned.'' 

Tlu^  campaign  a^'ainst  the  frontiiM's  of  ('hiapas, 
dnrinn"  which  some  stronyhokls  were  taken  hy  tlii' 
iSiexicans,  as  Chinantla  uiid  ( 'inacantlan,  hut  wlilili 
was  altogether  nnsucct^ssful  in  the  C(»n(pu'st  of  tlic 
Chiapanecs,  is  ]»laced  hy  Brassenr  in  I4.SH,  (Ik-  yar 
after  the  dedication  of  the  temide."  In  I  18'.)  Clii- 
malpopoca,  kin^'  of  Tlacopan,  imuh^  a  hrilliant  cani- 
])aiL;ii  au'ainst  ( 'nextlan,  althoni;h  leaving"  many  slain 
on  the  hattlc-lield  of  .1  luexotla ;  hnt  he  died  s.mn 
uiler  his   return,  and  was  succeeded   hy  his  son  Totu- 


1 4 


■. 


vol.  In..  |ii>.  iV,t-l(tS,  spoaliM  (if  tlio  coiiijiicsl  of  sunn'  city  in  (^lii,i]i:ii;  while 
Ai'dsla,  Ills/,  lie  Ins  )'ii(l.,  p.  I'.t'.t,  .sliilcH  tiiiil  a  place  callcil  (,hia\iitailaii 
wan  taken  liv  means  nf  an  artilicial  lloatiii;^'  islarnl.  h  is  inipn.ssililc  I'l 
form  fnmi  tiie  ani  jmi  ities  any  idea  nf  llu'se  wars  and  tiu'ir  cliiorKiliij^iciil 
Older.  See,  Ihirnii,  MS.,  tinn.  i.,cap.  .\li.-ii.;  Li/lil.iiir/iifl,\>.  KIT;  > - 
iliiiii~.li,  in  hitr.  Illsl.  Mc.i:,  Hc'rie  iii.,  tnni.  !.,  p.  7-;  Vilnnrrrl,  Tfiilrn,  \<i 
ii.,  p.  117;  <  '/iirii/rru,  loin.  i..  ]i.  ■J.">7;  Vtiitin,  toni.  iii.,  |i. 'J7'S;  'rur'iiiciinul.i, 
1(1111.  i.,  p.  l.sti. 

'(•n  tlie  dedicatiiHl,  see  vol.  ii.,  p.  577;  I.r/li/.inrfii//,  p.  -tiS;  llimm, 
MS.,  liini.  i.,  cap.  .\liii-iv.;  Mn/iilnu'ii,  in  Irmlmliifn,  dil.  ilr  Ihir,,  imn.  i., 
p.  V-Vil;  i'ldiiii'ni,  loin,  i.,  p.  -."i7;  '/'uri/miiinild,  U)\\\.  i,,  p.  ISIl;  \'i/(iiirirt, 
7''ii/r<i,  pt  ii  .  p.  .'17;  Cntlix  'I'lll.  Rnn.,  in  h'iiiifsliiiniinili,  vol.  v  ,  jt  l.'i-l! 
/Irassiiir.  II/-./.,  loin.  iii..  pii.  Illl  .").  ( 'ini>iderin^'  the  nninhcrof  the  vi('- 
tiiiis  .vacriliceii.  il  i>  piohalily  more  e(M'recl  lu  snpposi!  that  several  luicri- 
lieci'H  were  oeeiipied  at  the  same  lime. 

^  Ill's/.  .\iit.  Cii'.,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  111."!  (i;  willi  reference  to  Tnr ^uiiiimld, 
torn.  I,    (ill,  ii.,  ca[i.  l.siii.    wliicli  eoiitain.s  iiulliin^' on  tUt*  Miilijeil, 


AIUIT/OTI/S  CONOIKSTS. 


441 


quiliiiatziii  1  I.  Kartluiuukes  and  tlic  ajtpt'araiiov  of 
iiliaiitoiiis  ill  tlu;  air  had  iiidiiMtcd  approarliiiii;-  dis- 
jistti's.  Saliai^im  also  iiu'iititiiis  an  cdipso  alxiut  this 
time.'"'  In  the  sanio  Nfar  tho  alhcd  tr(K)]»s  con- 
(|Ut'rcd  tho  soiitlu'i-n  proviiu'os  of  C()zca(]nauhtc!naiu'(). 
(.^)u;i|>il<»llan,  C^iiauhpanco,  and  (.^)iU'tzalcuithi|Mllan 
iii'ciMcHni^'  to  the  Spanisli  anthors,  ahlionL;!)  Ihassi'nr 
niakrs  that  phu'i^  rt;tain  its  indi'jjcndenco  down  to  tho 
coining' ot"  tho  Spaniards.  In  I  t'.M)  (.Jnaahthi,  ono  of 
tlu'  strono'ost  towns  of  ('noxtlan  on  tho  ^idl"  i-oast, 
was  talun,  ,^i\in,L;'  Monto/.nnia,  aftofwai'ds  kinLj',  an 
u|i|)i)rtunity  to  (hsplay  his  valor  and  torni  a  loputa- 
tii.ii,  which  lio  snstainod  in  an  oni;aL;'oniont  witii  tho 
llucxot/incas  a  iittlo  latci'.      A  h;ittlo  at  Xonacatopoc 


iilsii  ;i'''anis 


t  tho  1  Inoxot/incas,  niiK'd   hv  tiio  tor 


cos  o 


Totolpanco,  is  attrihnti'd  to  thcsanio  year,  Tho  cap- 
li\rs  oht.iinod  in  thoso  liattlos  woro  sacrilicod  at  tho 
(Icdiiation  ol"  tho  tcnipK-  ol"  'riacatooco,  ind  chiiini;' 
tlic  ( (Tfinonii's  another  temple  in  tho  ward  called 
Tiillaii  was  discovofi'd  to  ho  on  lire,  and  hniMied  to 
till'  '.'.round.  TIk!  contlayTation  was  })opulaily  ro- 
l   as   a    visitation    IVdUi    tho   i^'ods,    and    o.\cited 


■;n'(l!( 


iiiiii'li  suiterstitions  I'cai 


111 


Ni'Xt  in  tho  ('utaloniie  of  A/tec  exjioditions  a^'ainst. 
rcvujiini;'  ]»ro\inces  was  tha.t  in  I  I'.)  I,  a^-iinst  the 
.1  jiia>l('cs  ot'  the  noi'th-oast,  who  wofo  this  tiini;  as- 
sisti'il  hy  the  Totoiiacs.  Soniothiiin'  has  hi'cii  said  ff 
tlii>  .incicnt  people  in  a.  prcccdinL;'  chapter  on  the  pro- 
Tolirc  pei'iod.  ( M'  their  history  since  they  left,  as 
tlicir  traditions  claim,  ihe  central  plateaux  I'la-  (ho 
I'cuieii  of  Zacatlan,  and   al'lerward   I'or  the  l;'u1I"  coast, 


lie 


iliiiiu'  is  rocordi'd  sa\t'  siaiie  trouhles  with   tlu'  'I 


ou- 


r^^ozonuK',    ill    KiiiiisliDniii'ili.    vol,    ix.,    ]i|>.   lrtO-1'2,    l.'il,  pliucH  tlio 
lull  war  lirl'inc    llu'  ilcilir,itiiiii,  iiiiil  ralK  0|iiiiiiil|iii|Mirir>  Mici'i'.-.Mir 


rialli'ral/iii.     Sci'  also  Sii/niiiiiu,  tniu,  ii.,  lili    \iii.,  |i|<.  '.'(;',l-7<l;    I'l/nnrrrf, 
T"ilrii,  |it  ii.,  |)|(.  .'tT-S;    T'lrt/iii  iiimhi,   tiiiii.   i.,  ii.   I  s7 ;    \'i  1//111,  tiiiii.  iii.,  |i| 


I'lis.si'iir     I 


I'U  :.;  / 


lis/.,    t 


olll.     III.,    |'|> 


,  ,   '  'liiri'ii  ri),    tciiii.  1.,  |i 


•r.s;  /j-. 


'"  /'i/'i/K  ■//(«((/(»,  foiu    i.,  Ii|i.  |S7.  UM  ;  f '/(fc/f/c/'ij,  tolii.  !.,  |i|>. 'J"iS-0;   />';'(».s-- 


///v/.,  liitii.  iii,,  ]>«».   IM"»'.':    \'if»fni,  liiiii.  iii.,    |i|i,  'J!t."i(i;   /(/, 
t'liu.  i.,  ia]i,  \i, ;  Cmhw  'rdi.  iJtii^,  ill  KiiiijsOoniiiij/i,  m'I.  v.,  \>.  I 


.MS., 


♦ill 


M 


U: 


„:-y     LiJ 


412 


THE  AZTKC  PERIOD. 


iH 


Chicliimccs  on  tlie  first  appearance  of  tliat  jteojilc,  a 
,sul>.se(jnent  allianeo  w  itli  them,  and  a  list  oftio-lit  Td- 
tonae  kini^s  ofiven  hy  Ttjnpicniada.  Tlieir  lioiiie  was 
now  the  coast  ret^ion  of  central  and  northern  Vera  (  luz, 
Avhei'e,  divided  into  thirty  st'ijjfniories  trihntary  to  tlicii- 
monarch,  anil  allied  witli  the  Tlascaltecs,  they  had  tlius 
far  esca])ed  the  ])o\ver,  if  not  tlio  attention,  of  tlif  Az- 
tecs. J)ut  in  'in  evil  hour  they  consented  to  help  tho 
revolting' liuaste'cs  on  their  northern  fror.tier.  (ilad 
of  an  cxcnso  t(»  amiex  to  his  empire  the  fertile  lands 
and  lloui'ishini;'  towns  of  the  Totonac  coast,  Ahuit/.dtl 
marched  throu'di  Cuextlan,  easily  reducinn-  the  ri!n  I 
chiefs  to  suhmission,  and  then  direeted  his  cnuixj 
southwai'd,  taking'  town  alter  town  nntil  tlu'  wIkiIi; 
])rovitico  in  tei'ror  j^ave  up  all  hope  of  resistanec  and 
liecame  suhjects  of  the  Aztec  monai'chs,  payin:;- 
trihute  re^jularly  down  to  the  comiuL;'  of  the  Span- 
iards, who  landed  and  heL;'an  their  march  tow  arc's 
^Mexico  in  'i\)toinc  tei'ritoiw.^^  ( )n  his  return  I'ldiii 
tho  north-east,  the  south-western  pi'ovinccs  doniaiidtd 
the  warlike  kind's  attention.  The  nsual  nuirdi  r  dt' 
traders  had  taken  phu'e,  and  thi'  loi'ds,  as  one  aiitlidf 
tells  us,  had  )•( fused  to  attend  the  rlcdication  of' 
lluit/ilopochtli's  ti'Uiple  at  the  capital.  ( )ztoniaii 
was  the  contnt  of  the  levoltiniif  disti'ict.  and  with  tin' 
neid'hhoriuL;'  cities  of  Teloloaiian  and  Alahuiztlan  was 
taki'ii  hy  assault.  'J'he  iuhahitants  of  tlir  tliivc 
towns,  except  the  ca|)tiv(,'s  taken  for  sacrifice  and  tlu' 
thousands  massacred  in  the  assault,  wore  mostly 
hroun'ht  to  the  xalUy  and  distrihuted  amoiiL;  ll' 
towns  ahout  the  lake:  while  the  concpu'i'ed  dist litis 
Were  nivon  to  ,\ztec  colouii's,  eomposed  of  poor  fami- 
lies seU'cte(l  iVoiu  Mexifo,  TIacopaii,  and  're/(iit:>, 
nnder  tlu)  oimnand  of  the  warriors  who  had  di-tin- 
Li'uisheil  thciusi'lvos  in  the  war.'"' 


n   Ti)ri/iiriti<ii/ii,    loin,    i  ,    \i]).   '.!7'^  SO;    Jlnissnir,   lli'^l  .    Iniii.    iii  ,    }*\\ 

a  ii»-.v.'. 

"  '/'izoztiiiiitr,  \u  l\iiiifsl)iii-niii//i,  \i>],  In,.  |)|),  l'Jlt-7;  Ih/nni.  Ms,  ti'iii. 
i,.  oiii.  \liv.,  tiiiM.  ii.,  cup.  \lv. ;  Jii-iiwiiir.  Hist.,  nun.  iii.,  ii|i.  .'{'>-  >■  I'li'' 
iiiitlmr  al»i)  ii'IVth  In  'ri>i'i|iu'iuii(lii  ami  Ixllil.Mx'liill,  wlui  liiivn  ndtliii^j  I"  ^.i.v 


RKVKIISES  TO  AZTEC  ARMS. 


413 


A  si'i-ios  of  iwtTsos  to  Aztoc  anus  lias  ui'xt  to  l>o 
ivcMidcd.  Ill  1.41)4,  as  I  xtlilxocliitl  states,  in  a  lialtle 
at  Arlixoo,  TlaraliiU'patziti,  a  st)ii  of  tlu'  fonuor  kiiii;' 
A\;i\aratl,  was  taken  prisoner  and  sacrificed  to  ( 'a- 
iiiaxtli  tlio  Avar  n'od  of  the  easterii  jilatean.  The 
fdlldwinn-  year  tlie  Acolhua  avmy  was  defeated  in  a 
hat  tie  at  THltejtee.'"'  But  the  most  important  e\ents 
of  tliisc  and  the  foUowinu'  A'cars  were  the  eamitai^ns 
ill  .Mi/,teoa]>an,  Zai)oteeapan,  and  Tehuantepet'.  I'n- 
(li  r  the  Zapot(M'  kinn"  Cociyoeza  a  general  revoU  of 
all  these  ])r()vinees  took  ])lac'e,  accompanied  \>y  a  sus- 
iM'ii^ioii  (»f  trihute  and  a  o'eiieral  ])luiider  and  murder 
dt'  A/tec  merchants  throu^liout  tlie  whole  country. 
At  this  tiint'  prohahly  took  place  the  e\ph>it  of  tht; 
Tlatchilca  mercliants  recorcK'd  hy  SaliaLiim."  'I'rax- 
(hii"'  in  a  laiv^'  comnanv  throii''li  the  southern 
if'^ioiis,  tliey  were  at  Quaiditeiiaiico  in  Miztecapiin 
when  the  jiersecution  a^'ainst  their  class  heL;an.  As 
the  only  means  of  saving-  their  li\('s  and  })ro)>erty, 
hv  a  hold  move  they  took  jiossession  of  the  town, 
which  had  unusual  facilities  lor  defence,  stMziuL;'  the 
lii'il  and  proiiiineiit  men  of  tlu'  city,  and  holdiiii;' 
tliciii  as  llosta^■es  for  the  y'ood  conduct  of  the  in- 
l;al»itants.       Here    they    maintained     their    position 


iinaiiist  all  attacks  liurini;"  a  ])eri( 
d.lc   1 


(1  of  i 


our  vears,  aiu 


even  were  ahlc  i)y  occasional  sorties  to  capture  many 
oHirt  IS  and  soldiers  from  the  armies  sent  aLiainst 
tliciii,  whom  they  kt  pt  and  I'atteUed  for  the  altars  of 
tlh  li'  .^-,1(1  at  honu\  Their  \alor  won  u'l'cat  honors  lor 
ihriiiselves  and  for  their  class  after    their  return   to 


cMco. 


Meanwhile  all  the  territoiy  and  towns 
in'cvionslv  coii([U»re(l  hy  the  A/.tecs  in  'I'ehiiantepee 
wi  IV  ictakt'n  :  most  of  tlu*  Mexican  !4arri>oiis  in  the 
I'liiiiii  I'v  of  the  /ajiotecs  and  Mi/tics  I'aither  iioith 
wvyr  |e)\>v*l  to  surrender;  and  l'(.'sides  the  nieicliant 
U'iiiii^on  of  (.J>iiauhteniiiieo,  and  the  stroiii;'  fortresses 

ami  culduy,  allluMi-li  llit-  liilhi,  p.  -71.  siiiiik-  of  ilic  «■  m(|m'^t 


ui  /.:i|M>tliiii  .-^iitl    Xaltrhci',  wliiili  iiiav  liaNC  lii't'ii  ill  tlu'  >a\M'  raiiiiiai;:!) 
I'  /.//(/a'.<t.'/,  ,.   '.'Tl. 
"  II, tt.  <»V»»,,  liiiii.  ii,,  lilt,  ix.,  iiji.  ;{;i7-s. 


i  \n 


i  vi 


444 


THE  AZTEC  PEIIIOD. 


■  I 


ll 

m 

m 


of  TEiMxyacac  and  Tcotitlan  near  where  tlie  ciij'it.tl 
city  ol"  ( )aj,i('a  lunv  wtaiuls,  the  Aztec  power  was  cdin- 
jtletely  overthrown.  Other  wars  nearer  home,  wliidi 
have  been  alhiJed  to  ahove,  at  the  time  that  tluv 
lieard  of  tliese  events,  claimed  the  attention  of  the 
alhed  monarchs  to  such  an  extent  tliat  tliey  could  i!ot 
direct  their  united  force  aL>;inst  the  rebellious  jm  v- 
inces;  l)ut  soon  an  army  of  sixty  thousand  iin  ii, 
nuder  the  command  of  an  able  officer,  was  disp;it(  lud 
southward  to  (juell  the  revolt  and  to  capture  Cociyoeza 
ol"  jdive.     This  armv  seems  to  liave  carritd  ;ill 


dead 


befoi'e  it  in  its  march  thi-ou^h  the  upper  Zaixittc 
regions;  but  no  details  are  recorded,  except  that  tiny 
took  the  sacred  city  of  ]\Iitla  in  their  coui-se,  in  d 
sent  her  priests  to  die  on  the  altai's  (jf  HuitziKi- 
pochtli.'' 

The  march  of  the  .\/tec  nenei'al  was  dii'cctvd 
towaids  Tehuantepiic,  and  near  that  city  on  a  seiics 
ol' ra\in('-nuarded  plateaux  tln'  Za[)(ilec  kinn'  and  liis 
allies  had  Ibrtilied  an  immense  area  su]»pos((l  lo  \  v. 
sufficient  to  su|»port  his  ai'my  by  cidti\atioii,  ai;(l 
awaited  th(!  a})j>roach  of  the  in\aders.  Tin;  iiiins  of 
(hiieuL^ola^"  ai'e  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  tiiis 
extensixe  system  of  deiensi\e  works.  Jhirnoa  cxiii 
claims  that  the  kin^'  went  so  far  as  to  j'orni  ailllicial 
ponds  and  to  stock  them  with   lish   as  a  fui'tlur  pro- 


vision a^'ainst  future  want. 


Tl 


!('  wilv  monarch  sirnis 


to  have  })urposely  refrained  froui  makiiin'  any  (  tHnt 
to  defeat  the  .\ztecs  on  their  march  thi'ou^h  tin; 
n|)per  country,  sim])ly  li'iviiiy'  orders  to  siK'h  rliicf- 
tains  as  remained  to  o-tiai'd  tln'ir  homes,  to  harass  tip; 
enem\-  coutiuuallv,  and  ri'diice  tlu'ir  numbers  as  ini 
it  1 


ell 


as  possible  without  brmoiuo-  on  a  u(>iiera;  eno'am'im  nt, 


As  soon  as  tlie  mvaders,  weaned  with  their  loii^' 
march  and  constant  skirmishiiio',  had  e;it..'r('(l  llic 
hd>yrinth   of  ravines  throi'.uh  which  lav  thei"  read  in 

'5  Cnilr.i'  Till.  11  III.,  ill  Kiiuj.shorumjh,  vul.  v,,  ]).  I.")l.      t'lu'  ilali'  1    1  it 
at  I  I'.U  1p\  lliis  (iocmiu'nl. 
'•i  St'i'  vol.  i\.,  jip.  ;i(iS-71. 


DEFEAT  IX  TEIIT  ANTEPEC. 


443 


Till  nail  tepee,  tlie  brave  defeiulers  rushed  down  from 
tliiir  momitaiu  forts,  and  in  a  series  of  l^loody  i)attles 
;iliii(i>t  annihilated  tlie  invading-  ioive.  The  Aztecs 
cdiild  neither  retreat  nor  advance,  and  day  hy  (hiy  the 
It  ,i(lrr  saw  his  ariny  nieltin!>-  awav,  l>v  death  and  cap- 
tint'.  ]irisoiiers  ])einL;"  put  to  death  Ity  torture,  except 
a  lew  that  were  sent  l)ack  to  tell  their  comrades  of 
the  strength  and  ferocity  of  their  foes.  WIkii  tlu^ 
>ltiiation  hecame  known  in  ^Texico,  Ahuitzotl  is  said 
to  liavu  sent  a  second  army  lar^'er  than  the  first  to 
ivlicNc  the  l)lockaded  lorce ;  and  this  j'e-inforciiiL;' 
iii(i\t!iuiit  Avas  re]»eated  thrt'C  times  M-ithin  a  year, 
liiit  t!ie  Aztecs  could  not  force  the  passai^'e  of  (Juieii- 
L;(ila,  or  if  alh>wed  to  ])ass  could  only  comfort  their 
ln'iitli'Ts  in  arms  hy  dyiiiL>'  with  them.  The  alhed 
A/.tcr  monarchs  were  at  last  I'airly  del'eated,  and  se'iit 
an  einhassy  \vith  })roj)ositions  of  ])eace  and  aHiaiice, 
jiriircssing-  great  admiration  I'or  Cociyoeza's  valor  and 
gciiiiis." 

Siicli  is  the  Aversion  given  hy  Curgoa.  Xotliing  is 
kim  vu  of  the  negotiations  Avhich  tiisiied.  hut  Jjras- 
hcur  deduces  IVom  suhsecpient  events  that  hy  the 
ti  riiis  <if  the  treaty  formed,  tlie  Z;i[>otec  king  was  to 
ii'talii  posst'ssion  of  Tehuantepec;  Soconuseo  was  to 
lie  gi\in  u])  to  Mexico;  free  passage  was  to  he  ac- 
corded to  ^lexican  tiavelei-s,  and  the  I'ortress  of 
lluaxyacac  was  to  remain  in  the  hands  of  the  Aztecs. 
It  is  also  stated  hy  lUirgoa  that  ( 'ocivoe/a  was  to 
iiiaiiy  a  Mexican  princess.  These  conditions  would 
iiiiliiatc  that  the  condition  of  affairs  was  not  after  all 
so  (lr->pei'ate  for  the  Aztecs  in  the  south  as  tlie  ]ire- 
(■•diiiw-  account  iiii]ilies.  Nothing  is  said  of  the  fate 
of  tile  Miztei'  pro\iiices  according  to  the  terms  of  the 
tivaty:''^  hut  We'  know  that  aftei'  the  ratilieatioii  ot' 
tlio  alliance,  the  merchant  garrison  of  (^)iiaiiht<iianco 
was  lelievi'd  from  its  state  of  sii'ge,  and  with  the  aid 
of   re  iiiforcements,    coiKpiered    the    whole    adjoining 

'■  I'liiniiiii,  Ckiui.  Itrxcrip.  Onjinri.  Iiini.  ii.,  ])t  ii,,  fi)l..'l()7,  t'l  ^i'i[. 
'"  lu'il-ixriir.    Ills/.,  Iiiin.   iii.,  l"!!.  .'l.'i.'i  (i'J, 


.., ; 


.■,A-  ■ 


I  ' 


Iff- 


i  ' 


ri 


446 


THE  AZTKC  TKKIOD. 


1:  i 


I  %\y: 


1 '  ]h 


])r»)vliu'o  of  Ayotlaii  on  tlio  South  Sea,  and  tlien  ve- 
turned  to  tlieir  lionies,  Avlicre  they  Avere  received  with 
the  Iii^liest  lionorw  at  tlie  liands  of  tlie  nionardiN  .hkI 
of  the  iteojde,  Avlio  greeted  them  with  festivities,  tlir 
details  of  which  are  given  hv  Saliagun." 

It  seems  not  to  liave  heen  8ti[>uhited  wliich  one  of 
the  Mexican  jirincesses  shouki  he  given  to  tlie  Zi\- 
])ote('  king;  and  a  strange  version  is  given  of  tlio 
maniiei-  in  wliicli  this  matter  Avas  settled.  C<K-iy(iez,i 
Avas  hathing  one  evening  in  one  of  the  miniature 
lakes  connected  with  his  roval  gardens.  After  he 
had  removed  his  clothing,  a  l)eautiful  female  foi'iii 
a^jpeared  hy  his  side  in  the  moonlight,  and  announceil 
herself  as  th.c  sistei*  of  ^Foiitezuma  of  Mexico,  who 
hail  heard  of  his  valoi',  and  had  caused  herself  to  lie 
niiracuh)uslv  ti'ansnorted  to  his  side  hv  the  iiia"ic 
arts  of  the  Aztec  enchanters.  She  assisted  him  in 
his  hath,  leit  with  him  th.e  hathing  utensils  of  her 
l)rotlier  which  slie  had  brought,  showed  a  jteciiliar 
mark  on  the  })alm  of  lier  liand,  hy  which  she  might 
he  identitied,  and  disai)])eared  as  mysteriously  as  she 
had  come.  Cociyoeza  had  before  looked  forwanl  tit 
lus  marriage  with  some  misgivings,  but  now,  \  in- 
lently  enamored  with  tlie  chai'uis  of  his  nocturnal 
visitor,  he  made  haste  to  send  an  embassy  with  the 
I'ichest  gifts  his  kingdom  could  afford  to  bring  h.K  k 
his  Aztec  bride.  A  grand  disjihiy  was  made  in 
]\Ievico  at  the  reci'ption  of  this  embassy,  douhtK'>s 
intended  to  impress  upon  its  mendiers  an  idea  of 
^Mexican  power  and  wealth.  The  Za})otec  noliKs 
were  brought  into  the  presence  of  the  assenihhd 
court  beautii's,  and  noticed  that  one  princess  liad 
i're([Uent  occasion  to  arrange  her  tresses  in  such  a 
maimer  as  to  show  her  ]»alni  and  its  ])eculiar  mark. 
Tliey  were  thus  enabled  at  once  to  select  tlie  fail' 
sister  of  ^b)nteziuna,  ]*elaxilla,  or  Cotton-Flake,  who 
was  borne  in  a  litter  on  the  shoulders  of  m)l)K'inru 
\\\\\\  gi'eat    ])omp    to  the  court  of  Teotzaptjtlan    iho 

i'-*  Ifi.'if.  (I'lii.,  toiii.  ii.,  li)i.  ix.,  ji.  :?;t7,  ft  M''!. 


MAIllJIACi:  UV  ri:i,AXII,LA. 


M7 


Z,i]Mit(.('  capital,  wlioro  a  succession  of  l)rilliant  fetes 

u'iveii  in  her  lionor;  and  soon  after  tlie  nuptial 

lollies    ^vere    ])crfornie(l     at     Teliuantepee    amid 
1 :.-;..; m 


Writ' 
rd'i'll 


'j;i\-,\{  popular  re)(>icuii>s 


It  Avas,  per]ia})s,  not  M'itliout  hidden  mot i vis  of 
fiitint'  treacliery  that  Ahuitzotl  had  insisted  on  a  mat- 
riiiiiiiii;il  alliance  between  the  Aztecs  and  Zapotecs; 
at  any  rate,  he  is  rejtorted  to  have  niadt,"  an  attcmj)t 
Miiii!'  ycai's  later  to  assassinate  Cocivocza  tliroUL;h  tiie 
as>I>taiic('  of  liis  wife.  And)assad()rs  Avere  smt  to 
(•iiiiiinunirate  witli  lier  on  this  matter,  l)nt  Pelaxiila 
a!cd  the  })l()t  to  her  liushand,   wlio   immediately 


IWt 


•lit    liat 


•ktl 


le  emoassv 


lad. 


en  AVith  <;nts,  and  prrpaiv( 


d 


o\v 


Ills  ioi'ts  and  his  armies  for  war.  The  Aztecs,  h 
(•V(  1'.  l^iiowinn'  tliat  their  })lot  was  discovered,  made 
iiii  attack;  tliey  demanded  permission  to  send  troops 
tlimiiuh  Zapotec  territory  lor  the  coiupiest  of  Ama\- 
tlaa  and  Xuchiltepec,  south  of  the  istlimus,  wiiicli 
\va>  granted;  hut  Cociyoeza,  siispectinn"  trcacluiy, 
tMi  k  the  precaution  to  furnish  a  lar^e  army  to  attend 
tlif  A/tccs  tlirou^ii  his  territory,  hoth  coming'  and 
L;niiiL;'.  iimlfr  itreteu^eof  furnishing'  an  escort.  Ahuit- 
/.ntr>  I'oi'cts  seem  to  have  heen  successful,  althou<4'h 


m  narticuhii's  are  recort 


led. 


'I 


lie    e 


vents   I'elated   brinL;- the  history  of  the  Aztec 


*"  I'tiirrioii,  driiij.   Drsi'n'p.  Oii/'iirti,  tolll.   ii.,  ]it 
"'  lUiiifitii,  as  ill  iiiiti'  'JO;   11 


11.,   lul 

'■"/•,    His/..  Iiiiii.  iii. 


:?i;7-T 


,1  'riilllll.  Illcisllv  Inilil 


r.iii- 


'Oil,   IS  uivcl 


ill  ti 


II'  .sV 


.1/' 


X.  (, 


Vll. 


i'i' 


ii: 


IT.")-?,   IS;{-7.      Odicr  aiitliiiiilics  toilvli  \('i\   \:iuiii'iv  ii' 


A  full 
'/,  tiiiii. 
<>)l    llic 


cvciii-   ii'laU'il    iilHivt";    iiiiist   (if  tlifiii    utii'liv   iLriiiiriiiL;'  I 


IC    (ll'lral     II,'     till 


A/lr, 
-Mnlll 

wife  ol  I  he  III 


I  iiiraii,  MS.,  tiiiii.   ii. 


p.    \l\i\ii.,  li\-v.,  |iiiis  liic  mania  !• 


I'/miia  s  rciuii,  ami 


ivs  that  till' 


jiliil  a. 


■aiiist  ''is  liu'  l)v  10.(1(10 


liiianl('|>i'i'   Kill 


lolil    ii\'  Ins 


-nlilll'ls  W  llll 


lail  I'lilcri'il  llu'  !■ 


i!;il  III  >iiial 


ili'alli 


xiiiiiiis  as  .iiicsi.- 


iiiscil  till'  wliiiii"  10,000  tu  I'l'  iml    ii 


Aii'iii'iiiii','  til  till'  Ciiilix   Till.  1! 


III.,   Ill    /\  iii(/.sli(ir(iin//i,   \ 


M, 


''.>.   I  hi' 


viir. 


it 


liiiaiiti'in'c  iK'vcr  altiTw arils  alluw 


il  a  .Ml 


I' 


'\iiiiii   ti'   set 


liiiii  ill  liis  i'iiiiiiti\ .     This  (lii.'iiMU'iit   iiiaUcs  I'rlaxilla  ii  ilaii;ilili'r  uf  Mmi 


ir/iiiii.i.     < '^niu'iTii,  tiiiii.  i.,  II.  '-'(i 


that    till'  A/tfi'  f 


•  iiiaii mala   ai    this   tiiiii',    icfi'iiiiiij  to  thi'   Xiii'hilti'iu'i'  cam 


orii's   |ii 
iai''ii 


'iii'iraii'il 
iMlil- 


i.ia  ,1'  ti'ilii 


]i;i.  '.'(iS,  -JTl-'J,  states  that  tlu'  allii's  took   17.  100  caiitivfs  from  the 
ill  1  r.i'.l.      .\iTiiiiliii;;  to  Keiiii'sal,  lli'.s/.  ('Iiiiujhi,  |i.  '_',  Chiapas  was 


itai\    to   Mexico  aliimt     ll'.tS.      Si'e  also   fur  sli;;ht    icfeieiices  In 


I'Miii^  that  iiiav  lie  coiiiiecteil  with  tiiesc  c,impai''ii 


,  ill  Kiiiiis'iiiViiHiili,  vol.  ix.,  ]i[ 


IIS  111  the  son 


ih-wcst.    Ti 


7 


111  .\jr 


.M. 


Ucuj. 


JJoLi, 


iV  jlll  ilKH 


III,    tl 


II,  tola,  iii.,  ji.  IU7. 


'•.  1' 


UKJ; 


; ; 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT.3) 


/. 


^  .<%. 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


*-iM  ilM 

''   i—    1 22 

1)13  6       lllll^s£ 

ii^    12.0 


1.4 


1= 
1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


€S 


^v 


c\ 


\ 


^ 


-f^ 


o^ 


'^^ 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTIR.N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  B73-4S03 


#» 


% 


^ 


0 

*    ti^  M-. 


# 


^ 


448 


THE  AZTEC  PEIIIOD. 


empire  down  to  tlio  year  1497,  .ind  alxnif.  tlio  s.uin^ 
time  the  jtrovince  of  Zaeatolliin  on  the  Patitic,  noihIi- 
west  of  ^lic'lioaoan,  was  annexed  to  the  domain  ii\' 
Tezcuco — a  fact  wliieli  docs  not  seem  to  aur»'<'  with 


an 


y  version  of  tlie  terms  of  the  tri-partite  allian 


(■(• 


l>y  the  exploit  of  an  Acolluian  ofHeer  named  T(  iih- 
cliimaltzin.  It  seems  that  some  efforts  liad  ah(  .ulv 
heen  made  l)y  Nezainialpilli's  orders  i'or  tlie  coiKpit  st 
of  this  provinee,  hut  without  success,  when  Ttiih- 
cliimaltzin,  stimuhited  ])erhai>s  l)y  tlie  achiL-venitnts 
of  the  Tlatelulca  merchants  at  C^uauhtenanco,  ul;- 
tained  permission  to  enter  the  country  disi^'Miscd  ;is  ,i 
merchant,  with  a  few  companions,  primisjiiM'  to 
suhdue  the  j)rovince  by  takin*,'  the  kini,'',  dead  ni- 
alive,  lie  was,  however,  soon  recosjfnized  and  ciii- 
tured,  and  the  day  was  appointed  for  hissacriliit  ; 
])ut  while  the  king"  Yopicatl  Atonal  with  liis  ikiMcs 
was  diinkint,^  and  dancini,''  on  the  iiiq'ht  heforc  the 
sacrificial  festivities,  Teuhchimalt/in  escaped  frnm  his 
])rison,  joined  the  dancers,  and  at  last,  when  all  weiv 
ovei'come  v.  ith  frecpient  lihations,  cut  off  the  kiiii^'s 
head  and  escai)ed  with  it   io  the  frontier  where  an 


army  seems 


to  li 


lave   been   in   waitmef. 


W'l 


icU     the 


nobles  awoke  and   found  what  had  taken  place,  tliev 
forthwith  dispatched   an    embassy   after  the  I'siaped 


]>risoner,  an< 


I   for  st)me  reason  that  IxtlilxncJiiii  di 


not  make  very  dear,  ottered  to  surrender  tlie  province 
to  the  Tezcucan  monarch.  'J'hus  Zacatollan  was 
added  to   Xezahualpilli's  jtossessions,   'I'eulichiniah/.iii 


was  honored  as  a  liero,  and  an  addition  was  matle  te 
the  stock  of  tales  by  which  sober  'rezcucans  weiv 
wont  to  illustrate  the  evils  of  intemperance.--' 

In  14U8  took  place  in  TezciU'o  the  public  execnti^n 
of  one  of  Nezahual[>illi's  wives.  This  nioiiarcli  liid 
a  irreat  maiiv  wives  and  concubines  more  tlnm  tw" 
th»»usand,  if  we  may  Ixdicive  1  xtlilxochitl,  his  descend- 
ant.    Amoii'''  the  former  were  three  nieces  of  Ti.-«ic, 


M  fxtfiU'ochid,  pp.  '2H)-l. 


PUNISHMENT  OF  CHALCHirilNr.NKTZIN. 


449 


ono  of  tlioin  a  (liiUL,^litcr  of  Axavacatl,  and  a  .sister  of 
M(»iitL'Zimia  11.,  and  vorv  likclv  all  time  sisters, 
hIiIioiii^Ii  thcro  is  *r\vnt  confusion  on  this  point.  Ax- 
iiy.uiitrs  daughter  was  n.iincd  CliaK-hiuluK'netzin ; 
slic  was  very  younjL,'",  and  was  assi^iK-d  a  s»rludt'd 
|i;il;i((j  wliilo  awaitin<if  the  consummation  of  tho  mar- 


iian,. 


She 


soon  siK 


)Wed 


an    extra* trdinarv 


fond 


ness 


for  (l(.'coratin<if   her   ajtartments    with    ri<hly  derki-d 
.stiitiits,  the  kiiiL,''  noticin<(  new  outs  at  each  visit ;  she 
said  tliey  were  her  jj^ods,  and  her  future  hushand  was 
wiiliiii;-  to  humor  her  tastes,  stranL,^e  thou;^'-h  tiny  aj)- 
jicarcd.      But  one  day  ho  noticed  a  nohle  of  the  court 
WL'aiiiiijf  a  riiiiijf  that  he  had  seen  in  thehamlsi»f  (.'hal- 
tliiiiliiie!ictzin,  and  the  followiiii,'  ni.,dit  went  to  visit 
lur.     'i'he  maids  in  waitinuf  said  she  had  retind  an<l 
was  sltepini,'-,  hut  he  insisted  on  set.in^  her,  and  found 
her  ('(lueh  occupiid  l»y  a  sort  of  puppet  counterfeit  of 
liiTst'lf.      His  suspicions  now  fully  i<»uscd,  he  ordered 
all  the  attendants  arrested,  pushed  his  starch  farther, 
and  at    last  lound  his   viri«in    hride   damiiiLr  in    verv 
primitive   costume   with    three   noMe    lovcis,   one    of 
wlioiu  was  he  who  wore  the  tell-tale  rini,'.      Furtlier 
investigation  revealed  that  this  Aztec   Messalina  had 
hceii  in  the  hahit  of  uiviiiLr  herself  up  to  everv  vouult 
man  tiiat  struck  her  fancy,  and   when   weary  of  hei- 
levels  had  caused  them  to  he  j>ut  to  ileath,  and  rejt- 
reseiiteil    in    her   apartments    hy    the    statuts    ahovt? 
rel'envd  to.     ^\fter  the   parties  ha«l   heen   tried   and 
feuiid  guilty  hy  the  proper  courts,  the  kini;  sent   to 
all  tile  cities  round  ahoiit  Aiiiilmae  iiiid  smunioiifd  all 
the  pi'ojde  to  witness  the  jHiiiishnieiit  of  his  false  wife. 
^^  itii  lier  three  surviviiiL;-  l(»veis  and  ahout  two  thou- 
sand persons  who  had  in  some  way  ahetted  the  de«'ep- 
titiii  of   the    kiniic,   the  amorous  (jiieeii   was    jaihlicly 
stiaii'^led.      All  ai'kiiowletl^ed   (he   justice  of  the  a«'t, 
I'Ht  tli«'  Mexican  royal  fainilv,  it  is  said,  ne\ir  forM^jivu 
tl 


•a 


le  |>uhlic  exei'ution  t>f  the  sentence 

'^  Oil  till' fnmily  alVairs  of    Nr/aliiiiil|iilli,  hco  Tnniiinnnilii,  tmii.   i.,  u. 
181;  Cliifi'iirn,  toin.   i.,  pp.  '.•ri.'i-li;    JhnsMiir,    llisl.,   tiiiii.    iii.,   pp.  .37i!-o; 


VtiL,  V.   iu 


450 


THE  AZTEC  PEUIOD. 


Ni':::i]Mi;ili)ilIi  is  said  to  have  inhurited  all  tli 


[Ti  II  M 


(qualities  of  his  father.  Like  Nezahiialeoyotl  he  uus 
a  patior.  of  the  arts  aiul  sciences,  hut  is  reported  to 
have  yiveii  his  chief  attention  to  astroloufv,  i»a.ssiii<r 
nianv  ninhts  in  rcadinuf  the  stars  from  a  loftv  ohserv- 
ntory  erected  for  the  purpose  in  the  j^'rounds  of  lijs 
]>alace.  Sorcerers  niid  niai^ficians  were  always  av(  1- 
conie  at  his  court,  whither  they  were  often  sunniKHKd 
hoth  to  advise  the  monarch  on  affairs  of  state  and  to 
impart  to  him  a  knowlediLje  of  their  arts.  Like  liis 
fatiur  he  was  famed  for  his  inHe.\il)ility  in  the  .'i(liiii!i- 
isti'ation  of  justice  and  his  kindness  toward  tlie  |M)(ir 
and  unfortunate.  A  small  window  in  one  })art  u['  his 
pala.'O  overlooked  the  market-])lace,  and  at  this  win- 
dow the  kinj»"  was  wont  to  sit  fretpiently,  Mutcliiiii,' 
the  actions  of  the  crowd  helow,  notinsjf  cases  of  injus- 
tice for  future  ])mushment,  and  of  distress  and  jxtvcity 
that  they  nuuht  he  relieved.  How  he  coiMleiiincd  tu 
death  a  judy-e  for  decidinjjf  unjustly  aucainst  a  p<M»r 
man  and  in  favor  of  a  nohle,  and  how  he  had  his 
favoiiteson  I fuexotzim-atzin  executed  forhaviiiL^'  puh- 
liclv  addressi'«l  jiis  concuhine,  the  ladv  of  Tollaii.  has 


been    jvia 


ted 


m  a  j)reci'(im,y;  volume 


24 


M 


niv  other 


anecdotes  are  told  to  illustrate  the  kind's  love  ol"  what 
he  d(.!emed  justice.  One  of  his  sons  hejjfan  the  con- 
struction of  a  palace  somewhere  in  the  Tezcncaii 
domains  without  liavinnif  either  consulted  his  latin  r 
or  coin])lied  with  the  law  retpiiriiiLj  some  hrilliant 
(h^ed  in  hattle  hefore  a  ]»rince  was  entitled  to  a  )tal- 
ace  (»f  his  own.  'I'lie  guilty  son  was  put  to  death, 
^fendters  of  the  royal  family  seem  to  have  had  the 
greatest  faith  in  the  kinn's  judijfment  aiul  to  have 
accepted  his  «lecisions  witliout  complaint.  There  was 
,;;reat  rivalry  hetween  his  two  hrothers  Acapipioltzin 
and  X(»chiijuetzal  respectini^  the  credit  of  a  certain 
victory  in  the  province   of  Cuexthin.     Each   had  a 

rt/lihiir/iil/,  |i|i.  2fir).  'J(>7,  271-'i;  Vctdiirrrf,   Tmtru,  \\\  ii.,  \\\\.  30-7;  V'if 
(i'l,  Iniii.  iii,,  pp.  'J7rMl. 
«♦  V..I.  ii,,  pp.  44(i-r»0. 


AXKCnoTKS  OF  NiXMIlAUMMJ. 


451 


Iiaiid  (»f  paitisjins  wlio  wore  ai-fustoiiicjl  on  juililii'  oc- 
ioiis  to  ocloltratc  the  tloeds  of  tlit'ir    rav<»rit<>    Uy 


CMS 


sdiii^s  and  (laiu-ew, 


I  (!.• 


So    f" 


ir 


(lid  tl 


ic 


ivalrv  ])ro('cc( 


I 


tliat  a  resort  to  arms  was  inuniiu'iit,  whvu  Xozaliual- 
]iilli  aj)))oart'(l  cm  tlu?  scoiio  on  tlio  occasion  of  sonic 
irstivity  an<l  joininuf  the  dance  on  the  si<le  oi'  liis  old- 
est hrothcr  Aca|»ij»ioltzin.  decided  the  dispute  in  his 
favor  witljout  conj]ilaint  on  tlie  part  of  the  yoiiMuj'cr 
hrother.  The  concK'innation  of  two  men,  a  musician 
and  a  st)ldier,  for  achdtery,  was  on  one  occasion 
hiuiinlit  to  the  kiniLf  for  his  approval.  Hi'  orderid 
the  musician  to  l>e  executed,  hut  the  sohUer  to  he 
stilt  for  life  to  do  duty  in  the  frontier  garrisons,  de- 
daiini,'  that  such  thereafter  should  he  a  soldier's 
jiuiiishment  for  the  faiilt  in  question.  Nezahualpilli 
(•(luld  also  on  occasion  he  most  indulufent  towards  his 
cliildrcn;  for  instance,  his  son   Ixtlilxochitl  early  <lis- 


ilaved 


an  extraordiiuirv 


fond 


ness 


for  1 


lavnii"'  his  own 


way.  At  the  aij^e  of  three  years  he  expressed  his 
oiiiiihatic  <lisapproval  of  his  nurse's  views  and  conduct 
l>y  pushinjj^  that  huly  into  a  deep  well,  and  then 
amused  himself  hy  throwin«jf  stones  n]»oii  her.      Wlun 


)ld  1 


f  h 


>hli 


srvcu  years  old  lie  raised  a  comiianv  ot  hov  soldiers 
and  skirmished  ahout  the  eity  much  to  the  terror  <tf 
]it  accful  citizens.  Ileaiin|Lr  that  two  niemhers  of  the 
ii'val  council  had  advised  his  father  to  kill  so  unman- 


au'cii 


l.K 


a 


child,    he    j)roci'edi'd    one    niyht  with 


a 


selected  detachment  of  his  juvenile  veterans  to  the 
Imiise  of  the  counselors  and  assassinated  them  hoth. 
Ne/ahualpilli  seems  to  have  looked  with  much  le- 
niency ujion  these  youthful  irregularities  of  his  son, 
wlio  at  fourteen  distinguished  himself  in  hattK*  and 
at  seventeen  was  a  captain.  We  shall  hear  of  him 
iiU'aiii  in  the  last  years  of  Aztec  history.  The  kinijf 
en  iiMother  occasion  demanded  from  a  hrotlu-r  a  very 
c\eelK«nt  teponaztli  in  his  possession  and  his  daui^ht«'r 
Inr  a  royal  concuhiiu^;  on  liis  refusal  the  teponaztli 
was  taken  hy  force,  and  his  disohedient  hrother's 
linuso  was  razed  as  the  pro2)erty  of  a  rehel.     Two 


n 


452 


Till-:  AZTEC  rEillOl). 


f 

\h 


Bons  worn  stmnj^-lod  for  liaving  appropri.itod  rnptivrs 
nitually  taken  l>y  tlioir  soldiors;  a  daUjL»liter  fur  li;i\ - 
iiii;'  spoken  to  the  son  of  a  lord;  and  two  ctini'uhint  > 
for  drinkinsj^  pul(|ue.  Ajud«,'ewa«  Inniuf  for  lieariiiL,-- 
a  east!  in  his  own  house  instead  of  in  tlie  appointtd 
liall  of  justice;  and  another  for  unduly  i)rolon>j^iiiL;  a 
trial  was  condemned  to  have  the  i'ront  door  of  his 
resi<lenoe  walled  up.  This  king  is  accredited  with 
havinyf  ahroijated  the  law  which  condennied  the  rjiil 
dren  of  slaves  to  the  condition  of  their  parents,  iiiid 
with  many  other  reforms  calculated  to  ameliorate  the 
condition  of  his  people.  The  possession  of  supeniat- 
ural  powers  was  popularly  attrihuted  to  him,  aiul 
often  in  infancy  he  astonished  his  nurses  hy  appcai- 
iuff  before  them  in  the  form  of  a  bird  or  beast.-'' 

In  the  years  141)8  and  1499  it  is  recorde«l  thiit 
Ahuitz(>tl  attacked  Atlixco  without  wariiini;',  and  was 
deflated  bv  the  lluexotzincas  who,  under  a  famous 
j»-em'val  Tultecatl  sent  re-inlV)rcements  to  aid  thi 
armies  <»f  Atlixco;  and  also  that,  by  aidiuji^  Ciiohila 
in  a  <piarrel  with  Tepeaca,  the  same  kini^  j>ivatly 
increased  his  power  on  the  eastern  plateau.  The 
foUowiiii^  year  Tultecatl,  before  whoso  valor  the  Az- 
tecs had  been  forced  to  retreat,  was  driven  from  his 
own  countr}'  in  consecpience  of  certain  religions 
dissensions,  and  applied  at  one  of  the  ATexican  towns 
for  i)rotection.  He  was  put  to  death,  however,  witli 
all  his  companions,  by  Ahuitzoti  s  order,  and  thedcail 
bodii's  were  forwarded  to  Huexotzinco  to  show  th  • 
rebellious  inhabitants  of  that  city  with  what  relent 
less  zeal  the  Aztec  ruler  pursued  his  foes.'"' 

AlmitzotI,  Hndiiijiif  the  water  supjtlied  by  the  (  h.i 
jadtepec    aipjeduct    insulHcient    for    the  use  of    thi; 

*^  Viir  t1uH«  n\u\  ollior  niioc«li)tP8  of  Npznliual|iilli,  wc    frflihnrlii'l, 

1i|>.  *J(i7, -7II-7;  I)iinin,   MS.,  tutn.  ii.,  rap.  I.;  'I'liri/iniiiiii/n,  ttun.  i,,  pi'. 
8()-iM»;   llni.ssein;  Hist.,  tiiin.  iii.,  p|i.  .'{H.')U2;  (irmmi/n.i  if  (lnhrz,    'J'linin 
A  till  r.,  pp.  4S-!(. 

'i*  Cliiriifiro,  toin.  i.,  pp.  'J.')'.)  (!();  Torijiiniiiiifii,  toin.  i.,p.  M)l;  llni.isn'i; 
/^'.v/.,  toni,"  iii.,  i)p.  H7r>-7i  IVy^'«,  toin.  iii.,  pp.  iMMi-J);  \'r/mirnt,  '/'..('  ■', 
l>t  ii.,  p.  38. 


IM  NDATION  OF  Mi;XH  O. 


458 


ciiv.  aii('  moroovor  dcsinuis  of  ju'coinplI.^luMLr  <lur- 
']]]■'■  Ills  vv'i'm  some  jjfrcjit  work  of  oracticil  iitilitv, 
(li  tmniiK'il  to  coiuhic-t  to  his  cajtital  the  watiis  nt"  a 
spiiiiLf  cjillod  Acuccut'xatI,  near  IfuitzilopcHhto,  in 
t!ii'  j)roviiico  of  Coytihuaoan.  'l'z<»t/oinat/in,  tlio 
1  ml  t)t'  tlio  ])roviiH'o,  was  unwiMinLj;  that  the  s|»iinuf 
slmiild  1)0  thus  used,  l>ut  Ids  ojtjxtsitiou  was  ot- 
liH'tually  ov(!rc«»iiuj  hy  stranj^liuiLj  him.  ^^auy  tales 
are  told  hy  dilf'erent  Aviiters  ahout  his  opjiositiou 
Id  tlie  scheme,  and  his  death.  Some  say  tiiat  ho 
wi-^hed  the  water  fur  the  suj)|)ly  of  Ins  own  citii's; 
others,  that  he  t(>ld  Ahuit/.otl  tin!  siti-inLC  was  liahle  at 
jiiiy  time  to  overflow  and  flood  the  city,  and  was 
killed  hy  the  latter  in  a  fit  of  passion  at  his  persist- 
iiiic  in  that  (H)iinon;  and  still  others  repri'sent  him 
as  a  i^reat  niai^ieian,  who  frii^hteiK'd  away  the  Mexi 
can  iviii'^s  amhassadors  v.ho  were  sent  to  no^dtiate 
with  him  in  the  matter,  hy  appearinn"  before  them  in 
till'  I'oi'm  of  a  ferocious  Iteast,  or  seri»ent.  Tez«»zomoc 
says  he  put  the  c»»rd  round  ids  own  neck  to  save  his 
]H(i|i|e  from  the  wrath  of  tlu-  Aztecs;  and  Duran, 
that  he  did  not  dii',  hut  simply  left  (  \>yidiua<'an  at 
tills  time.  DifKculties  heinijf  thus  removed,  tiie  atjUe- 
(lint  was  constriU'ted  of  stone  and  mortar,  in  a  very 
sliort  time,  owinuj'  to  the  mnnher  of  W(»rkme!i  i-m- 
I'lovcd,  and  its  completion  was  celehrated  with  the 
proper  ceremonies  and  sacrifices.  Ihit  soon  sonui 
sMv  in  till'  midst  of  the  ceremonies     so  urcat  was  the 


vnluiiic  of  watei"  m 


trod 


need 


that  tlu!  citv   was   inun- 


(l:l 


t«(|  hy  the  risiuijf  of  the  lake,  and  innu'-nsc  damaufi< 


1V>|| 


ted     t« 


d 


o   pnbiur   and   piivati'   huiltlme.* 


t   b 


OI 


inijjsi',  im|)(»ssihh(  that  the  waters  of  any  s|»rin;r  in 
Aiiiilmac  could  have  caused  this  iffect;  indeed,  Ww- 
i|iieni;ida  says  the  catastrophe  was  preceded  hy  heavy 
i:iiiis  for  a  year,  and  ( )rteL,''a  also  ti'ils  us  tiiat  the 
1  liiis  came  down  in  torrents  at  the  com|)letion  of  the 
i!i|in<luct;  it  is,  therefore,  alto_i»'ether  prohaiile  that 
tile  flood  was  not  causi'd  hy  the  waters  of  tiie  canal, 
1  ill  was  simply  attrihuted  tc)  that  cause  from  sujier- 


454 


THK  AZTKC  PKUIOI). 


stitiiHis  inotivos,  perhaj)s  rostiltiiijT^  from  tlie  ])ri(li(- 
tion.s  of  Tzotzoinatziii,  and  his  death.  So  ia]»i(l  was 
the  rise  of  tlio  waters,  tliat  kin^^  Ahuitzotl,  who  was 
in  the  h)wer  part  of  Ins  ]>ahice,  had  <j^reat  difficulty  in 
(^seapiii<^,  and  in  his  liaste  struck  his  liead  asjfainst  a 
door-post,  roeoivinj^  a  wound  wliich,  a  few  years  latt  r, 
proved  fatal.  The  en<»'ineerin<^  skill  of  Nezahualpilli, 
with  the  lahorin<j  force  of  the  whole  empire,  was  at 
once  called  into  requisition  to  stop  the  Hood  and  iv- 
])air  dama^^es.  The  old  dike  that  had  hefore  savnl 
the  citv  was  strenjfthened  and  raised:  the  citv  was 
repaired  and  paved  with  t<'fzoiif/i,  or  porous  amygda- 
loid, the  use  of  which  is  said  to  date  irom  this  jteriod; 
])ut  to  stop  the  waters  of  the  unruly  spriiii^  human 
efforts  were  unavailinj^,  and  the  aid  of  the  i^ods  was 
invoked  with  mairie  rites.  First  the  })riests,  whoso 
hodies  were  painted  blue  in  honor  of  the  Tlalocs, 
stood  round  the  fountain  and  uttered  ])rayi'rs, 
hurned  incense,  and  scattered  j^erfumes;  then  the 
divers  plunged  into  the  waters,  each  with  a  yoiiiii; 
child  whose  heart  was  torn  out,  and  whose  MdimI 
stained  the  waters;  and  finally  the  priests  entered 
the  water,  and,  as  some  say,  Nezahualpiili  with  them. 
Half  an  hour  after  their  enieri«ence  the  waters  ht  - 
came  so  (juiet  that  the  laltorers  were  ahle  to  wail  up 
the  sj)rinij;'  and  stop  the  overHi  w.  Other  cities  alxnit 
the  lake  had  suffered  as  much,  or  even  more,  than 
IMexico,  particularly  Cuitlahuac,  which  is  said  to  havt^ 
been  uninhabitable  for  two  years.  ISIuch  daman'e  was 
also  done  to  the  cro})s  in  the  valley,  and  the  next 
year  was  one  almost  of  famine.  The  flood  occuired 
m  1500,  and  at  least  two  years  passetl  before  An;i- 
huac  had  recovered  from  its  effects.'-^ 

Champaigns    against    (.-uextlan,    Tlacuilollan,    and 

*'  Hospoctins  this  flood,  see:  f.rfh7.r»  'fn'f,  "p.  'J72-.1;  TfZiCDiiinr.  In 
KiiKjalxiroiiijIt,  vol.  ix.,  pp.  l.'<7-4li  Torf/itfimt^iit,  toiii.  i.,  l)p.  I'.tJ-.'t.  '-"■'•'; 
Jtnis.si'itr,  lli-st.,  toiii.  iii.,  pp.  H77-H'2;  Ihinni,  MS.,  toiii.  i.,  cap.  xlviii.   \\.\ 

Viiilin,  loiii.  iii.,  |ip.  '2ill>-;i(CJ;  Clnriiiirn,  Unu.  i.,  pp.  •2<1(»-'.!;  Sn/iniiini.  I 

ii.,  lilt,  viii.,  p.  2(i!>;  ]'(linirrrf,  Tinln,  pi  ii.,  pp.  ItS-'.t;  Anisln,  lli^i  i'-' 
/lis  Yin/.,  p,>.  r)()l>-l;  Ihtstiiiiiduli,  Mci'mno.s,  loin,  ii.,  pp.  'J()8-'Jj  vol.  ii..  p. 
CliO  oi  thi.><  work. 


ACCESSION  or  MONTKZCMA  II. 


455 


Xiiltepec,  are  vajjfuoly  rc}M)rtod  during'  tlio  last  two 
years  of  Ahuitzotr.s  life,  and  may  be  distinct  from 
any  of  the  wars  that  have  lieen  mentioned,  Imt  no 
(Ktails  are  jjfiven,  save  that  from  Tlacuilollan  twelve 
liuiKhcd  captives  were  hrouglit  hack  to  ^rexico.'*" 
Tin'  king  died  in  1503,'^  as  is  generally  supposed 
frmn  the  effects  of  the  l)h)W  mentioned  ahovc;  al- 
though Tezozomoc  attributes  his  death  to  chagrin 
and  remorse  at  the  misfortune  of  the  flood,  and 
Duran  hints  that  he  was  pttisoned.  His  likt-ness  is 
.said  to  have  been  sculptured  with  those  of  his  \nv- 
tlecessors  on  the  cliff  at  Cha[)ultepec.  Ahuit/.oti's 
leading  passion  was  Ids  love  of  war,  so  strong  as  to 
junount  calmest  to  a  hatred  of  peace.  He  was  also 
])assionateiy  fond  of  music,  of  display,  and  (»f  women, 
lb'  was  cruel,  vindictive,  and  sujierstitious;  aiul  tlu^ 
(jiiality  of  generosity  attributed  to  him  was  probably 
closely  connected  with  his  reputed  love  of  display 
and  tlattery.  Immediately  after  his  death  Monte- 
/iinia  1 1.,  son  of  Axayacatl,  was  called  to  the  throne; 
ahhougii,  according  to  Ixtlilxochitl,  his  elder  brother 
!Ma 'uibnalinatzin  was  the  first  choice  of  the  electors, 
hut  was  rejected  by  the  advice  of  Nezahualpilli,  who 
doubted  his  possession  of  the  recpiisite  (pialities  foi- 
the  ruler  of  a  great  nation.  Montezuma  liad  alreadv 
(hstinuuished  himself  on  many  occasions  in  batth', 
and  was  at  the  time  of  his  election  high-priest  of 
lluit/.ilopochtli.  When  the  news  of  his  election 
ri'achi'd  him  he  is  said  to  have  bei-n  emj)loye(l  in 
sweeping  the  temple,  IVom  a  sjiirit  of  real  or  ieigned 
liuiiiility.  The  usual  cam[)aign  for  captives  was  sne- 
cesst'idly  directed  against  Atlixeo,  and  foreign  n(tl)les 
fioni  hostile  as  well  as  fVi»;ndly  provinces  came  in 
ciiiwds  by  invitation  to  witness  the  coronation  cere- 
monies/'*' 

•*  Tiir'/iintKii/n,  toin.  i.,  ]).  lOH;  Clariifrrn,  torn,  i.,  |>.  '2Vt'2.  In  tin-  I'n- 
(/','•  Miiilii-.ii,  ill  Kiitiis!iiifi)iiijli,  vol.  v.,  |i.  48,  is  j;ivi>ii  a  \\>^\  of  tm-iv-livi! 
liiHiw  cciinnu'ri'il  liy  .Miiiitzitll. 

'  i'lii\i,L;('i(i  anil  N'laiuvit  iiiaki'  tlio  tUito  ir)0'2.  Ixtl'lxocliitl  in  <inn 
I'liiir,  |i.  •|.")7,  says  l.")!*."!. 

■I"  l>iiniii,  .MS.,  toiii.  ii.,  caii.  li-v.,  »U\Wv,  tlmt  tlic  first  wars  were  <li- 


■i:>c, 


Tin:  AZTKC  rKIUOl). 


A]n:I::;:i>tl  Ic-ft  tlio  Aztoo  empire  in  llie  liri^lit  of 
its  |H)wer  nud  Ji^loiy,  yet  even  before  liis  death  the 
seeds  of  I'utnre  disaster  rnay  1)0  said  to  liave  heeii 
sown  or  even  to  have  taken  root,  since  the  hitherto 
inn^)iiraHeh'd  sacrilice  of  human  vietims  on  the  ahars 
of  the  capital  liad  tilled  the  wJiole  country  with  ttin.r 
and  added  mucli  to  the  luitred  of  which  the  Aztecs 
had  heen  the  objects  from  the  date  of  their  liist  ap- 
])earance   in   the   valley;  the   rapid    increase    of    the 


exican  power  and  their  well-known  i^reed  of  enii- 
quest  had  added  to  the  hatred  of  the  coinpiercd  the 
jealous  fears  of  such  nations  as  still  retained  theii- 
in(le[)endence;  and  Hnally  the  reverses  suH'ertd  in 
Teluiantepec,  in  Michoacan,  and  in  several  hatths 
aij;ainst  the  eastern  nations,  had  tau^'ht  the  peoples 
of  Xorth  America  that  the  allied  armies  of  the  cen- 
tral j)lateaux  were  not  altoL»'ether  invincible.  The 
daiiL^ers  that  thus  be<4"an  to  threaten  the  emj)irf.  liow- 
eve',  were  all  external,  anil  mi^ht  perhaps  have  \)vcn 
averted  or  loni"-  deferred  by  a  series  of  successful  wai.s 
under  brave  but  wise  kin^s.  Under  the  ])riM'e(liiiif 
kiiiLjs,  the  common  interests  of  all  classes  in  tJie  suc- 
cc!ss  of  the  jjcovernment,  had  been  a  i)rominent  elcnitiit 
of  national  olory.  Connnei'cial  enterprise  had  doiie 
as  much  as  valor  in  war  to  ])romote  the  con(pitsts  dt' 
kinys  and  to  build  up  the  ca])itals;  the  common  sol- 
dier mii^ht  by  bravery  and  brilliant  achievi'meiits  in 
battle  hope  to  I'each  the  highest  military  rank ;  tli'- 
menial  service  of  the  royal  pahu'e  with  many  posts  of 
lienor  had  been  entrusted  largely  to  })lebeian  hands; 
and  in  lact  Aztec  policy  had  been  strikiiii^ly  analo- 

rooh'il  iiijiiiiist   \(>|iiilliui,   Tfiiiil('])t>(',  and  'i'olti'iioc;  ami  tliiit  cliiriM,ir  ''"' 
caiiipiii;:!!   .Miiiitc/.iiiiia  iinlci'cil  tlif  di-atli  of  tlic  tuttii'suf  his  cliildnii  .iinl 


fh 


llti'lidaiits  of  liis 


I'/II/IIIIIUI',      III 


iiiil\i)iiriiiiii/i,   vi 


l/i. 


I  lt-.").'{,  adds  lliiit/|iaf  and  'l'c|«ai'a  to  llu>  towns  iiiciilioiicd  liy  |)iiiaii. 
Set'  also  on  di'atli  of  Aliiiit/otl  and  lU'i'i'ssioii  of  .Monlc/iiiiia  II.:  ''''"''• 
i^rni,  toiii.  i.,  |)|i,  '_'ti'J-7;  Ton/in  iiKtdo,  toiii.  i.,  pp.  l!i;{-r>;  \'i  iftin,  loin,  iii., 
"pp.  ;{(».'{-'.•;  Jlrax.inir,  //i.it.,  toni.  iii.,  pp.  ."{SJ-'.*";  IsllU.Kivhill,  jip.  'Jli."i,  -77, 
4."i7;  Arusitt,  Hint,  tic  Ins  Villi.,  pp.  r)OI-(>;  llrrrrni,  dec.  iii.,  iili.  ii..  i'!i|i. 
xiv.;  Viliniri'ii,  Tintro,  |(t  ii.,  ]t.  '2\>;  Cmlr.r  Mrnilitzii,  in  Kiiii/s/inniii'ili, 
vol.  v.,  ]ip.    ")!-'2;  (li)iiiiirii,   Coiiq.   Mrx.,  foi.  3(KJ;  Siijiiciizd,  in  JJuc.  lliil- 


Mi 


X.,  SITIO    111.,   tolll.    1.,   pp.    <4-(). 


i'OLICY  OF  MONTKZIMA. 


457 


o-nus  to  tliat  Mlii<'li  (listini^niisht'tl  tlio  Fri'udi  nation 
tiiidtr  tlio  Hrst  Na|M)K'(»n.  The  j^rantiiiLif  of  titles  aiul 
hdiiois  to  tijo  niorc'liants  liad  naturally  excited  nuieli 
opiuisition  anionuf  those  who  deiived  their  litK's  nt' 
iioliility  l'rt)ni  a  lonij^  line  of  Chiehiinee  or  Toltee  an- 
cisrois;  and  what  made  the  matter  even  more  yalliiiLj 
to  their  pride,  was  the  f'aet  tiiat  these  jiarvenu  nohKs 
1)V  reason  of  their  wealth  were  ahle  to  comnletelv 
uiitsliiiie  their  confreres  of  purer  hlood  hut  slender 
purses,  in  all  puhlie  <lisj)lays  as  well  as  in  their  pal- 
)Hts  and  style  of  livini*'.  ^^(»ntezuma  11.  from  tin; 
liist  days  of  his  reii^n  ojienly  esjtoused  the  cause  of 
till'   ancient   iiohilitv   aijfainst   the  mi'rchants  and  i>le- 

II    of   his    character    ren<lers 


ICliUIS. 


What 


IS 


:no\\ 


it  |iidltahle  that  he  was  prompted  to  this  course 
cirully  hy  his  own  extremely  aristocratic  tastes; 
hut  it  is  not  impossihle  that  he  rained  his  elec- 
tiiiii  I»v  committiiii'  himself  to  huch  a  ixdicv.  llo 
lionaii  hy  disniissino-  ull  j>lel»eians  einpl(»yed  ahout  the 
i<)y;il  jtalaces  and  appoint'iiiif  youths  of  luthU;  l>lo<id  in 
their  jilaces.  lie  Mas  warned  that  such  a  course 
Would  separate  the  interests  of  the  common  ]>eople 
iVoMi  those  of  rovaltv  and  i)rovo  daii«>erous  in  the 
future;  hut  ho  n-jtlied  that  ho  wished  nothiiiu^  in 
cnuiiiioii  with  ]>lel>eians,  who  must  ho  tauoht  to  keep 
tlu'ii'  place  and  ijive  up  their  ahsurd  asjiiratioiis.  His 
nolicv  toward  the  merchants  and  the  armv  was  mon^ 
ciiutious  hut  e«|ually  decided.  Advantage  was  taken 
of  ivery  o})portunity  to  humhie  and  o|»pii'ss  the 
liiitt'd  i-lass,  hv  constantly  clo^■o•iIl(l•  with  ik'W  ii'stric- 
tioiis  the  wheels  of  trade,  and  hy  the  promotimi  wlieii- 
cvt  !•  practicahlo  of  nohle  ollicers.  ^lonte/uma  was, 
liowiver,  a  valiant  and  skillful  warrior,  and  saciiliced 
ol'teiur  his  inclinations  to   his   interests   in   the   treat- 


ment of  his  armies  than  in   other  case; 


II 


is   poli(y 


of  course  irradiially  alienated  the  classes  on  which  the 
pmsperity  of  tho  empire  chielly  rested,  and  ensured 
till'  fall  of  tho  Aztec  })()wer  whenever  disallection 
should  have  an  oppi-rtunity  to  ally  itself  with  foreign 


458 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


fi)cs.  Tlie  l)ur.stin«i^  of  the  stonn  was  avorttd  for 
sonio  fiftueii  years  l>y  the  stien^tli  of  tlie  Aculliuii 
and  Tupaiiec  alliance,  and  l»y  the  sirersj^'th  of  the 
!^[exic•all  army.  ^Montezuma's  rei^j^n  was  a  sutression 
of  campaii^ns  ai^ainst  revoltin*;  provinces,  inters|Kr.>t(l 
"sv'th  the  erection  of  inaufniHcent  tem}>les,  fre(|iiriit 
and  extensive  innnolations  of  human  victims,  .(iid 
omens  of  disaster  sent  i)y  the  ^-ods  to  trouliK;  tliu 
mind  of  tlie  superstitious  monarch.  When  at  last  the 
day  drew  near  when  Mexico  must  .stru<^inle  sinylc- 
lianded  i'or  the  retention  of  her  su|»remacy  aL,^•liIl^t  a 
comhination  of  all  the  Nahua  ])o\vers,  the  last  cliaiKt- 
lor  success  in  such  an  une((ual  contest  dis;ip|n.;iic(l 
with  the  reinforcement  of  the  enemy  hy  Spanish  valor, 
Spanish  armor,  and  Spanish  horses;  and  Montc/.tuiia 
])ersonally  had  not  even  the  melancholy  satislat- 
tion  of  seeinuf  his  foes  I'all  before  the  same  \\a\i'  ot" 
lbrei<»'!i  invasion  which  liad  destroyed  forever  his 
own  powei.^^ 

Tlascala  had  thus  far  never  heen  the  object  of  an 
invasion  by  the  imited  forces  of  the  allies,  altlnMiuli, 
as  we  have  seen.,  fre([uent  battles  had  been  f(»nL:lit  oii 
the  frontier,  and  the  Tlascaltec  {'"mies  as  allies  ot" 
other  nations  had  been  several  tin:  s  defeated.  ])in- 
injj:  the  reiij^ns  of  Montezuma  I.  and  Axayacatl,  how 
ever,  the  Tlascaltec  territory  had  become  ct»nii>K  tcly 
surrounded  by  Aztec  i)ossessions,  throui*'h  tlu-  cnii- 
(pjest  of  ('uethichtlan,  Cuextlan,  and  Totonacapaii. 
Their  conuiiunication  with  the  coast  having'  thus  lui  ii 
cut  off,  the  Tlascaltec  commerce  had  been  ainiost 
entirely  destroyed,  and  for  a  period  extending-  down 
to  the  ( 'oiKpiest,  this  brave  people  were  oblii^cd  to 
do  without  many  luxuries,    and    even  necessities  of 

31  Sec  on  tlio  ]>i)licy  and  ;:()vcrniiiciit  of  Mttiifczunm  If.,  vol.  ii.  of  lliis 
work,  iiiihsim;  also,  Jiiinai,  MS.  (oiii.,  ii.,  «'iip.  liii.;  Tizozniiior,  in  himis- 
liiinniif/i,  vol.  ix.,  pp.  14.')-(!;  Ixllilxiiihitl,  p.  27S;  Chiriijno,  loin.  !.,  I'p. 
'J(>7-7.'(;  ^<7//(V^  (oni.  iii.,  pp.  3()!)-I<,);  JSni.sxnir,  Hist.,  toni.  iii..  pp.  :i'.is  ML': 
Ttiri/iiniiii</it,  tt\n\.  i.,  jip.  I'.Mi,  '2().")-(!;  Amslti,  Ifixt.  i/c  Ins  Yitif.,  \>\<.  ."id'ii; 
Cwlij'  MiiuliiZ((,  in  hiiiijslKiniiiijh,  vol,  vi.,ji.  N;  Vittiiirrr/,  Tititrn.  pi  ii.. 
]i.  .'{".t;  llrrrrni,  dw.  iii.,  lib.  ii.,c'ap,  xiv. ;  Villn-Sinur  1/ Sttiic/uz,  T/nnlni, 
toiii.  i. ,  pp.  4-5. 


WAR  a(;aixst  TLASCALA. 


4'>9 


liir.  Tla'ir  liuk  of  siilt  is  jmrticularly  roconlinl ;  a 
fUuiW  supply  was  ocoussionally  simi<j^^lo<l  into  tlu; 
>Uitv  by  tlie  nohles,  but  tlio  'joimmm  people  are  said 


ti)  have  abistaiiieJ  entirely  fro: 


II     ..M 


use,  and  to  liave 


completely  lost  tlieir  relisli  for  tliis  urtiele.  Tbo 
(itlur  eities  of  tbe  eastern  plateau  iiad  in  the  niean- 
tiiiii'  become  either  the  subjects  or  allies  of  the  Mex- 
icans. Jniniediately  after  bis  accession  to  tbe  tbroiie, 
Mniitczuina  I  I.  determined  to  direct  his  armiL"*. 
aL;;iiiist  this  last  imsubdued  territory  in  tlie  east. 
The  txruse  was  an  embassy  sent  by  tbe  Tlascaltecs, 
]ii(»I  ilily  to  Axayacatl,  complaininjj;'  of  the  oppitssi,  u 
to  which    their    merchants    were    subjected    on    liie 


(•t»;ist,     the    claims    of    tbe     end 


►assy 


bavin<r     been 


irnivt'd  witli  insultini^  indifference,  and  tbreat.s 
h,i\iiiy-  br>  1  freely  uttered  on  botb  sidt  s.  }Iu»'X- 
otziiico  and  C'bolula  seem  botb  to  bave  allied  them- 
s.  Krs  with  Mexico  in  this  affair;  but,  on  the  other 
li.iiHJ,  'J'lascabi  bad  received  constant  additions  to 
liiT  population  and  armies  in  the  lefuijees  from  all 
ji.iits  of  Anabuac,  who  were  continually  apjilyin;L^ 
tor  protection  to  tbe  onlv  nation  bevotid  tbe  power 
of  the  Aztecs.  The  war  was  beuun  bv  tbe  JIuex- 
otziiicas  and  Cbolultecs,  wbo  invaded  Tlascala,  killed 
ill  li.ittle  one  of  their  cbief  leaders,  'J'izatlacatzin, 
and  penetrated  to  within  one  lea^iu!  of  the  cajiital; 
liiit  they  were  driven  back,  and  the  ]luexot/inca 
towns  were  in  turn  rava«^ed  by  the  Tlascjiltccs,  sond- 
iii;;'  couriers  to  Montezuma  to  basten  the  marcb  of 
his  forces.  Tbe  TIascaltecs,  bearing'  of  the  ap|troacb 
of  the  Aztecs,  fell  upon  them  before  tlu'V  coiiM  elfect 
a  junction  with  their  allies,  and  defeatid  thcin,  in- 
llictino'  heavy  h.sses,  and  killlno'  anionic  others  Tlaca- 
hui|iantzin,  tbe   son  of  the   ^lexican    kiiij^.''^     After 

"  <'.iiiiur;,'ip  sivvM  till-  t'Dinliiiu'il  iiriiiics  \vf>ro  Itt'iitfii  lit  tliis  imitli'.  'I'ur- 
i|Mciii:iil,i  |ilairs  tlic  I'Vfiit  ill  till-  tli'nl  yt'iir  (if  Mdiitt'/iiiiiirs  ici^rii,  Ixllii- 
Miiliiil.  Itiiiiiii.  jiiiil  'IV/n/i)iiiiii-  ri'im'sciit  'l'liii'iiliiu'|iaiit/iii  iis  tlit-  linitlicr 
<'t  MMiitc/iiiiia,  and  Ixtlilxocliill  iiii|ilif.H  tliat  lie  was  st'iit  to  this  war, 
Jilaicil  ill  l.'rilH,  ill  till'  Impc  of  his  ilcath.  This  iirothfr  is  ]i«'ilia|ps  tin? 
suiii'  iMTsnii  s|iiik('ii  iif  liy  l\t!il\iirliiti  III!  II.  AVX  Piiraii  ami  'rc/ii/oiiiou 
Mciii  III  iv-'iird  (his  as  a  war  a^^ainst  (linlula  and  liiii'xot/iiifo. 


400 


TilE  AZTEC  PEHIOD. 


1  J 


tlio  funeral  ceremonies  in  honor  of  liis  son,  ^Fonto 
ziinui  made  anotlier  attempt  to  suImAuc  tlie  Tlascal- 
tec's,  sendini*-  against  them  tlie  ^\•il()le  availaljlo  ibrco 
of  tlie  emitii'e;  l>ut  after  a  liard-fonnlit  battle  the  in- 
vaders weie  again  driven  baek,  and  although  skii-- 
inishes,  and  even  battles,  took  place  alterwanls 
between  the  two  nations,  yet  the  Aztec  allies  mvi  r 
re[)eated  tlu;ir  atten.pt  to  crush  Tlascala,  and  tlio 
brave  little  rejnd)lic  retained  her  indeiiendence  until 
by  the  aid  of  Cortes  she  was  ai)le  to  take  hur  re- 
venge on  the  tyrannical  Mexicans  and  treachcioKs 
Cholultecs.^ 

In  1505  the  crops  were  destroyed  by  the  excessive 
heat,  and  although  the  })ublic  granaries  were  gener- 
ously o])ened  to  the  ])ul)lic  by  Nezahualpilli  aiul 
Montezuma — ^for  the  latter,  notwithstanding  his  aiis- 
tocratic  tendencies,  was  generous  towards  his  juoplo 
so  long  as  they  claimed  nothing  more  than  a  right  to 
exist — many  perished  of  starvation  or  sold  theniselvis 
and  children  as  slaves.  Totonaca}>an  was  again  aji- 
parently  the  only  province  unattected  by  the  famine. 
Another  i)lague  in  the  form  of  rats  which  over  ran 
the  country  in  immense  numbers  is  recorded  at  aliont 
the  same  time;  but  the  vcdcano  of  l\»po('ate|ietl 
ceased  for  twenty  days  to  emit  smoke,  a  good  oiiien, 
as  the  wise  men  said  and  as  it  i)roved,  Ibr  the  next 
year  was  one  of  great  plenty.^*  J)uriiig  the  year  ef 
the  famine  a  campaign  against  (lUatt-mala,  or  assume 
authoi-s  sav  Quauhnelhuatlan,  which  mav  liavi-  Ki  i  ii 
a  Ciuatemalan  province,  is  recorded  as  having  yielded 

3^  Oil  tlio  wnr  with  Tlasonln,  s(>c;  Cluvtijiro,  toni.  i.,  jip.  'J7r>-S(t;  Toi-- 
(/iii'miii/ii,  uim.  i.,  |ip.  1!I7--(K{;  \'iiftiti,  turn  iii.,  pp.  .'{'JO-T;  llfnssinr,  //is'., 
liiiii.  iii.,  pp.  -Jlt'J  !•;  Vilnnvrvt,  '/in/rn,  pt  ii.,  p|i.  Kl-l;  ('<uiiin<io,  in  .\""- 
n  //is  Aiiiiii/rs,  fom.  .xcviii.,  pp.  ITH-Sd;  lliinni,  MS.,  toiii.  ii,,  cup.  l\ii- 
l.\i.;  I.rl/i/jciiihil/,  pp.  L'TI,  -7S;  Tczozuiitur,  in  Kiiiifs/iDniui/i,  vol.  i\.,  p|i. 
I(i0-7S;   Orin/tt.  )iiiii.  iii.,  ]>.  4'.l7. 

'J*  'I'liis  fiimiiif  oi'ciiircil  in  llu-  fliinl  year  of  Mdiilc/iiina's  wV^u,  acinnl- 
hvx  to  Clavi^ioro;  in  fouitii  year,  as  'l"()ii|iii'ina(la  savn;  and  l.\tiil\iHliiii 
jMil.s  it  in  1. ")().")  and  l.")(M>.  St'i-  TunjiiiiiKii/ii,  [u\\\.  i.,  pp.  LMIH-I,  '_';(.">.  /,'■ 
t/i/xnilull,  p.  V!7H;  ('/i(ri<j,rit,  toin.  i.,  pp.  '-'.S'J-.S;  I'l/diirrrf,  Tni/ni,  pi  il., 
p.  41;  Unissnir,  lli.st.,  toiii.  Hi.,  jip.  4(l!t-i();  i'<i//iii,  torn,  iii.,  pp.  .'l.'U-'; 
Sti/idifiiii,  toin.  ii.,   Hi),  viii.,  p.   '270;  Voi/',v  l\l/.  Jinn.,  in  Kiiiijs/inri'UijIi, 

vol.  v.,  p.  ir)3. 


m 


IIEVOLT  OF  THE  MIZTEf  S. 


4G1 


y 

in'' 

/. 

-I; 

\ 

>tl' 

1 

It' 

; 

hill 

//• 

I 

ii.. 

licjli, 


iii.uiy  onptivcs  for  the  iiiauc^ur.ation  of  tlie  temple  of 
( 'elite: itl,  huilt  in  reeo<^iiition  «jf  her  services  in  staying' 
the  (li(tiii>ht  and  sendini*-  a  vear  of  i)lentv.  The  festiv- 
itiis  (»n  the  completion  of  certain  re[)airs  to  the 
oawseway  and  aqueduct  of  Chapulte]>ec  at  aljout  the 
siiiiic  time  were  marred  by  the  hurnini^  of  a  tenii)le 
in  Mexico.  It  is  related  that  the  Tlatelulcas  seeiiijj^ 
the  thiines,  thouufht  the  citv  was  invaded  hv  an  enemv 
and  rushed  in  to  help  protect  it,  but  that  Montezuma 
chdsc  to  reij^ard  this  as  an  act  of  rebellion  and  temj)o- 
rarily  removed  all  Tlateluleas  I'rom  their  positions  at 

C.JUl't.''^ 

lii'tbre  the  end  of  150G,  two  campaii^nis  were  made 
aijaiiist  the  Miztecs  by  the  last  of  which  the  whole 
jtiDviiice  was  ])ermanently  subdued.  The  pretext  of 
the  tiist  was  the  refusal  of  Malinalli,  lord  of  Tlach- 
<liiiaiihco,  to  give  ^Fontezuma  for  liis  royal  gardens  a 
VL'iy  rare  plant  in  his  possession.  An  army  was  dis- 
jiattlu'd  to  bring  the  plant  and  punish  the  people; 
TihiMtoiigo,  Achiuhtla,  and  Tlaclujuiauhco  fell  l>elbre 
the  Nb'xican  soldiers;  and  the  rare  fhtjxdinjiii.corlnfl, 
(ir  'iiMJ  llower/  was  transplanted  to  Mexico,  although 
the  ( )ajacan  records  insist,  according  to  Burgoa,  that 
it  died  on  the  way.  The  Miztecs  next  determined 
iipdii  a  linal  etl'oit  to  shake  otf  the  ^Mexican  yoke, 
which  well  nigh  succeeded.  Cetecjtatl,  king  of  (A)- 
huaixth'iliuacan,  invited  the  garrison  of  the  impreg- 
iiahli'  lluaxyacac  ami  t)ther  Aztec  fortresses  to  a 
uraiid  bauipiet,  and  on  their  return  they  were  set 
u|)(iii  by  the  ambushetl  trooi)s  of  Nahuixochitl,  lord 
of  T/(ttzolan,  and  all  put  to  death,  save  one  that 
LS('a|ii(l  to  tell  the  news.  Tlic  Miztecs,  n<;w  thoi'- 
mi^hly  aroused,  adopted  tlio  tactics  tliiit  had  provid 
Ml  crt'ectivo  in  Tehuantepec,  fortilied  their  positions  in 
the  mountains  near  Tzotzolan,  and  awaited  the  attack. 
The  lirst  army  sent  )>y  Montezuma  was  defeated  and 

'' '7,/c/;/.;v),  icim.  i.  i».  '2S3;  I'////(»,  tdin,  iii.,  pp.  .132-4;  Titniiiriii<i<hi, 
t||ni.  i..  ini'.'Kl,  'JOT;  ]''/inr  ■■rf.  Tnilin,  pi  ii.,  p.  11;  llnis.^inr,  llist.,  toiii. 
iii.  I'l'.   IIO-II;  Ihinni.   Ms.,  Iiiiii.   i.,  cap.   Iv.,   Ii.\.;   l\zi>Z"iiiiii\  in  h'unjs- 

Iwull'j/i,    Mil.   i.\,,  Jljl.   17t)-l, 


Iii 


ii 


46a 


THE  AZTEC  TERIOD. 


i' 


Pi 
H 


i^ 


driven  back  with  great  loss.  A  second  army  npiv- 
seiitiiiijf  the  \vliolo  strentj^tli  of  the  Aztec  allifs  imw 
niarclied  soutiiward  under  Cuitlaliuatzin,  ^rontcziiiii.rs 
l)rotlier;  Imt  tlio  Miztec  forces  could  not  l»e  disloil^^td 
from  tlieir  stronij^  position  until  Cozca<juaulitli,  lord  of 
Ifuauhtlan  and  a  brother  of  Cetecpatl,  betrayiiiLT  his 
pe(>[)le,  or  faithful  to  his  ruler  ^[onteznma  as  tlio 
^[exican  writers  ))ut  it,  o])ened  his  city  to  tlic  cik  inv, 
revealed  all  ( "etecpatl's  plans,  and  led  Cuitlaliu.it/in 
by  secret  paths  to  a  commandinii^  })osition  wheiicf  tin' 
attack  was  made  and  the  Miztecs  routed.  N;ihiii- 
xochitl  soon  came  up  with  a  fresh  army  iVoiii  Tnrutt- 


1 


)e 


c.  but    was    in    his     turn    defeated.       'i'he    wl 


ln|..' 


jirovince,  includiiiijf  Tututepec  and  other  cities  on  tli'.' 
shores  of  the  PaciHc,  was  then  over-run  and  pcnna- 
nently  subjected  to  ^lexicjin  authority.  The  ciiptivis 
included  the  leaders,  and  were  broui^ht  hack  to 
!Mexico  in  time  to  o-raco  with  their  bhtod  the  Itstiv.il 
of  t!((('a,fipc/iii(t/l'J/i,  or  'Haying*  of  men,'  ahlimiLiIi 
nccordinijf  to  some  authorities  the   leadci's,  (\ttr[iatl 


anc 


I  N 


iliuixoi 


hitl. 


were  reserveu  tor  a 


dfc 


hit 


er  occasmii. 


Also  in  1500  the  ILuexotzincas  and  Cholulttcs  had 
a  (piarrel,  in  which  the  ibi-mer  hail  the  advanta'^i' 
and  bv  a  raid  burned  a  few  houses  in  the  citv  ttt'  the 
latter.  Knowiiiji;'  that  Montezuma  had  iireaf  vtiina- 
titm  for  the  city  of  Quetzalcoatl,  the  llucxotziiicas 
tiioui»'ht  it  best  to  send  ambassadoi's  to  cxphiin  the 
matter.      The  eiivovs  for  some  reason  not   made  t  har 


j^n-eatly  exaufovrated  the  matter,  rt'pn'sentinn'  ( 'holiila 
as  havlnj^  been  utterly  destroyed  and  the  inhaiiitaiils 


M 


""i  Ixtlilxocliitl  Hiiyn  till'  wiir  wan  aftcrwanls  cairicil  into  (iimtciriila  .iti't 
Nii'ara;,Mia,  nrassciir  (clIs  uh  tliat  llii'  tifafhcnnis  ( 'ii/iai|iiaiiliili  "ii* 
iiiaiU'  kill;;  (*  Citliuaixtlaliuacaii;  oIIh'In  >*ay  ruler  of  'rznt/claii,  Aiionl- 
in;,'  III  'l'tiri|iUMiiailii,  llic  war  >\as  in  (lie  (ifili  year  nl'  tlic  rci-ii.  aii<l  iincrilMl 
l>y  an  i'i'li|)st' of  tin-  huh.  'l\'/.i>/,KU\tn-  rclVrstii  a  ('ani|iai^rii  a;.'aiii>l  .\a!ti|ti' 
iiiiil  ( 'iial/iintci'cau  in  Toliiiaiiti'iiiT.  N'l'taiiciirt  ni\csa>  lln'  dali'  tlic  --rMiith 
year  of  tlio  rci^'ii.  Claviffcro  iiiiiki's  t 'ii/cai|iiaulitli  iiii-  Itmilii-r  nf  Naliiii- 
.Mirliitl.  Si'f  Tiiri/iii  iiKii/ii,  toiii.  i.,  |i|i.  l!tli  7,  -lt7-'.>,  -l.-t;  ' '/(/c/yi  ;•".  tuiii. 
i.,  p]!.  -7-'^,  -.s;{-4;  lliirii'iii,  liiiii/.  Ihsfri/t.  ihijiini,  tdiii.  ji.,  jit  i.,  till.  liii''-7; 
\'i/iuici'rf,  Triifm,  pt  ii.,  pp.  -41  '2\  Unissnir,  llisf..  toiii.  iii..  pp.  411-17; 
T'\:i>:iimiii',  in  h'iiiitslinriiiuf/i,  vol.  ix.,  pp.  l.Ml-ti,  Ki'.'J.  Isd;  LftLLm'-hitl, 
pp.  i!7'.>-80;  IV/z^ff/tiiiii.  iii.,  pp.  3;M-7,  3.V.t;  Dttraii,  .MS.,  tiuii.  ii.,  i.q'  hy 


TYIXG-rr  OF  THE  LAST  CYCLE. 


4C3 


(Irivi'ii  to  the  mountaius.  Oroatly  eiiraLTi'*!  tln'  iillicd 
kiiiu's  sent  an  anny  to  cliastise  the  )u'ijtctiators  ut' 
li  an  outrai>v  on  tl»e   liolv   eitv;  l»ut    th«'    Jliicxot- 


SUt 


zimas  t'scaj^ed  their  punislnnent  In'  stating  tin 


It  h 


truth 


it'   tlio    matter    and   (k-Hvcrinn-   up   tor   sacritii-e    tlie 


(.'llVnVS      \V 


itli    tlitir    ears    and    n 


<  (sc'S 


v\l 


t   otK 


,n 


i\jir(Ution  at  the  same  time  ai^ain-t  It/tithin  and 
Itzi  iiintepec,  and  an<iilier  aeeordinu;'  to  <  )rti'u'a  and 
Tttr.[Ueniada  ai^ainst  AtUxco,  toy-etlur  with  a  war  in 
T«'(uliti'j)ee,    furnished   a    lari,''e    nnmix-r   (»t"   raptivc! 


•Mllllf    O 


T: 


f  wl 
itl 


loni  M( 

37 


ri'  saerifiet'd  at  thr  d<«htation  ot"  thi 


zuiiij)antlr'  or    place  o 


.i'  sk 


\v 


hilc  the  rest  wtii 


ic^i  rvi'd  for  the  tyinii>--u[>  of  tlio  cycle  and  liuhtini 
(if  till'  new  Hre  wliicli  tviok  phiee  the  tollowino-  year, 
actomjtanird  l)y  ecremonirs  that 


\:\\v  Detn  <its(i-i 


ih«d 


ill  a  |iii'cc(Hniif  vohiiiK'.  This  was  tlie  hist  erriinony 
(if  the  kind  the  ^fexicans  ever  had  the  o|»jMirtunity  to 
piit'nrin ;  l)efore  aiiotlier  I'Vi'le  liad  ela|>sed,  tlie  native 
i,f(i(ls  had  lost  their  power,  their  rites  hail  heeii  ahol- 
islied,  and  replaced  hy  others  that  did  not  include 
liuiiiaii  sacrifices.  The  rites  (»f  the  liKpiisiiioii  were 
as  cniel   as    those   they  replace<l,    hut  the  numher  of 


VK  tuns  111  America  was  com|>arativi'ly  sma 


tiveh 


ill. 


The  vear    loO?   was  marked  hv  th 


e  ociurreiice  o 


an  tclipst!  and   an    i'artli(|uake,  hy  the  drowning  of 
(.i'hteeii  hundred  soldiers  in  tlie  ^liztec  cduntrv.  and 


■'"  Ixllilxdcliitl,  p.  27S,  sppnks  of  ii  ('iiiii|ii(  >^t  i>f  Zih'hI.-iii  ii>   l.'(t<>,   ami   nf 

Tol('i|i(C    ill    I."l(l7.       Dlinill,    MS.,  Iiilii.    i.,   ii||i.    1\..   >|'i'.ik»  nl'   llir   riilii|llr*l, 

at  ^iliiHit  this  liiiif,  of  (^iniit/iiiilian  ami  rii||i'|>rr,  wlinr  .Mniitr/iiiiia  unU'i'i'il 
llial  all  pi'iMiiiH  over  lifly  vcaii*  of  a;;('  slmiilil  he  inil  In  ili-atli.  i '/urii/i  rn, 
I  Mil    i.  |i|i,  'JSl-Ci;     Vvfilin,  tnlil,   iii  ,    p|).    .'t.'tT-HI;    lli'i^.- nr,    llist  .  tnlii.   Hi., 

\<y.  117-(i;   T(iri/iiriiiiii/<t,  Inni  i.,  pp.  '.'(Ht-ld. 

'"Till'  li;,'litiii;j  of  the  lu-w  liic  timU  place  at  iiiiiliiiulit.  Man  li  "Jl  •'_', 
laiC,  at  the  lii'u'iniiiiiK  "f  tlif  vciir'J  .Vcall,  Im'I«i'iii  llic  ila>^  7  I'lHliili  ainl 
>■  .\iiitl.  ('■ii/i'.r  C/iiiiiii//).,  in  Jtrnssrtir.  l/i.^/..  Iniii.  iii..  p.  pj;!.  Tlir  f '.,</,  r 
I'll.  I,'' III.,  in  h'iii'jsliiinniii/i,  vol.  v..  pp.  l.">.'t-4.  >ay«  that  llii'  lie  nl  the 
^fiir^  hail  usually  laUcii  iiiacc  in  I  Toilitli  il.'ilN'ii,  l>nt  wa-*  i|iaiii:r(|  liy 
Al'iiiii/iiiiia  to  •_>  .Acatl  (I.'i(i7l.  Most  oilier  aatlinrs  name  l.'WNi  as  the  \ear 
I'f  tile  I'rie;  hut  perhaps  they  mean  simply  thai  I  '{'(M-litJi  tlie  las*  c.f  the 
■svi'iith  cycle  corresponds  for  the  most  part.  althi>n<.'li  not  e\aill\  of  eonrse, 
111  l."i(Hl.  See  Hiiliiriiii,  in  Ihir.  Ilisl.  Mi.r.,  serie  iii..  torn.  iv..  p.  '.'lit;  l'<v- 
'"'.  I'lin,  iii.,  p.  ;U(t;  Turi/ni  niiiiln,  toin.  i..  p.  '-'I(»-II:  ifnrni' rn.  toni  i.. 
I'ji  '.N,"(.(;;  I'eftinrrrt,  Tm/ni,  pi  ii.,  p.  41;  see  also  \ol.  ii.,  p.  :ui,  uimI  vol. 
iii.,iip.  ;UI3-(i. 


i 
PI 


4G4 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


jirconliniif  to    Ixtlilxocliitl,  liy   the  execution  of  T 


ZOZOlMOC 


lord 


ot  Azcapuziilfo    iiiu 


I    futl 


ier-m-l;t\\    n 


]\[oiitt'/-iniia,  for  adiiltoiy.  In  liis  trial  it  is  ivl.itid 
that  the  Mexican  judges  vt)ted  for  his  Itaiiishninit, 
the  Te[)anec  a(hled  that  the  end  of  liis  nose  slioiild 
l>e  (Mit  olf,  hut  Nezaliualpilli,  who  liad  tlie  final  (In- 
cision, orcU-red  liini  to  he  stranL(le<l,  nuidi  to  thf  dis- 
pleasure of  Montezuma,  JJuriiii^'  the  same  year  the 
allies  sent  an  ex})edition  to  the  region  of  ISIitla,  wliiili 
plundered  a  few  towns  and  ca[)tured  a  small  nuiiiln  ]• 
of  |»risoners.  The  ])rovocation  of  this  war  is  not  re- 
corded. Immediately  al'ter  its  return  an  army  w.is 
sent  under  C'uitlahuatzin  ai^ainst  QmiulKiuelcliula  in 
the  llui'xotzinca  region.  'I'lie  result  ^vas  a  \  ictciy 
with  a  ,L;'<»odly  array  of  captives,  but  ohtaiiifd  only 


aft( 


er  a  serious  loss,   iiududinir  live 


M 


exican 


lead. 


The  captives  served  for  the  inauui'uration  of  the  tem- 
ple ])reviously  hurned,  as  has  heen  noted,  hut  now 
rehuilt,  an  .   also  \'ov  the   festival  of   the    'Maviim'  ef 


men. 


A 


ccordmii' 


to    T 


ezozomoc 


ant 


I    1) 


urau 


th 


j)rovocati»»n    of    this    war    was   the    hurniuii'   of    tli 
temj)le  of  the  goddess  'l\iei  in  ^Fexico,  or  as  Te/.o/i 


line 


understands  it,  the  focii/iKiliiiitf,  a  wooden  >i'4ii;il 
tower  on  the  hill  of  Tocitlan.  J)uran  also  inloinis 
us  that  a  representation  of  ^[exican  nobles  attended 
by  invitation  the  festivals  in  honor  of  Caniaxtli,  ;it 
which  were  sacrificed  the  A/tec  captives  taken  diii- 
inii^  the  war.  A  renewal  of  hostilities  with  lliiexot- 
zinco  is  mentioned  in  the  eij^hth  year  of  .Monte- 
zuma's reii'cn."''' 

^\'ith  the  new  cycle  beoan  a  jieriod,  durino-  wldeli. 
down  to  the  appearance  of  the  Spaniards  at  \'ei  i 
Cruz,  almost  every  event  was  invested  with  a  iny>te- 


'*  Uriis^ii'iir.  Ifi^^f.,  torn,  iii,,  ]t]t.  4'^T-S.  namrw  MaeiiilmiilitiMl/in,  il 
lii'otlicr  III'  Miiiilc/.iiiiiit,  iiiiiiiii;.'  till'  killt'il,  ami  apitlicM,  proliulilv  \siili  -"ii 
rcaMiin.  to  this  war  tlic  siis|)iriiiiis  of  iMlilxorliitl,  rt'spot'tin;,'  I'mil  |il:i;  i 
tilt'  part  of  till'  Mexican  kin;;  aircaily  ri't'i-rrcd  to  (hi'c  note  .'<'_' K  See  :iI« 
I'ii/lid,  Iniii.  iii.,  pp.  .'tlH-4;  T'iri/i(niiiii/ii,  torn,  i.,  ii.  •211;  f'/nriii'm.i 
i.,   p.   'JSd;  Ixlliljtinliitl,   pp.   'JTS-D;   Ti  ziizniiior,  in  Kini/sliiirniiii/i, 


il. 


p[t.    171.    177:    I'llinirrrf,    T'lilnt,  pt  ii.,   pp,    •ll-'J;  I'mlrx  Till.    I 
Aiinjilnirtiiiij/i,  vol.  v.,  p.    l.")l;  iJiiraii,   MS.,  toui.  ii.,  cap.  l.vii. 


OMENS  OF  DISASTER. 


4G5 


riniis  sljjciiificanco,  every  unusuiil  |)lienomeiu)ii  of  na- 
ture, every  Jieeident,  every  illness,  every  (Kl'eat  in 
Iiattle,  failure  of  crops,  excessive  heat  or  cold,  rain 
di'  SHOW,  thunder  and  li'jfhtniniLr,  shootin<''  star  or 
I'Dinit,  eartlujuake  or  eclipse,  —each  and  all  portended 
evil  to  the  Aztec  empire,  evil  which  some  seem  even 
at  the  time  to  have  connected  with  the  olden  jire- 
(lictions  of  Quetzalcoatl  respectin*^  the  comin^^  of  a 
I'oreinii  race  to  take  })ossession  of  the  country.  'I'he 
su|ierstiti»»us  inonarchs,  j)riests,  and  nohles  were  in  a 


ceiistant  state  ot  terror. 


'I'l 


I  ere  are 


hut  t 


wo  wavs  o 


f 


iii'(.(iuntin,i>'  for  this  state  of  affairs;  first  l»y  su|>posini^ 
that  the  supernatural  element  in  the  various  events 
ivt'eiied  to,  the  terror  which  they  caused  in  the 
iiiiiids  of  the  natives,  and  many  of  the  events  them- 
selves, were  pure  inventions  of  the  native  historians 
Inriiied  after  the  comiiiij^  of  the  S[)aniards  to  sup[)ort 
the  rlaims  of  their  sa^es  to  a  foreknciwled^e  of 
events,  or  siniply  for  the  sake  of  telling"  a  marvelous 
tale;    and   second   hy   HUpposin<(   that   the    terror    of 


Mdiitt 


ezuina  and  his  com[)anions,  and  their  disposition 
to  carefully  note  and  construe  into  omens  of  evil  each 
unusual  occurrence,  was  caused  hy  a  knowledn'e  more 
or  less  van'ue  that  the  Spaniards  were  alreadv  on  the 
American  coasts.  While  there  is  everv  reason  to 
Itelieve  that  there  are  both  inventions  and  exau'^era- 
tioiis  in  the  records  written  after  the  comiiii;'  of 
t'oiei^iiers,  1  am  ilisposed  to  attrihiite  the  effects  re- 
I'eiied    to    above    cliielly    to    the   aetual    presence   of 


iUropeans. 


about  fifteen  vears  the  .\iitilles  had 


lieeii  more  or  less  com{)letely  in  the  possession  of  the 
Sitaniards;  live  years  before  the  opi'iiiii_n"  of  the  new 
i\cle  Columbus  had  coasti'd  (V'liti'.il  America  and 
I'Veii  established  a  colony  in  \'eiai;ua.  It  is  alto- 
L:e'tliei'  improbable  that  no  knowK'dL;'i)  of  the  white 
men  and  their  wonderful  win^'ed  vessels  had  reaehed 
Mexico,  however  vao^uo  and  exa^'oerateil  that  knowl- 
edge may  have  been.  The  Aztec  traders  were  not 
now  such  indefatigable  and  trustworthy  spies  na  iu 

Vol.  V.    30 


■ii-- 


iuG 


THE  AZTEC  rEKloi). 


^.1 
■    I 


!■*■ 


^  -1 


foniKT  times,  l)ut  tliey  "would  hardly  have  fiiild  to 
liriiiL,'  ti)  Mexico  exaij^goratt'd  nimors  of  ai>|>i()a(liiii;/ 
disaster.  It  is  also  quite  possible  that  various  articks 
of  European  uiaiuifacture,  or  even  human  remains  of 
white  nu'U,  had  heen  washed  on  the  Totonac  or  Xiia- 
laiica  sh()res.  That  Montezuma  and  his  com])iUii(.iif< 
attached  considerable  weii^dit  to  the  traditidii.il 
l)re(lictions  of  Quetzalcoatl  and  Hueman  there  is  no 
reason  to  douht.  The  })redictions  referred  to  may 
have  heen  the  threats  of  some  exiled  chieftain  of 
ancient  times,  or  the  vain  imaiL^ininofs  of  a  fanatic 
priest  uttered  to  maintain  his  re})utation  anioiio-  his 
followei's;  j)ossil»ly  the  result  of  son»e  native  cosino-;- 
rajiher's  theorizin,<^  respectinjj^  other  lands  across  the 
ocean  ;  not  (piite  imj)ossil)ly  the  renuuint  of  an  ancient 
knowK'd^e  of  trans-oceanic  peoples;  and  of  couise  not 
the  n-sult  of  any  prophetic  foreknowledge;  hut  hkc 
all  other  jtretendetl  j)rophecies  they  hecame  at  once 
most  \alid  and  authentic  on  the  occurrence  of  r'w- 
cumstances  which  might  he  interpreted  as  their  ful- 
fillment. 

The  signs  and  omens  that  followed  those  already 
mentittned  1  shall  hricHy  rehite  without  jtaying  much 
attention  to  their  chronoh)'>'ic  order;  verv  little  cIm' 
than  these  omens  and  the  means  adopted  to  a\rit 
their  consecputnces  is  recorded  from  laOH  to  1 .)  I'J. 
An  army  sent  to  the  province  t)f  Amatlan  perislicd 
with  cold  and  hy  falling  trees  and  rocks;  and  a  conn  t 
with  tlii-ee  heads,  perhaps  the  one  already  mentionul, 
luMi"'-  over  Anahuac.*"  Then  a  wonderful  ])vraniiil;il 
light  a|ipeai'ed  in  the  east,  reaching  from  the  earth  to 
the  sky,  visible  for  forty  days,  or,  as  some  say.  Im'  i 
whole  year,  in  all  parts  of  the  country,  from  niidniuht 
till  morning,  very  similar,  according  to  the  desi  lip 
tion,  to  the  Aurora  Borealis.  Nezahualpilli  was  so 
art'ected  hy  these  signs  that  he  gave  onU-rs  to  disiou- 
timie  all  hostilities.     An  i'lterview  was  held  helwccii 

"  KllilMirliitl  ilatt'sdic  Aniutla..  .viu  in  ir)l4;  BrnHsoiir  1)uIm  the  war  in 
i.'tlO;    I'liiijULiiiuitii  iloiiii'>t  that  tliL'  I'onift  liud  thruu  liuudu. 


IMOXTEZUMA  AND  XEZAlirALPILLI. 


467 


sail 


liiiii  and  ^rontozmna,  altliouoli  for  some  tiiiio  tliev 
liid  not  l)een  on  .speakint,'  tornis.  Nozaluial|»illi  saw 
I  Icaily  in  the  strange  omens  tlie  api>roacliing  end  (»f 
the  empire  and  his  own  death,  hnt  was  resi^-ned  to 
till'  decrees  ot"  fate;  Montezuma,  on  the  contrary,  in- 
stead of  resiLjnation  felt  only  antjfer,  and  is  even 
I  hy  Tezozonioe  and  Duran  to  have  stranglfd  many 
i)\'  liis  sorcerers  for  their  nnfavorahle  interpretation  <tf 
tlic  siu^ns,  and  their  failure  to  avert  evil  onu-ns.  At 
la<t  a  L;ame  of  fhiclitli  was  agreed  upon  hetweeii  tiie 
tWH  monarchs  to  decide  whose  interpretation  shcidd 
lie  accepted;  and  to  show  how  little  importance  he 
attached  to  Ids  wealth  and  power,  Xezahual[tilli  is 
>ai(l  to  have  wagered  on   the   result   Ids   kin<^(lom    of 


A.  •nil 


luacan  against  three 


turl 


vev  co(  Ks 


u 


e  won  the 


i^amc,  hut  still  Montezuma  was  not  disposed  to  yield 
tM  the  fates,  and  still  persecuted  Ins  magicians  in  the 
liiipe  to  elii'it  a  more  favoraMe  prognostication,  hut  in 
vain;  the  magicians  all  agreed  with  the  IVzcucan 
iiiniiarcli.  Ahout  the  same  time  the  towers  of  lluit- 
/.iloliiKhtli's  temple  took  fire  in  a  clear  inght  without 
apparent  cause,  and  were  reduci'd  to  ashes  in  spite  (tf 
all  etiorts  to  extinguish  the  flames;  and  another  tem- 
ple was  set  on  fire  hv  lis-htning.  This  was  the 
t'liiple  of  the  god  of  fire,  and  was  now  hurned  for 
the  second  time."  In  this  })eriod,  in  t]\o  reign  of  the 
sniiiid  ^Fontezuma,  Brasseur  puts  the  stttry  of  a 
iiivstei'ious  aerial  journev  of  the  two  kiiiiis  to  the 
aihiciit  home  of  tin;  Aztecs,  referrifig  perhaps  to  that 
ahvady  taken  from  Duraii  and  applied  to  the  time  of 
Mniitezuma  1."  Tor([uemada,  (  lavigtTo,  and  Vv- 
tainuit,  tell  us  of  the  resurrection  of  l*a)»antzin,  a 
>i-<ter  of  Montezuma,  who  brought  hai'k  from  the 
1  of  the  dead  to  her  royal  hrother  an  account  of 
the  new  people  who  were  to  oci'Upy  the  land,  ami  of 
the  new  reliij-ion  they  would  hring.     This  ladv  is  said 


aiii 


"  This  was  very  likely  the  nccnsioii  alrcadv  iKitod  wlicii  llir  TlalclulcaH 
ni>-lic'ii  mill  tlic  city,  suppDsiii);  it  to  Itc  iiivadcil. 

"  Sif  ii[i.  4'2'i-4,  of  this  volume;  TonjHcnuuin,  torn,  i.,  ji.  213. 


rii 


408 


THE  AZTEC  PEIMOD. 


IS  .ij 


to  have  been  the  first  Mexican  to  receive  the  rites  of 
C'liristian  baptism,  and  the  priests  took  pains  to  send 
a  duly  autlienticated  account  of  her  miraculous  resur- 
rection to  Spain.  The  intimate  connection  of  tlii> 
tale  with  the  religious  prejudices  of  the  iiivadt  is. 
renders  it  unnecessary  to  seek  even  a  foundation  in 
truth  for  the  report.  iSahagun  also  speaks  of  ;i 
resurrected  woman  who  predicted  the  fall  of  the 
empire,  livini,''  twenty-one  years  thereafter  and  Iieai- 
iniTf  a  son.  Boturini  attributes  this  return  from  the 
dead  to  a  sister  of  the  king  of  Michoacan  at  a  iiuirh 
later  date,  while  the  Spaniards  were  besieging  Mex- 
ico." In  1509,  as  sevfTal  authors  say,**  the  watt  is 
of  the  lake  became  violently  agitated,  without  wind. 
earthquake,  or  other  natural  cause,  and  in  conse- 
quence the  city  was  inundated.  The  fishermen  of 
the  lake  caught  a  large  bird  like  a  crane,  weaiin'^  a 
round  tr;iusparent  crown,  through  which  Montezuma 
saw  the  stars,  thouoli  it  was  in  the  davtime,  and  al>M 
many  people  that  approached  in  S(]uadrons,  attiivd 
like  warriors,  and  seeming  half  men,  half  deer.  Tiie 
bird  disappeared  before  the  sorcerers  could  .satis- 
factorily interpret  this  strange  thing.  Double-bodiul 
and  double-headed  men  also  were  seen,  and  on  beiiiL; 
brought  before  the  king  suddenly  disappeared;  and 
the  same  happened  with  men  who  had  no  fingi  is  and 


lie 


toes.  In  1511  armed  men  were  seen  fighting  in  t 
air;  and  a  bird  appeared  whose  head  seemed  hiiinan: 
and  a  large  stone  })illar  fell  near  the  temple  t)f  lluit- 
zilopochtli,  no  one  knowing  whence  it  came.  An 
earthquake  and  a  deluge  at  Tusapan,  are  reiiorted; 
at  Tecualoia  n  most  i'erocious  and  horrible  beast  was 
captured;  a  female  voice  was  several  times  heard  1h- 
wailing  the  fate  of  her  children.  At  Tlasiahi  a 
bright  light  and  a  cloud  of  dust  arising  from  tiie 
summit  of  Mount  Matlalcueje  to  the  very  heaviii^. 

"  riavi>;cr(»  throws  (Hsrrodit  on  Hotuiiiii's  version;  1  fiiul  it  dillii  nit  t" 
fcel  implicit  faith  in  tliat  of  ('hivi},'cro. 
**  Tohiueniudu  saj«  in  UDl). 


VISIONS  AND  OMKNS. 


4G9 


c.uisod  the  yico|)lo  to  fear  the  end  of  tlie  world  \v<as 
loiiiiiiLj.  The  sorcerers  of  Cuetlaohtlan  also  saw 
iiiaiiv  wonderful  visions;  hut  anionLif  the  pcoi)les  out- 
side of  Anjiiiuac  the  fearful  j)l;enoniena  and  the  pre- 
dicted comini^  of  a  foreiiy^n  people  were  less  terrihle 
tli.iii  to  the  Aztecs,  for  with  their  terror  was  niinoled 
hunc  of  relief  from  the  Aztec  v«»ko.  A  wild  hare 
invaded  Xezahual})illi's  n^arden,  hut  the  kinu^  would 
111  it  allow  the  animal  to  he  killed,  for  in  the  same 
manlier,  he  said,  would  a  stran_o-e  people  i)resently 
invade  his  countrv.  Tezozomoc  and  Duran  <>ive  a 
jdiin-  and  detailed  account  of  Montezuma's  su fieri Ui^s. 
It  seems  that  he  was  not  content  with  his  own 
dreams  and  omens,  hut  instructed  his  suhjeets  to  re- 
jiiiit  to  him  all  their  visions;  at  last  he  was  so  dis- 
tracted that  he  determined  to  hide  himself  from  im- 
pciidiiiL!^  calamities  in  a  cave,  hut  was  prevented  from 
mv\i  a  course  hy  a  series  of  supernatural  evi'nts  more 
alisurd,  if  })ossil)le,  than  those  that  have  heen  nar- 
rated. Herrera  tells  us  that  Montezuma  had  in  his 
jMissession  a  hox  washed  on  the  eastern  sh(»re  con- 
taiiiiiijjf  wearinL!^-a]iparel  and  a  sword  of  a  style  uii- 
kiuiwn  to  the  natives.** 

In  the  meantime  military  operations  had  not  heen 
suspended,  for  the  anyer  of  the  gods  c«^>nld  only  be 
avt'ited  hv  sacritice,  and  victims  could  onlv  he  oh- 
taiiied  hv  war;  hut  the  details  of  these  camiiaiiJiis 
and  tlu'ir  order  are  nowhere  detinitelv  recorded.  It 
IS  stated,  however,  that  in  1511,  the  Cuethnditecas, 
encouraged  hy  the  visions  of  their  magicians,  and  hy 
the  trouhles  that  had  falli-n  upon  Antihuac.  refused 
•  'luiily  to  pay  their  tributes,  and  yet   remained   un- 

*'Oii  tlioso  ovil  onions,  spo  Trllilxnehitl,  pp.  27S-SO:  Vri/fin,  toni.  iii., 
1'||  .ill  .■)!•;  Tiiri/iniiiiii/ii,  foiii.  i.,  ]i|i.  "Jll-ll,  'J.'i,'{-',l;  I  liiniinii,  tmii.  i..  ]ip. 
'.'Mi.'.tJ;  ]'(/iiiicrrf,  'J'lii/ro,  y{  ii.,  ]ip.  4--'A,  I'Jtl;  Tiznziniiiir,  in  Kimis- 
''■ri'ii'l/i,  vol.  ix.,  pp.  177s,  IS.'t-'.t;  Cot/ix  Til/,  llrni.,  in  /(/.,  Vol.  v..  p.  151; 
ll'inni,  (li'c,  iii.,  lil),  ii.,  ciiit.  viii.,  ix.;  I'lnis.fiiir,  Hi.sf.,  ttmi.  iii.,  j'p. 
4'2s.l|;  Afdnlii,  lli'xt.  (//•  /(IS  \  III/.,  pp.  510-14;  <'iniiiirifi),  in  Xiiiin//i.i  An- 
I'lili-s,  tiini.  Xfix.,  pp.  IKO-tit;  l)iiriiii,  MS.,  tiiin.  ii.,  cup.  Ixiii,,  Ixvi-ix.; 
^'ilci'jini,  toin.    ii.,    lib.   viii.,   pp.  -70-1;  llotiiriiii,  Cittii/oijo,  pp.  •J7-S. 


"!    1 


470 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


])unis]ie(l.*"  In  the  same  or  following  year,  the  Cak- 
c'liiijuel  records  note  the  arrival  of  a  numerous 
embassy  of  the  Yacjui,  or  Mexicans,  at  their  louit. 
N()tiiing  whatever  is  said  of  the  object  of  this  mis- 
sion, or  its  results;  but  the  Abbe  Brasseur  has  no 
doui)t  that  tlie  object  sought  was  information  resjuct- 
ing  the  actitms  of  the  S}>aniards  on  the  coast  of  C'.ii- 
tral  America.*^  Although  Nezahualpilli  seems  to 
have  lo.st  most  of  his  interest  in  ])olitical  atl'airs,  ami 
to  have  contented  himself  with  simi)lv  awaitiu"- 
future  developments,  no  supe  ..titious  terror  in  ^buitc- 
zuma's  breast  could  overcome  his  ruling  passion,  am- 
bition; and  according  to  the  authorities  he  was 
inclined  to  take  advantao'e  of  his  colleau^ue's  listless- 
ness  for  his  own  aggrandizement.  Ixtlilxocliitl 
relates  an  act  of  treachery  against  the  Tezcucau 
monarch,  which,  in  view  of  the  author's  well-known 
prejuilice  against  ^Montezuma,  may  be  received  w  ith 
much  doubt;  according  to  this  author,  tlie  ^[exiran 
king  representetl  to  Xezahualjiilli  that  the  anger  of  the 
o(k1s  was  causi  d  to  some  extent  bv  the  failure  to  otKr 
ca})tives  from  Tlascala,  and  the  substitution  of  virtinis 
from  distant  provinces  obtained  not  in  holy  l>attle 
but  in  a  mere  attem})t  to  extend  the  imperial  doniaiii. 
He  pro]iosed  a  joint  camj)aign  against  Tlascala;  Neza- 
hualpilli consented,  saying  that  his  inaction  had  not 
been  the  result  of  cowardice,  but  he  had  ceased  to 
fight  simply  because  the  year  of  1  Acatl  was  near 
at  hand  when  the  empire  must  fall.  He  sent  an 
army  under  his  two  sons,  but  ^Fontezuma  had  secrt  tly 
notified  the  Tlascaltecs  that  the  Acolhua's  motive 
Avas  nt)t  the  ca])ture  of  victims,  but  the  comiuest  of 
the  republic,  ])romising  to  take  no  i)art  himself  in  tin; 
battle.  The  Tlascaltecs  were  very  angry  and  the 
Aztec  army  stood  calmly  by  and  saw  the  Acolhiia 
forces  led  into  ambush  and  massacred.     The  whole 

*('  Tonjiiriiinda,  torn,  i.,  jt.  '214;  Vcytia,  toin.  iii.,  jt.  301;  ]'itiii('ri-t, 
Tnitrn,  ])t  ii..  j).  4'2. 

<'  Jli'n/.  Xut.  Civ.,  ttiiii.  iii.,  lip.  44"2-7,  reference  to  Mint,  t/c  T"-jiiin- 
Adtlan. 


^lONTi:zrMA,   AZTEC  KMrKIIOU. 


471 


march  of  Nczaliuulpilli's  army  hud  l)Ocn  marked  by 
the  ooourronoo  of  many  omens  of  evil,  hnmediatoly 
on  liis  return  ^rontezuma  oj)enly  proelaimed  his  oppo- 
^itjiiii  to  his  colleai^ue  and  ordered  a  suspension  of  all 
Tc/cuean  tributes  from  the  cities  about  the  lake. 
While  there  are  reasons  to  dt)ubt  this  act  of  t)-eachery 
and  the  openness  of  liis  oi)i)osition  to  Xezaluialpilli, 
it  is  evident  that  the  two  kings  regarded  each  other 
iVom  this  time  as  enemies.** 

In  1512,  with  great  festivities  and  the  sacrifice  of 
twelve  thousand  ca})tives — taken  it  is  said  in  a  war 
UL,''ainst  the  revolting  Miztee  jirovince  of  Tlachcpii- 
auluo — was  dedicated  a  new  sacrificial  stone.  It  was 
dtilv  after  a  long  search  that  a  suitable  stone  was 
found  near  Coyuhuacan,  and  after  it  was  f(»rmed  and 
sculj>tured  with  the  fitting  devices,  notwithstanding 
the  honors  paid  it  on  the  way  tv)  the  capital,  it  broke 
through  one  of  the  causeways  and  carried  with  itself 
to  the  bottom  of  the  lake  the  high-priest  and  many  of 
his  attendants.  It  was  afterwards  recovered  and 
placed  in  its  api)ointed  place.  Tezozomoc  and  others 
tell  many  marvelous  tales  of  this  stone,  lu>w  it  siJoke 
freiiuentlv  on  the  way,  and  how  after  sinking  it  found 
its  way  back  to  its  original  location.  Tezozitinoc  also 
states  that  in  coimection  with  the  ceremonies  at  this 
time  Montezinna  publicly  proclaimed  himself  Zema- 
nahuaca  Tlatoani,  equivalent  to  '  emperor  of  the 
world. '*'•> 

During  the  next  few  years  ^NFontezuma  seems  to 
have  determined  by  brilliant  exphiits  in  batth;  to 
dety  the  jiredictions  of  his  magicians  and  to  shake  (iff 
hisowii  superstitious  fears.  In  I  512,  according  to'j'or- 
qui'Miada,  the  Xnchite))ecs  and  lc[)actej)ecs  were  sub- 
jnn'ated;  in  151.'],  the  Vopitzincas,  who  bail  attempted 
the  di'struction  of  the  ^lexicaii  i^arrison  at  I'lacote- 


i]]^ 


11 


M 


<•*  !.f'lilxi><'hUl  I)|>-  2S()-l. 

^'■>  TrzfCDiiinr,  ill  Kiiiijihiirnuijh,  vol.  \\.,  \\\t.  IfiS,  ISl-H;  Clii riijiro,  tnin. 
i.,  ]i.  '.".Kt;  Tor'/inimi/ii,  tmn.  i.,  pp.  "21  1-1.");  Ihinni,  M.S.,  tmii.  ii.,  cap. 
\\\\.\  Uni.isiKr.  llist.,  tniii.  iii.,  p]).  44.S-.">(»;  J/rrrmi.  (ice.  iii..  lit",  ii.,  <'a]>. 
viii. ;  Aioiilii,  Hist.  </(■  hm  Yiitt.,  p.  .511;   I'ctaucvrt,   Tculro,  pt  ii.,  pp.  42-3. 


'■If' 


Tin:  AZTF.r  ri:inon. 


pet",  WL'iv  de'rcated ;  in  1514,  tho  city  of  QiietzMl.i|Mii 
ill  C'liextlaii  was  taken  with  many  captives,  althuu::Ii 
at  the  cost  of  several  Aztec  leaders  of  lii«i;'li  laiil; ;  and 
in  1515  took  place  tlie  coiKjuest  of  Cihuapohualnyan 
and  (*iiexc()inaixtlaliuacan,  iiududing"  the  siei^e  ot"  tlic 
stroiiL;h(»Uls  of  Quetzaltepec,  Totolte})ec  and  Iztactla- 
locan,  narrated  at  considerahle  len«;th  hy  Diiran,  wlio 
rejtii'sents  this  war  as  liavinj''  heen  caused  liy  the 
ret'usal  of  tlie  inliahitants  to  fiirnisli  a  peculiar  kind 
of  sand  needed  hy  the  Mexican  lapidaries  in  pohsh- 
inuf  [>recious  stones.'*  Tonjiieinada  and  ()rtei,''a  relate 
that  an  exj>editi(»n  was  at  ahout  this  time  sent  south- 
ward to  Honduras,  Vera  Paz,  and  Nicarai^iia.  all  nt' 
wliich  were  suhjected  to  tlie  Mexican  ]>ower,  the  two 
former  without  nuicli  opposition,  the  latter  only  afti  r 
a  liard  hattle,  a  defeat,  and  suhse(iuent  treachei y  on 
the  part  of  the  Aztecs,"  Tliere  is  evt'i'v  reason  to 
helieve  that  this  report  is  unl'ounded,  and  that  the 
countries  south  of  the  isthmus,  save  perhajts  Soeo- 
niisi'o,  were  never  coiKpiered  l)y  the  Mexicans.  1 
need  not  enter  into  any  discussion  here  res]»ectiiiL;-  the 
limits  of  the  Aztec  ein[)ire;  since  the  annals  recorded 
in  the  precediiii^  piV^"*-'***  with  a  resume  of  the  suhjeet 
in  a  iu'ecedinn"  vohime,®*  are  sutWcieiit.  In  i^cneral 
terms  the  empire  extended  from  the  valley  of  Mexico 
Avestward  only  to  the  adjoininsjf  province  of  Matlalt- 
zinco,  }»riehoacan  havine>f   alwavs  retained   her   inde 


1 


)e 


nden 


ice;  noith-west^  an 


I  onh 


1 


V  a  lew  leaejues  i>evon( 


.1 


the  limits  of  the  valhi    :  in  tho  north-east,  east,  and 


^f'  It  is  inipossiMc  lipro  to  di  ifriiish  Wtwoon  rofcrf-ncos  to  'i"iitnt('|i('f 
ill  Oajiii'ii,  ami  'rolntt'ix'i',  or  Ti>  Ui'|H'<",  iiortli-i-ast  of  .Mexico.  'I'lic  imlix 
Till.  H'/ii.,  ill  Kiiii/s/iiirniiif/i.  vc  v. ,  n.  1.">-I,  iiiiMitioiis  in  I,")!'.' tlic  ciiiHiiiot 
of  l,>iiiiiii('iiiiiti'|)i'c  and  Nopala,  1  vams  Tototopff,  ami  also  iliat  tlic  >Imiii'h 
ill  tliat  vcar  tiiifw  out  sinoiio  \vl  i-ii  roiicluMl  tin'  slcios.  Tiii'  same  aiiliiur- 
ity  rcconls  tlio  (•(iiii|iifst  of  Tutu'  ;ii'c  on  tlu'  Pacific,  and  an  cartlniiiaKc  in 
l.")i;{:  tlic  ci)ii(|u»'st  of  ilayociiijfo  in  l.")14,  and  tiiat  of  it/laiiucllalmM  i" 
ir)l.">.  Sec  l.itlilx'ii-lull.  mi.  "JT.S  SO,  •2S.S-4.  Tiiis  writer  also  iiieiiti<iii»  tiic 
Mars  of  .Mictian/inco  ami  Xaltaianrjui/co  as  amonj;  tlie  last  \va;;cd  liy  liic 
Aztec  nioiiarclis.  llnrnn,  .MS.,  toin.  ii.,  cap.  Ivi.  <'/ifvi(irni,  toiii.  i.,  I'l'. 
293-1;  I'«■//^V^  toni.  iii.,  ]i[i.  ;j.")'.)-Gt);  Tont'Hiiiitdit,  torn.  i.,lil>.  -14-5;  V'taii- 
err/,  Tidfro,  jit  ii.,  p.  4'2. 

•■''  Tiiii/iiriii'i(/ti,  toiu.  i.,  pp.  218-19;    Vci/tia,  toni.  iii.,  pp.  3t)l-H. 

*»  Vol.  ii.,  pj).  93-5. 


LIMITS  OF  TIIK  AZTKC  KMI'IKK. 


473 


south-oast  it  einln-accd  tlio  v.liolo  country  to  the  iriilf 
(■(i.ist  iVoin  tlie  Ivio  JVuiiu'o  in  the  north  to  tlie  liio 
Al\.ira(lo  in  the  south,  exfe[»tini»"  the  small  territory  of 
'I'lisiala ;  in  the  south-west  and  south  it  reaclu'd  the 
Tacilio  coast,  ah)n_Lr  which  it  extencU'd  iVoin  /.  catollan 
til  Tiitiiti|)ec;  and  it  also  included  some  towns  and 
^farri>ons  in  Socotiusco,  and  on  the  frontiers  of  C'hia- 
]ias.  ( )r,  accordiiii^  to  modern  i)olitical  ^-I'oijfraphy, 
till'  tiuitii'o  end)raced  tlie  states  ot  .^lexii-o,  Puehhi, 
\'(  la  (.'ruz,  (luerrero,  and  western  ( )ajaca,  witli  small 
|Mirtinns  of  Tanuiulipas,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Queivtan*, 
and  (  Iiiapas.  The  whole  of  Oajaca,  inchidini,*-  Te- 
liiiaiitt|ii'c,  was  at  one  time  suhjectetl,  hut  the  Za|)o- 
tcrs  reu'ained  their  indej>endence,  as  we  havt>  sei-n, 
lut'oif  ^^ontezulna's  rei'>-n.  Beyond  tliese  limits 
(liiiihtless  many  raids  were  made,  and  towns,  with 
Miiall  sections  of  territory,  were  reduced  momentai'ily 
t<i  Mexican  pn)vinces:  hence  the  varviicjf  statements 
ut"  dill'erent  authors  on  this  suhject." 


Tlic  appearance  of  the  Spaniards  on  the  distant 
Ann  rican  coasts,  the  ])redictions  of  disaster  which  all 
tln'  xiothsayers  aLfreed  in  derivini^  from  constantly 
rrcuiiiii^'  omens,  the  api)roaching  suhjui^'ation  of  his 
lu'oplc  to  a  race  of  foreii,Miers  in  wliich  Nezahual[)illi 
tinnly  helieved,  and  ahoye  all  the  hauiihty  and 
treacherous  manner  Jind  deeds  of  ^ronteziima,  who 
iKiw  made  no  secret  of  his  intention  to  make  himself 
sujueine  monarch  of  the  em{>ire,  had  a  most  depres- 
sing- effect   oil   the   Tezcucan  kiui;'.      lie  retired  with 

"  Ixtlilxocliitl,  p.  'JSO,  <;ivos  tlio  soutlicni  liouiKlaiio-:  :\s  lliiiimiliin, 
Ai'.iImii,  \'t'i-a  I'a/,  iintl  Nicaraj^ua;  tin-  iiKrllicrn  as  tlie  (iiilf  ol  ( 'alifoniia 
ami  l'a;iiiro;  niakt's  1  lie  I'lniiiri' cover  all  the  ancient  Tollee  teriitni-y,  anil 
iiininciily  incluiles  liesidew  tiie  ncirtli-western  state.-*,  tlinse  of  'I'aliaseo 
iiinl  (uiateinala.  Herreia,  ilec.  ii.,  ill).  \ii..  caji.  xiii;  liti.  i\.,  ca|i.  i. ;  a;.'rees 
\Mlli  the  limits  I  have  ^'iven,  anil  shows  that  (iuazaciiali-n  ami  Taliascit 
iirvcr  iiclon^ieii  to  the  einjiiiT.  Aztecs  never  sulxlneil  the  rej^ion  almut 
/aiati'iiis  Arliijiii,  C/iniii.  Xiirntirii.f,  ]t.  *.\.  ( 'lavi^'eni,  tuni.  i\..  ]i|i.  •J(i7-!l, 
ti'lU  lis  that  the  empire  stretciieil  nn  the  I'acitic  fnnn  SitciMinscu  to  Colinia; 
llial  'liiapas  was  only  hehl  Ity  a  few  jjarrisons  on  the  frontier;  that  the 
iHMviiire  ot  Tollaii  was  the  north-western  limit;  Tnsaintn  the  north-eastern, 
I'aiMicd  anil  the  Huastuus  never  having  heen  subiliieil;  Uoa/iieoalco  was  tiio 
MtiUli-ea.steni  bound. 


r^: 


(if 


:! 


474 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


his  favorite  wife  and  a  few  attendants  to  the  paJiicu 
of  Tezcocingo,  announcing  his  intention  of  spend iiiLj- 
his  remaining  days  in  retirement,  l)nt  six  nioiitlis 
hiter  he  returned  to  Tezcuco,  retired  to  his  must 
})rivate  a})artments,  and  refused  to  see  visitors. 
Some  time  afterwards,  when  his  family  insisted  on 
being  admitted  to  liis  presence,  his  death  was  an- 
nounced to  tliem,  liaving  been  concealed  for  some 
time  by  the  attendants  ai'ting  under  his  orders.  'Hu; 
})eeuliar  circumstances  of  his  decease  caused  tlu;  in- 
vention of  the  po[)ular  tale,  according  to  wliicli  lie 
had  not  died  but  had  gone  to  the  ancient  Ama(|Ue- 
mecan,  the  home  of  his  Chichimec  ancestors.  His 
death  occurred  in  IT)  15.°* 

For  some  unknown  reason  Nezahualpilli  liad  not 
named  his  successor  on  the  throne,  and  the  <'lioi(t; 
thus  devolved  u})on  the  royal  "uncil  in  conjunction 
with  the  kings  of  ^Fe.vico  and  Tlacopan.  So  I'ar  as 
can  be  determined  from  conHicting  acc(junts  the  sons 
of  th(i  deceased  monarch  and  heirs  to  the  throne  weic 
as  follows  in  the  order  of  their  age: — Tetlahuehuet(iui- 
zitzin,  Cacama,  (Johuanacoch,  anil  Ixtlilxochitl.  The 
eldest  son  was  deemed  incompetent  to  rule  the  king- 
dom, Cacama  was  chosen  by  the  council,  and  the 
choice  warmly  ajiproved  by  ]\rontezuma,  who  was 
Cacama's  uncle.  When  the  decision  was  aniiouiuid 
to  the  other  brothers,  Cohuanacoch  approved  it,  Imt 
Ixtlil.Kochitl  protested  against  the  choice  of  Cacama, 
insisting  that  his  oldest  brother  should  be  proclaimed 
kiuijf.  Something  has  already  been  said  about  this 
prince's  liery  ti'Uiper  in  early  years,"''  and  age  seems 
to  have  had  no  effect  in  calming  his  violent  chaiactcr. 
But  on  this  occasion  he  seems  to  have  been  actnatid 
not  only  bv  his  own  and)ition  to  reiijfn  t)r  to  coniiol 

^' Oil  Nc'zaliualiiilli's  ili'iitli  Mcc:  -  7o/'7*o7/((»fAA,  (oni.  i.,  pp.  'Jill  IT;  /('• 
(lifxiic/ii/i,  |)p.  '-'SI',  USS, -IIO;  ISni.'tMiir,  Hint.,  toiii.  iii.,  ]ip  l.VJ-,");  Jhii-'iii, 
MS.,  tmii.  ii.,  Clip,  l.viv.;  I'ri/fiii,  loiii.  iii.,  pp.  ,'t(l,'{-4;  ('/an'ijirn,  tmii.  i  .j'!'. 
'JIM-.');  Ti::i)-iiiniii\  in  l\iiii/.sliitn)iii//i,  viil.  i,\.,  jip.  17'S-lt.  Si'vcnii  iiullnns 
inaki-  till'  iliitf  l.'ilO;  Diiriiii  wiyH  ten  years  before  the  ooniiiig  of  the  Span- 
iiinl.H,  or  ..I  1  ")()•.), 

"  8ee  p.  431  of  this  volume. 


REVOLT  OF  IXTLILXOCHITL. 


m 


tlic  iviu'iiinu'  monarch,  but  l)v  patriotic  motives  ami  a 
(lesire  tor  his  C(nintry's  freedom.  He  deiiouiu-eil, 
pioIiiiMy  not  n'ithout  reason,  the  council  as  acting- 
wlidlly  in  the  interests  of  tlie  treaclierous  ^lontozuma, 
^vll(l  had  insulted  his  father,  and  aspired  to  the  impe- 
lial  power;  and  he  re^-arded  Cacama  as  a  mere  man 
of  wax  to  he  molded  at  will  hy  the  crafty  monarch  of 
till'  ^[exi(•ans.  The  details  of  the  (piarrel  are  L;iven 
at  cousiderahle  lenu^th  hv  the  authorities,  hut  are 
jiaitlly  worth  rej)rorlucin,Lif  here;  the  trouhle  seems  to 
liavt!  lasted,  if  the  chronoloiifv  of  the  records  mav  he 
civdited,  two  years,  nuich  of  which  time  was  passed 
hy  ( 'ai.-ama  at  Mexico  with  his  uncle.  At  last,  how- 
t'Vi'i',  Hndino'  his  efiorts  unavailinn^',  Ixtlil.vocliitl  left 
Tcz(  uco  with  his  ])artisans  and  went  to  the  i)rovince 
of  Mcztitlaii  with  the  intention  of  excitin^r  a  revolt  in 
jiis  nwn  hehalf,  wliile  Cacama  in  lol"  i)rocccded  to 
Ills  capital  to  receive  the  ci't)wn  of  his  father.''"'' 

Ixtlilxochitl  was  in  a  hii;'h  den'ree  successful  in  the 
iiDitliern  jtrovinces,  whose  inu.d)itants  were  almost 
uiiaiiiinous  in  their  appi'oval  of  his  opposition  to 
Mmitezuma,  and  yladlv  raii«>'ed  themselves  under  his 
liaiiiiers.  ^Earchinij;'  southwai'd  from  Meztitlan  at  the 
luad  of  a  hundred  thousaiul  men,  he  was  received  as 


'■'  l\ilil\i)cliitl,  ])p.  'iS'2  H.  410,  ami  'I'oninciiiiKla,  foiii.  i.,  p.  '1'1\,  arc  llio 
rliirl'  aiillmi'ilii's  mi  tiic  s'-ci  cssidii  'il'  <'a:'ama.  'I'lic  funiu'r  icccirds  ji  rc- 
pill,  wiiiili  lit  ilciiili(s,  thai  Nt'/aliilaiiiilli  liclnic  liis  ilcalli  iiiilicalcd  as  liis 
MiiioMir  a  yoiiiiui'r  sun,  Vniimt/iu.  Ili"  iiiiplics  tli.Mt  Cacaiiia  was  an  illc- 
u'itiiiiati'  siiii  ami  liail  mi  i  iaini  tn  liic  tliiD.'c.  itiil  was  fnrcnl  mi  I  lie  An  ill  nm 
Miilili  ■.  a.uaiiist  tlii'ir  will  liy  Mniitc/iinia.  'I'm(|ii('iiiacla,  mi  the  ciilicr  liaml, 
ln;iki'>  ( 'arania  tile  iildfst  scin  anil  li';.;il  iliiati'  lii'ir,  nut  iiiciitiuiiiiiu'  llir  cn- 
i>iriii'i'  iif  'i'i'tlaliiu'liii<>ii|ui/it/iii.  ami  tint's  mit  iiii|ily  that  Muiitt'/iinia 
liail  any  iinilut'  iiillin'.".ct'  .m  tlif  I'lidifc  tif  a  new  Uiii;,'.  Miir.in,  MS  ,  tmii. 
ii.,  i':i]i.  Kiv.,  anil  'ri'Z'izmimf,  in  Kiiiifs/xirmii//),  Mil.  i\.,  p.  IT'.',  t,'i\i' an 
I'litiivly  iliUVrt'iit  \i'i-siiin  tif  tilt'  iiiatttT.  Tlify  sa.\  that  thi'  Aftiliiua  itinis 
"111'  snniiiiiint'il  to  Mt'\ifti  ami  in\itt'il  hy  Mmiif/nniii  tu  st'li'ft  tht'ir  new 
kin.:  When  tiit'V  tiilil  liini  llit'if  wt'if  li\i'  i'iini|n'tt'nt  smis  mily  fwti  nf 
vlii-i'  iianit's,  ('iilinainii'tifh  ami  l\t  lilMiihill,  aif  iilfiitiral  with  tliust' 
lia;. It'll  hy  iillitT  lUllliiiiitit's  In-  iiilvisi'tl  tht'  t'U'i'timi  nt'  (^>Uftzalai'\iiyal  1, 
villi  was  liicrt'l'tirt'  t'lffti'il  ami  iirnvcil  a  faithful  siihjcrl  nf  thf  Mi'sifaii 
Kin_'.  ||(>  miiy  lived  ti  fi'w  davs.  huwcvcr,  ami  was  siuct't'th'tl  hy  his 
ln'ihiT  'rialmiliiltzin,  aatl  lie,  after  ii  few  vears,  hy  ('(ilinanat'tit'h,  linrin;^ 
wliii-f  rei;,'n  the  S]iaaiartls  arri\eil.  See  aisu,  Itriiwiiir,  ///.v/.,  tmii.  iv., 
l',i.  Il-.'l;  I'lii'hi,  tmii.  iii..  jip.  .'l!'"-;);  c/iirniri),  fmn.  i.,  ii|i.  "JUT-'.'!  I't- 
Uiif-rrl,  'l.atru,  pt  ii.,  p[i,   ri-l;   lirirni,  tlee,  iii.,  lih.  !.,  eap.  i. 


i 


i 


1  r 


476 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


' 


kiii;^^  ill  Tcpojiulco  and  other  towns  until  he  readied 
( )t(>iii[)an,  wliei'e  he  met  considerahle  resistance,  hut 
at  last  entered  the  city  and  made  it  thereafter  his 
capital.  He  also  took  possession  of  all  the  northern 
towns,  such  as  Acohnan,  Chiuhnaulitlan,  Zumpan^o, 
and  Huehnetoca.  The  news  of  liis  })rocee(hnL;s  in 
tlie  nortli  reached  Tezcuco  just  al'ter  the  coroiiatinu 
ceremonies  of  Cacama,  oi',  as  s(^)me  say,  durinn"  thdr 
Continuance,  ^[ontezuma  seems  to  have  made  diio 
ert'ort  to  quell  tliis  northern  revolt  and  to  have  sent 
one  of  Ids  bravest  <ifenerals  aijfainst  Ixtlilxochitl,  hut 
tliis  i>'eneral,  Xtjchitl,  was  defeated,  captured,  and 
])urned  alive  hy  the  fiery  Chichimoc  ])rince:  no 
farther  attack  was  m.ado  by  the  Alexican  kini^-.  Dui- 
inL!C  f'^'  *'<>nrse  of  this  year,  15  17,  the  I'otonacs  seciitly 
Ufave  in  their  allegiance  to  Ixtlilxochitl,  and  of  ('(miisc 
Tlascala,  the  inveterate  foe  of  Mexico,  sui)])orte(l  his 
cause.  ^Montezuma's  failure  to  renew  his  efll»its 
ai>'ainst  the  rebel,  and  the  increasini^  spirit  of  nxnlt 
amoiiiL!;'  the  Aztec  jirovinces  are  in  <^i'eat  measure  ac- 
counted ibr,  wlu'U  it  is  reinembt'i'ed  that  at  this  time 
the  Spaniards,  under  JleriKUidez  de  Cordova,  a'jain 
appeared  on  the  coast  of  Yucatan  and  Tabasco,'''  and 
the  exaL>'i4-('rated  rej)orts  of  their  ap[)earancc  and 
deeds  served  to  cause  a  renewal  of  the  old  terroi'  in 
^Fexico,  and  a  correspondiiiL;'  ho[)e,  not  alton'ctlur  un- 
nunu'led  with  fear,  in  the  oppressed  pro\inci's.  (  a- 
cania,  either  iidluenced  by  the  same  fears,  or  more 
])robably  encouraLjfed  to  yield  to  Irs  own  kindly  Iri  I- 
iiiU's  towards  his  brother  by  Montezuma's  i'ailui'r  to 
proceed  against  ixtlilxochitl,  sent  an  embassy  to  liis 
brother,  who,  iVom  his  new  headipiarters  at  ()toinpaii. 
had  shown  no  intention  of  mandiini;"  against  Te/iui'd, 
jtroposiny'  an  amicabli!  settlemi^nt  of  their  dilHcultirs, 
Ixtlilxochitl  rej)lied  that  ho  had  none  but  tlu'  kindest 

"Oil  111!'  viivMLrt'  of  ('('inli)va,  si'c;  Turiiininiiihi,  torn,  i.,  |i|i.  .■tr,i-"il; 
('iiijdiliiilii.  Hist.  \'in\,  ]i|i.  ;{-S;  /'(■/(■;•  Miu-liii\  (Icr,  iv.,  lili.  i-ii.;  Ilirnin,^ 
(lee.  ii.,  lili.  ii.,  cnp.  x\ii  ;  llirniil  Piit:.  Uist.  ('nut/.,  fiil.  1-.");  S/r/ili'ii.s' 
)'iirtl/(iil ,  \o\.  i.,  |i|).  I'.t-.'i'J;  I'ir.srot/'s  Mr.r.,  Mil.  i..  li|(.  'i'JJ-l;  llniinii'ii, 
llisl.  I  ml.,  fol.  (iO-l. 


FINAL  WARS  UF  MONTFZr.MA. 


477 


fi't'lIii'JI's  towards  Ills  hrotlier  and  tlie  kinL;<l(Hii  of 
Aiolliuacan,  but  renewed  liis  denuneiations  ot"  ^[(»nte- 
ziuiia,  and  liis  warnings  .ay-ainst  that  nit»narcir«  ani- 


l)iti 


d 


Ktus    aesiLTns. 


A  d 


ivision    () 


f    tl 


le 


:iniraoni    was 


tiiially  decided  upon,  Ixtlilxodiitl  retainiuLC  tlio  sov- 
ereign power  in  tlie  northern  ])ruvinoes,  Cacanui 
retaiiiinn'  his  throne  at  Tezeuco  and  liis  place  in  the 
jV/.tec  alliance,  and  Cohuanacoch  receiviii"^'-  a  lai'n'o 
amount  of  reveiuie  for  his  constant  supj»»»rt  of  the 
kiiiijf.  Ixtlilxochitl  faithfully  ohserved  the  terms  of 
the  treaty,  hut  retained  all  his  enmity  a'^Minst  the 
^[exii'ans;  he  had  an  opportunity  to  strike  a  deci- 
sive hlow  ao-ainst  the  hated  power  a  little  later  as 
an  ally  of  the  Spaniards. 


Yt't  wars  were  still  wa!>"ed  hv  the  allied  1 


icmu's  as 


hi'foie,  for  the  only  hope  of  ".verting'  imjiendiui,^  dis- 
aster was  hy  drenchiui;'  with  human  hlo(»d  the  altars 
(if   the    o'ods.      Several    campai^ii.- 
'     (led 


are    rccon 


led 


as 


i\  inn'  yielded  ca})tives  \n  consKleraltic'  mimlters 


>1. 


hut 


AV 


u>  details  are  n'iven.      liattles  a^'ainst   the  Tlascaltecs 
eie  continued  down  to  the  very  last:  the  ^Fexicans 


fi<;litiiig-  o-enerally  as  allies  (jf  the  Huexotzincas.  In 
(iiie  of  these  battles  the  }{uexot/,inca  chief  Tlachpaii- 
([iiizi|ui  by  a  valiant  feat  of  arms  obtained  pardon 
tor  serious  crimes  which  he  had  committed,  and  i,n'eat 
rewards  besides.  He  captured  the  famous  Tlascal- 
tcc  warrior  Tlalhuicol  and  brounht  him  to  Mexico, 
liiit  tilt;  hoiKn'  of  his  captuie  was  all  that  ^Fontezuma 
(K'siivd;  Ibr  ho  immediately  olferi'd  Tlalhuicol  his 
freedom,  which  was  refused.  The  'JMasealtec  was 
tliei;  |)ut  in  connnand  of  a  Mexican  army  and  sent 
against  the  1'arascos,  whom  hr  defeated,  taking-  tlk^ir 
sti'ouniiold  of  Tann'imaron,  oi'  'i'laximaloyan,  and  sub- 
iliiiii^'  many  towns  on  his  way.  He  returned  ladt'ii 
with  spoils  to   Mexico,   was  entreated   to  accejit  the 


I"''' 


luauen 


t    1 


)OSl 


tion    of   ( "onunander-in-chief   o['    tlu 


"  Oil  TNtlilxoi'Iiid's  rt'viilt  mill  tin'  treaty  with  ('ai'ania.   mm--.      Vri/I 


in. 


tnin.  iii. 

!'!'■   - 
1>I  ii. 


|i|i,  ;iil!t-7'>;  I'/iirii/irii,  tnin.  i.,  pp.  •J'.i'.i -.'td-;   I  ■riiiiui'dln,  Uww.  i 
'\    llrnssiiir,    lli\/.,   turn,    iv.,   pp.    \l\-',i,  3iJ-7j    Wtuiii'crl,   TchIh 
II;  IxlliLiixltill,  pp.  L'Mtl. 


478 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


Aztec  armies,  or  at  least  to  accept  his  release  and 
return  to  his  country;  but  the  brave  Tlalhuiml 
deemed  it  a  dishonor  to  return  or  even  to  live;  atUr 
his  capture,  and  earnestly  entreated  the  privile^v  ol" 
dyin<^  like  other  prisoners  of  rank  on  the  tjladiatdiial 
stone.  His  request  was  sorrowfully  j:franted,  ei'^lit  (if 
Aniihuac's  best  warriors  fell  before  him  in  the  con- 
Hict,  but  by  the  ninth  he  was  subdued,  and  his  heart 
was  offered  as  a  pleasinjif  sacriHco  to  the  ^•od  of  w; 


ai 


.  :>'i 


Jn  the  same  year,  1517,  it  is  related  that  Monti - 
zuma  in  his  zeal  to  appease  the  irate  deities,  onlcicd 
the  grand  temple  of  Huitzilopochtli  to  be  covcikI 
from  top  to  bottom  with  gold,  precious  stones,  and 
rare  feathers.  His  ^linister  of  Finance,  ordered  to 
sup])ly  the  cost  of  this  extravaoant  act  of  piety  hy 
iiniJosiiiiic  a  new  tax  on  the  })eople,  objected  and 
warned  the  tyrant  that  his  subjects  would  endure  no 
increase  of  taxation.  His  objections  were  removed 
by  puttiuijf  him  to  death,  but  we  hear  nothini»'  farther 
of  the  o-olden  coverinjif.''"  The  followiuLif  year,  or 
1418,  took  ])lace  at  ^[exico  the  last  of  the  lowj; 
series  of  sacriticial  inunolations  on  a  larofe  scale,  at 
the  dedication  of  the  temple  of  Coatlan,  on  wliidi 
occasion  were  sacrificed  the  captives  that  the  last 
campaio-ns  had  yielded."^  15ut  almost  before  the 
o-roans  of  the  dvino-  victims  had  died  awav  ther 
came  to  the  ears  of  the  Aztec  soverei_L!;'n  the  startlin.;' 
tidings  that  the  eastern  strangei's  had  again  inadf 
tJK'ir  appearance,  this  time  on  the  Totonac  coasts  of 
his  own  empire.  Juan  de  (Jrijalva  and  his  co\\\- 
j)anit»ns  had  followed  the  gulf  coast  noi'thward,  and 
ri>ached  the  spot  where  now  stands  the  city  of  \'i  la 
Cruz.«» 

■'''  ('oDinriyo,  in  ymirrnrs  Aiiiinfi's,  turn,  xcviii.,  ])]>,  lSO-01;  Tf.ir.nun"', 
ill  Kiiii/.iliiirii,ii//i,  vol.  ix.,  ii|i.  17J-.");  Tiiniiiiimn/ii,  toiii.  i.,  pp.  I'.'T.  -iH. 
'2-N;  llnitmiir.  Hist.,  tuiii.  iv.,  pp.  •_';{  7;  ('lnriijrri),  ttiiii.  i.,  ]ip.  'J'^tl  J; 
I'll/till,  tt)iii.   iii.,   pp.   ;$'.',■>,   ;{l'S-:U,  ;{7")-(i;    I'l/aiirrrl,    Tiiilro,  pt  ii.,   If. 

4V-(;. 

'"''  Cix/rr  C/iiniiif/i.,  ill  lints.irm;  Hitf.,  toin,  iii.,  pp.  .14  (i. 
'''  Tiirt/iiriiiiii/d,  ttmi.  i.,  ji.  '2'2H;    I'ri/fid,   tolll.  iii.,  pp.  .*17(>-7;    Vi/nnrrii, 
Tiiilvti,  pt  ii.,  p.  41). 

'"' Oil  (iiijulvii's  viiya^'o,  f<\m:  -  I>iuz,  Illinrnriu,  in  Ivazbuhrtu,  Cul.  de 


ARRIVAL  OF  JUAN  1)E  (iUUAIA  A. 


479 


All  Aztec  officials  iii  the  coast  jirovitu-os  had  strict 
onKrs  to  keep  a  constant  look-out  for  the  eastern 
strangers,  and  in  case  of  their  arrival  t(j  treat  them 
kindly,  but  by  pretence  of  traffic  and  by  every  j>os- 
.sililc  means  to  ascertain  who  they  were,  whence  they 
caiiu'.  and  the  nature  of  their  desiijfns.  In  accordance 
with  these  orders  Pinotl  the  Aztec  j^fovernor  of  ("lU't- 
lachthin  and  his  Mexican  subt)rdinates  were  foremost 
aiiiDiii;-  the  visitors  to  the  wonderful  shi[>s  of  (Jrijalva; 
paiiitiiiys  were  quickly  but  carefully  ])repared  of  the 


^tl•alln'e 


rs,  their   ships,    their   weai)ons,    and   of  ever 


V 


>tiaiiue  tliini;"  observed,  and  with  the  startlinn"  news 
ami  the  pictured  records  the  royal  t»fficials  hastened 
(o  Mexico  and  conununicated  their  inlbrmation  to 
Montezuma.  The  kiny-,  concealiuL;-  as  well  as  possible 
]ii>  aiixietv   and  forbiddim;'  the   messcnu^ei's  to  make 


the    news    pu 


blic,   innnediatelv    as.send)led    his    roval 


(•(illt'aLi'ues 


and   his   coimcil   of  state,    laid  the  matter 


hetore    them    and  asked   their   advic 


IK. 

was   u 


Tl 


le    (tpniiou 


nanimous   that  the  stranefers  wei'e  the  ehildre 


n 


(^•iietzalcoatl,  returning;'  in  I'ldtillnient  of  the  ancit-nt 


]ir(i|ihecies,  ai 


id  that  thev  should   be   kilidlv   leceived, 


as  the  oidy  means  of  conciliatine-  the  yood  will  of  the 
iniinei'ous  tbllowers  of  the  ancient  jirojihet.  An  em- 
liassy  was  sent  with  rich  ])resents  to  the  coast,  but 
they  were  too  late;  the  Spaniards  had  departed,  with 


a  pri 


•inise.  however,  of  returniuL''  at  an  t'arlv  datt 


The  events  that  followi'd  down  to  the  I'ullilliiieut  of 
tliat  promise  by  the  arrival  of  ileriian  ('ortes  in  IJII) 
lire  net  very  (K'linitely  reeordi'il,  hut  these  moiilhs 
I'lijiiuil  a  jtei'iod  of  the  i>'reatest  anxiety  on  the  jiart  of 
the  A/tee  riders  and  of  mingled  dread  and  Impe  for 

I  nterest  in  the  nne  alisorb- 


iieir  numerous  enennes. 


1:1. 


tepu'  caused  all  elsi^  to  he  lorn'otteii  ;  tliii'e  was 
limULiht  of  coiKpU'st,  of  revolt,  of  tributes;  even 
'  liloody  rites  ot  Jluitzilopochtli  were  nuich  neu'lect- 

/'■'•.,    torn,   i.,    pp.   2Sl-3()7;    IhriHt!   Dm:,    Hist.    Cuik/.,   U>\.  (Ml;     l'i/,r 


lie 
th, 


M 


ir'i/i\    lici'.   iv.,    lilt,    iii-iv,;    Sunirtrtr,    Co/,    ih'   \'iiii/i.t,    tnin.    iii.,    pp 


"i.'i-l'il;  diinnini,   Ciiin/.    -Ifcc,   fnl.  SI  I,  nCiH;   lirrit'ii,    ili 


I  II 


1 


ll!i.    III.,  Clip. 


'■7" 


iiiiiiiiiUi,  ttiiii.  i.,  pp.  ;{.")1S;  J'lr.irotrn  Mix.,  \(il.  i.,  pp.  •-'■Jl-8. 


r 


480 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


vd  and  the  star  of  tlie  peaceful  Quetzalcoatl  aiitl  liis 
sect  was  ill  the  ascendant,  l^rophets  and  old  nun 
throULjhont  the  country  Mere  closely  (juestioiiiil  w- 
sitectintjf  their  knowledue  of  the  old  tratlitioiis;  nKl 
])aintiiii>s  and  records  were  taken  from  every  archive 
vnd  carefully  coin])ared  with  those  relating;  to  the 
new-comers;  the  loss  of  the  precious  documents 
burned  1)V  Itzcoatlwas  now  seriously  felt;  the  l;1;i>s 
heads  and  other  trinkets  obtained  from  the  Spaniards, 
and  even  carefully  treasured  fraui'ments  of  ship  biscuit, 
were  formally  deposited  with  all  the  old  Toltcc  {'rn- 
monies  in  the  temj)le  of  Quetzalcoatl.  !Many  tictitimis 
paintin<>s  were  palmed  off  on  the  credulous  Monte- 
zuma as  ancient  records  in  which  the  children  n\' 
Quetzalcoatl  were  pictured  in  an  amusini,''  varic'^v  df 
absurd  forms,  but  some  of  the  documents  a^-rced  very 
closely  with  the  late  paintings  of  ^rontezuma's  audits, 
showiiiu'  that  others  had  bethought  them  to  lejireseiit 
on  paper  (Jrijalva's  company  or  some  preceding  band 
of  Spaniards.*^* 


At  last  the  presence  of  ( V)rtes  on  the  sniitheiMi 
coasts,  and  his  })rogress  towards  the  Azt^c  posses- 
sions, was  annomiced,  and  an  end)assy  was  dispatelud 
to  await  his  arrival,  and  to  receive  him  with  e\eiy 
attention  and  with  the  richest  gifts  the  empire  could 
allbrd.  Sid)se(juent  events  belong  to  the  histoiy  nt' 
the  Concpiest,  and  must  be  narrated  in  another  woik ; 
the  ivmaining  chai)ters  of  this  volume  being  rci|uii('d 
I'or  such  iVagmi'uts  ns  have  l)eeu  j)reserved  rc'speiting 
the  aboriginal  history  of  other  nations  and  trihes  out- 
side   the  central    })lateaux  of   ^[exico. 

I  close  the  chapter  and  the  annals  of  the  Aztec  |>e- 
riod,  with  a  bi'ief  glance  at  the  general  i-oudition  ef 
aflairs  in  and  about  iVnahuac  in  1519,  and  the  inn>r 
extraordiuaiy  combination  of  circumstances  that  in;iilc 

W  Tor'/i(ciiin(h,  toiii.  i..  pp.  HTS  SO;  Arosf<f,  Tlisf.  dr  lii.i  Viuf.,  p)i.  .'l.'i Hi; 
Vr}//i<i,  titin.  iii.,  pp.  ;t77->S;  /hirmi,  .MS,,  toiii.  ii.,  cap.  Ixix  l.w.;  I'l :'■:>•• 
iiior,  ill  Kiihjyhorouijfi,  vdI.  i.\.,  p|).  1S'.M)1;  llirrcni,  di'c.  ii.,  lili.  iii., 
cap.   i.\. 


11 


AN'AHUAC  IN  1519. 


481 


it  possible  for  Hernan  Cortus  to  overthrow  with  a 
liaiKllul  of  Spanish  soldiers  a  mighty  ahorigiiuil  em- 
pire. The  power  known  as  Aztee,  since  the  formation 
of  the  tri-partite  alliance  not  quite  a  century  hefore 
uiulor  the  Acolhua,  ^lexican,  and  Tepanec  kings,  had 
gradually  extended  its  iron  grasj)  from  its  centre  ahoiit 
the  lakes  to  the  shores  of  either  ocean;  and  this  it 
had  accomplished  wholly  by  the  force  of  arms,  re- 
ceiving no  voluntary  allegiance.  Overhurdcncd  hy 
taxation;  oppressed  and  insulted  by  royal  governors, 
Aztec  tribute-gatherers,  and  the  traveling  armies  (  f 
Tlatelulca  merchants;  constantly  attacked!  on  frivo- 
lous jiretexts  by  blood-thirsty  hordes  who  ravaged 
their  tields  and  carried  away  the  Hower  of  their 
population  to  perish  on  the  ^NFexican  altars;  the  in- 
huliitauts  of  each  province  subjected  to  this  degrad- 
iiiuf  bondaLTC  entertained  towards  the  centnvl  jiovern- 
iiiont  of  the  tyrants  on  the  lakes  feelings  of  the 
bitterest  hatred  and  hostility,  onlv  awaitino-  an  op- 
jnutunity  to  free  themselves,  or  at  least  to  annihilaa) 
their  oppressors.  Such  was  the  condition  of  aH'airs 
aiul  the  state  of  feeling  abroad;  at  home  the  situ- 
ation was  most  critical.  The  alliance  which  had  been 
the  strongest  clement  of  the  Aztec  ]H)wer  was  now 
jiiaetically  broken  up;  the  ambitious  si'hemes  of  Mon- 
teziuna  had  alienated  his  firmest  allv,  and  the  strouijei" 
part  of  the  Acolhua  force  was  now  openly  arrayed 
ai^ainst  him  under  Ixtlilxochitl  at  Otonijian,  leagued 
with  the  Tlascaltec  leaders  for  the  overthrow  of  the 
Mexican  power.  It  is  probable  that  the  conning  (»f 
the  Spaniards  retarded  rather  than  ])i'ecipitate(l  the 
united  attack  of  the  Acolhuas  and  tin.'  outside  jnov- 
iiiei  >  (111  ^^ontezuma.  But  again,  to  met't  thi'  gath- 
ering- storm,  the  Mi'xican  king  could  no  longer  count 
en  the  undivided  sujijiort  of  his  own  peoph';  In.'  had 
ahrhated  the  merchants,  who  no  longer,  as  in  tlie 
inly  days,  did  i'aithful  duty  as  spii's,  nor  toiled  to 
eiiiiih  a  government  from  which  tln-y  coidd  expect 
iio  ii  wards;  the  lower  classes  no  longer  deemed  thiir 

Vol..  V.    31 


:  MM3 


482 


THE  AZTEC  PERIOD. 


hi' 


i  1  ;. 

m 


Sfl: 


Mi, 


own  iiiturests  Identicjil  with  those  of  tlieir  sov  'I'ci^-ii. 
Jjjist  hut  fjir  I'roiii  least  ainoii^"  the  elements  of  ap- 
jn'oadiing  ruiti  was  the  relijjfious  sentiment  of  the 
country.  The  reader  has  followed  the  hitter  con- 
tentions of  earlier  times  in  Tollau  and  Culluiacan, 
hetween  the  rival  sects  of  Quetzalcoatl  and  Tezcatli- 
poca.  With  the  •'[•rowth  of  the  ^lexican  intluencc 
the  hloody  rites  of  the  latter  sect  Iwul  prevailed  uiidur 
the  auspices  of  the  <^od  Huitzilcpoclitli,  and  the 
worship  of  the  j;"entler  Quetzalcoatl,  though  still  oh- 
served  i'l  .nany  ])rovinces  and  many  temples,  had 
with  its  priests  heen  forced  to  occupy  a  secdiuliiiy 
j)osition.  But  the  people  were  filled  with  tenor  at 
the  horrihle  extent  t«>  which  the  latt«;r  kin^s  jiad  car- 
ried the  inunolation  of  human  victims;  they  wcie 
sick  of  hlood,  and  of  the  divinities  that  thirsted  I'nr 
it;  a  re-action  was  experienced  in  favor  of  the  lival 
deities  and  })riesthood.  And  now,  just  as  the  (»[•- 
pressed  suhjects  of  ecclesiastical  tyranny  Avei'c  Kaiii- 
iiiL";'  to  I'ememher  with  rciji-ret  the  ])eaceful  teachings 
of  the  Plumed  Serpent,  and  to  look  to  that  t^od  I'nr 
ri'lii'f  from  their  woes,  their  prayers  were  answcicd, 
Quetzalcoatl's  })redictions  Avere  api>arently  fullilKd, 
and  his  promised  children  made  their  aj)pearaiice  on 
the  eastern  ocean.  The  arrival  of  Cortes  at  this  jiar- 
ticular  juncture  was  in  one  sense  most  marvelous; 
hut  in  his  sid>se(pient  success  there  is  little  to  he 
wondered  at;  nor  is  it  straui^e  that  the  oppiessrd 
Naliuas  received  almost  with  outsti'etched  arms  tlio 
ministers  of  the  new  faith  thus  offered  them  hv  the 

v' 

Spaniards. 


CHAPTER  X. 


HISTORY     OF     THE     EASTERN      PLATEAU,     MICIIOACAN,     AND 

OAJACA. 

Eai'.i.v  IIistouy  of  the  Eastkun  Plateau— The  CiiirniMKC'-ToLTF.rs 
— Akrivai,  of  the  Te()-("iiic»imecs  in  Anahuac— They  ('oNin'EU 
AM)  Settle  the  Kasteun  Plateat— Civil  Wars— Mis(  i;lla- 
NKofs  Events— Waks  uetween  Tlascala  and  the  Nations  op 
AxAiiCAc— Early  History  of  Mhhoacan— Wars  uetween  \Va- 
NACAt'Es  AND  Tarascos  — KorNi>ixrt  of  Tzintzintzas  — Meta- 

SKiRl'lIOSIS    OF    THE    TaRAS(i)    PrINI'ES  —  ENfROACH.MENTS    OF    THE 

Wanacaces— The  Kin(j  ok  the  Isles  — Mi  rder  of  Pawacime 

AM)  WaI'EANI  — PiEKiNS  OF  ClRATAME,  TaRIACIRI,  TaNOAXOAN 
I.,  ZlZIZ  PaNDAITARE,  ZWANliA,  AND  Tanijaxoan  1I.--0R1(;I\ 
OK  THE  MlZTKfS  AND  ZAI'OTEI'S — WlXirECOt'HA— KULERS  OF  OA- 
JACA -TlIE  Hlaves  and  Mijes— Later  Kinus  and  History 
OF  Uajaca— Wars  with  Mexico. 

Altliougli  all  tliat  is  known  of  the  history  of  the 
Ci.steni  }>latoau  prior  to  the  fall  of  tho  Tultoc  enij)iro 
has  l)oen  already  told,  it  will  be  well  to  brietly  review 
the  events  of  that  period  before  referrino-  to  the  Chi- 
cliiiuec  oecu})ation  of  the  region  under  consideration. 

The  earliest  inhabitants  of  the  })lateau  of  whom  wo 
have  any  definite  knowledge  were  the  Olniecs,  one  of 
the  oKK'st  of  the  Nahua  nations,  who  appear  to  have 
settled  the  country  about  Puebla  and  CTiolula  with 
the  |»erniission  of  tho  Quinanies,  or  jo-iants,  the  orioi- 
iial  possessors,  and  to  have  been  so  badly  treated  l»y 
tlii'in  that  at  len^'th,  by  a  stratao-eni,  they  slew  their 
op[iivssors  and  became  sole  masters  of  tho  country. 


HI  I 


484 


HISTORY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


Next  we  hear  of  the  erection  of  the  great  pyramid  of 
Clioluhi  by  Xelhua,  an  Ohnec  chief;  tlien  of  the  ad- 
vent and  subseijuent  di.sap})earance  of  Quetzalcoatl, 
the  culture  liero  and  reformer,  \vlio  is  not  to  be  con- 
founded witli  Ceacatl  Quetzalcoatl,  kinjj^  of  TolLin 
and  afterwards  of  Cholula,  who  appeared  on  the  sctiic 
at  a  much  later  period  and  was  also  a  groat  refornur. 
After  this,  history  is  silent  concerning  the  OIuk'cs 
until  the  founding  of  the  Toltec  empire,  when  we  find 
them  still  nourishing  on  tlie  eastern  jdateau  wit!i 
Cholula  for  their  capital  city.  Then  the  king  of  (,'nl- 
luiacan,  Mixcohua,  better  known  as  Camaxtli,  under 
which  name  he  was  subsequently  apotheosized  and 
worshiped  on  the  plateau,  directs  a  military  expedi- 
tion towards  Chalchiuhapan,  afterwards  Tlascala, 
which  seems  to  have  been  founded  about  this  time. 
But  the  most  notable  event  of  this  pre-Chicliinic(; 
history  of  the  plateau,  and  the  one  which  most  ad- 
vanced its  importance  and  prosperity,  was  the  comini;' 
of  Ceacatl  Quetzalcoatl,  son  of  Camaxtli,  to  Cholula, 
in  895,  after  he  was  forced  from  his  throne  at  Tollaii 
by  the  ambitious  Tezcatlipoca,  or  Huemac.  As  has 
been  already  stated,  this  event  was  the  begimiing  of 
a  new  and  golden  era  in  the  eastern  region,  A\hii  h 
lasted,  if  we  except  the  conquest  and  teuq)orary  .suh- 
jection  of  Cholula  l)y  Huenuic,  up  to  the  time  of  tlic 
Toltec  troubles,  in  which  Cholula  and  her  sister  ritii  s 
on  the  plateau  doubtless  shared,  though  to  what  r.\- 
tent  is  not  certain;  at  all  events  they  were  not  di  - 
serted  as  the  Toltec  cities  in  the  valley  are  tradition- 
ally rej)orted  to  have  been  at  the  time  of  the  C'liiclil- 
inec  invasion. 

Brasseur  has  an  account,  drawn  from  one  of  his 
manuscrij)ts,^  of  the  taking  of  Cholula  shortly  at'trr 
the  fall  of  the  Toltec  empire  by  a  tribe  which  ho  calls 
the  Chichimec-Toltecs,  and  the  subsecjuent  settlcnuiit 
of  the  greater  part  of  the  ])latcau  by  this  and  other 
fierce  bands,  the  original  inhabitants  being  driven  out 

•  Historia  Tulkca,  Pcintures ct  Annalcs,  cii  langiic  iiahutl,  cull.  Auhm. 


CIIICIIIMErS  AT  CIIOLULA. 


485 


of  the  country.  Tliis  relation  is,  however,  of  douht- 
i'ul  authuntioitj,  and  is,  moreover,  irreconcihihle  witli 
other  statements  made  hy  the  same  writer;'^  it  seems, 
in  short,  to  stand  by  itself,  as  an  episode  recorded  in 
uiio  ohscure  manuscript  only,  and  havinjj;'  no  connec- 
tion whatever  with  the  events  that  precede  or  follow 
it.  The  account  relates  that  amon<jf  the  fierce  hordes 
tliat  contributed  to  the  downfall  of  Tollan,  was  one 
wliicli,  from  the  fact  of  its  settlinjj^  in  the  ruined  cap- 
itiil,  and  })ossil»ly  fbundinsjf  a  tem[)orary  power  there, 
rcreived  the  name  of  Chichimec-Toltec.  After  the 
•Katli  of  JTuemac  III.  this  band  left  Tollan,  under 
the  leadership  of  Icxicohuatl,  Quetzaltehueyac,  Toto- 
loluiitzil,  and  other  chiefs,'  and  after  ravaL,Mn<i^  the 
country  about  lake  Tenochtitlan,  entered  the  moun- 
tains to  the  cast  of  the  valley  of  Anahuac,  and  there 
wandered  about  for  a  number  of  years  without  mak- 
uvji;  any  permanent  settlement.  When  next  heard  of 
they  were  encamped  near  Cholula,  their  numbers 
greatly  reduced  by  fandne  or  pestilence,  and  in  a  very 
wretched  condition.  Weary  of  their  wandering-  life 
iuid  not  strono;  cnouo'li  to  take  forcible  })ossession  of 
one  of  the  rich  provinces  of  the  plateau,  or  even  to 
loraj^e  for  their  subsistence,  they  resolved  to  lunnble 
tluinselves  before  the  princes  of  Cholula,  and  implore 
thcii-  j)rotection  and  assistance.  Their  small  mnnber 
ami  aj)parently  broken  s{)irit,  caused  their  ])rayer  to 
ho  granted  Avith  more  readiness  than  they  had  ex- 
ported, and  the  fierce  warriors,  who  in  former  times 
had  made  the  kings  of  Anahuac  trend)le  u})on  their 
tlirones,  were  now  scornfully  admitted  into  Cliolula 
as  men  too  weak  to  be  feareil  and  upon  the  footing  of 
shives  and  servants.  But  a  few  years  of  rest  and  abun- 
dance roused  the  old  si»irit  in  tiie  Chichimec-'J'oltecs, 
and  made  them  biiin  to  throw  off  their  self-impos((l 
yt)ke,  and  avenge  the  insults  to  which  they  were  con- 

5Si«c  nn(ssnir,  lli.st.,  toiii.  ii.,  pp.   3(51-3. 

'■'  l';iiiiarf^i),  in  .Xoiirr/lin  Aini<(l<s,  toni.  xcviii.,  ]>.  l.")0,  v;i;,MK'ly  iiu-iitiniH 
.111  i'\|n'ilitii>ii  said  to  have  Ikhmi  made  to  CIkiIuIh  under  eliief.s  bearing' siniL- 
liir  iianie.s  to  the  above,  hut  he  gives  no  details  or  dates. 


!  Ii 


486 


IIISTOIIY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


II  f 


\vi 


in 

«    ' 


staiitly  subjected  by  their  masters.  To  obtain  tliis  viu], 
they  resorted  to  a  very  ingenious  stratagem,  suggoti d 
it  is  said,  by  their  national  god,  Tezcatlipoca.  A  d  p- 
utation  waited  upon  tlie  Tlachiaeh  and  A(juiach,  tliu 
two  chief  princes  of  Cholula,  and  begged  permission  h, 
give  a  j)ublic  entertainment,  tlie  cliief  feature  of  uhi(  U 
shouhl  be  their  natit)nal  ballad  and  dance.  For  the 
proper  performance  of  this  they  must,  however,  he 
supplied  with  their  old  weapons,  which,  since  thtir 
arrival  in  Cholula,  had  been  sliut  up  in  the  city  aisc- 
nal.  Their  petition  was  readily  granted,  great  })rr| mi- 
rations were  made,  and  on  the  appointed  day  all  the 
people  assembled  to  witness  the  novel  spectacle.  The 
Tlachiaeh  and  Aquiach  were  present,  surrounded  hy 
their  suites  and  a  vast  number  of  the  nobility.  The 
entertainment  opened  with  certain  comic  representa- 
tions, wliich  made  the  spectators  roar  with  laughtei', 
and  excited  them  to  drink  freely  and  be  meny.  Then 
the  Chichimec  warriors  dressed  in  full  war  costume  and 
bearing  their  weapons  in  their  hands,  formed  them- 
selves into  a  great  circle,  with  the  tepona/.tli  player 
in  the  centre,  and  the  solemn  mitote  commenced.  At 
first  the  nmsic  was  low  and  sad,  and  the  daneeis 
moved  with  slow  and  measured  steps,  but  gradually 
the  pace  grew  faster,  and  the  deep  voices  of  the  war- 
riors as  they  chanted  their  battle  song  mingled  with 
the  sound  of  the  teponaztli.  Higher  and  still  higher 
the  shouts  arose,  accompanied  now  by  terrible  ges- 
tures and  brandishing  of  weapons;  more  madly  yet 
the  circle  whirled,  until  il  was  .aipossible  to  di^<tin- 
guish  one  form  from  another;  i^hen,  on  a  sudden,  tlie 
note  of  the  teponaztli  changed  and  became  low  and 
sad  once  more.  This  was  the  signal  for  the  massaere; 
in  a  moment  the  mock  fury  became  a  terrible  reality, 
as  the  Chichimecs  turned  and  fell  upon  the  unarmed 
and  half-drunk  spectators.  A  dreadful  slaughter  en- 
sued, and  the  streets  of  the  city  ran  rod  with  human 
blood.  The  Tlachiaeh  and  Aquiach  managed  to 
escape,  and  took  refuge  with  a  few  of  their  relatives 


TEO-CIIICHIMEC  ANNALS. 


487 


anil  friends  within  the  walls  of  Yancuitlalpan,  which 
liLcainc  for  the  time  their  residence.  By  night  the 
(.'hichimec-Toltecs  were  masters  of  Cholula.  The 
iK'Ws  of  this  victory  soon  attracted  otiier  savage 
triltcs;  the  original  inhabitants  were  driven  from 
jilaoe  to  place,  and  at  the  end  of  a  few  years,  the 
intire  countrv  "from  the  shores  of  the  jjfulf  of  ^[cx- 
iio  to  the  mountains  which  encircled  the  port  of 
Acapulco,"  had  changed  masters.* 

AVith  the  arrival  of  the  Teo-Chichimecs  in  Ana- 
lui.'ic,  the  history  proper  of  the  eastern  j)lateau  begins. 
Tlii;^  people,  as  has  been  said,  was  one  of  the  invading 
bands  that  a}>pear  about  the  same  time  as  the  Xa- 
liuatlaca  tribes,  with  wliom  they  are  classed  ly  some 
writers.  According  to  Camargo,  the  Tlascaltec  his- 
torian, they  were  at  Chicomoztoc  in  5  Tochtli;  thence 
tlicv  journeyed  by  Avay  of  AnuKpietejiec  and  Tepenec 
to  Temallan,  which  they  conquered ;  then  witli  great 
difficiihy  they  fought  their  way  through  Culhuacan, 
passed  into  Teotla  Cochoalco,  and  so  on  to  Teohuiz- 
naliiiac,  where  their  march  was  opposed  by  Queen 
Coatlicuc,  who,  however,  after  a  severe  struggle 
was  forced  to  come  to  terms.  They  next  advanced 
to  Hueypuchtlan,  and  then  to  Tepozotlan,  where  the 
principal  chiefs  received  certain  military  honors  and 
ad()[)ted  new  names.  After  passing  with  many  halts 
tliroiigh  other  provinces  they  finally  arrived  in  the 
vicinity  of  Tezcuco,  in  the  year  2  Tecpatl,  where 
they  were  well  received  by  the  king,  and  assigned 
the  jtlain  of  Poyauhtlan  as  a  })lace  of  encam})mout.* 
A'eytia  states  that  a  great  number  of  the  Teo-Cbiclu- 
inocs,  who  did  not  like  to  settle  in  a  locality  sur- 
rounded by  so  many  ])eoj)le,  ]iassed  on  into  the 
country  eatt  of  the  Valley  of  Mexico,  where  they 
spread   over    Tlascala,    Huexotzinco,    and    Cholula," 

*  Brasscnr,  Ifist.,  ',.)m.  '\i,]^i>.  .%3-70. 

'  ('(iiiiKnjo,  ill  Xiiuir//i:'<  Anitdlcs,  toiu.  xcviii.,  pp.  138-0,  Ho-C. 

•  Vci/tia,  toni.  ii.,  pp.  108-1). 


488 


HISTORY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


il  I,- 


vv'liich  Averc  probably  occupied  at  that  time  l)y  the 
remnants  of  tlio  Olmecs  and  Xicalancas,  who  had 
formerly  been  subject  to  the  Toltec  empire. 

Notwithstanding  the  settlers  at  Poyauhtlan  met 
with  no  opposition  on  their  arrival,  and  even  ajiptar 
to  have  been  well  received,  their  presence  soon  be- 
came a  source  of  great  uneasiness  to  all  the  sur- 
rounding nations.  At  first  they  behaved  themselves 
well  enough,  and  as  they  gave  no  cause  for  complaint, 
were  left  undisturbed  in  their  new  countiy  lor  a 
number  of  years;  but  as  time  progressed,  and  their 
numbers  increased,  they  began  to  encroach  upon  and 
ravage  the  adjoining  territories.  This  led  to  reprisals 
and  bloody  encounters,  until  at  length  the  evil  grew 
to  be  unbearable,  and  was  finally  put  an  end  to  by 
the  famous  battle  of  Poyauhtlan,  and  the  depni'ture  of 
the  Teo-Chichimecs  to  join  their  countrymen  i;pon  the 
eastern  plateau,  in  the  year  1272.  Their  real  reason 
for  leaving  the  country  was  doubtless  their  weakened 
condition,  for  though  they  had  nominally  won  the 
battle  of  Poyauhtlan,  yet  it  had  been  but  a  (,'aclniean 
victory  for  them,  and  they  knew  that  another  siuh 
engagement  must  infallibly  result  in  their  annihila- 
tion. But  be  tliis  as  it  may,  their  god  Caniaxtli 
spoke  opportunely  through  tlie  mouth  of  his  ]  riests, 
saying,  "arise,  depart  from  hence,  for  the  dawn  of 
your  greatness  shall  not  break  in  this  place,  neither 
shall  tlie  sun  of  your  splendor  rise  here."  But  the 
strongest  proof  that  the  Teo-Chichimecs  emigrated 
because  their  eiiomies  were  too  strong  for  them,  livs 
in  the  I'aet  that  they  found  it  necessary  to  a.^k 
tlie  king  of  Tezcuco  for  permission  to  leave  the 
country,  though  C'amargo  gives  as  an  excuse  for 
their  submission  that  they  wished  to  be  able  to 
call  upon  him  for  assistance,  should  they  meet 
with  reverses  in  their  intended  journey  bevoml 
tlio  mountains.  The  king  of  Tezcuco,  doubtless 
delighted  to  get  rid  of  such  troublesome  neiyii- 
bors,    not    only    gave    the   desired    permission,    but 


TEO-CHICHIMEC  MIGRATION. 


489 


granted  them  safe  conduct  through  his  dominions 
and  furnished  them  with  trusty  guides  wlio  were 
to  conduct  them  by  the  safest  passes  to  tlie  sum- 
mit of  the  range,  and  tlience  to  point  them  out 
their  road  toward  the  east.  No  time  was  lost  in 
Hcttinj^  out,  and  soon  the  whole  Teo-Chichimec  na- 
tion was  marcliing  eastward.  Tlieir  guides  led  them 
to  the  })eak  of  Tlalocan,  from  which  elevation  they 
overlooked  an  immense  extent  of  country.  IJehind 
them  the  Lake  of  Mexico  sparkled  in  the  midst  of 
the  valley  of  Anahuac,  before  them  lay  the  fertile 
])r(.vinces  of  Tlascala,  Huexotzinco,  and  Cholula.  De- 
scending to  the  plain  they  gave  vent  to  their  joy  in 
leasts  and  rejoicings,  and  offered  thanks  to  their  god 
Caiuaxtli,  who  had  delivered  them  from  their  ene- 
mies and  brouiflit  them  into  such  a  fair  land.  It  is 
related,  however,  that  the  entire  nation  did  not  ascend 
tiio  peak.  A  large  party  under  the  leadership  of 
Cliinialcuixintecuhtli  refused  to  clind)  the  great  east- 
ern range,  and  proceeded  northwards  to  Tulancingo, 
t^)iiau]iehinanc(),  and  other  neighboring  provinces 
Avliieh  they  found  to  be  already  colonized  by  ]\racui- 
lacatltecuhtli,  a  kinsman  of  Chimalcuixintecuhtli, 
wlio  welcomed  the  wanderers  with  every  mark  of 
friendship,  and  as  an  especial  token  of  his  favor  con- 
ferred wives  upon  their  chiefs.'' 

^leantime  the  larger  ]H)rtion  of  the  emiy;rajits 
pressed  forward  into  the  eastein  counhy.  They  seem 
t(i  Iiave  kept  together  until  they  reached  a  ])lace  called 
Tetliyacac,^  siti'.ated  near  Huexotzinco,  whe)u  tluy 
separated  into  several  divisions,  and  dispersed  in 
various  directions,  ^lost  of  the  sui'Kiun'.iing  cities 
and  provinces  fell  into  their  hands  one  .".I'ter  another, 
and  hefore   long  they  had   gaiiu'd   possession   of  the 

'  I'limnrfjn,  !•  '>  )inrlh\i  Amid  lis,  toiii,  xcviii.,  ])]\  1  l2-7;  Tiiripirmniln, 
tmii.  i,.  ]i|i.  '.'(it)-'  ^/tii'i'iji'ro,  toiii.  i.,  \t.  l.'il;  l!ni\\iiir,  Ui.st.,  tuni.  ii.,  |i[i. 
'X't  CO. 

"  S|n'lli'il  Ti'tliyucaU  liv  Cainaiv.t.  'I'lpniiH'inadii,  toni.  i.,  |i.  'itlL',  savH 
(li;il  ;i  M'liaralion  tuoU  ]ilari'  iircviously  at  'r('|ia|iay('i'an.  (  aiiiai-o,  \\\ 
Snii:;l/i:i  Aiiiiiilf.'i,  (oni.  \c\iii.,  p.  l")(t,  may  iiKssilily  iiiijply  Mk  »<aiiii;,  liiit 
1k'  i>  vory  coiifuHcd  ut  iIiIm  iioint. 


490 


HISTORY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


PI' 


i 


iil. 


best  part  of  the  country.  Tims  the  province  of 
Quauhquelchulii  was  appropriated  bj  Toquetzal  and 
Yohuallatonac,  and  tlie  town  of  Coatepoe  was 
founded  by  Quetzalxiulitli;"  another  band  Avent  to 
Ahuayopan,  where  a  bloody  fray  took  place  anion (t 
them,  which  caused  a  chief  named  Izcohuatl  to  fsopa- 
rate  from  the  rest  and  settle  in  Zacatlan.  Totzitzi- 
mitl  founded,  or  took  possession  of  Totollan ;  Quauht- 
zintecuhtli  settled  in  Atlmayoacan ;  Cozca(ju;uih 
Huehue  established  himself  in  the  Teopan  district; 
Tlotlitecuhtli  went  a  little  lower  down;  Tempatlaliuac 
settled  in  the  Contlan  district;  Cacamatecuhtli  in  the 
Xaltepetlapan  district;  Calpan  surrendered  to  Toltc- 
catltecuhtli;  Cimatecuhtli  obtained  Totomihuacan; 
Totomalotecuhtli  gained  ])ossession  of  Tepeaca.'" 

For  several  years  the  Teo-Chichimecs  continued  to 
extend  their  settlements  over  the  entire  plateau. 
Some  of  the  provinces  yielded  without  a  struL;L;le, 
others  offered  a  desperate  resistance,  but  thou<;h  the 
invaders  occasionally  met  with  a  temporaiy  re[)ulse, 
their  arms  were  always  victorious  in  the  end.  At 
Naca})ahuazcan  they  were  visited  by  certain  C'hichi- 
meo  chiefs  who  are  said  to  have  preceded  them  (Ui  the 
plateau,  and  who  nstructed  the  new-comers  htiw  to 
cook  meat  in  earthen  jiots  which  they  presented  to 
them."  Here  they  conferred  the  dignity  of  Tecuhtli 
upon  a  number  of  warriors  who  had  dlstinguishiil 
themselves.     They  next  proceeded  towards  the  }»laiu 

9  Torquoiinihi,    toin,     i,,    ]),   'ifi'J,    f'aiiinrfio    siiys    tlint    roMfciicc   win 

fomiiUMi    ill   (lio   ]>n)\iiico   of   Qiiiiulii[iii>l(-lnilu   Itv  tlio   tlirce   last    tiai I 

I'hicfn;  lliis  is,  luiwt'viT,  iirohiilily  a  iiiistaUc  of  tlio  Freiii'li  iniiiNlalnr. 
HraHsi'ur  wavs  Coatepec  'so  Boiunettait  ii  Ciiietzalxiuhtli.'  Uist.,  U<\\\.  ii., 
p.  Trl. 

10  MraNHiMir,  Hint.,  toiii.  ii,,  )>.  .173,  rails  tliis  cliicf  Ci)iiauhtliztnc. 

i^  Ciiiii'inii),  ill  X<iiiir/li\i  Amui/i's,  toiii.  x<'viii.,  |i|),  I."))  '_'.  'I'lic-o 
cliiufs  wci'i!  iianit'il  'rntoldliuizil  and  t^ui'tzalicliiiyacixcotl,  ami  me  llic 
saiiii'  as  tliosc  iiiiMilioiirtI  liv  ('aiiiar^'o  mi  ]>.  jTiO,  as  liaviii},'  arrivcil  ;;l  I'lid- 
lulu  ill  lliu  vcar  I  Acatl,  They  aro  also  i(k>iitical  willi  the  Cliicliiiiiic  Tui- 
tec  chiefs  who,  acronliii^  to  Ilrassciir's  account,  already  iccoiiicii,  ihii- 
(inered  Cliohila  liy  a  stiafaj,'eiii  soon  after  the  Tollec  fall.  See  ante,  ii|i.  is,")  ti 
Sjieaiviiii.'of  their  visit  to  the  'l'eo-<"hichiiiiees  at  Necaiiahua/can,  l'rM>^iiir, 
llitif.,  toiii.  ii.,  |i.  ,'{7-,  calls  them  tin*  "iioiiveaiix  Heif^iieiirs  de  Ciiniiila." 
Hut  it  is  tnideiit  from  the  context  that  ('iiiiiarj,'o  dot's  not  re;:aid  liiciii  iw 
Biieh,  iiolwithslaiHliii^  v  hat  he  has  said  ahuut  (heir  lurival  in  1  Aiatl. 


CONQUEST  OF  CHOLULA. 


491 


of  Choliila,  but  their  passage  through  the  mountains 
was  opposed  by  the  Tlaehiach  and  Aquiach,  wlio  re- 
fused to  let  them  enter  their  countiy.  They  met 
with  a  very  haughty  response,  liowever,  in  which  the 
Teo-Chichimecs  expressed  their  determination  to  con- 
tinue their  march  in  spite  of  all  opposition.  U[)on 
this  the  Cholultec  princes  retreated,  and  the  invaders 
advanced  without  hindrance.  At  Tepeticpac,  a  city 
strongly  fortified  by  art  and  nature,  their  progress 
was  again  stayed  l)y  the  Olmec  prince,  Colopechtli, 
l)ut  after  a  desperate  resistance  the  city  was  taken 
and  its  brave  defender  slain.  Struck  by  the  advan- 
tu-eoMS  position  of  this  })lace,  the  Teo-Chichimec 
!  r,  Quanez,"  resolved  to  found  his  capital  here. 
i  n  !  city  was  first  known  as  Texcalticpac,  then  as 
Texcalla,  and  finally  as  Tlaxcallan,  or  Tlascala." 

So  far  everything  had  gone  well  with  the  invaders. 
While  they  were  united  and  occupied  themselves 
only  in  driving  the  rightful  possessors  from  the  soil 
they  had  experienced  a  succession  of  brilliant  con- 
quests. But,  as  is  usual  in  such  cases,  they  had  no 
sooner  got  possessio'.i  of  the  country  than  they  began 
to  ([uarrel  among  tl;oniselves.  Quanez  was  the  first 
to  give  j'ise  to  a  jealous  feeling.  He  had  fortitied  his 
posit'on  at  TIascala  more  strongly  than  ever,  and 
seemed  d"fs|»0'jtd  to  aim  at  the  sovereignty  of  tho 
j-la^eau.  {\>  '.his  his  brother  chiefs  at  Huexotzinco 
and  v»l  u;  |'!*i;  '.'S  would  not  submit.  Each  wanted  to 
he  indc|-eii(!'  nt  in  the  territory  ho  had  won,  and  tliey 
olaniored  ua  \  .-i.>^;tinct  divi^•i()l!  of  the  soil.  Quanez, 
however,  persisted  in  his  ambitious  designs  and  soon 
oontirniod  their  sus[)ici<)Ms  by  his  acts.  Upon  this 
the  other  chiefs  held  a  consultation  which  resulted  in 
tlieir  uniting  their  forces  and  marching  upon  TIascala. 


'^ 


■ 


W  s 


'••'.ill  1  'Ci  iliim -TiMictli-Qiinnoz,  li'  vaimnKMir  dc  Poyaiilillnn,'  ami 
Ciilliii,!  .i^tli,  by  ltrti»4stMir;  iiiul  Culliuiiteciilitli  uiitl  Aciilliiui  'IVculitli  liy 
t'aina  ;,'> 

'W,;H/ ..-,:  ill  youvrllr.i  Anniilis,  torn,  xi'viii.,  pp.  13(1,  ir>'2-J,  \C>\; 
IV.V'"',  t>  s  ..,  p.  )7.i|  Ihrnrit,  dei-.  ii,,  lib.  vi.,  I'lip.  xii;  Toriiiuiiind'i, 
tuiii.  i.,  p,  '^(it, 


:  I 


482 


HISTORY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


It  seems  that  they  were  met  by  Quanez,  who,  how- 
ever, was  defeated  in  the  engaufenieiit  tliat  ensued 
and  forced  to  retreat  to  his  strongliold,  where  he  ^\  as 
closely  besieged  by  his  enemies."  The  Tlascaltecs 
did  not  remain  shut  up  within  their  walls,  however, 
but  made  frequent  and  furious  sallies  against  the  l)c- 
siegers.  The  horrors  of  these  engagements,  in  wliirli 
fathers  fought  against  sons,  and  brothers  against 
brothers,  are  dilated  upon  by  the  historians.  All  ef- 
forts were  unavailing,  outpost  after  outpost  was  lost 
to  the  enem}'  Mtil  the  Tlascaltecs  were  finally  diiven 
within  the  wau  .he  city  proper,  without  any  liojie 

of  escape.  In  t,  extremity  Quanez  managed  to 
secretly  dispatch  messengers  to  the  king  of  Tezeuoo 
and  to  the  [)rinces  of  Xochimilco^'  and  Xalpan,  re- 
([uesting  assistance.  The  Tezcucan  monarch  promptly 
responded  to  the  call  with  a  considerable  force,  under 
the  command  of  a  valiant  chief  named  Chinanietl, 
and  at  the  same  time  sent  the  beleaguered  Quanez  a 
valuable  alabaster  vase  as  an  encouraging  token  of 
regard.  This  re-inforcement,  together  with  certain 
prophecies  delivered  by  the  oracle  of  Camaxtli,  re- 
assured the  Tlascaltecs,  and  they  at  once  set  alxuit 
Btrengthoning  their  position. 

In  the  meantime  Xiuhtlehui,  prince  of  Iluexot- 
zinco,  who  commanded  the  allied  trooj)s,  seeing  the 
aid  obtained  by  the  enemy,  and  fearing  that  the 
victt)ry  wliich  had  seemed  so  certain  during  tho 
earlier  part  of  tlie  camj)aign,  was  slipping  out  of  his 
'  h'lnds,  sent  messengers  to  Coxcoxtli,  king  of  C'ulhiia- 
can,*"    imploring    his    aid,    and    expatiating    on  tho 

n  Cnmnrijo,  in  Xoiirrllrs  Ainitili-s,  toiii,  xcviii.,  p,  15-1. 

'"'  Itriissoiir  writes  Xlciiciiiinalcn. 

"'  '('(ixcoxlli,  roi  tit"  Ciiiiinacaii,  iiiii  t;oiiV('rimit  alors,  n\cc  hp^  vvrtyxfi^ 
rtats,  IcM  Mcxicaiiis  I'tulilis  dans  Ic  v(iisiiia;.'('  dc  s;i  capitalt',  ct  Ics  'l'c|iiu 
iiiM(iii's  irAz<'a|Hit/.al('(i,  I'st  lo  simiI  itriiico  ji  ijiii  so  jjiiInm-  ia|i|Miiti'r  Tcvi'- 
luMiicnt  ilant  il  s'a;;it  lei,  'IVzd/.oiikic  u'ayaiit  ri'.!j;iu' (|iii'  l>i'a\i('(iii|i  |i|ii-- Inn!.' 
Jlniasi'iir,  llisf.,  toin.  ii.,  i>.  400;  set'  also  mile  tin  p.  4 10  of  siiiiic  work, 
Caniar^'o  savs  that  XiulitJcliui  sent  for  aid  to  'Matialliiinilzin.  i|Mi  rruiiiii; 
alors  a  Mcxii'o.'  Xoinrl/fs  Ainm/rs,  tiini.  xi'viii..  ii.  15(5.  W'vtia.  Imii.  ii., 
jip.  I!t7-J0l,  slates  liiat  lie  sent  to  Afania|ii<iitli  II,  Mallntli'liiiil/iii  liciii!,' 
itrolialily  a  surnaiae  boriio  by  timt  iiriiiLC.     Toriiuemmla,  tola,  i.,  pii.  ~Mo, 


WAR  BETWEEN  TLASCALA  AND  HUEXOTZINCO.        493 


strongest  ceniis  on  the  harm  "wrought  by  the  Tlas- 
caltocs.  Coxcoxtli  was  much  puzzled  how  to  act;  ho 
was  on  friendly  terms  with  both  parties,  and  perha})8, 
as  Camargo  says,  he  was  afraid  of  the  Tlascaltees. 
At  length,  after  carefully  considering  the  matter,  he 
adopted  a  very  cautious  policy.  He  instructed  the 
Hut-xutzinca  envoys  to  tell  their  master  that  he 
would  send  an  army  as  required,  but  no  sof)ner  had 
they  departed  than  he  sent  a  message  to  the  Tla«- 
oaltec  chief,  greeting  him  in  the  most  friendly  terms, 
uiul  informing  him  of  the  ap})lication  he  had  received 
and  the  promise  he  h  d  given.  This  promise,  ho 
said,  he  was  bound  to  keep,  but  only  as  a  matter  of 
form;  his  troops  should  take  no  active  part  against 
the  Tlascaltees,  wl'.o,  he  begged,  in  their  turn,  would 
take  care  not  to  injure  his  soldiers. 

Flattered  by  this  proof  of  friendship,  Quanez 
returned  his  thanks  to  Coxcoxtli  with  assurances 
that  the  hitter's  troops  should  suffer  no  harm  at  his 
hands.  The  Tlascaltees  then  prepared  to  meet  the 
t'X[K'ctt'd  attack,  and  all  the  people  attended  an  elab- 
orate ceremony  for  the  ]iurpose  of  beseeching  the 
jirotirtiou  and  aid  of  their  god  Camaxtli.  The  an- 
swer of  the  god  was  favorable;  he  exhorted  them  to 
take  courage  and  fear  nothing,  for  they  should  surely 
he  tiiunij)hant,  and  directed  them  to  seek  for  a  vii-gin 
having  one  breast  larger  than  the  other,  and  sacritice 
her  in  his  honor,  which  was  done. 

On  tlie  third  day,  when  the  last  of  the  ])roj)itia- 
tory  ceremonies  had  been  completed,  the  Tlascaltees 
tinned  their  attention  towards  the  enemy;  and, 
hehohl,  the  hills  and  plains,  I'ar  ami  near,  wi're 
swaiining  with  hostile  troops.  Coxcoxtli's  auxiliaries 
liad  arrived  and  weiv  ])osted  as  a  reserve  on  a  iieigh- 
horing  mountain,  where  they  remained  inactive  dur- 
ing the  combat  that  ensued.  At  this  sight  the 
hearts  of  the  valiant  Tlascaltees  sank  within  them, 

mill  riii\ i^rcro,  torn,  i.,  i).  I'm,  h^'itc  with  (.'ainiirgo  in  the  mum',  but  x\wuk 

of  till'  jiiiiii'f  lis  Id'iiiy  'IViuuiL'c. 


494 


IIISTOIIY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


and  they  sought  and  obtained  renewed  assurances  of 
divine  favor.  Scarcely  had  they  done  so  when  the 
battle  commenced.  At  the  first  shock  the  Tlascal- 
tecs  captured  a  warrior,  who  was  hurried  to  Cani.ix- 
tli's  altar,  and  sacrificed  in  their  horrible  manner. 
The  battle  soon  raged  furiously,  the  air  was  bbuk 
with  stones,  arrows,  and  javelins,  the  rocks  resounded 
with  the  war-cries  of  the  combatants,  blood  flowed 
in  torrents.  Cheered  on  by  their  high-priest,  and 
strong  in  their  faith  in  the  oracles  that  had  promised 
them  victory,  the  Tlascaltecs  were  irresistible,  iuid 
soon  drove  the  enemy  before  them.  Before  long  the 
rout  became  general,  and  a  terrible  carnage  ensued, 
the  like  of  which  could  be  found  only,  say  the  an- 
nals, upon  the  bloody  plain  of  Poyauhtlan.  In  the 
meantime  Coxcoxtli's  troops  descended  from  tlie  liill 
from  which  they  had  witnessed  the  whole  battle, 
and  quietly  retreated  to  Andhuac,  without  in  any 
way  succoring  the  defeated  army. 

This  groat  victory  made  the  Tlascaltecs  mucli  re- 
spected, and  all  the  neighboring  nations  hastened  to 
congiatulate  Quanez  upon  his  success  and  })rofibr  him 
their  alliance,  wlJle  the  conquered  people  luunlily 
confessed  that  they  had  been  in  the  wrong  antl  |iie- 
vailed  upon  the  elated  victor  to  pardon  their  presumpt- 
uous conduct.  Thus  Tl.ascala  bex'ame  the  most  power- 
ful state  on  the  plateau,  a  position  which  it  enjoyed 
for  some  time  in  ]ieace." 

It  was  about  this  time,  or  shortly  afterward,  tliat 
disturbances  occurred  in  Cholula,  of  which  there  is 
more  than  one  account.  Brasseur  relates  that  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  the  city,  who  had  groaned  for 
n  number  of  years  under  the  Teo-Chichiniec  ytike, 
and  whose  prmcipal  men  had  long  been  in  exile,  re- 
solved at  length  to  make  an  effort  to  recover  their 
freedom.     They  applied   to  Coxcoxtli  of  Culhuaran 


"  Camnrrfo,  in  A^oiiirffc.'i  AuunJrm,  torn,  cxviii.,  jtn,  iri-l-Ci,"};  Tcni'ii'- 
niiitld,  Imii.  i.,  J)]).  'J()4-S;  C/(iri(/rro,  turn.  i..  pp.  154-0;  Viijtiit,  tmii.  ii., 
l>\\.  'JOO-l'J;  livixm-iif,  Hint.,  tuni.'ii,,  jtp.  405-18, 


EASTERN  ALLIANCE. 


405 


for  aid,   and  as  a  sure  inducement  appealed  to  his 
pitty,  l)y  reminding  him  that  Chokila  was  in  a  s])irit- 
iial  sense  the  daughter  of  Quetzalcoatl,  while  in  a  tem- 
poral sense  she  was  the  vassal  of  the  kings  of  Cul- 
luiaiiin,  whom  she  had  never  ceased  to  venerate  as  sov- 
ereigns.    Coxcoxtli  granted  their  ])etiti()n  and  at  once 
sent  a  force  to  their  assistance.     The  Teo-Chichiinecs 
wlio  were  in  power  at  Cholula,  had  leagued  them- 
selves with  the  Huexotzincas,  against  Tlascala,  but 
siiiee   their   humiliation,   for  some  reason    or   other, 
they   had    concentrated    at    Quanlujuelchula,    where 
they  continued  to  oppress  the  followers  of  Ceacatl. 
The  lineal  descendants  of  the  higli-])riests  of  Quetzal- 
coatl   were    Iztantzin    and    Nacazpipilolxochi ;    they 
managed  to  interest  in  their  favor  the  prince  of  Tlas- 
cala, hy  referring  to  the  great  things  he  hatt  done  to 
the  honor  of  Camaxtli,  and  reminding  him  that  this 
t^od  was  the  father  of  Quetzalcoatl;  was  it  not  the 
iliity  of  the  Tlascaltecs,  they  added,  to  do  all  in  their 
power  to  restore  the  ancient  worship  of  the  prophet 
iiiul    deliver    his   ministers   from    their   banishment. 
This  crafty  argument  had  the  desired  etfect.     An  al- 
liaiKc  was  concluded  between  the  Ciiolultecs  and  the 
neighboring  states  of  Tlascala,  Huexotzinco,  Totomi- 
luiacan,    Tepeaca,    Quauhtecan,    and    Quauhtinchan, 
iiiid   the  exiled  ministers  of  Quetzalcoatl  were  sol- 
oiniily  conducted  back  to  the  sacred  city.     The  towns 
of  the  territory  of  Cholula  were  then  subjected  to  the 
Toltoe  authority,  as  of  old,  and  the  Teo-Chiehimecs 
of  (^)uauhquelchula,   Cuetlaxcoapan,   and    Ayotzinco, 
hitherto    leagued    together   against    Iztantzin,    were 
I'oreed   to   recognize    him    as    their    suzerain.      These 
events  occurred  between  the  vears   1280  and  I'Ji)'.)." 
Veytia's    story    of    this    disturbance    in    Cholula   is 
that  Qiiauhipielchula,  Cuetlaxcoapan,  Ayt)tzineo,  and 
some  other  places   in  the  province  rose  in  rebellion 
against    the    high-priest    Iztamantzin,*"   who    called 

1^  nrtis.tnir,  Jli.sf.,  toni.ii.,  pp.  418-10. 

"  iMlilxoiliitl,   ill  KiiKjsbviomjh,  vol.    i.x.,  p.  349,  writesi   IztiuimUiu, 
and  III)  p.  '.*1U,  Vztticinm. 


!:(■ 


40G 


HISTORY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


If! '4 


upon  Xiuhtemoc,  hing  of  Culhiiacan,  for  assistance. 
The  force  furnished  by  this  monarch  was  divided 
into  two  parts,  one  led  by  himself,  the  other  by 
Nacazpipilolxochi.  With  this  army  the  insur^'-eiits 
were  finally  humbled,  though  not  without  consider- 
able bloodshed,  and  after  the  campaign  had  lasted 
nearly  a  year.^"  After  the  return  of  its  priests  Cho- 
lula  quickly  regained  its  aricient  prosperity.  The 
old  laws  were  enforced  and  the  executive  author- 
ity was  entrusted  to  a  military  chief,  who  was  assisted 
in  his  duties  by  a  council  of  six  nobles,  and  this  form 
of  government  was  preserved  until  the  time  of  tlie 
Conquest.  From  this  time  the  city  was  rarely 
troubled  with  wars,  but  was  respected  and  held  in 
veneration  as  a  sacred  place  of  pilgrimage  by  all  the 
surrounding  peoples.'^' 

The  peace  which  followed  the  victory  over  the 
Huexotzincas  and  their  allies  gave  the  Tlascaltecs  an 
opportunity  to  turn  their  attention  to  more  peaceful 
pursuits.  Their  position  as  leading  nation  on  the 
plateau  was  now  assured,  and  for  a  time  they  de- 
voted themselves  to  the  furtherance  of  culture  and 
commerce,  fixing  boundaries  and  granting  lands  to 
those  who  had  deserved  them  by  their  conduct  in  the 
late  wars.  After  remaining  under  one  head  for  sev- 
eral Years  the  government  took  the  form  of  a  sort  of 
aristocratic  republic.  It  was  about  this  time  that 
Tlascala  was  divided  into  four  wards,  or  districts. 
Quanez  had  a  brother  named  Teyohualmin(|ui,  to 
whom,  in  his  old  age,  he  made  over  the  district  u^ 
Ucotelulco,-^  gi^'iiig  I'i^i  '^t  the  same  time  a  part  of 


so  Vryfin,  torn,  ii.,  pp.  154-5;  IxtUlxochitl,  in  Khujshorouijh,  vtil.  ix., 
pp.  2 It),  '\Wi. 

21  llniMrur,  Hist.,  torn,  ii.,  pp.  41!l-'20. 

^^  Ctniiitn/o,  in  Xoiiirllr,i  Ainiafis,  toni.  xovili. ,  p.  104.  Yi'vfi.i,  tmn. 
ii.,  p  'JIH,  i'o!>.si(lprs  tliJH  iioi'ount  wroii};.  ('ulliua  I'eouhtli  Ijtiiiiiu'/,  lio 
sivy«,  who  isXiulniiK't/alt/in,  tlie  y<)Uii{j;i'r  ln'otliL-rof  (jiiiiiant/iii  of  Tc/iinn, 
had  III)  l)r()tlu'r  by  that  iiami*,  i»r,  iioiii'  wlio  would  liave  joiiu'd  him  in  This- 
cahi  ill"  disiv;,'ard.s  tlio  fact,  a.s  rriati'tl  hy  liiiiisi-lf,  tliat  Xiuhi[\u't/a!t/iii 
must  havo  iiiUmI  over  a  iiuiidri'd  years  already.  It  is  therefore  iiiiuli  iikhi' 
])riilml)le,  as  related  hy  other  writers,  he  eontiiuies,  that  (.^>uaiiez  left  lii-< 
own  district  of  Tepetiepuc  or  Tc.\cultic2mc  to  his  eldest  sou,  as  will  I'O 


IIEIGN  OF  CH'ANEZ. 


407 


tlio  relics  of  Ciimaxtli,  Mliich  ^vero  so  hi.i^lily  vonornted 
as  to  oo!»stitute  in  themselves  a  gift  no  less  princely 
than  the  lands. 

This  i>rince  so  distinmiishcd  himself  and  enlars^fcd 
his  domain  by  liis  bravery  and  con(jnests  that  he 
eventually  came  to  be  regarded  as  chief  of  the  \vhole 
nation.  Another  district,  called  Quialuiiztlan,^''  was 
^ranted  by  Qnanez  to  a  chief  nameil  ^[iz(|uitl,  who, 
according  to  Camargo,  had  been  one  of  the  leaders 
of  tlie  C'hiehimecs  who  went  north  after  the  battle 
uf  Povauhtlan  instead  of  ci'ossinijf  tlie  eastern  ranii'e. 
He  had  led  his  band  northwards  to  Tepethioztoc, 
whence  ho  had  subsequently  come  to  Tlaseala,  arriv- 
ing there  in  time  to  assist  Quanez  against  the  Huex- 
utzincas.  It  was  for  this  service  that  the  district 
was  awarded  him.  These  were  three  of  the  four 
wards,  for  the  part  that  Quanez  reserved  for  himself 
formed  one,  probably  the  largest  at  that  time,  and 
was  called  Te})eticpac.  The  history  of  the  events 
which  led  to  the  foundation  of  tl'-  fourth  ilistrict  is 
nuich  confused.  Cama"go  relates  tiiat  Acatentehua, 
,<ir;uulson  of  Teyohualminqni,  and  third  lord  of  Oco- 
tchiK'o,  after  reigning  mildly  for  some  time,  suddenly 
liL'camo  tyrannical.  Tlacomihua,  one  of  his  nobles, 
raised  a  revolt,  killed  him,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne 
of  Ocotelulco.  These  events  led  to  the  disaffection  of 
one  Tzoinpane,  who  went  with  his  followers  to  a  }>art 
of  Tc[)eticpac,  and  there  establislied  a  separate  govern- 
aicnt.  He  was  succeeded  bv  his  son  Xavacannichan, 
utlierwise  called  Tepolohua,  who  was  afterwards  mas- 


I 


siM'ii,  ;ii!il  Ocoteliik'o  to  liU  second  son,  (^liciiotzcatl.  'swiillow;'  ho  riiloil 
jiiimly  witli  his  lirothor  and  h'ft  thi- siicccssiini  to  his  smi  l'a|iMh)ll,  'Imi- 
tfilly,'  wlio  was  foUow.'cl  Ity  his  hrnihcr  Tex  iihiialiiiiiii|ui,  the  almvi'-iiaiin'il 
lii'isiiiiau'i'.  Uo  tliiiiks  ihi>  iihovf  t\\i)  riih'is  have  hocii  oiiiiltcil  hi'raiisi' ut 
thi'ir  liiit'f  nik',  OthiTs,  he  contiiiiu's,  rcialf  that  Mill  (li\iiK'il  the  nili' 
^^lll  his  limtiicr.  Ixtlilxorhitl,  p.  'Mi,  says  that  tiio  'I'laMaltci' nilfis  <h-- 
f  •iMiiJi'il  I'nim  Xiiili^ii/ahzin.  IliassiMir,  Hi.it..  tnni.  iii.,  p.  1  l.'t,  tiiiiii;,'li  in- 
t'itfs  ('aiiiaij^o  as  liis  authority,  states  tliat  (Quanez  assoeiateil  his  hrother 
with  himself  on  the  throne,  and  divided  the  town  and  territory  of  'i'l;isfal;i 
willi  iiini.     Teyohuahnimiui   tlien  chose  Ueotehilco  as   liis  jdace  of   resi- 

(li'lllT. 

■^  t'alh'd  also  Thiiiitzuhuacaii, 

Vol.  V.    U'i 


49S 


HISTORY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


sacred,  to^-ctlicr  with  all  liis  relations.  The  next 
rulers  were  Azto^'uilma  Aquiyaliuacatl  and  Zoroc  Az- 
taliua  Tlacaztalli,  the  latter  of  whom  went  with  his 
followers  to  the  heijj^hts  of  Tianazatlan,  wlieie  he 
founded  Toatlaiz,  His  ij^randson,  Xicotencatl,  was 
reigninj^  at  the  time  of  Cortes'  arrival.^*  Aocordiii'^'-  to 
Brasseur,  who  follows  Tonjuemada  principally,  a  niiin- 
ber  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  two  oldest  (piarters,  Te- 
l)eticpac  and  ( )cotelulco,  finding  themselves  too  crowd- 
ed, descended -into  the  neij^'hborinj^  valley  of  Tc'Dthil- 
pan,  where  they  constituted  a  separate  goveriniieiit 
under  a  chief  named  Tepolohua.^'^  The  number  of 
people  that  deserted  the  higher  districts  ibr  the 
pleasant  valley,  excited  the  jealousy  of  the  o{\\vv 
chiefs.  They  united  their  forces,  descended  u\nni 
the  young  settlement,  and  killed  Te])olohua.  The 
followers  of  the  late  chief  then  de])arted  to  'J'izathui 
where  thev  founded  a  seio-niory  which  continued  to 
thrive  in  peace  up  to  the  reign  of  Xicotencatl,  who 
Avas  ruling  when  the  Spaniards  came.  At  Te[)eti(pac 
the  descendants  of  Quauez  continued  to  reign,  ami 
were  regarded  as  ranking  first  in  the  state.  It  was 
at  this  epoch  that  the  united  districts  of  Tlascala 
adopted  the  peculiar  form  of  government  (lescril)i>(l 
in  a  former  volume,""  and  that  Nezahualcoyotl  jiaid 
his  first  visit  to  the  republic,  in  1420. 

The  history  of  the  ]>lateau  grows  very  dim  and 
disconnected  from  this  time  on,  and  has  lioht  tlirowii 
upon  it  only  here  and  there,  as  it  hapi)ens  to  be  coi.- 
nected  with  the  more  im{ir)rtant  affairs  of  the  A/tec 
empire,  which  seems  to  have  engrossed  the  attention 
of  the  histoi'ians. 

Almost  all  that  is  known  of  the  events  that  remain 
to  be  recorded  has  already  been  told.     We  have  seen 


**  Cnninvffn,  in  Xoinrllrs  Aiitudcs,  torn,  xcviii.,  pn.  lGr)-72. 

"  Hriissoiir,  Jlist.,  tinii.  ii.,  jiii.  143-4,  iniikes  'IzoiniMine,  Xiiviiniiiia- 
clmn,  and  Tepololmii,  one  iiinl  tlie  same  ihtsoii.  L'auuii';,'o,  as  we  liii^vj^ 
Hceu,  speaks  of  tlieni  as  father  and  sun.  Toniueniada,  toui.  i.,  p.  -T.i, 
coniliineH  two  of  the  names,  Xayacaniaehantzunipane. 

"■  Sec  vol,  ii.  uf  this  work,  p.  141. 


MISCKLLAXKor.S  EVENTS. 


4:0 


that  ill  1428  Nezaluialcovotl,  fleeintif  for  liis  life  from 
M.ixtla,  took  refuge  for  a  second  time  in  Huexot- 
ziiico  and  Cliolula,  and  was  aided  l)y  the  people  of 
these  and  other  phices  on  the  phiteau  to  recover  his 
father's  tlirone  at  Tezcuco,^  In  1451-0  came  the 
^n-eat  famine,  when  the  terrihle  compact  was  made 
hetween  the  people  of  the  plateau  and  those  of  Aiiil- 
luiac  for  the  provision  of  human  sacrifices.**  Then 
followed  the  war  between  the  Miztecs  and  the  allied 
powers,  in  which  the  Tlascaltecs  and  Huexotzincas 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  former.'^  We  next  find  the 
restless  Tlascaltecs  stirring  up  a  war  between  the 
^lexicans  and  the  Olmecs  of  Cuetlachtlan,  allying 
themselves  with  the  latter  and  sharing  in  their  de- 
feat.''" Shortlv  before  the  year  1400  several  im- 
jiortant  cities  upon  the  southern  part  of  the  plateau, 
at  the  instigation  of  the  Tlascaltecs  and  Huexotzin- 
cas,  killed  some  Mexican  merchants,  were  instantly 
attacked  by  the  powers  of  the  valley,  reduced  to  the 
rank  of  Mexican  provinces,  and  a})pended  to  !^^onte- 
zunia's  empire.^^  About  the  year  1409  Axayacatl, 
tlie  ^[exican  monarch,  liaving  some  cause  of  comjdaint 
a'^aiur^t  the  people  of  Huexotzinco  and  Atlixco,  in- 
va(k'(l  their  country,  and  in  the  battle  that  ensued 
the  !^[exicans,  encouraged  by  the  miraculous  a]>pear- 
aiice  of  Tezcatlipoca,  routed  their  enemies.'^'^  ])uring 
tho  reign  of  Nczahualpilli,  Huexotzinco  was  again 
tntuhlod,  the  reason  for  the  war  this  time  being,  as 
wo  have  seen,  the  i)redictions  of  the  astrologers  that 
-liiieluietzin  was  fated  to  vanquish  the  Tezcucan 
monarch-— predictions  which  Nezahual})illi  falsified,  in 
tlieir  literal  meaning  at  least,  by  a  stratagem.''^ 
Aliuitzotl  of  IVIexico  is  said  by  Camargo  to  have  in- 
vaded the  plateau  and  con(j[uered   Huexotzinco  and 

*'  See  1)1).  .387-8,  of  this  volume. 

2^  111.,  ]).  414. 

^  III.,  p.  416. 

'"  111.,  J).  417. 

"  Uni.ssriir,  Hist.,  toni.  iii.,  p.  209. 

'^  See  tills  vol.,  i>.  42C. 

"  Id.,  i.p.  437-8. 


I 


1 


DOG 


HISTOUY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


Cliolula,^*  and  it  would  appear  that  this  fierce  kinGf  did 
not  leave  the  country  cmjity  handed,  for  of  the  eiul.tv 
tliousiind  liunian  victims  innnoUited  hy  him  at  the 
decUcation  of  tlie  temple  of  Huitzilopochtli  in  14^7, 
Ave  read  that  sixteen  thousand  were  Huexotzimas.'-' 
His  own  nephew  was  afterwards  taken  captive  in  one 
of  the  numerous  hattles  or  skirmishes  which  seem  to 
have  heen  constantly  occurrin<j^  on  the  borders  of  tin; 
})lateau,  principally  at  Atlixco,  and  offered  as  a  sat  ri- 
tice  on  the  altar  of  Camaxtli.*^  In  1498,  an  altciva- 
tion  arose  between  the  lords  of  Cholula  and  Ttj  i - 
aca,  which  led  to  a  series  of  cond)ats  between  tlicso 
states.  The  Cholultecs  sou^'ht  and  obtained  the  aid 
of  Ahuitzotl,  and  we  are  left  to  supj)ose  that  tluy 
then  triumphed  over  their  enemies.  But  the  ^lexi- 
cal! emperor  received  a  severe  check  soon  afterwards 
at  Atlixco.  The  close  })roximity  of  that  town  to  the 
valley  made  it  desirable  for  annexation  to  the  enipiie. 
Ahuitzotl  accordiui^ly  entered  its  territory  suddmly 
with  a  considerable  force.  The  Atlixcas  yathered 
what  trooj)S  they  could  to  oppose  the  Mexieaiis,  and 
at  once  dispatched  messenoers  to  their  allies  at  llucx- 
otzinco  for  aid.  One  of  the  Huexotzinca  captains, 
named  Tultecatl,  who  was  ]dayin,<»'  at  ball  when  th.e 
news  arrived,  hurried  off  with  a  few  followers  to  the 
scetie  of  combat  without  even  taking  time  to  aim 
himself  Without  hesitation  he  plunged  into  the 
thick  of  the  fight,  slew  a  warrior  with  his  hands, 
seized  his  arms,  and  threw  himself  with  such  fury 
upon  the  Mexicans  that  they  were  soon  routed  ai^'' 
forced  to  abandon  the  field.  For  this  valorous  eon- 
duct  Tultecatl  was  made  ruler  of  a  Huexotzima 
town.  But  in  little  more  than  a  year  events  occur- 
red which  obliged  him  to  retire  from  his  post.  F^r 
some  time  past  the  priests  of  his  tt)wn  had  been 
indulging   all    manner   of    excesses    Avith    impunity; 


'*  Camargn,  in  Xoiiir/lrs  Annnlcs,  toin.  xcviii.,  [■>.  178. 
'■i  llnissnir,  Ilinl.,  tmii.  iii.,  p.  .'ill. 
J'^Sce  thin  vol.,  p.  4i;}. 


ADVKNTrUKS  OF  TULTECATL. 


"01 


tiiffrinLT    and     ])lllii^iii^'    lioiu-os    with    tlio    i^Teatcst 

aIuIc 
holt. 


■trrciitLi-y ;  takiiii;-   away    tlio    woiuuiis   c-lotlit 


.th 


tlirv  wcro 


batli 


lit 


iiti»^;  uisultinu"  tlio  inc'ii ;  ai 


111   JS 


takiii;;'  advaiitayu  ut'  their  .sacred  cluinicter  to  eoiiiiiiit 
i\i  rv  conceivable  species  vt'  outraii^e.  Tultecatl  at- 
tiiiipted   to  ])iit  a  stop  to  this  disorder,  and   |»uiiish 


its  ail 


thon 


1 


or  tins  ]uir{>ose  lie  ariiieil  a  miniher  o 


1 


.t 


tlif  most  res})ectal)le  citizens.  But  the  jniests  also 
tiidk  up  arms,  and  excited  the  jK)pulace  in  their  favor. 
It  is  said  that  C'ainaxtli  aided  his  servants  hy  various 
lucliaiitiiients,  which  so  Iriyhteiied  the  citizens  that 
tiny  retreated  in  dismay.  A  j,a'eat  niiniher  of  the 
mil  lies  with  their  followers,  then  betook  themselves 
til  Itzcohuatl,  lord  of  a  nei_uhborint»'  province,  to 
wlumi  they  related  the  cause  of  their  leaving'  lluex- 
(it/.iiico.  But  Itzct)liuatl  was  a  creature  o'  Ahuit- 
ziitl,  at  wlu)se  hands  he  had  received  the  lordship 
cnioved;    he  betrayed  the    refugees   to   his 


he   now 
^t( 


bv  wli 


th 


all  put  to  deatli 


iiasrer,  uy  wliom  iiiey  were  an  pui  ro  ciea 

Immeiliately  after  the  accession  of  ^[ontezuma  IT. 
Atlixco  became  once  more  the  seat  of  war.  'J'his 
unturtunate  citv  seems  to  have  been  reu'arcK'd  bv  the 
kiiiL^s  of  the  valley  as  the  proper  place  to  attack 
^\lK'!lever  they  re(|uired  human  victims  i"or  sacrifice. 
It  was  customary  for  the  kin^s  of  Aiuihuac  before 
tlkv  Mere  formally  crowned  to  make  a  raid  upon 
Millie  neiyhboriiiin'  nation  for  the  purpose  of  t)btaiiiiiiL)f 
ra]itives  that  their  blood  mi^ht  grace  the  coi'oiiatioii 
ci'ivnionies.  This  was  the  cause  of  Montezuma's  ex- 
|it'(lition  au;'ainst  Atlixco  on  the  (.)ccasion  above 
irtcnvd  to.  lie  accomplislud  his  end  and  returned 
with  a  i>reat  number  of  i)risoiiers,  thounh  the  vii-tory 
M  t  ins  to  have  l)een  dearly  gained.  But  the  armies 
III' the  hauuhty  ^Montezuma  were  not  always  triumi)h- 
ant  when  they  encountered  the  stronger  nations  of 
tlie  plateau,    and   a   short  time  after  the  victory  at 

■''  Tiivquniiothi,  toin.  i.,  j).  1!H;  Vitdumi,  Tcatvo,  ]it  ii.,  j).  IIS:  (7(iri- 
<l'i'".  Iiiiii.  i.,  ]>]>.  'J,V.(-(!(»;  7j/(f.v«  «;■,  llist.,  toiii.  iii.,  \^\t.  37i"i-7;  I'l'/tiu, 
tiMii.  iii.,  jip.  i;<)7-'.). 


1' 


502 


HISTORY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


Atlixoo  tht'y  received  a  serious  check  at  the  hands  uf 
the  TUi.scaltecs. 

For  a  hjug  time  TLascaha  had  been  rei>^anl(d  w  itli 
imu-li  jealousy  by  tlie  Huexotzincas,  ChohiUtcs,  aihl 
other  nations  ot"  tlie  })lateau,  hotli  because  dt"  it- 
^Teat  couunercial  prosperity,  au( 


d  of  its  succcssrul 


IC- 


<istiuu'e  to  the  concpieriui;"  kiniL^'s  of  tlie  valluy.  Tlio 
Tlascaltecs  seem  at  this  period  to  have  given  uj)  ;ill 
hopes  of  gaining  the  sovereignty  of  the  eiitiio 
region — so  long  the  object  of  their  ambition-  and 
to  have  confined  their  resources  to  strengthening  tluir 
own  position,  and  fortifying  their  frontiers.  Ah•;o.^t 
all  the  neighboring  states  appear  at  this  time  to  li; 
been  either  allied  to  or  coiupiered  by  the  po 


we 


ivc 
'  ill 


the  valley,  arid   ronseqnriitlv  llie  defensive  nu  asuns 
adopted  by  the  republic  i\)V  the  preservation  of  its  iu- 


fi 


dtl 


1<K 


itoli 


mil' 


dependence  taimcd  tneir  smouJdernjg  envy  m 
so  that  they  took  eveiy  opportuiuty  to  provoki'  a 
quarrcd  between  Tlascala  and  the  kings  of  Analuiac 
Tlu'V  I'cprescntcd  that  the  Tlasi-altet-s  desigiicd  to 
])ossess  tliemsclves  of  the  eastern  maritime  juov- 
inct's;  that  they  hindered  the  mei'cliants  of  tlic  otlitr 
nations  iVoUi  trading  in  those  regions,  by  niakiii'^ 
secret  treaties  ^vith  the  inhabitants.  Only  too  ijad 
of  an    excuse    to    huud»le    his    ancient    enemies,    thr 


:\[ 


H'ral 


U 


c'Xican  monarch  Vvas  easily  prevailed  u|)on  to  li 
)  the  Tlascaltec  ti'iide  in  tlu;  east,  and   this  hr  did 


so  clfoi'tuallv  that  for  a  number  of  years  (lie  jiro] 
of  tlie   re[»uhlic  Avere  deprived  of   the    hixiiiics   a: 


even  some   o 


f   tl 


le    necessaries 


tl 


ley 


h:id 


ilVVlollslV 


enjoyi'd.  At  length,  weary  of  these  privations,  \<\. 
not  strong  enough  to  better  thi'ir  condition  bvloi' • , 
they  disjiatched  an  embassy  to  the  ^lexican  kii'u'  to 
iiKjiiire  the  cause  of  an  emnity  whicli  tlu'V  had  doiic 
nothing  to  ])rovoke.  l''or  answer,  tluy  were  told 
contemptuously  that  the  nionMreh  of  Mexico  was  loid 
of  tlu!  entire  world,  and  they  must  ])ay  trilmte  toliini 


ees. 


thb 


r   b(^  ])re|)are(l   to   take  tlie  consetiueii 
thcv   returned    a    haiielit^'    re|)lv,    saviic''   that    t'l' ii 


WAii  ]!i:twi:i:x  ti.ascai.a  and  mi:.\H(1. 


oO;3 


riiition  had  nuver  iiaved  tril)utu  to  any  earthly  kiiiiif, 
and  that  before  suhmittin^'  to  do  so  now  they  nvouUI 
^lll■(l  more  Ijlood  tliaii  tlieir  ancestors  liad  shed  at 
rdvaulithan.  They  then  t)noe  more  turned  all  their 
attention  to  stren_L>thenino-  then'  position,  j,nd  it  was 
]irnl«alily  at  this  period,  says  Clavinero,  that  they 
liiiilt  the  six-mile  Avail  on  the  east  side  of  the  city. 
Thrv  received  considei'ahle  assistance  from  the  numer- 
ous Zacatec,  C'lialca,  and  Otomi  refui^ees,  of  Avhom 
the  garrisons  on  the  frontier  Avere  chielly  composed. 
]5iit  the  ])rivations  which  they  suifei'ed  hy  reason  of 
the  sto])])a«jfe  of  their  intercourse  Avith  the  surroimd- 
iii^'  pet>ph.'s,  constantly  increased,  and  for  i)\rr  sixty 
Years,  says  Tonpiemada,  salt  and  other  staples   were 

ikiiown  to  the  })oorer  classes,  at   least,  thouL^h  the 
.1.1 >,,  l..,,..^  A>....,i  ..,...,,..,a>..*-   ■i>..*-f....  38     'I':'...  ,1.,^.. 


Ill) 


l)les  may  have  tared 


Tile  datt 


le 


ut'  tliese  events  is  not  certain,  l)ut  they  pr(»l)al>ly  o 
curled    duriui''  the   rei^n   of  Axayacatl.      Fn)m   tl 
time  of  the   detlanco  recorded  ahove  until  tlie  aci-es- 
n  of  ALontezuma  1 1.,  th.ere  ;.[;i)ear  to  have  hecu  no 


SKI 


important  hostilities  between  the  Mexicans  and  'I'las- 
cahecs,  but  no  sooner  ]i;',<'  Montezuma  ascended  the 
throne  of  ]\rexico  thnn  he  determiiu-d  to  mai<e  a 
i^rand  (^tfort  to  humble  the  stoi.t  little  r.puldic,  and 
t'lirtliwitli  issued  a  proclarnation  eomniaiidiM^'  all  his 
siihjcrts  and  allies  to  assist  in  a  ^ciuM'al  attai  !<.  At 
this  time  tlie  four  lords  of  Tlascala  were  Ma\i\i';it/in, 
wlm  j'uh'd  in  the  district  of  ( Jotoluico ;  Xirotencatl, 
ill  Tizatlan;  Teohuayacatzin,  in  Quiahui/.llnii ;  and 
Thhut'xoloti,  in  Tepeticpac.  I'^il'teeii  yeai's  al'trrw  ai'ds 
tl;''si'  t'oiii'  princt's  i'ecei\ed  (  'oi'trs  and  his  conip.iiiii iiis 


wiihiii    tht'ir    walls. 


t, 


il 


in'.xol/iiicas   aiKi  (  'liohi 


Were  tli(!  first  to  b('L;in  Hie  wai\  \\liirh  m,  y  be 
Slid  t  )  have  lasted  until  the  coniiiiL;' <'f  ( he  Spaiuai'ds. 
l''ailin'4'  to  bi'ibe  the  <  >tonii  garrison  of  i  hievotlipan, 
'Ml  t'.iv  Teziaican  frontier,  to   helrav   their   trust,   tliev 


^"^  I 'in)nn';/o,  in  Xainrf/rf:  Aininfis;  toin.  \('\iii.,  |i|i  IT*^-*^!*;  Tnr/in- 
hi'i'lti,  turn,  i.,  |i|i.  I'.lT-'.l;  Cliiviijiixi,  Uwn.  i.,  y\k  m~o-i>\  limsaiiir,  Hist,, 
t'liii.  iii.,  ii[i.  rij-T), 


i-i 


604 


IIISTOUY  OF  Tin-:  KASTEUN  PLATEAU, 


IP 

I;: 

m 

i'i' 

}n '? 

¥• 

1 

invaded  the  Tlascultec  territory  under  the  cnininaiid 
of  Tecayahuatzin  ut'  Huexotziiicc»,  and  advaiund  as 
far  as  Xiloxuchithi,  Avithin  .i  league  oi'  tlie  cajiital. 
P£ei'u  tliev  were  met  1)V  'I'izatlacatzin,  a  n()l)le  chitt'df 
(Jc'<)t(>lidc(),  who  with  a  mere  handful  of  warritus  suc- 
ceeded in  checking-  their  farther  advance,  thouLili  at 
tlio  price  of  Ids  own  life.''^  The  Tlascaltecs  lia^tcncd 
to  avenge  tlie  death  of  their  l)ra,ve  leader  hy  laviiiL;- 
Avaste  the  })roviiice  of  Iluexotziiico.  Shortly  attcr- 
wards  tliey  ai^'ain  encountered  the  Jluexotziucas  on 
the  heights  of  Matlalcueje,  and  pressed  thcni  so 
hard  that  Tecayahuatzin  sent  oil'  in  haste  to  ^huite- 
zuma  for  re-inforcenients.  The  ^Mexican  monarch  at 
once  resjioiidi'd  with  a  laro-e  ft)rce  under  the  connnand 
of  Tlacahuepantzin,  his  eklest  son.''°  Alter  rccfiviiiM> 
re-inforcenients  at  Quauhquelchula  Tlacahuipaiit/.iu 
proceeded  l>v  Avav  of  Atlixco  vallev  to  ett'ect  a  uiiitm 
with  the  liuexotzincas,  hut  the  Tlascaltecs,  sccin.;- 
that  this  must  he  ju'eventi'd  at  all  hazards,  horednwn 
upon  him  hefore  he  coulil  join  his  allies  w  ith  sik  Ii 
i'ury  that  his  army  was  scattered  in  all  diivctidiis. 
In  tills  hattle  Tlacahuepantzin  was  slain  and  a  ui'*'it 
spoil  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors,  who  pi-dliahlv 
suH'ered  seN'eri'ly  also,  as  tlu'V  now  returned  to  tin  ii- 
ca[iital  to  recuperate.      iUit  it  seems"  that  they  si  ill 

^^  Tiirijin  nKutii,  tmn.  i.,  p]!.  '-'Vt-l;  Vrtinirrrf,  Trulvn.  ^i  ii.,  ]i.  1"  A''- 
ronliii;^  to  ( 'aiiiar;;ii,  in  .\uitri//(\  AhikiIis,  iniii.  xcsiii.,  \<\\.  |sj.:i.  Mini 
C'liivi   cri),  tiiiii.  i.,  \\.  '1'^,  lilt'  I'last'iillci'M  NM'i'c'  licatt'ii  nil  tliis  cM'(a--i'iii. 

1"  < 'iliiKii'i^ii,  in  Xi)iii-r//is  Aiuifi/rs,  toiii.  \f\iii.,  p.  IS.'!;  '  /urii/,  rn,  tdin. 
i.,  p.  'J"!);  Ttiri/i(iiiii(t/ii,  tdiii.  i.,  ii.  L'Dd;  Vchiiirrvt,  Tnitrn,  |il  ii.,  p.  Ill; 
llrdssriir,  Hist.  ,\i.\\u.  iii.,  p.  -U)(l.  riiL'.-^i'  aiiliioiiiit's  sa\' liiat  llic  .Mi\i' ,ni 
};riu'ial  was  Miiiiic/miia'M  i'iili'>l  son.  iltil  Ixtiil.Xdcliitl,  in  Kiiajsliuimuili, 
Mil.  i\.,  |).  "JTI;  and  Ihinni,  MS,,  tuni.  ii.,  rap.  Ivii.,  Tv/xmiwuir,  in  /./., 
p.  I(ii);  say  tli;it  lit'  was  .Mdnlc/unia's  lii-otlii-r. 

"  '7,m/7< /•(/,  tiini.  i.,  pp.  -'7>>->*";  'I'ln-'iatniinhi,  tiini.  i.,  pp.  'JDl--;  IV- 
tdiirni,  Tiii/ni,  pi  ii.,  ji,  -Id;  ('iniiiinio,  in  .\iiiiri//t\\'  Ainiah'^,  Inin.  \r\iii,, 
p.  !•!.'{;  \'(i/fiii,  Imn.  iii.,  pp.  ;ii2l-r>.  'riacalnicpanl/iii  is  icijariliil  liv  (  la\i- 
■riTo  as  a  man  appniMlt'il  (o  tin'  j^'fiu'ial^liip  nil  accnnnl  nf  liis  hii'iii,  atnl 
mil  ln'cau--t'  111'  p(i-.si'sscil  aiiv  mililarv  aliililv.  Diiian,  .M.S.,  tmn,  ii.,  rap. 
Uii.,  u  liii  inalvfs  this  a  war  lu'twci'ii  lliicMii/ini'u  ami  Mcxicn,  stai  ili;il 
lie  |ici'l'iirnifil  wiinilcr.s  on  tin'  liaUlctirM,  UiiJin;;  iivtT  lifty  men,  Ku,  \sa^ 
captui'i'il  ami  killiil  nn  tlu'  lirlil,  in  act'didaiift'  wiili  lii^nwn  H'ipic-i;  ilu' 


V  was  iiii'>( 


lio.l 


well'  also 


III 


l\t'il  as  llic  li'lic  of  a  lu'ld.      (tiller   lildtllrls   of    .Mdlllc/llli  .1 

villi'ii,  ami   many  captiM's  iiinit'il  to  lliii'Mit/iin'o.     'ri'/ii/iiMiui'. 
iiiIsIkiViiihiIi,  Vol,  In.,  |ip,   KiO-l.  adils  thai  the  .\/.ti'cs  wiTf  onl>  our  In 


t\M'iil\  ill  pumhcr,  ami  that   IO,(H>l>  waniois  fell  in  tl 


li^'lit. 


Shoi-ilvutlt'i-, 


ADVENTUHKS  i)V  TLAHUICdL. 


605 


m;nia'4'cd  to  kco]i  tlio  Hucxotzincas  penned  up  on  tlio 
lui'lits  of  !^^;ltlak•ueie,  Avliei'e  tliev  a^uin  attacked 
tliriii  witli  fresh  forces  tlie  followiiiL,'' year,  Jliit  the 
(Icl.iy  liad  also  giver  the  Hiiexotziiicas  time  ti)  recu- 
pnate,   and   to   strengthen    their   natnrally  ad\anta- 


IS  iiosition,  so  that  the  "worst  the  Tlascalt 


ecs  con 


Id 


as  to  rava<_>-e  tlie  country,  and  tliis  thcv  did  with 


uii'ii    ( 


■ffect    that    nianv    (»f   the    llut'xotziii 


cas    Were 


i'\t'ii 


tually  compelled   to  migrate  to  Mexico  in  «|uest 


IlKK 


1.     T 


ezozomoc  ma 


kes  tl 


lis  a  more  serious  artaii 


rt; 


W'licii  the  Huexotzincas,  he  says,  were  liard  ju'essed 
1  V  ihi'  Tlascaltecs,  the  children  and  aged  of  the  for- 

o 
t  out   to  assist 


imr  people   were   invited    to   take    I'efiige   in   Mexic 


\\\\\\o  the 


M 


exicans  wi 


th  tl 


leii"  allies  si 


II 


nexotzincas. 


or  twciitv  (lavs 


TIal 


HIlCOl 


tl 


le 


l;i>calti'(t  general,  fought  hrawly,   retreating  at  the 
niie  time  hefore  the  siii)ei'ior  numher  of  the  eiieiiiv. 


I'liiallv  he  was  c 


aptur 


I'd   in   a   mars 


h.  1 


lis  arniv  s 


cat- 


t-'ivd,  and  the  land  restored  to  the    I  Iui'X<»tzincas.*''' 
A\'hen  ^[onteznma  heard  of  the  di'feat  of  his  troo])s 

is  Sill!    he  was 


Tlascaltecs   and  the  death   of  h 


ilirinl 


IS,  and    in  a   |>ul»lic  s|)eech   declared  that  he  liad 
heiti)  ]iermitted  tlie  repnhlic  to  exist  as   a    sii|»|ily 


HI  (••iiitives   lor 


sa( 


•rilice   and    lor  the  exerci 


se    ( 


i  1 


IIS 


ii'iiiies,'''  hut  that  now  he  w .is  determined  ti»  uttei'ly 

(iiiiliiMirs   'rc/i)Z(illliic,    F\llilriit'cli:ilinai'    nt"    'rnjlall.    aiili'ij    liy    A/tec   •niojis 


llllilrl'  llii'i't'  of    McMlli'/Ulli! 


allMi'lvni   till'  Jliii'Ncit/ 


msiiis  were  killrd,  w  iili  iiKot  nl  iIk  ir  lniii|i 


iiic-a  •  a.tjain 
ami  till'  li>i<i  oi  'I'd! 


til 


tiir 

viiD  was  niiiNiiic'iKnis  ill  I  lis  liiu>  i|ii'-.s.  \\a>  aUn  >laiii;  Imt  tlif  (  liaii  as  ('(Hii 


iiiir  n|i,  tlu'  \  ictiii'v  t 


,..-,,. 


mil  the  lliii'\iit/iiii  as  were  fiilii|iclli'il  to  li'trcat. 


V  llli  IliUl   lll'N 


>llf  III, 

IT  vt't  liail 


MS.,  iiiin.  ii.,  laj'.  hi 


tiiiil 


tl  \\af  w  nil  tlir 


At'trr  this,   lli(.  (Iinilllti 


iMiiiiis,  >a\- 


III 


rlialii 


.1 


|ii'iiji!('  til  li,i;lit  a  liattit',  'to  ;;i 


M- 


~illi'  to  till'  ;/oil  III'   liall  li'  aliil  to 


till'  Mill.      Till'   Mcxiiaiis  mill  tlnir  allies  \\Im>.  ai-ronliii;.'  to  ■ri'/o/oiniM', 
Will' ii]iliosi'il  liy  sis  iiiiii's  I  III' iiiiiiilii'i' ot   ( 'lioliijii  r»,  aiili'il   liv  II  iii-Not/iii- 

lii'i'i'iiiioii  till'  llL:lit  was  lii-roiil  iiiiii'il, 


la--  Mini  AlliM'lls 


ami  llii' 


Azt 


IM'S    \V( 


lost   S.'.MKI  ini'ii:  w 

lit    llOIIII'    III    IIIOIII'll.       '/ 


l'..ll,fHIIII'' 


|>|>.    l(i!l-7(l;    // 


iirmi. 


MS. 


Iiilll.  ii.,  ra|i.   lix.       i.vtiilxorliiti,   |i.  "JTS,  si'i'lns   to   ict'i'l-   to   llii-  liattir  \\U 


II'  MIVH  tiial    Monti'/ 


Ulna 


II. 


;irril  w  llli    tin' 


.\lli\i 


as  to  Iravc 


Ml 


Iniai/ni.  ilu'trin'  lu'ir  ti   tin 


in  tliroiic,  in  tlir  liiirli.      Mr  ai'i'iiriiin;.:lv 


i'li'lii'il  Willi  'J, Slid  III   Ills  wiirriois.     Nr/,ilinai|iilli  tiiiii| 


nil 


I'lii'ni,  ilfiioiiiii'iii; 
ij  •/• 

ii..  I'MM. 


tl 


lis  act   lis  II   liasi>  assasMiialioii. 


I  ;ii:iiiiiiir. 


Ix.t  ( 


ill   Kiii;i.sliiii<)iii//i,  \iil,  i\.,   |i|i    17--4;  I'liriin.   MS.,  lom. 


'(iriiirnt,  loin,  i,,  |i.  'J.SO;    ]'i  i/tin.  torn,  iii.,  pii.  .'l'J."il'i 


lie  truth  III'  this  lioinliast 


scitioii  the  'lla-raliri'  hi-toiian,  ("n- 


laiu''..;!!,  ili'iiics,  Mild  (loiilitli'--s  with  reason;  as  it  woiiM  In-  ali-unl  to  •<u|i|m»sii 


Iii. 


I  ij!- 


I 


600 


HISTORY  OF  THE  EASTERN  PLATEAU. 


aiiiiiliiliite  tlio  presumptuous  and  obstinate  little  state 
now  and  foiever.  The  })eoplo  surrounding  Tlascala 
Avcre  ordered  to  renew  the  attaek  on  all  sides  in  mn- 
junetion  with  the  Aztee  troops.  But  the  Tlascahccs 
Avere,  as  usual,  well  prcpaivd,  and  with  the  aid  oi'  tlu; 
Otomi  iVontier  population,  they  gained  a  i^ioridtis 
vietorv,  and  v\v]i  spoils.  At  the  festivities  wlijch 
ensued  in  Tlascala,  the  leadei's  of  the  Otonn'  auxil- 
iaries wt're  rewarded  with  the  title  of  tecuhtli,  Avliile 
the  defeated  ^Fexican  caj  tains  weie,  hv  !^[«>ntezllnla  s 
orders,  deprived  of  their  rank  and  privilcL;vs."  Tims 
the  hrave  Tlasealtecs  ])reserved  their  inde[)endenrf  in 
Bpite  of  the  united  ert'orts  of  their  enuinies  until  the 
eoniin^'  of  Cortes,  ^hen  it  \vas  their  assistance  and 
implacable  animosity  to  the  ]\[e\ieans  that  made  it 
possible  for  a  handful  of  adventurers  to  eonc^ucr  a 
world. 

The    above-recorded  events  occurred   about    l."ii),"). 
During-  the  same  year,  the    Huexotzineas   and  ( 
lult 


IH'S 


f( 


out. 


n   an    enu' 


aeement    which 


CllsUcil 


tile  foi'iner  ])ut  their  enemies  to  fi^'ht  and  juirsuid 
them  into  C'holnla,  where  they  killed  a  lew  citi/.nis 
and  did  some  trilling'  damage  to  the  temples.  Anx- 
ious to  carry  this  version  of  the  (juarrel  to  ]\[oiitc- 
zun'ia  before  the  Cholultecs  could  tell  him  another 
story,  tluy^  at  once  des[)atclKMl  an  embassy  to  the 
em|)ei'or.  Ihit  the  messeng'eis  mistook  tluii'  i(Mc, 
and  in  their  anxiety  to  extol  the  valor  of  tiicii' 
countrymen  they  lead  ^lontezuma  to  believe  that  the 
Cholultecs    had    been    uttei'lv   annihilated   and    t 


ifir 


citv  destrovei 


I.      TI 


le  emperor  was  nuich  i 


list  I 


this  news,  becausi'  lu'  had  always  been  accustomed  m 
rt\n"ai'd    it  as  a   holy  city,   secure    IVoni  destruetieii. 


tliJil  the  A/tccM  w.iiilil  liavo  jn'miitlcil  llii'   cxisicin'o  of  Midi  ii   liiiiiiiil.ilil  ' 


t'lU'iiiv  a 


t  Ih 


r\  (liiors  if  il  I'V  ciiulil  Inivc  liclpi'd  it.     Uoidcs,  wr 


lia\t' 


Hi'i'ii  iiiiw  ot'lcii  tlicv  (licl  tlii'if  lit'st  tci  >iiIm1iii'  'I'liisciilii  anil  fiiiloi. 


«  TiiniHiiniii/ii,  tiiiii,  1,,  ]>.  2(t'_'-.'i;    \'ii/fiii.  Inin.  iii.,  pii.  H'_'(i-7:   Hnii"!  iir 


J//.s7.,  lom.   iii.,  |i|i.   IdT-'.t;    I'lV.')/-') /7,   fiiilni,  \\\   ii.,   ]•,    11;  / 


hinlii, 


MS., 


liiin.  M.,  I'lip. 


r~ii:i)inni\ 


IV  VII, 
Xuii 


tiiin. 

,/:.■.■ 


Ixi;   7 

p.  'JSd;    He/ 


ill   KiiiiisliiirDiiijh,  Vol.   ix.,  ]i|>,  ITii  S 


I  b> 


■i/n.     Illst.    <! 


llr 


loiil.    \l'\lll. 


ism; 


loiii.   III.,  p,  -I'.iT;  CuiKtir'jii,  m 


WAR  BETWEEN  TEZCUCO  AND  TLASCALA. 


507 


T'lioii  inquiry,  however,  he  learned  tlio  true  facts,  and 
at  (ince  sent  a  ]K)\verl"ul  army  to  i)unisli  the  lluexot- 
ziiuMs  tor  the  deee])tiou  they  liad  jtractieed  upon  him. 
The'  lluexotzineas  marched  t>ut  to  meet  tlie  im])erial 
tidups,  but  an  ex[»hination  ensued,  and  the  iyini^ 
iiiiili.i>satU)rs  liavini^'  been  properly  punislied,  ^Tonte- 
y.miia  was  pat-ilied/^  In  1507  the  lluexotzincas.  as 
\vi'  liave  seen,*"  became  embroiled  with  the  Mexicans 
mire  more,  on  account  of  their  burnino-  the  lisjht- 
lidiiso    at   Acachinanco — an   otl'ense    tV»r   which    they 


IS. 


uifc  severely  chastised  by  ^lonteznnia's  troo] 

A  war  between  Tezcuco  and  Tlascabi;  whicbi  took 
]i1;kl'  a  vei'v  few  years  before  the  coiKjuest,  is  the 
latest  recorded  evt;nt  in  which  the  ]>eople  of  the 
])lati'au  were  concerned,  jtrior  to  the  comiiiL;'  of  the 
S]i,iiiiards.  ( )n  this  occasion  Nezahualpilli  was  ur^i d 
hy  Nb)ntezuma  to  join  him  in  makinn"  war  upon  the 
Tla^caltecs,  for  the:  purj)ose  of  obtaining;-  victims  ibr 
f-acrifice.  It  seems  that  the  ^lexican  nn)narch  was 
jealous  of  the  oi(,'atness  of  his  Tezcucan  rival,  and 
]ilaiiiu'd  this  war  for  his  destruction.*''  Nezahual- 
jiilh.  however,  siispcctinn'  no  hai'm  iVom  his  colleague 
't  out  with  his  Jinny  towards  'I'lasi'ala.  ami   campci 


(1 


ill  the  ravine  ol'  TLalpepex 


AC 


Mont 


ezuma 


had 


m  the 


iiicaiitime  sent  word  to  {\\c  Tlascaltecs  of  the  throat- 
(iinl  invasion,  informinL;'  them  at  the  saim-  time  that 
thoiiLih  he  was  bound,  as  a  matter  of  I'onii,  to  accttm- 
I'aiiv  Nezahualjtilli,  his  troo}>s  wouhl  not  aid  him  but 
latiiiT  lavor  the  'I'hiscaltecs.      'I'he  hitter  accoi(iiu<'lv 


ni'iiud   an  amiiuscado  in 


tl 


\o   riiNinc   ol 


lIltllH'Ml' 


ami  111  the  moruinu,  Just  as  the   I  ('/curaiis.  warm' 
(•(itaiii   evil    omens   ol'    tlu'   iiii|)cndiuL;'    danger,    we 


re 


mva 


kiuu'   camp   in   ^rcat    Jiaste,  tiicy  fell    uiion    thom 


t'uiiuuslv,  and   routed  them   with  u'reat  slaui-htcr 


!l  '.     . 


*'  Tiiri]iiriniiifii,  toiii.  i.,  I'li.  'JO",l-IO;  C/iirii/i  rn,  tmii.  i.,  ]i|>.    'JSI-.-i;   nni.i- 
x'lir,  11, si.,  iiiiii.  iii.,  ii|i.   llS-'.'d;    I  iijliii,  tiiiii.  iii.,  ii|i.  nils- 10. 
*'' Si'c  iiii.H  vol.,  p,  nil. 

<■  l\llil\iM'liill,  |i|i.  -JsO-l,  ilic  'ri'/('iii'!Ui  lii  tiiriiiii,  is  till- ciiilv  iiulliiiiity 
fill' tlii^  iii'ciiimt,  mill  il  is  [iiiiliiiMc  i'iiiiu;;li  that  lie  has  c'\a;:yi'rali'il  .\luii- 
ti'/iiiiiii's  tiriiclii'iy. 


508 


HISTORY  OF  MICIIOACAX. 


h- 


h: 


11 


iw  . 


1^; 
i: 

I" 


From  the  eastern  plateau  wo  turn  now  to  the  ]<iii^-- 
dom  of  Miclioacan,  wliich  lav  to  the  west  of  Aiuihuac. 
The  houndaries  of  this  flourishing  state,  as  tin  y  <  x- 
isted  at  the  time  of  the  Ct)n([uest,  may  1)C  easilv 
definod.  On  the  north  find  north-east  th<;  iivt-i-.s 
Tololotlan,  Pantla,  and  Coahuayana  separated  ^liclio- 
aean  iVoni  Tonala  and  Colima;  on  tlie  west  tlir 
shores  of  the  Pacific  stretched  south  to  Zacatollati; 
the  wiudino-  course  of  the  river  Mexcala  marked  llie 
southern  frontier;  and  on  the  east  lay  the  ^Fuxiciui 
})rovinces  of  Cohuixco  and  ^Eatlaltzinco,  The  fait>  of 
the  country  enclosed  within  these  limits  presents  a 
series  of  undulating  ])lains,  intersected  l>y  imiiK  reus 
mountain  chains  of  varying  height.  The  climate  is 
tenqterate,  the  land  fertile,  well  wooded  and  watered, 
and  was  celehrated,  even  in  pre-Si)anish  times,  for  its 
mines  of  gold  and  silver. 

It  is  a  singular  fact  tliat  tlie  Tarascos,  the  repn- 
sentative  people  of  Michoacan,  thougli  they  weie 
certainly  ecjual,  if  not  sui)erior,  to  their  Aztec  iieigli- 
bors  in  civilization,  wealth,  and  ])()wer,  have  left  no 
record  of  their  history  anterior  to  the  thirteentli  cen- 
tury, while  even  the  little  that  is  known  of  their  later 
histttry  is  told  cliieHy  by  Aztec  chroniclers.  The 
origin  of  the  Tarascos^*^  is  consetpiently  an  tmsolved 
])roblem.  Tiieir  civilization  se'enis  to  have  been  of 
the  Nahua  type,  though  their  langmige  was  totally 
distinct  fnmi  the  Aztec,  tlie  re])resentative  Xaliua 
tongue."  It  is  a  })ri'valent  (tpinion  that  Miclioacan 
formed  part  of  tlu;  Toltec  empire,  and  that  tliongh 
from  its  ])osition  it  was  the  first  to  suH'ei'  iVoni  tlu' 
invading  tribes,  yet  it  was  not  affected  by  the  causes 
which  overthrew  the  empire  to  such  an  extent  as  tlu' 

^'  I'cif  ctyiiiolo^'y  (if  tliis  iiiniio,  sci'  vol.  ii.,  ]i.  l.'to. 

■'■'  Several  names  uf  places  in  the  e(nintry  weie.  Imwever.  nf  Azti'c 
ori^^iii,  and  even  the  name  Michnaean,  '  plaee  of  lisli.'  is  ileiiveil  liniii  tlie 
A/.ti'c  wiinls  mirliin  ixwAi'iiii.  ISeaniniMit,  t'nhi.  Miclnniciiii,  MS,,  ]>.  17, 
savs  that  the  iiri;;inal  nanu"  of  the  eunntry  \\as  T/intziintzan,  hut  he  tiaii-" 
laies  this,  'tiiwii  of  jrreen  hinls.'  Itrasseiiv.  llisl.,  tinii.  iii.,  \>.  ."rj.  .-iivs 
iMielniaean  was  '  le  nnm  i\\w  les  Mexieains  donnaient  a  la  le^riim  ile-  'la- 
rasijui'M.' 


KAULV  TAU ASCO  ANNALS. 


509 


v,i]lcv  of  Auiihuac:  tliii^s  this  tlioorv  would  nuike  tlio 
T.irascos  the  very  best  representatives  of  the  oldest 
Xiiliua  culture.^  ( )i-ozc(^  mentions  the  Tecos  as  l)i'ini>- 
iUiiiinL*"  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  Michoacan;  the 
sul)st(jnent  possessors,  he  says,  took  the  country  from 
this  people  about  the  time  that  the  Toltees  settled  in 
Tollan."^  Tello  speaks  of  the  Culhuas  comintj^  from 
Aztlan,  the  home  of  the  Xahuatlaoas.  and  settlinL»-  in 
SdiKD'a,  Jalisco,  and  as  far  south  as  Et/atlan  and  'I'o- 
iiala.  (jlil,  commenting  on  this,  expresses  a  belief 
that  there  was  a  succession  of  early  iniy'rations  into 
this  western  and  north-western  rei>'ion.  Thus  the 
( 'iilliuas  came  from  the  west  and  extended  alonu;'  the 
coast  to  ZacatoUan.  They  were  followed  by  the 
Coras,  Avho  settled  in  Acaponeta  Valley  and  as  far  as 
Zfiitiiiac,  Then  came  the  Tliorames,  who  con([uere<l 
the  previous  settlers  and  drove  them  to  Nayarit. 
Al'ti  iwai'ds  various  Aztec  tribes  arrived  houx  the 
north.  'I'lie  first  immio'rants  a|)))i'ar  to  have  been  the 
iiio>t  civilized,  and  occupied  'J'uitlan  Valley,  I'oundini^ 
thi'  city  of  that  name.  The  next  comers  erected  the 
Tciil  temple.  Last  of  all  came  a  ruder  people,  who 
(hstriyed  the  youno'  cultui'e  in  ])laces.^^  But  these 
accounts  of  the  earliest  occupation  of  Michoacan  ai"e 
vciy  nieao-re  and  unsatisfactoiy.  The  authorities  near- 
ly ,ill  tell  the  storv  of  the  Aztecs  in  their  migration 
li'oiii  the  Seven  Caves  to  the  valley  of  Antihuac,  jiass- 
iii'^'  thi'oue'h  this  re^'ion  and  encampino'  on  the  sliores 
I'l'  Lake  J^atzcuaro,  where  they  <[Uari't,'l,  in  the  manner 
.'ihvady  related,'"'^  and  separate,  one  ])ortion  jti'oceediiii^ 
to  AiKiliuac,  and  the  otlu'r,  bearino'  the  nanx;  Ta- 
rascds    remaininu"  and  settlino-  the  country.''^     As    I 

'  l\llil\(M'liitl,  in  KiiKishorniiifh.  vul.  i\.,  p.  '21  t.  iiii'iitioiis  ii  'I'ullcd 
li.iil)-  ill. il  (•iiii;u'i'Hl('il  111  till'  MiclniMiail  ri';;iiiii,  iilid  ilwfll  tlu'ic  fiini  Imi;^ 
tlllli'.      SiiliU'j;!!!!,    tiilll.     iii.,    lil).   X.,   )i|i.    1  l"i-(!,   I'l't'lTM    to    it    Tiillcf    llli^rill  iiill 

;!•*  nil  issiK'  t'raiii  tlic  sainc  n';,'ii>u.  N'cyliu,  turn,  ii.,  I'li  V.)-l(),  s|ii'alvs  of  Tul- 
li'i>  \v  liii  t'liiniilcil  coliniifs  all  aloii;,'  tliu  I'iicilic  eoaisi,  ami  gradually  i'liaii;:iMl 
llicir  laii;.'iiagL'  and  fiistmiis, 

j'  (iiii-:cit  1/  lirrnt,  (iinifni/'in,  \t]).  I'JO,  141. 

•'*  liil,  ill  .s'f*-'.  .\fr.r.  ('fill/.,  Jliilifiii,  tmu.  \iii.,  iip,  .'"lOO-l. 

i''  See  lliis  vol.  p.  ■"{.'S. 

''' Sec  iilsii  'rdiii's  version  of  .\/liM'  si'tt ii'incnt  given  by  (lil,  in  Sur. 
il'je.  '.I'liif.,  Jiulttiii,  toni.  viii.,  II.  ritll. 


a  ' 


610 


HISTORY  OF  MICHOACAN. 


have  already  remarked,  however,  no  faith  can  he  placed 
in  this  story.  The  total  dissimilarity  in  laiinuat,fe 
shows  the  Tarascos  to  have  heen  a  people  entirely  dis- 
tinct from  the  Mexicans.  It  must  not,  howcvt'i-,  Ik. 
thoiii>:ht  from   this  that  there  was  anv   relatioiisliin 

O  ^  I 

between  the  Toltec  and  Tarasco  lant^aia^-es.  \\\. 
have  already  seen  that  many  nations  adopted  Xuliiia 
institutions,  who  did  not  speak  Nahiia  dialects. 

Herrera  states  that  Michoacan  was  occujiicd,  diir- 
inof  its  later  years,  by  four  peoples,  each  havii)o-  a 
ditt'erent  orij>-in  and  language,  namely,  Chicliiinccs, 
Mexicans,  Otomis,  and  Tarascos.®''  (_)f  these,  says 
Brasseur,  the  Chichimecs  were  savage  trihes  win. 
lived  on  the  north-east  frontier.  Though  they  would 
not  conform  to  the  rules  of  civilized  life,  yet  tluy 
recognized  the  sovereignty  of  the  Tarasco  pi-iiices, 
and  lent  them  their  aid  in  time  of  war.  Their  lan- 
guage was  the  Pame,  which  is  spoken  at  the  present 
day  by  the  tribes  living  in  the  mountains  of  Tzielui, 
north-east  of  Guanajuato.  The  Mexican  population 
was  composed  of  those  Nahuas  who  luid  sej)arated 
from  their  companions  on  the  march,  or  who  had 
fn)m  various  causes  been  forced  to  flee  from  Aiialuiac 
The  Otomis  were  the  primitive  nations  who  dwelt  in 
the  valleys  west  of  Auiiliuac,  including  the  Mazu- 
huas  on  the  north,  and  the  Matlaltzincas  on  the 
south-west.®" 

An  anonymous  manuscript  Avritten  for  Don  An- 
tonio de  Mendoza,  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  ibiiueily 
belonging  to  the  Peter  Force  collection,  in  Wasliinj^- 
ton,  and  (pioted  by  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  contains 
nearly  all  that  is  known  of  the  early  history  ul' 
Michoacan. 

At  the  period  when  the  Chichimecs  first  made 
their  ai)pearance  in  Anahuac  and  the  surroundini;' 
regions,  Michoacan  was  settled  and  its  people  were 
civilized.     Id  that  time  the  countiy  was  divided  into 

^•■'  Hint.  Gt'ii.,  doc.  iii.,  lilt,  iii.,  cup.  ix. 
^''  JJint.,  toin.  iii.,  lip.  iw-G. 


CIIICIIDIEC  OCCITATION. 


611 


a  •^Ycat  nuniLer  of  little  states,  and  the  people  of 
the  ])rincipal  of  these  called  tlienisulves  i>L;tuiuas 
and  Ezct)inac'has.  The  iiio.st  powerfid  of  all  the 
clilct's  was  the  kiiiijf  of  the  isles  c»f  J'atzeiiaro,  who 
lioro  the  title  of  El  Heiiditare,  'lord  al)ove  all,'  and 
liail  sultjeeted  a  iiinnher  of  the  suiToiuidiiii,'  ])eo[)l»js, 
iinlmhiio'  some  Chiehiinee  tril)es,  to  his  authofity. 

A  little  to  the  north  of  the  lake  was  the  iiide- 
pL'iuleiit  town  and  territory  of  Naraiijan,  which  was 
novcnied  by  a  chief  named  Ziranziraii  Camaro.  It 
;s  ill  the  nei^'hhorhood  t)f  this  town  that  we  first  meet 
with  the  wild  Chichimec  Wanacaces,*^^  led  hy  tlieir 
cliict"  Iri  Ticatanie,  who  bore  by  virtue  of  his  office 
tliu  imai^'e  of  their  jfod  Curicaneri.  All  we  know  of 
the  oi'i^inal  home  of  this  people  is  that,  accordintjf  to 
tluir  own  account,  they  came  from  a  distant  land 
calK'd  Bayameo.  They  were  a  wandering  race  of 
dariii'^'  hunters,  and  seem  to  have  had  no  particular 
(jliiect  in  comin'jf  to  !Miclioacan  other  than  to  find 
i^ood  lHmtin<j;'-i;rounds.  l^[)on  arriving'  at  the  borders 
of  the  forest  of  Wiriu  Quarampcjo,  within  si^ht  of 
the  city  of  Xaranjan,  they  halted  and  built  a  jLj;reat 
ahar  to  their  !L>'ods  as  a  t»dven  that  they  had  found  tiio 
kind  of  country  they  wanted  and  intended  to  settle 
there.  The  }nesence  of  the  stran^'ers  created  a  i;rt;at 
deal  of  alarm  amon,L»'  the  original  inhabitants,  and  this 
was  increased  when  Iri  Ticatanie  sent  word  to  Ziian- 
ziiaii  Camaro  that  his  peo))le  nuist  l)ring  fiU'l  to  the 
altar  of  Curicaneri.  Such  an  insoh'iit  dfmaiid 
showed  unmistakably  that  tluur  iiitentiuiis  wen,!  not 
pi'ain't'iil;  and  the  j)riests,  who  in  Michoacaii  had  the 
,!Hi'catL'st  influence  in  secular  as  well  as  ecclesiastical 
all'iirs,  at  once  beo-au  to  ]>ropitiate  the  gods  with  sac- 
rilici;  and  prayer,  without  seeming  to  tl'nk  for  a 
iiionicnt  of  the  ex|»ediency  of  even  parleying  with  the 
iiivadris.  But  Ziranziraii  Camaro  was  more  }>;udei:t, 
and  calling  his  hot-headed   ministers  before  him  he 

"  failed  Cliicliimecivs  vandcoos  by  Cailiajiil  Esjiinosa,  Hist.  .1/c.r. ,  tnni. 
i.,  p.  'JliO. 


I      il 


N 


512 


HISTORY  OF  MlCIIOAf  AX. 


•i! 


tHi 


])«)iiitc(]  out  to  tlieni  tlie  liojiolossness  and  folly  of  en- 
<>n'''iii!jf  ill  ii  war  with  the  W'anai'aco.s.  The  invudiis. 
liu  arn'iU'd,  would  never  have  dared  to  make  sudi  ,i 
demand  uide.ss  they  had  ])een  confident  of  their  jkiwa  <• 
to  enforce  it;  it  was  hetter  to  conciliate  them  than  to 
risk  the  conseciuences  of  an  open  rui»ture;  Hnally  he 
proposed  that  a  noi)le  lady,  one  of  his  own  relatidi.s, 
^liould  l)e  ij^iven  as  a  wife  to  Iri  Ticatame,  His  ad- 
vice was  taken;  the  people  of  Naranjan  hastmid  t(» 
carry  provisions;  and  clothinjjf  to  the  strangers;  the 
lady  was  conducted  to  the  wild  chief's  hut;  and  the 
barharians  w<.n-e  ap})eased. 

Of  this  marria_i,e  was  born  a  son  named  Sicuii-aclia. 
who  was  (hvtiivjd  to  pliiy  an  im[)ortant  i>art  in  the 
history  of  his  country.  When  he  was  old  enough  to 
leave  his  mother  he  was  entrusted  to  the  care  of  the 
l»riests,  to  be  instructed  in  all  those  thin<;'s  wliich  it 
was  necessary  for  a.  vouth  of  his  country  to  kiidw. 
One  of  liis  princi[)al  duties  was  to  kill  manic  in  the 
forests  and  bring  it  to  the  altars  for  sacriiicc.  Ir 
happened  one  day  when  he  was  huntin,iL>"  to  supply  a 
special  feast  with  offerinn's,  that  the  (puiny  escajicil  to 
the  fields  of  QuierecuaR),  but  beiun'  mortally  wounded 
it  died  there,  and  was  fouiul  by  some  wonuni  wlu) 
were  gatherinu;'  maize  for  the  same  festival.  Xow.  it 
seems  that  to  wound  m'ame  without  killmi>-  it  instantly 
was  thoui^ht  to  forebode  evil  to  the  hunter,  so  that 


,h 


tl 


When  tne  news  of  the  discovery  was  carried  to  thj 
lord  of  Xaranjan,  he  at  once  foresaw  the  downfall 
of  the  Wanacaces,  and  lost  no  time  before  taking' 
council  with  his  ])riests  and  nobles  upon  the  sidijei  t. 
It  was  not  loui*'  before  these  thing's  reached  tlu'  <  ar 
of  Iri  Ticatame,  and  he  appears  to  have  shared  ni 
the  sujierstition,  for  he  ri'solved  to  chan<>'e  his  ])la(0 
of  abode  without  delay.  Havinjjf  announced  his  in- 
tention to  his  ti-ibe,  he  departeil  with  his  family  and 
the  ima<>'e  of  (Juricaneri  to  a  place  named  (^)ut'i-ei|'^i, 
which  does  not  seem  to   have  been  far  distant;  his 


w 


ife  also  took  her  u'od,  AVasoric 


uare,  wrap[)ed  ui»  in 


nil  ticata:\ie  and  oresta. 


r,i3 


a  ilrli  cloth,  to  her  new  lioine/*'  80011  afterwavd.s  lie 
iiiovcd  ai^^aiii  to  Zichajiicuero,  three  leagues  iVom  the 
city  of  'rziutzLintzan,  where  he  erected  a  teiu})le  and 
altars. 

Ill  the  meantime  Sicuiracha  had  ci'rown  np  and 
li;i(l  lieconie  a  hravx'  warrior  and  skillful  hunter;  hut 
his  father  was  now  old,  while  his  iullowers  had  lost 
tluir  ancient  fierceness  and  energy  l>y  lou^j;  n;\n)sv. 
The  people  of  Naranjan  had  never  for^-otten  the 
liiuulliation  they  had  sufiered  when  the  Wanacaces 
tiist  arrived.  Now  the  time  seemed  ripe  for  ven- 
geance. 

At  that  time  a  very  powerful  prince  named  Oresta 
Avas  rei<jfnini,'  at  Cumachen.  An  embassy,  laden  with 
costly  presents,  was  sent  to  him  from  Naranjan,  re- 
(jiicstin'4'  his  assistance  to  drive  the  Wanacaces  out 
(if  tiie  country.  Oresta  had  as  nuich  reason  as  any 
to  fear  the  interlopers,  and  he  readily  entered  into 
the  scheme.  The  united  forces  then  marched  rajmlly 
and  secretly  aofainst  the  i)lacc  where  hi  Tiiatame 
was  (Iwelliui^,  intentUno-  to  sui-[)rise  him  hefoi'e  he 
could  call  u})on  his  warriors.  On  the  borders  of  the 
lake  they  met  his  wife,  who,  comprehendino-  the  situ- 
ation at  a  o'lance,  attem])ted  to  run  and  warn  her 
liiisiiaiid.  But  they  cano'ht  her  and  re[)roached  her 
with  wishino"  to  betray  her  own  people,  and  prevent 
tluiu  from  takino"  a  iust  veno-eance  on  their  enemies. 
She  was  a  better  wife  than  patriot,  however;  and 
chidino-  the  <>-i-as[)  of  those  who  detained  her,  slie  tied 
to  warn  Iri  Ticatame.  She  arrived  too  late;  tlu; 
allied  troops  reached  the  town  before  her,  and  at 
once  he^'aii  the  assault.  'I'lie  veneral»le  chief  of  the 
Wanacaces,  attacked  and  sui'rounded  in  his  own 
house,  defeiuletl  himself  \'aliantly  for  some  time,  but 
at  last  over|)owered  by  numbers,  he  fell  dead  upon  a 
hea|i  of   slain.      His  wile  came   up  just  at  this  nio- 


5"  '  Cliaiiuo  tribe,  diaqiio  fiuiiillt',  soiivoiit   cliiKino   jxtshiuic   avait  sdii 
ilini  nil  so  ^ri'tiii'^i  iiarticiilitTH  u   iicii  pri's  ('dimiiic  Ics  (i'iii|iliim   di'    I.aliaii 
ilii'ouU'vaii  :\  riiisii  sa  tille  Itai'liul.'     JirKssiKV,  Ilisl.,  torn,  iii.,  ii.  (Jl. 
Vol.  V.   aa 


C14 


IIISTOIIY  OF  MICHOACAX. 


jneiit,  and  in  spite  of  all  that  could  Lo  doiu-  to 
prevent  lier,  the  devoted  ^vonlall  cast  herself  ii]iuii 
the  body  of  tlie  fierce  old  chief  and  I'cfused  to  he  re- 
moved or  comforted.  Tlie  victors  then  set  fire  in  the 
j)lace  and  retired,  carrying  with  them  the  idol  Ciui- 
canori. 

Ignorant  of  the  misfortune  which  had  fallen  u|m(1i 
his  house,  Sicuiracha  was  hunting  in  a  forest  at 
some  distance  from  the  doomed  town  when  tlie  m-ws 
was  hn)ug]it  to  him.  He  at  once  hastened  to  tliu 
spot,  hut  arrived  only  to  find  his  mother  wcejiiiiL;' 
\i|)()n  the  hodv  of  his  father,  amid  tlie  blazinii'  huild- 
ings.  Filled  witli  rage  at  the  sight,  and  thirsting  t'nr 
vengeance,  he  wasted  no  time  in  useless  mouriiiiiu', 
but  calHng  together  the  few  warriors  who  had  escaped 
the  massacre,  he  started  in  j)ursuit  of  the  enemy. 
His  hirce  was  so  small  that  this  seemed  an  act  nt' 
madness;  but  fortune  favors  the  brstVe.  Elated  with 
their  victory,  or  as  tlie  old  chronicl'^  has  it,  })roniptcd 
by  the  god  they  had  stolen,  the  allied  troops  had 
given  themselves  up  to  drunkenness,  and  in  this  state 
the  avengers  found  them.  The  idol  stood  neglected 
at  the  foot  of  an  oak;  seizing  this,  the  AVanacaces 
rushed  furiously  upon  their  fallen  foes.  A  great 
number  were  massacred,  and  the  rest  were  cariiid 
in  trium{)h  to  Wayameo,  where  Sicuiracha  d\\\lt. 
For  some  time  they  were  kept  in  tlie  condition  vi' 
slaves,  but  eventually  they  were  released  ujx)!)  tlie 
understanding  that  their  cjjiefs  sliould  recognize  tlie 
supi'emacy  of  Sicuiracha,  who  now  formally  took  the 
title  of  king.  The  new  monarch  rapidly  iiiereasL  : 
his  territory  by  conquering  and  annexing  tb''  '"•  - 
ous  petty  states  that  lay  around  it;  he  bu  ral 

tem])les,   notably  one   to    Curicaneri,   when,     lie    re- 
garded as  the  author  of  his  greatness;  increas>  d  th 
nund)er  of  priests,  and    erected    dwellings  for  thein 
about   the   temples;    enforced    religious    observances; 
and  established  his  capital  at  Wayameo,  wliere,  after 


TliK  TAltASCCiS  OX  LAKE  PATZfTARO. 


515 


a  \o\yj!;  and  glorious  reiii'ii,  ho  ded,  IcavIii'T;'  tlu;  king- 
ildiii  to  liis  two  .sons,  Pawacuniu  and  Wajtoani. 

Shortly  alter  the  accession  of  these  ])rinccs,  events 
occurred  in  the  Hourishin*^  rei^io:)  lyinii'  north  of 
W'ayanieo,  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Palzcuaro, 
Avliich  affected  the  condition  of  the  entire  country, 
ami  eventually  added  <j;'reatly  to  the  ]>o\vei-  of  the 
\\  anacace  kings.  The  capital  of  this  region  was 
Tt/jutzuntzan.  The  chronicle  I  have  hitliei'to  I'ol- 
lowfd  gives  no  account  of  the  origin  of  this  city; 
Imt  other  authors,  who  in  their  turn  make  no  nieii- 
ti(»n  of  the  events  ahovc  recorded,  furnish  a  story  of 
its  I'oundation,  which  I  will  relate  here,  hefore  con- 
tinuing the  more  consecutive  nan-ative. 

Alter  the  separation  of  the  Tarascos  from  their 
A/tec  hrethren,  says  Beaumont,  the  former,  I'esolv- 
iiig  to  settle,  l)egan  at  once  to  till  the  ground  and 
the  seeds  that  they  had  biought  with  them, 
led    to  elect  a  kinsjr    from    anioUL!' 


!<i  IW 


lie 
llie 


y  then    proceet 


ir  bravest  wai'riors.  So  highly  was  this  (juality 
nf  coui'age  esteemed  by  them  that  even  the  later 
kind's,  who  succeeded   to   the  throne   hv  inheritance. 


Were  not  allowed  to  wear  certam  jewels  and  orna- 
iiKiits  until  tliey  had  earned  the  right  to  do  so  hy 
capturing  a  prisoner  in  battle  with  their  own  hands. 
Iiider  the  administration  of  such  energetic  men  the 
pfople  ])r(\gressed  rapidly,  both  in  wealth  and  power; 


toiiunert.-e  was  encouraged  and  the  arts  and  sciences 
iltinrished.  But  they  es})ecially  excelled  in  leatlier- 
Wdik,  for  which  the  splendid  ])lumage  of  the  biids 
cf  the  country  I'urnished  abundant  material. ^^  This 
curious  art  is  said  to  have  been  suggested  by  the 
Itlienomenon  which  led  to  the  founding''  of  their 
capital.  When  the  Tarascos  first  halted  on  the 
itliern  sliore  of  Lake  Patzcuaro,  they  phu-ed   their 


SOI 


priu'  '])al  idol  in  a  pleasant  s})ot  that  the  god  ::!i"ht 
rcpu  e,  when,  behold,  a  multitude  of  birds  of  gorgeous 


^'  Ikaumont,  Croii.  Mcchoacau,  MS.,  pp.  48,  C3. 


I 


51G 


HISTORY  OF  MICHOACAN. 


plumngG  congrogatjd  in  the  air  and  formed  a  brilliant 
shade  or  canopy  above  the  sacred  image.  Thi.s  was 
at  once  hailed  as  a  divine  indication  that  they  should 
found  their  city  hero,  and  at  the  same  time  it  sii^'- 
gested  the  feather  mosaics  for  which  they  afterwards 
became  so  famous,  in  commemoration  of  this  mi- 
raculous manifestation  of  the  divine  will  the  city  was 
named  Tzintzuntzan,  'place  of  celestial  birds.''"' 

little  or  nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  Tzin- 
tzuntzan from  this  time  until  it  is  again  brought  into 
notice  by  the  events  to  which  1  have  alluded  as 
occurring  shortly  after  Sicuiracha  was  succeeded  hv 
his  sons  on  the  throne  at  Wayameo.  Granados,  it  is 
true,  states  that  nineteen  kiugs  ruled  over  the  'J'a- 
rascos  from  the  time  of  their  settlement  doMMi  to  tlio 
conquest,  but  he  gives  no  account  of  any  of  tliLiii, 
while  Beaumont  complains  that  he  is  able  to  lind 
records  of  thrc)  only,  namely,  Characu,  'the  boy  king,' 
Zu'anga,"^  and  the  son  of  the  latter,  Taiigaxoan,''^ 
better  known  bv  the  name  of  Caltzontzin,  *he  who  is 
always  shod,  to  distinguish  liim  from  those  otln  r 
rulers  who,  being  vassals  of  the  Aztec  monai'ch,  ap- 
peared bare-footed  before  their  suzerain."^  At  what 
period  the  boy  king  lived  it  is  impossible  to  tell,  hut 
as   the  other  two  certainly  reigned  at   a  later  date 


60  Ihllrnmi,  Mrxiqiir,  toni.  ii.,  p.  Tii.  Tlu?  first,  naiuo  f^ivpn  to  tlu'  tnuii 
wiiM  (iiiiiyan;;'ai<M),  says  ( Jraiiados  y  ( ialvcz,  Tun/r.s  Aiiiir.,  ]>.  IHI.  I'lnliv 
Jiarrt'a  translates  'I'xiiitziint/an,  'ti»\vii  of  j,M'"('n  birds,'  and  tlio  tituii  ^va^  mi 
called,  ii(!  says,  from  the  form  of  the  idol.  ISeaiimoni  ealls  it  also  ('liin^iia 
and  lluit/.il/.ilainie.   (';•((//.  Mir/i(i(tr(iii,  MS.,  pp.   I'A.  4(1-7. 

c  Also  known  as  ('hi;,nian;,nia,  ('hi;,'naeini,  and  I'/ihiianj^a, 

f>*  Also,  Sint/iclni  'I'an^fajnan,  'he  of  the  line  leelli.' 

•i^  lliiiiniiiiiit,  Ciiiii.  MrrliiKirini,  MS.,  pp.  44  .">,  (18-0,  7Ii.  Herrera,  ilri'. 
iii.,  Iil>.  iii.,  '  ap.  viii.,  ti.inslates  Ca/on/in  hy  'old  samlals,'  sayin;:  lli^it 
tiic  name  was  bestowed  npon  the  kin;;  as  a  ni)'.k-iiam(>  iie('Mn.s(^  of  iIki 
Hhahlty  dress  in  which  li"  appeared  before  Corles.  Aeeoniinj,'  to  ;\le;!ii', 
7//.s7.  i'oiti/).  i/f  Jrsiis,  tom.  i.,  \>.  '.tl,  Calt/ont/in  was  the  ininie  j,M\en  lo 
Zint/.iilia  by  the  Spaniards.  Ibdtrami,  Mixit/iic,  foni.  ii.,  p.  41,  wiiles  the 
mime  .Sin/ineha.  rori|nenni  la,  tom.  i.,  p.  .'t.'iS,  calls  him  (  ac/oll/in.  (iiii- 
nados  y  (Jalve/,  Tan/iM  Aimr.,  pp.  IS4-(),  writes  Call/ont/in  or  Cin/iiM. 
'I.es  ndalions  et  Ics  hi.stoires  rtda lives  an  Miclioaean  donnent  tonles  an  i"! 
lies  'I'arasiiues  le  litre  on  h^  no:n  ile  Cazontzin.  Ktait-ce  iiii  litre?  c'csl  in- 
certain.  Toriinemada  m-  sail  ciMpTil  doll  en  pens(>r.'  Ilins.'n'iir.  Ilisl..  tmii, 
iii.,  ]).  7H.  (  a/oMzi  'parail  eiri'  iin  corriihtinn  tarasipie  dn  mot  nalmail 
Call/ont/in,  I'hef  ou  lete  do  la  maisoii.'  iJ.,  loui.  iv.,  j;   303. 


THE  GODDESS  XAIIATANGA. 


517 


tlian  our  story  has  yet  reacliud,  tlicy  may  all  be 
rutbiTod  to  hereafter. 

Let  us  now  return  to  the  anonymous  narrative. 
At  the  time  of  Sicuiraeha's  death  at  Wayameo,  three 
l)r<ithers  named  Tarigaran,  Paeiniwane,  and  Sueurawe 
were  reignins^  in  tlie  region  of  whicli  Tzintzuntzan 
Avas  the  capital.  On  a  hill  overlooking  the  lake 
stiiod  the  temple  of  their  chief  divinity,  the  goddess 
Xaratmga,  wliose  son  "was  named  ^[anowapa.  Now, 
tli(>  i/riests  of  this  o-oddess  obtained  the  wood  whiili 
tlicv  hurncd  in  the  temple  from  the  forest  of  Atama- 
t.iho,  close  to  Wayameo,  and  they  fre(|ueiitly  took 
advantage  of  their  proximity  to  the  teni[)le  of  (Juri- 
caneri  to  .carry  wood  there,  a  courtesy  which  the 
^\'auaeaco  priests  returned  by  occasionally  l>earii.g 
fuel  to  the  sanctuary  of  Xaratanga.  It  hupitened 
one  day,  Avheu  the  feast  (jf  the  goddess  was  ap- 
jiroaching,  that  Tavigaran  and  his  two  brothers, 
with  their  attendants,  went  to  the  temple  to  assist 
the  priests  to  decorate  the  idol.  Ihit  the  i^i'inccs  had 
hcen  drinking  deeply,  and  the  goddess,  perceiving 
this,  pimished  them  for  their  irreverijuce  by  mak- 
ing them  very  druidv.  Then  the  brothers  became 
alarmed,  and  sent  tlieir  Avomen  to  tlie  lake  to  procure 
Ilsl;,  by  eating  which  they  hoped  to  dissipate  tlie 
fumes  of  the  liijuor.  JJut  the  outraged  goddess  had 
hidden  the  lish,  and  the  women  succeeded  only  in 
catrliing  a  large  serj)ent,  v.hieli  tliey  carried  to  the 
jii'Iests,  who  cook(.'d  it  and  ate  of  it  togither  with  the 
piinces,  at  sunset.  But  no  sooner  liad  the  strange 
food  passed  their  lljis  than,  to  iheir  hori'or,  tliey  all 
I'eund  themselves  turned  into  ser[)ents.  {.'"ill'd  with 
trri'or  and  dismay  they  [ilungv'd  inio  tlu'  1;  ke  and 
swam  towards  tiie  mountain  of  Tiriai'Ui'i,  amid  the 
rei'esses  of  which  they  disa[i[)eared  u]>on  landing. 

The  territory  of  'IV,int/untzan  being  now  bereft  of 
iu  chief  |)riests  and  pi'inces  oU'ei-eil  an  easy  pri  y  to 
its  \\'anacae(^  neighbors,  and  s(!\'eral  chiefs,  probably 
vassals  of  the  kiu'j's  of  W'avameo,  soon  began  to  en- 


518 


HISTORY  01<  INIICHOACAN. 


croacli  upon  ity  borJei's.  Tarapeclia  Chanliori  took 
]>()ssossiou  of  CuriiK'uai'o  Aeliuriii  and  cstaWH.sIud 
liiniselt'  there,  while  Ipinchuari  did  the  same  at  IV'- 
chetaro.  The  royal  l)rother.s  of  Wayanieo  also  took 
up  arms  and  possessed  themselves  first  of  Capacui'eo, 
and  then  of  Patamagua  Nacaraho.  At  the  latter 
place  they  seem  to  have  separated,  each  to  make  con- 
quests on  his  own  Ijehalf.^ 

The  Tarasco  population  was  now  thoroui;lil\' 
alarmed  and  with  one  accord  the  various  states  h(  ^nii 
to  prepare  for  war.  The  kinos  of  Wayameo,  Imw- 
ever,  assured  Cuyupuri,  who  had  succeeded  to  tlio 
office  of  liig"h-priest  of  Xaratanga  at  Tzintzuiitz.in, 
that  he  should  receive  no  inju)'y,  and  at  tJjoir  iii\  il,i- 
tion  he  removed  to  the  spot  wliere  his  metamorphosed 
predecessors  had  disai)peared.  Later  he  removed  to 
Si})ico,  on  the  borders  of  the  lake,  where  he  erected  a, 
tem[)le  and  other  buildiuLTs;  after  that  he  went  to 
several  other  phices,  but  liindly  established  hiiiisi  h' 
on  ]\[ount  Haracotin,  where  Wapeani  had  taken  u[) 
his  al)ode. 

The  two  ])rothers  now  continued  their  conquests  iu 
every  direction,  and  before  Ioul,'  ^bey  had  eainud  [)os- 
session  of  most  of  the  i)la,ces  on  the  south  shore  of 
tlie  lake  Patzcuai'o,  including  the  fertde  I'en'ion  of 
1'zintzuntzan.  Now  it  came  to  pass  one  day,  whi  ii 
Wapeani  ha,d  climbed  ^Tount  Atni)en,  and  w;;s 
|i»'az;ini^  lon<.i'in<4'ly  at  the  beautiful  islands  which  dnt- 
ted  its  surface,  that  his  attention  was  attracted  (o  a 
pyianiidal  structure  which  rose  in  the  centre  (•!'  one 
of  the  fairest  of  them.  Perceivin<j['  a  (isherman  cast- 
inn'  his  nets  at  some  dislanco,  he  called  liim  to  liini. 
In  answer  to  his  in(piii'ies,  tin;  iisherman  inlbrnied 
the   prince    that   the   island   u]»on   whicli    the   tein|i!i! 

'''  liiasscn;',  Hi.if.,  torn,  ili.,  ]t]>.  00-7,  vimiiIcin  Uiim  ikimsh;,'!'  very  niiilii;:ii- 
(iilsly.  M '(•  fill  I'll  «•('  liill  ( l';lliiiiiil,i.;ilii  NacMialiii)  (|in'  li's  iliciix,  I'li'ic-- 'li' 
(-'iil'ii'illii'l'i,  sc  H>'|iiiW'i'('iil;  cliaciiii  ili':i  I'lu'l's  rlii"liiiiic'iiii('s,  iiii'liiili'  If  -ini, 
iillii,  HI'  lixcr  ail  lii'ii  i|U(>  la  vii'limi-  iiii  ilmiiia.  I'oiii'  liii,  I'liiiiiiiiiaiii  Id 
I'diii'M  (in  Mi'H  ('inii|iir'((M,  11  cliassa  Idiir  fi  linir  Ic  ^xihici'  siir  K  -  li'n('>i  vni-iui'-*, 
INissjiiit  il'iiiK'  iiioiitagiii' a  ratiUi',  t't  jctaiil  la  Icrrcur  tlaiin  Il's  iMiimlatiuiis 
d'aloiiliiiir.' 


THE  KINc;  OF  THE  ISLES. 


519 


stood  was  called  Xaracuero,  and  was,  to^'otlier  with 
tlic  island  of  Pacandan,  ruled  by  a  kinj:»'  named  Ciiii- 
cateii,  who  bore  the  title  of  El  Henditare.  He  told 
Wapeani,  moreover,  that  there  were  ChichimecH  on 
these  islands,  thoui^h  they  did  not  s[)eak  the  same 
l:iiiL;'ua^e  as  the  Wanaeaees.  Wapeani  was  aston- 
ished at  this,  as  he  had  believed  that  his  peojjle  were 
the  oidy  Chicliimecs  in  the  country.  The  warriors 
of  hl>  iiite  then  asked  the  fisherman  what  his  name 
was,  and  if  he  had  any  daui^hters.  He  answered 
that  his  name  was  Curipajan,  and  that  he  had  no 
tliihh'en.  They  insiste(l,  however,  that  he  liad 
daun'htors,  assuring  him  at  the  same  time  that  they 
intended  no  harm,  but  merely  wanted  to  obtain  wives 
from  the  islands.  At  length,  alter  repeated  denials, 
lie  confessed  that  lie  had  one,  who  was  little  and 
ui^ly,  and  (juite  unworthy  of  their  consideration.  It 
matters  not,  they  answered,  say  nothing  to  anyb(j(ly, 
l)Ut  bi'ing  her  liei'e  to-morrow. 

AVhat  induced  the  fisherman  to  act  against  his  in- 
eTiiiatioiis  after  lie  had  once  got  iVee,  the  chronicle 
(Iocs  not  relate,  but  on  the  next  day  he  returnetl  at 
tlie  appointed  time  with  his  daughter.  Wapeani 
ari'ived  at  the  rendezvous  somewhat  later,  and  finding 
the  girl  to  his  taste  lie  took  her  away  m  ith  him,  iii- 
slnictiiig  her  father  to  return  lioine,  and  if  (|U('stioned 
fniircriiing  the  absence  of  bis  dauglitci',  to  s;iy  that 
she  had  iteeii  carried  off  and  enslavrd  liy  the  \\'ana- 
caits.  Wajienni  afterwards  gave  the  woman  to  his 
In'nthor,  .Pawacume,  who  mai-ried  her,  and  got  by  her 
a  si.ii  named  Tariacuri,  who  sid»sr(|in  nt  ly  became 
kiiig  and  was  the  founder  of  th<;  kingdom  of  Mi- 
chnacan. 

When  the  king  of  Ihc  isles  Icarnetl  \vh;il  liad  been 
(luic  b_v  \\';ipeaiii,  he  was  '^rcit  ly  enraged,  and  tiie 
iici^iiboi'iiig  lords  ha\iiig  been  calh'd  logetliei'  a 
cnUlicil  was  jiehl  to  coiisidi  v  s\liat  action  shtiuld  be 
taken  in  tin;  matter.  Jhit  i\\i'  lords  were  in  fa\t>r  of 
place,  and  it  Mas  finally  arianged  that  the  lirother 


520 


HISTORY  OF  MICilOACAN. 


lllKlII'i- 


kings  .sliould  be  invited  to  come  and  settle 
thcni,  wliun  the  office  of  grand  sacrifice!*  sliouKl  no 
v^ont'crred  upon  Pawacunie  and  that  of  priest  of  tlic 
god  Cuangari  Changatun  upon  Wapeani.  ^Mcssi^n- 
gers  wore  accordingly  sent  to  make  these  proj)os;ils  tn 
the  hruthcrs.  Flattered  by  such  brilliant  otters  uiid 
dazzled  by  the  costly  presents  which  tlie  envoys 
brouglit  with  them,  the  princes  readily  consented  to 
the  arrangement,  and  at  once  embarked  for  the  isl- 
ands, wliei'e  they  were  received  with  great  state,  ar.d 
inunediately  invested  with  the  promised  (hgnities. 
But  it  seems  that  the  l)rothers'  followers  li.ul  not 
been  made  acquainted  with  the  details  of  tliis  ai- 
rangement,  for  after  impatiently  waiting  some  time 
ibr  the  return  of  the  })rinces,  they  also  set  out  for  tlie 
islands  to  discover  the  cause  of  their  detention.  I'li- 
on'  learning  the  true  state  of  the  case  they  were  furi- 
ous, and  demanded  with  many  threats  that  I'awa- 
cume  and  Wape:  ni,  who,  they  said,  had  been  ap- 
])o)nted  by  Curicaneri  as  their  guardians,  should 
instantly  be  sent  bai*k  to  tiieir  own  people.  Curicafeii 
thonglit  it  ])rudent  to  yield,  and  the  brotlieis  re  luc- 
tantly  I'eturneil  with  their  followers  to  the  mainlaiMl. 
But  during  their  brief  st)journ  in  the  islands  thiv 
had  seen  much  that  was  new  to  them,  and  ha\  iiig 
obsi'rxed  the  benefit  to  be  derived  from  civihzatioii, 
they  resolved  to  im})rovo  the  condition  of  their  coun- 
tiy.  Ivnowing,  however,  that  their  influence  aloiu- 
would  not  suffice  to  make  the  people  suddenly  cliaii!:!' 
the'ir  nomadic  habits,  they  called  to  thi'ir  aid  the 
voice  of  (he  gods.  ( )ne  day  they  annoimced  that  the 
goil  of  Hades  had  appeai'ed  to  them  in  n,  dream,  coiii- 
manding  tlu'm  to  erect  temples  in  honor  of  all  tlic 
Chichimec  divinities.  The  jxiople,  whose  religious 
fervor  seiuns  to  have  been  unhounded,  were  at  oiifc 
anxious  to  begin  the  ))ious  work,  Itoidy  remained 
to  choose  a  suitable  site.  Under  the  guidanct'  of  tlie 
brothers,  tlu'V  re[)aired  to  a  densely  woodt'd  lull  near 
Turimi  ('hundido,  where  there  wa«  a  beautiful  stream 


CITY  OF  PATZCUARO. 


521 


of  wutcr,  known  henceforth  hy  the  name  of  Ciiiriz- 
cutero.  Here  thev  set  to  work  in  earnest;  hewin**- 
down  the  trees  and  clearing'  the  ground  for  the  foiuid- 
utions  of  the  teni[)les.  (hie  after  another  the  stately 
eiUfices  rose,  and  when  they  were  tinisiied  the  chiels 
iK'Ufan  to  vie  with  each  other  in  buildiii!''  line  dwelhuy- 
liouses,  so  tliat  in  an  incredibly  short  s});ice  of  time 
the  sides  of  the  hill  were  covered  with  huildings. 
Siicli  was  the  origin  of  the  city  of  Patzcuaro/''^  tor 
a  long  time  the  caj)ital,  and  afterwards  one  of  the 
piiiK'ipal  cities  of  ^lichoacaii. 

Now,  at  that  time  the  kingdom  of  C'urincuaro, 
which  comprised  part  of  the  lake  islands,  was  one  of 
the  most  powerful    states   in   all  that   region,  and   in 

iiuiion  with  its  Tarasco  neighbors,  it  regarded  tlie 


(■(I 


rapid  ])rogress  of  the  Wanacaces  with  fct'liiigs  of 
jealousy  and  ai)prehension,  wliich  soon  resulled  in 
actual  ho.;Hlities.  An  and)assa(lor  was  sent  to  Patz- 
cuaro  to  formally  demand  that  its  iidud)itants  should 
liriiig  I'uel  to  the  altars  at  (.'urincuaro.  The  AVa- 
accs  knew  by  experience  what  this  nu>ant,  and  at 


IK'K 


(Mice  prepareil  tor  war 


prei 


Ifc 


All 


Demg  readv  thev  mari 


•lied 


to  meet  the  enemy.  A  terrii)le  engagement  took 
jilace  near  the  town  of  Ataquaro,  in  which  i'awa- 
ciiiiie  and  his  brother  were  seriously  wounded,  and 
liiially  forced  to  retreat  with  their  troops  to  J'atz- 
ciiaro. 

Soon  after  this  the  great  feast  of  the  goddess 
<  luiiicuaro,  the  i»rinci|)al  divinity  of  the  kingdom 
that  b<;re  her  name,  was  celebrated.  it  appeal's  that 
it  was  arranged  that  all  hostilities  should  ce'ase 
during  this  solenm  ])eriod,  that  the  Wanacaces  ndglit 
join  with  their  late  enenues  in  the  ceremonies.  The 
lords  of  Curincuaro  were  ])articularly  anxious  that 
tile  hi-others  of  Patzcuai'o  should  appear  at  the  feast, 
and  to   ensure  their  pivsence  they   employed  an  old 

'■'■'  '  l''l/.:rit'irn  vcilt  I'viiliMlimciit  ililc  Ic  licil  ilc  toill|il('s;  m  nll  run.  (l;iUH  111 
liiii;:ii('  tiiiaHi|ii(',  rniiiiiR'  iliiiis  la  luiij;iio  yiiciiti'iiiic'     llriL'^^ciu;  titsf.,  Iiiiii. 

iii.,  i".  :•-'. 


HISTORY  OF  MICHOACAN. 


woman,  who  had  access  to  them,  to  expatiate  on 
the  grandeur  of  the  coming  festivities,  and  the  num- 
ber of  sacrifices  to  be  ofiered.  She  i)hiyed  her  part 
so  well  that  the  ])rinces  promised  to  be  ])resent;  aftti-- 
wards,  being  assured  by  certain  of  their  priests  thut 
treachery  was  designed,  they  renounced  their  inten- 
tion of  going;  but  emissaries  from  Curincuaro  again 
found  means  to  persuade  them,  and  when  the  dav  of 
the  least  arrived  they  set  out  to  participate  in  it. 
On  the  way  they  fell  into  an  anibuscade,  and  \\a- 
l)oani  was  killed  on  the  spot.  His  brother  escajxd 
and  Hed  to  Patzcuaro,  but  he  was  pursued  by  his 
enemies  and  slain  in  the  city,  which  was  deserted  on 
account  of  all  the  people  lui,ving  gone  to  the  feast. 
The  bodies  of  the  unfortunate  i)rinces  were  ransomed 
by  their  sorrowing  subjects,  and  after  being  ibrmallv 
burned  were  buried  witli  much  ceremon}'  in  a  grave 
dug  at  the  foot  of  the  stei)s  leading  up  to  the  temple 
of  Cui'icaneri. 

Cui-ataine,  Wapeani's  eldest  son,  now  ascended  the 
throne  at  Patzcuaro.  He  had  two  brothers  named 
Xetaco  and  Aramen.  Pawacume,  as  we  have  already 
remarked,  had  also  a  sou  named  Tariacuri,  by  the 
fisi^erman's  daughter.  This  juince  was  sent  to  the 
island  of  Xaracuero,  to  be  educated  by  the  Taiasco 
l)riests  in  the  arts  of  civilized  life.  On  his  return  to 
Patzcuaro,  Tariacuri  showed  himself  to  bo  a  youtli  of 
an  excellent  disposition,  very  pious  and  industrious, 
and  withal  hiu'hlv  accomplished  in  matters  both  of 
war  and  of  peace.  As  soon  as  he  arrived  at  a  suit- 
able age  he  was  crowned  king  of  the  Wanacaces; 
whether  his  cousin  Curatame  contiiuied  to  reign  as 
his  colleague,  or  what  became  of  him,  is  not  stated. 

Tariacuri  soon  began  to  extend  his  eni[)ire  by  con- 
quest in  every  dii'oction.  He  carried  his  arms  fartlu  i' 
than  any  of  his  predecessors  luul  done,  and  his  jiostile 
expeditions  were  invariably  attended  by  snccess. 
Again  (h"  Tarasco  princes  were  alarmed,  and  uniting 
their  Ibrces  they  nuirclied  upon  Patzcuaro.      Put  Ta- 


CIIARACU,  THE  BOY  KING. 


523 


riacuri  was  irresistible;  lie  surprised  and  vanquislied 
the  allies  at  Ataro  and  Tupuxaiicliueii,  coiKjuered  the 
kiiiti'dom  of  Ziruiiibo,  and  finally  blockaded  the  lake 
islands.  Meanwhile,  his  cousins,  jealous  of  his  .i^lory, 
consj)ired  with  his  enemies  to  betray  him.  But  he 
escaped  their  plots,  and  havin<if  possessed  hinisrlf  of 
the  islands  he  became  kin<Tf  of  the  whole  of  Miclio- 
acun.  This  king  may  be  identical  wilh  C'haracu,  tlie 
'Ijoy  king,'  to  whom  1  luive  already  referred.  !My 
reason  for  thinking  S(j  is  tliat  the  events  above  re- 
citrdcd,  or  those  immediatuly  succeeding  them,  are 
said  to  have  liapjiened  in  the  time  of  ^[ontezuma  I., 
wliile  the  founding  of  a  city  named  Charo,  in  the  reign 
(if  Cliaracu,  is  also  said  by  Beaumont  to  have  taken 
place  during  the  life  of  the  same  Mexican  mDiiai-ch. 
The  founding  of  Charo  was  in  this  wise,  according  *o 
one  account. 

During  the  reign  of  'the  boy  king'  the  Aztecs 
made  an  inroad,  aided  Ity  the  Tecos  and  other  unruly 
trihes.  Being  hard  pressed,  the  king  ai)[)lied  to  the 
^latlaltzincas  of  Toluca  for  aid.  Six  ca])tains  started 
\\\[\i  'their  troojis,  and  the  Mexicans  were  defeated. 
Ill  leward  for  tliis  timely  aid,  the  Matlaltzincas  were 
oTuiited  their  choice  of  lai\ds  within  the  kingdom  of 
Midioacan,  and  selected  the  region  around  Tiripito, 
wliei'e  the  lower  class  founded  TTndanieo,  and  tlie 
Hollies,  Chai'o,  so  named  in  honor  of  the  king.  'I'his 
settlement  being  in  the  center  of  ^lichoacan,  says 
riiiK'iitel,  the  ])eople  cami;  to  be  known  as  the  Birin- 
das,  'tliose  in  the  middle.'"" 

In  another  place  JJeaumont  gives  l*adre  Laii'ea's 
Version  of  the  founding  of  (  'liaro.  1  n  the  time  of  Mon- 
tezuma 1.  the  Aztecs  aj)|ieai'ed  in  conjunction  with 
tile  Tecos  and  Matlalt/iiu'as  to  attack  Michoacan. 
Tile  Tarascos  who  wrvr  <inly  one-thii'd  as  strong  as 
tlieir  entMuies,  had  recourse  to  strategy.  Large  su|>- 
plies  of  food  and  driidc  were  s[)read  in  the  cam[>,  and 

^^'  I'liinii/r/,  Ciitti/rn,  fiim.  i,  |i.  4'.l',l;  niiiiniiiint,  (^nhi.  Mi'cfi<iiirini,  MS., 
]il>.  (Ill',  liimling  lld.so/i  iiijKi,  Jli.st,  Mii/i,,  lil)  i.,  I'ap.  .\v. 


524 


IIISTOllV  or  .MICIIOACAX. 


[ 


I 


when  tlic  Aztec  forces  attacked,  tlie  Tarascos  lied, 
altandonino'  the  camp.  The  huni^ry  Aztecs  at  (jiku 
coinmenced  to  j^'ori'-e  themselves,  and  wlieii  filled  witli 
meat  and  drink  the  Tarascos  returned  iijjon  tlum 
makiiiij;'  a  <j^reat  slaui;-htor,  and  ca})turiug  a  _i>()(,(|ly 
iiumher  of  Tecos  and  !Matlaltzincas,  who  were  ^iven 
lands  in  Michoacan;  the  Tecos  as  the  more  turhiileiit 
in  Patzciiaro  and  the  capit-.d,  and  the  ^ratlaltzincas 
in  Charo,  which  was  founded  by  them.'''  The  Mat- 
laltzincas  who  remained  in  Toluca  were  coriquerud  liv 
Axayacatl,  as  has  been  already  related."'' 

Before  his  death,  Tariacuri  divided  the  kinndoiu, 
and  generously  provided  for  the  children  of  tlio 
cousins  who  had  attempted  his  destruction.  To  llici- 
pan  he  left  Coyucan,  a  very  important  city;  to  Ilicii- 
caxe,  Patzcuaro  and  its  dependencies,  and  to  his  son, 
Tangaxoan,  he  gave  the  territory  of  Tzintzunt/.aii, 
Avhich  conn)rised  the  lake  islands.  These  events,  says 
Brasseur,  to  which  tiie  anonymous  historian  assigns 
no  date,  occurred,  in  all  ])r(jl)al>ility,  during  the  first 
part  of  the  fifteenth  century,  Tangaxoan  having  liccii 
a  contemporary  of  Montezuma   I.,  of  Mexico. 

Michoacan  did  not  remain  long  divided,  liicucaxe 
had  a  great  number  of  sons,  all  of  whom  he  ])Ut  to 
death  because  they  were  disorderly  and  o|)|)i(ssi(l 
the  people.  Another  son  which  was  born  to  him  lattr 
was  killed  bv  lightning,  and  ai)otheosized  on  that  ac- 
count.  Thus  the  king  of  Patzcuaro  died  without 
leaving  heirs,  and  his  division  was  added  to  Tanga- 
xoan's  territory.  The  kingdom  of  Coyucan,  u{u»ii  tho 
death  of  Hicipan,  was  also  anne\t;d  to  Tzintzunt/.aii. 
where  Tangaxoan's  son  Ziziz  l*anilacuare,  was  thru 
reigning.  Michoacan  became  thus  re-united  uiuKi' 
one  head.     Ziziz  Pandacuaie   used  his  great  pnwrr 

c  TlffiKiiiniif,  Ci'dii.  Mrchoncn)!,  MS.,  ))p.  (!0-Cl.  (JraiuuliM,  |).  lS,"i,  rctVis 
to  a  s('\('ii  yi'Mis'  NtniL'j;li',  wliicli  may  ln'  tlic  sainc  aw  tlii'  abuM'.  I  ln' 
riH'iinls  indicate  two  \s,w,\\  tiattli'H  at  Tajiinania  aixl  /icliii. 

<>*  I  'farii/crii,  toiii.  i.,  ]>.  !.")(»;  Alniln,  hire,  Idiii.  iii..  p.  A\\\;  I'iiii'uliL 
Ciiitf/rii,  torn,  i.,  p.  401).  See  alwo  this  vol.,  pp.  4;{'2-.").  Hnliitijidi,  Ima.  iii., 
lib.  .\.,  p.  1'2!). 


m 

Ih: 

tnin. 

i..  1 

Til 
71 

.\i' 

Sn. 

IIKKJX  OF  ZWAXCA. 


for  the  advancement  and  benefit  of  his  country.  Ho 
t'iul)t'llished  the  city  of  Tzintzimtzan,  and  made  it  liis 
capital.  His  rci,<»-ii  was  a  loiiij^  and  glorious  one,  and 
it  was  cliiofly  to  his  al)le  administration  that  Michoa- 
can  owed  its  s^reatness.*''' 

Ziziz  Pandacuare  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Zwan- 
na.™  Jt  was  durinii"  the  reiufn  of  this  iirince  tliat  tlie 
valiant  Tlascaltec  li^eneral,  Tlahuicol,  invaded  !Mi- 
clioacan  at  the  head  of  a  ^[exican  army,  and  took  Tan- 
yiiiiaroa,  or  Tlaximaloyan,  and  other  towns,  totj;ether 
witli  ii^reat  spoils.''^  Zwanya  was  still  on  the  throne 
at  Tzintzuntzau  when  Cortes  took  ^lexioo.  He 
was  a})pealed  to  for  aid  by  Cuitlahuatl,  who  was 
elected  monarch  after  the  death  of  ]\[t)ntezuma  II. 
After  some  hesitation  he  promised  his  assistance, 
Aiiil)assadors  were  sent  to  ^Texico,  who,  when  they 
anived,  found  Cuitlahuatl  dead,  and  the  small-pox 
rau'iii'j:  in  the  city.  'J'hev  hastened  back  to  Tzintzun- 
t/aii,  but  bore  with  them  the  oerms  of  the  disease, 
wliii  h  ra]>idly  spread  through  the  capital,  and  carried 
(itf  the  kin*''  and  a  o-reat  number  of  his  subjects. 

Zwanna  left  several  sons,  and  tfie  eldest  of  these, 
'raiiL;axoan  II.,  seized  the  scejitre."  He  appears  to 
have  been  a  weak  j)rince,  and  totally  unfit  to  fill  the 
throne  at  such  a  critical  })eriod.  One  of  his  first  acts 
was  to  cause  his  brothers  to  be  i)ut  to  death,  on  the 
])rotense  that  they  had  ct)nspired  against  his  life,  but 
really  because  he  was  jealous  of  their  })ower.''^  This 
oriicl  murder  caused  serious  disturbance  in  the  capi- 
tal, and  the  fratricide  brouoht  great  odium  upon 
hiiiisclf.  It  was  said  that  snch  a  terrible  deed  jxir- 
tcndod  evil  to  the  country — a  j'l'cidiction  which  was 

™ //cif.swMr,  Hist.,  toiii.  iii.,  ]i)>.  .'1-78;  Citrhnjal  Enpinotia,  Hid.  Mix., 
tnlll.  i..  pp.   ■_>(i4-,Sr). 

""  AIm)  spclk'd 'I'ziluian^M,  sec  iicitc  (i'J. 

"'  Sec  tliis  vol.,  pj).  ITT-H.  lit'aiiiii'Hit  says  tliiit  'riiiliuicnl  fraitu'd  luitli- 
iii;,'  iliiiiiiu'  liis  six  iimnths'  caiiipai.Lrii  except  smiie  limily,  ami  lie  ijuiilits 
wlii'llirr  tliat  was  imieii,  as  ali)ii;i  the  fnmtier  there  was  little  to  lie  liail. 
Cnm.    \l:  r/,,i,ir(fii,  MS.,   pp.  .'lO-dO. 

"'  He  lime  the  title  of  Caltzontziii.  Set>  note  (ilV  llrasseiir  says  ho  was 
alsii  calleil  (Iwaii^iwa  I'a.'.nia,  Ih-t/..  unw.  iii..  p.  7'S. 

"^  liininnunt,  Civii.  Mir/iuucmi,  .MS.,  \t.  08. 


I 


H4  _  . 
■-  -I    ?  • 


52G 


IIISTOllY  OF  OAJACA. 


verified  stroni^ly  afterwards,  by  the  appearance  of  a 
Spanish  soldier  who  had  been  sent  by  Cortus  to 
recornioitre  the  country. 

The  Taraseos,  like  most  of  the  other  Nahiia  na- 
tions, were  warned  by  omens  of  their  future  subjec- 
tion to  a  foreign  power.  Beaumont,  who  makes 
Tangaxoan  II.  a  contemporary  of  Montezuma  11., 
relates  that  the  former  was  at  first  persuaded  to 
assist  the  latter  against  the  Spaniards,  but  was  eau- 
tioned  by  the  sjjirit  of  his  dead  sister,  who,  to  prove 
that  her  utterances  were  not  meaningless,  pointed 
out  certain  signs  in  the  heavens;  namely,  the  liguic 
of  a  young  man  with  a  glittering  hand,  and  a  swoid, 
fashioned  like  those  of  the  S[)auiards,  which  a])peaie(l 
in  the  east  on  the  day  of  the  great  festival.  Jii  the 
council  convened  to  consider  this  warning  it  was  de- 
cided not  to  resist  the  strangers.''*  It  is  related, 
moreover,  that  in  Zwanga's  time  there  lived  a  liinli- 
priest,  named  Surites,  who  foretold  the  introduction 
of  a  new  religion,  and  in  ;  nticipation  of  it  instituted 
two  Christian-like  festivals.''® 

Among  the  earliest  peoples  of  Mexico  were  the 
[Miztecs  and  Zapotecs,  whose  country  may  be  roughly 
descriiied  as  comprising  the  modern  state  of  O.ijiica. 
The  ]\Iiztecs  occu[)ied  the  western  portion  of  this  re- 
gion, and  their  territory  was  divided  into  upper  and 
lower  Miztecapan,''''  the  latter  reaching  to  the  coast, 
and  the  former  embracing  the  mountainous  regi(»n 
farther  north,  which  is  sometimes  called  Cohuaixtla- 
huacan.  Zapotecapan,  the  country  of  the  Zapotecs, 
lay  to  the  east  of  Miztecapan,  and  extended,  at  the 
time  when  we  first  hear  of  this  peo])le  iu  history,  to 
Tehuantepoc.'''' 

The  records  of  tliese  nations  are  silent  as  to  their 


i  m 


"  Crdii.  Mrrhnnran,  MS.,  i)p.  71-3. 

"*  Sno  vol.  iii.  (if  this  wtirk,  j).  410. 

'8  Kor  boiiiKliirics  of  Mi/.tocapaii,  hoc  ante,  vol.  i. ,  p.  678. 

'^  See  vol.  i.,  I),  ()7y,  for  bouiKlai'ie». 


THE  MIZTECS  AND  ZAruTF.CS. 


527 


history  Loforo  they  sottlod  here;  evorytliiii'4"  privlous 
to  this  rests  upon  tr.ulitioiis  of  the  va^-iiest  churiU'ttT, 
one  of  which  re])ri>scnts  their  ancestoi's  as  Itirds, 
luasts,  ami  trees — tt)  iiidieate  their  extreme  aiiti([uity, 
(•(iuraL;e,  and  stuhhornness,  naively  adds  ihii-^oa,  the 
liistoriau  of  Oajaca.''^  But  though  tlieir  own  annals 
do  not  reach  back  to  tlie  pre-Toltec  period,  thi'V  are 
statt'd  hy  some  autliorities  to  liave  inliahited  ;ii  that 
tiiiif  the  reL;ion  of  Puehhi,  toi^etlier  with  the  Ohnecs 
and  Xicahincas.'^''  Most  of  the  okl  writers  connect 
tlicin  with  tlie  Nahua  stock,  aUhoui^li  their  lanufuaj^o 
was  distinct  from  the  Nahua.  Thus  Tonjuemada  de- 
livi's  the  Miztecs  from  Mixtecatl,  the  fiftli  son  of  Iz- 
tac  Mixcohuatl,  of  tlie  Seven  Caves;  whih.'  Saliaoun 
states  that  they  were  of  Toltec  descent,  and  achls  that 
some  i^'o  so  far  as  to  rei^ard  tliem  as  descendants  of 
Qiittzah'oatl,  because  of  the  richness  and  beauty  of 
thtir  conntry,  in  whidi  tlie  fauKjns  Tlalocan,  the  'ter- 
restial  paradise,'  was  said  to  be  sitnated.'*"'  At  the 
time  when  civilization  was  introduced  into  ^  iicatan 
and  Chiapas,  says  Brassenr,  the  mountains  of  ^lizte- 
capan  were  iidiabited  by  savage  ti'ibes  withont  any 
]»aiticuhir  name,  but  who  were  afterwards  known  as 
Mi/,ti'cs,  or  Wild  Cats.^^  Civilization  is  said  by  tra- 
dition to  have  first  aj>[)eared  in  the  monntains  of 
Apoala.  At  the  entrance  of  a  jH'oroe  in  this  ivnion 
whiii',  says  (jlarcia,  the  <>'ods  lived  before  man  came 
on  raith,  stood  two  niiijestic  trees,  fi'om  which  sprtinu^ 
two  youths,  the  founders  of  tlu;  Miztec  monarchy."'^ 
Tlic  braver  of  the  two  went  to  Tilantonuo,  and  there 


"''  l)iir(]on,   Groff.  Drsrrip.   Onjnra,  toin.   ii.,   pt    i.,  iip.  l'.)."-(');  M)iyijiti(t 
/■,'.v''//(v/,  lliiiijiicd,  \\\Snr.   .]fr.r.  (•corf.,   Itulrliii.  titiii.   vii.,  p.    Mi?. 
'■''  llri)~rn  1/  llrira,  (IcinjniJ'in,  p.   \'X.\\    I'ri/liii,  tdiii.  i..  p.  I."i((, 


T'lnii. 


'ii,  turn,  i.,  p.  H'2;  '/': 


■II,  Cfiiii/.  ]fix.,  fol.  ■_'!)'.(;  Miil'iliiiiii, 


ill  I'll Jiiilfftit,  I'lil.  tir  /></(•.,  toiii.  i.,  p.  S;  llinyitii,  (linii.  Ilrsm/i.  Oajitnt, 
tiiiii.  ii.,  pt  i.,  p.  175;  Suhiiijini,  torn,  iil.,  lib.  x.,  p.  VMS;  Orozca  ij  lUrrn, 
(.liu.ii-iil'iii,  p,  1'2(). 

'■'  Uisl. .  torn,  iii.,  p.  5. 

"'^  !''i'!i>scnr.  <'ilin;i  Hun/on,  (Imq.  Drsrri/).  Onjnro,  toiii.  ii.,  ]A  i.,  f"l. 
I'.'S!)  snys  tlicy  were  miiif  and  fi-nialc,  ami  fnim  thciii  (IcsccikUmI  (lie  race 
til, II  ■.iilisciiiu'iitlv  ptvi'i-iK'tl  tlio  cuuiiti'v.  Hist.,  toin.  iii.,  p.  G;  (iitrcia, 
Vmj  ,:  ,/r  /„s   I  lid.,  pp.  ;W7-8. 


528 


mSTOUY  OF  OAJACA. 


had  a  contest  with  the  Sun  for  the  possession  of  tlio 
country.  After  a  desperate  ('<)inl)at,  whicli  lasted  a 
whole  day,  the  Sun  was  forced  to  i^o  down  behind 
the  hills,  thus  leaving  the  youth  the  victor. ** 

Other  traditions  relate  that  certain  of  the  warlike 
tribes  from  the  north,  tliat  invaded  Aniihuac  fmia 
the  eighth  to  the  eleventh  century,  passed  from  the 
Aztec  plateau  into  j\Iizteca])an,  coming  down  fioiu 
the  mountains  of  Apoala  to  the  beautiful  and  n.it- 
urally  fortified  valley  of  Yanguitlan,  'new  land.' 
where  they  detenrJned  to  settle.  The  ]\[iztefs  re- 
sisted the  invaders  for  a  long  time,  and  their  Hnal 
subjection  was  etiected  more  l)y  religious  teachings 
than  by  force  of  arms.  On  this  plateau  the  immi- 
grants from  Aiuihuao  founded  Tilantongo,  and  built 
a  temple  called  Achiuhtla.^*  The  date  of  this  event 
seems  to  coincide,  says  Brasseur,  with  the  seiidinLT 
out  of  missionaries  from  Cholula,  though  whether 
the  followers  of  Quetzalcoatl  or  the  tribes  IVeni 
Anahuac  arrived  first  is  not  known.  But  it  appeals 
certain  that  from  the  union  of  the  priests  of  .Vclii- 
uhtla  and  the  Olmecs  who  Hed  from  Cholula  at  tlu.' 
time  of  Huemac's  invasion,  sprung  the  power  wliiili 
civilized  these  regions/^ 

It  is  in  Zapotecapan,  however,  that  the  disciples 
of  Quetzalcoatl  appear  most  ])rominently.  TJieio 
they  ;ire  said  to  have  founded  ^litla,  or  Yo})aa,  and 
to  have  diffused  tlieir  arts  and  religious  teacliinus 
throui>hout  the  whole  countrv,  as  far  as  Tehuau- 
tepee.*" 

The  mysterious  apostle  Wixipecocha,  of  wlicni 
a   full   account  has  already  been  given,**^  is  said  to 

83  Ihirrfod,  Grnq.  Dcsrn'p.  Onjnrn,  toni.  ii.,  [it  i.,  pp.  1'2S,  17">-l>;  ilricra 
y  lirrrtt,  (iroiinifin,  j).  iSO,  says  tliis  stury  is  iiicrely  iiivented  to  show  ilio 
gri'iit  iij,'e  <if  the  Mizlocs.     See  also  aiitc,  vol.  iii.,  p.  "i'A. 

I*'  lliinioti,  <i'i(,i/.  J)isn-i/i.  OiiJ'irii,  toiii.  ii.,  |it  i..  fol  12S-0.  Oni/roy 
Uorra,  (!t 'Kini/in.  ]>.  Ii2(i,  says  tlio  /aimtt'cs  took  their  '•ejiinn  by  I'mif  of 
iii'iiis  fi'iiiii  iIk'  lluatii|iiiiiiaiR's,  or  (aiaiiitii|uiiiiuiies. 

"■^  [Ii.sf.,  toin.  iii.,  |>]),  8-!). 

'^'i  Tnfi/itriiiiii/it,  torn,  i.,  |).  2.").');  Ifrrnrn,  dec.  iii.,  Ml),  ii.,  caj).  xi. :  I 'V- 
till,  loin,  i.,  ji.  1()4;  Jiunina,  Gcaij.  Jk.scri/).  Viijiica,  toin.  ii.,  pi  ii.,  '"1. 
L'ltTS,  .•{t;}-."). 

*'  See  vol.  ii.  of  this  work,  pp.  '201>-11. 


Iiave 
wliic 

SOIltll 

tej)ec 

confei 
Init  \\ 
coin it 
Zaj)ot 
and  pi 
where 
shurtb 

His  ]: 

and  w 
atterwj 
(.f  Afoi 
As  . 
known 
I'otecs. 
•»f  theii 
kingchji 
teca,  w 
Achiii 
])ower 
king; 
L'ign  po 
dotal  i 
^oj)aa, 
is  doul 
attrilnit 
from  C 
Jt  is 
early  ]\r 
•^lich,  ui 
to  their 
I'unie   c»i 
IVrii   sa 
tiieir   m 
tliat  afte 
ciiil)ark 

Vo, 


THE  rUIESTS  OF  ACHIUHTI-A. 


629 


li;ive  appeared  in  these  recfions.  T!iq  tradition, 
Avliic'h  is  very  vague,  relates  that  ho  came  from  the 
south  seas,  and  Lmded,  hearing  a  cross,  at  Tehuan- 
te\)(.'C.  He  taught  moiahty,  abstinence  from  women, 
(•unfcssion,  and  penance.  He  was  generally  respected 
l)ut  was  sometimes  persecuted,  especially  in  the  ^lijo 
tountrv,  whither  he  went  after  passing  throunh  the 
Zaj)otec  valley.  The  people  there  tried  to  kill  him, 
:iii(l  pursued  him  to  the  foot  of  Mount  Cempoaltepec, 
where  he  miraculously  disappeared,  hut  re-appeared 
shortly  afterwards  on  the  summit  of  the  mountain. 
His  ]»ursuers  followed  him,  but  he  again  vanished, 
iiiul  was  seen  no  more  in  that  countrv,  thouuh  he 
afterward  showed  himself  on  the  enchanted  island 
of  Moiiapostiac,  near  Tehuantepec. 

As  I  have  already  remarked,  nothing  definite  is 
known  of  the  early  history  of  tlie  Miztecs  and  Za- 
jiotecs.  All  that  has  been  preserved  is  some  account 
of  their  spiritual  rulers.  Thus  we  are  told  that  the 
kingdom  of  Tilantongo,  which  comprised  upper  Miz- 
teca,  was  si)iriti'ally  governed  by  the  high-priest  of 
Achiulitla,  who  bore  the  title  of  Taysacaa,  and  whose 
jiowxr  equaled,  if  it  did  not  surpass,  that  of  the 
idiig;  while  in  Za})otecapan  the  AViyatao,  or  sover- 
eign pontiff,  united  in  his  person  the  supremo  sacer- 
(Intal  and  secular  power.  Tlie  origin  of  the  city  of 
Y»j])aa,  or  Mitla,  where  the  Wiyatao  held  his  court, 
is  doubtful,  though,  as  we  have  seen,  it  has  l)een 
attributed  to  the  disciples  of  Quetzalcoatl,  who  came 
from  Cholula. 

it  is  a  singular  fact  that  we  hear  nothing  of  the 
early  jNIiztec  and  Zapotoc  kings,  save  that  there  were 
such,  until  we  find  the  latter  subjecting  the  Huaves 
to  their  authority.  These  Huaves  are  haid  to  have 
come  originally  from  the  south,  from  Nicaragua  or 
Peru  say  some  authors.  The  causes  that  led  to 
tlieir  migration  are  unknown;  but  the  stoiy  goes 
that  after  coasting  northward,  and  attem])ting  to  dis- 
embark   at    several    places,    they    finally    efi'ected   a 

Vol.  v.    3i 


ri;:ii 


pi 


II 


' 


pill 


!'l^ 


;;-3 


530 


HISTORY  OF  OAJACA. 


landinj:''  at  Tohnantepcc.  Here  they  foniul  tlio  ^[ijVs, 
tlie  ori'^i':al  possessors  of  the  countrv;  1»ut  these 
they  dv'Ac  out,  or,  as  some  say,  min^-led  Avith  tlum, 
and  soon  inade  tliemselves  masters  of  the  soil.  TIkv 
I'ounded  their  Hrst  city  at  Arrianjianhaj,  or  .Vrriaiii^iii 
Uml)ali,  hut  aftei'wards  extemhxl  their  posscssinns 
to  tlie  city  of  Jahi})a,  Avliich  tliey  are  said  to  have 
founded  also.^ 

JJut  tlie  easy  life  they  led  in  this  l)eautlful  and  fer- 
tile region  soon  destroyed  their  ancient  enerL;y.  and 
they  suhsecpiently  fell  an  unresisting^  ])rey  to  the  Zajm- 
tec  kiniji's.*"*  Of  the  ^Eijes  very  little  is  known,  Thcv 
are  helieved  to  have  heen  the  most  ancient  ]>eo]ile  of 
the  ()<)iaca  reuion,  and  Burnoa  affirms  that  thev  nos- 
sessed  of  old  the  'greater  2)art  of  'J'ehuantejtee,  So- 
comisco,  and  Zapotecapan.  The  Beni-Xonos,  Avho 
lived  hetween  the  ^[ijes  and  Z;i,potecs,  are  said  t  > 
have  once  helon^'eil  to  the  foi'mer  pe«>ple,  hut  their 
charactei"  seems  to  <lis[>rove  this.  They  are  deserilied 
as  a  ti'ihe  of  rich,  shrewd  traders,  very  miserly,  n'Veat 
liars,  "  incorrijji'ihle  and  inveterate  evil-doers"  -the 
Jews  of  ( )ajaca,  BrassiMir  calls  them.  They  wo'c 
amonn"  the  first  to  suhmit  to  the  Za})otec  kiii'js,  in 
the  hope  of  heini.;'  allowed  to  retain  their  wealth." 

it  was  to  one  of  these  Za[totec  ]nMnces  that  the 
foi'titied  city  of  Zaachilla  Yoho,  or  Ti'otzapotlaii,  as 
it  Avas  called  ))y  the  3Ie.\icans,  owed  its  oiML^-in.  At 
the  time  when  history  lir.-t  sheds  its  li'dit  on  these 


""  'F)(>  allti  (li>  l;i  '"n><tii  (Irl  Siir.  11II1S  ('(>r(Ni  ill'  l;i  H('''-])tii'n  vo/iiiilul  ilcl 
Prrii,  y  sc^iun  Ins  circiiiistiiiifiiis  di'  sii  l('ii;;iiii,  v  tni;  ili'  la  ''iiimih  in  o 
UcyiKi  lie  Nii'iiraliuii."  /liiri/DH,  Hnni.  /)isrri/i.  Oii/nni,  ,ciiii.  ii  ,  |it  ii..  In!. 
H!t(!;  .]fiir;litiit,  Ks/nd/sf.  (htii jiirii,  ill  'uir.  Miw.  tii'ii),  ll'i/ffiii,  Icilil.  \ii  , 
]i.  \H',i;  (h'D.fi)  ji  Ihrrit,  (,'riiifriifiii,  |i|i.  17.'f-4.  Sec  il-n  .]fii/ili  ii/i/"rill, 
Mi-Jirii,  tiiiii.  ii.,  |il  i,,  y.  17<!.  (Hillli'iiuit  relates  lliat  <u\v  l'iTii\iaii  faiii- 
ilit's  llcil  iHirtliuanl  aloii;;'  lln' ( 'onlillcras,  (hitlir  In  ik^  of  tlic  Satniliiii 
llicy  roiiili'il  III  the  lire  ti'sl  to  liinl  uiit  wlicllicr  tli  ^imis  wislicil  llu'iii 
ti>  settle  tliere.  A  luaml  was  plaei'i!  in  a  linle,  liiit  as  it  was  e.Miii't  in 
tiic  niiiniiii.u',  they  Uiiew  tliey  must  -xn  fiiiflier.  I''uiir  eiiiis;  iiries  went  in 
peareli  (if  aimllier  |ilare.  Ueiieatli  .a  enaiiiiml-tree,  wlieie  imw  slaiiil-  llni- 
xieiivi,  the  l)raiiil-|iriMif  aiiswereij  the  test,  ami  sn  they  setlleil  ilierr  Tlie 
eoa|iilliil  is  .still  velieiateil.    J-'nssnt,  Mi:rii/iii\  pp.  oU-!;  see  also  |i.  -Ili7. 

"'■'  llinyiiii,  (li-iiij.  Ihsi-rli).  Du/iini,  tiiiii.  ii.,  pt  !.,  fol.  I'.Hi. 

^  JJiiiyoa,  (Jcu'j.  Dcscnj).  O'ljidja,  torn,  ii.,  pt  ii.,  L\.  HI'-',  3'i7-7'>. 


THE  ZAPOTEC  KINGS. 


631 


rei^Ions,  Teotzapotlan  was  the  ca})ital  of  Za{)oteca- 
paii,'''^  and  rivaled  iu  power  and  extent  of  territory 
the  Miztec  kingdoms  of  Tiitutej)ec  and  Tilantongo. 
It  seems  that  during  tlie  war  with  the  Mexicans 
tliLso  three  powers  united  against  tlie  common  en- 
emy, though  at  other  times  they  a}H)ear  to  havo 
duarreled  considerably  amonn"  themselves,  hv  reason 
of  the  ambitious  designs  of  the  Za])otec  monarchs, 
wlio,  it  is  said,  aimed  at  universal  soveicii^nty."'^ 

Of  the  kingdom  of  Tututej)ec,  whijh  stretched  for 
sixty  leagues  along  tlie  shore  of  the  Pacific,  notliing 
is  known,  exce[)t  that  its  ])rinces  were  among  the 
richest  in  all  Mexico,  that  its  kings  had  many  ])ower- 
ful  vassals,  and  that  its  [)rincipal  city,  which  was 
also  called  Tututepec,  was  very  i>opulous."^ 

One  of  the  earliest  conrpiests  of  the  Zapotec  kings 
was  that  of  the  ]\[ouTitain  of  the  Su)i,  near  the  town 
of  ]\[acuilxucliil.  There  dwelt  on  this  mountain  a 
tribe  of  very  tierce  and  hlood -thirsty  baibariai.  ,  who 
hved  by  plundering  the  surrounding  nations.  At 
liiiuth  their  depredations  became  so  frequent,  and 
were  attend-  d  with  such  cruelty  thiit  it  became  evi- 
dent that  the  country  aboiit  the  motmtain  would 
soon  be  abandoned  by  its  inhabitants  mdess  the 
reliher^  were  annihilated.  Accordingly,  a  large  foreo 
of  |)ick''d  troo)>s  w!is  -nt  against  them  uucKt  the 
ciiniuiand  of  two  r'.Jtiowned  warrioi's  named  iJaali  ami 
li.i.tloo.  The  'Kpedition  was  suci-i:s,sful.  .\ftei'  a 
desperate  resistance  the  robberw  wert^  ovrpowered 
and  slaughtered  to  a  man.  A  foi-tress  and  teiiijde 
wei'e  the!i  erected  on  tht;  sutrimit  of  the  mountain, 
and  the  char^'e  of  them  given  to  .Baali  and  .hiaalno 
as  a  reward  Ibr  tlujii'  valor.  After  their  death  thest.) 
heroes  received  di\'ine  honors,  jtnd  wei'e  buried  at.  tho 
fiMit  of  the  mounti'in  they  liail  eoii(|nei'(iL  The  ven- 
eration ill  which  tinjir  nu'mory  was  held  increased  with 


"  liiirrjillt,   <!ii)\l.   Ihsmp,  (hljarn,  tiHll.    ii.,   pt   !.,   Iiil,    lit",'. 

"■  Ih'itusiHf,  llisf  ,  tniii,  iii.,  ]i  ;i'.l. 

'Wi.j  lliinjoii,  Hiwj.  IkHi'i-iii.  Oiijdi'ii,  tmii.  ii.,  pt  i.,  lol.  IM,  1S.S. 


aiiMi 


532. 


HISTORY  OF  OAJACA. 


time;  tholr  toinl)S  were  viisitcd  l)y  inultitiulcs  of  pil- 
^i-iiiis,  and  a  city  called  Zeetopaa,  which  eveiitiiallv 
hecauie  the  ]>rincipal  seat  of  learnini;'  and  rcli^i()Il, 
iuid  the  nucleus  of  civilization  in  these  parts,  soon 
rose  upon  the  spot.'''* 

The  first  Zapotec  kin^;'  of  whom  we  have  any 
definite  information  is  Ozomatli,  wlio,  it  is  said  in 
the  Codex  Chimalpopoca,^''  reigned  in  V?>h\.  Thu 
next  kinj>',  whose  name  or  deeds  are  recorded,  is  Zaa- 
chilla,  who,  bein*^  master  of  all  Za])(ttecaj)an,  coMtcil 
the  reo-ion  lyino-  oast  of  the  river  Xexapa,  and  in- 
habited by  the  Chontalos,  Mijes,  and  Huaves.  Tlnj 
Chontales  were  the  most  powerful  of  these  nations, 
aiid  aj^ainst  tliem  Zajwhilla  proceeded  first.  Tf«'  took 
from  them  the  city  of  Nexapa,  wliich  he  fortified  and 
o-an'ison<  d  witli  Ins  own  s^^ldiers.  To  strenothen  his 
})osition  in  the  concjuered  tei'ritory  he  also  built  the 
ibrtresses  of  Quiechapa  and  Quiyecolani.''""'  Jle  next 
entered  the  country  of  the  jVIijes,  took  the  town  of 
Zorpiitlan,  and  drove  the  inhabitants  into  the  mount- 
ains. The  Mij(!S  were  now  confined  between  tliu 
Maya  tril)es  of  ( 'hiapas  and  the  Zapotecs.  Bnt, 
thou^'h  in  this  difficult  position,  with  a  territory  so 
small  that  it  contained  only  one  city  of  importar.cc, 
namely  Xaltepec,  and  nund)erino',  says  Herrera,  only 
two  tliousand  UKin,  women,  and  children,  the  brave 
little  nation  Hcciius  to  have  gallantly  maintained  its 
inde|)endcnco  for  a  numbi-r  of  years."'  It  was  dcs- 
tiixd  to  be  Ktd)jectcd  at  last,  however,  and  in  tlio 
hour  of  '\i*  ^n-AiU'fii,  jjflory.  Condoy,  the  last  kin;.:-  of 
the  Mije><,  who  is  said  to  have  nnulc  his  first  appear- 
ance from  a  cavern  in  the  mountains,  was  a  very 
}>rav('  and  en<'r;jfotic  pritu^e.  H<.^  waoed  war  with  the 
Kurroundiij}^  mifcionx,  and  Mucceeded  by  his  valor  in  in- 

9*  hurgw,  fff^t/f,  fknfri^.  Otginir,  Idiii,  ii.,  |il  ii.,  till.  2.'J(I,  245. 

•■'  Htdnitrnc  liht.,  J<iiii  lii.,  |i.  4*"). 

*  Ifiifguu,  Orif'j  Ihniri/i.  Odjuf^,  t(nn.  ii  ,  ]it  ii,,  ful.  .'t.'IH;  Miivijui'i, 
ffs/// /l'>J.'(hi<ij(nY ,  )«t  fior.  .1///.  lifiijf.,  liii/t/iii,  liiiii    vii.,  |>|>.  1(17, -iH. 

D'f /////■////,  <ioO.  iv, ,  Jib.  i.\.,  ciili  vii.;  MinyiiKi,  Ks/nilis/.  (Iitiifitv, 
0  Sur.  mf.  fh'itf.,   lii</'f>ii,  titiii.  vii.,  p.  IMH;   lUnyvu,   Ui'wj.  Ilrsrriji.  ""• 


DF.ATII  OF  COMXJV. 


5.^3 


creasinuf  tlie  extent  of  his  dominions.  Tlic  Zapotec 
niul  Miztec  kin^s,  jealous  ot"  these  eneroaelnnents, 
i'oiiiied  an  alliance  against  the  Mije  prin-.-e,  while  the 
trihes  of  Chiapas,  from  the  same  motives,  attacked 
liini   at  the  same  time  on  the  other  side  of  his  do- 


minions. 


In    spite    of   all    that    the    1 


)rave  Condoy 
could  do,  his  capital  was  taken  and  hurned  to  the 
LliMund,  aad  he  and  his  lollowers,  hotly  pursued  hy 
the  enemy,  were  forced  to  take  ivfu^'e  in  the  recesses 
(if  the  mountains.  Slioi'tly  after  this  Condoy  dis- 
a[>])eared  and  was  seen  no  more.  The  Zjipotecs 
claimed  that  their  kiiiL"-  slew  him  witti  his  own  hand, 
hilt  the  sul)jt'cts  of  the  ?>!ije  pi'ince  insisted  that, 
tiled  (jf  war  and  hloodshed,  he  had  entered  the  cavern 
iVdiu  Avhich  he  had   oriidnallv   issued,   and,  atti'iided 


i)V  some   o 


f  1 


lis  warriors. 


had 


ti'une    to    far    ilistai 


lu'ivinces 


08 


Ahout  the  y(>ar  HaC)  occurred  the  Avar  hetween 
Dzav  indanda,  kiiiLT  of  Cohuaixtlalmacan  or  ujiper 
Mi/tecapan,  with  his  allies  the  I'lasc.'dtecs  and  liiiex- 
tttziiicas,  and  Montezuma  I.,  with  his  allies  ol"  the 
valley  of  Anahuac.  The  details  of  this  war  haviii-^ 
lieeu  alreadv  <'iveu.''^  it  remains  onlv  to  lepeat  Jhir- 
y'oa's  account  of  the  supernatural  powers  of  J)zawin- 
(laiida.  Thi-  prince,  says  the  fahle,  when  he  wished 
to  make  war  u|ii>n  some  neiy'lihoring  nation,  caused 
lmns(df  to  Ix'  miraculously  transported  to  the  summit 
ut"  a  mountain  inaccessihle  to  ordinary  mortals.  Ar- 
rived there  he  jti'ostrated  himself  ujioii  a  knoll,  and 
lK'soui>'ht  the  ^n'ods  to  favoi'  his  designs.  Then  lie 
shook  a  l»a;^'  which  was  susp(.'nded  IVom  his  Liirdle, 
and   imniediatelv  there  issiiod   from  it  a  multitude  <it' 


wanioi'; 


full 


V    armed 


aiH 


ii|Ulp|>c< 


i'liniied  in   militarv  ordif  d 


WHO     iia\iii'^ 


escelKi' '( 


I  from   the  niMuiit- 


iiiii   in  sih'iice  and   mai'dn d   at    laiee    to   coiapier   thi 


•veted  territorv 


llM) 


Dzi 


IWIIK, 


land; 


I  s   maoica 


HlWC 


Htifij^/a,  Oroij.  Ih.^i-rifi.  Ihijoin,  tmii.   li.,  |>f   ii.,  fol.  ;{0'_'-H;  ltnti.\iiii\ 


llix'..  toll),  iii.,  )))!.  4S-.")(). 


"■'  S('(>  iliis  \<iluiiu 


ii:.  i; 


Km  / 


iin-ijoii, 


■'/    hisi'iji.  Oiij'iii'ii,  tiiiii    ii.,  J>f  i     fol.  l."iO. 


U> 


(,  ;     f 


zu 


HIST(»i;V  ol'   OA.IACA. 


must  li.'ivc  (Icsi'i-ti'd    liiiii   on   tin.'  occiisioii   jiliov 
ft'iTcd  to,  liowcvcr,   ior,  ;is  wu  have  seen,   liis  nrniics 
wci'c   tci'fihl}''  (lefciitcd,  liis   kingdom  was  made  trllii- 
tai'v    to    tlic    doiuain    of  tlio   victors,    ]\i'.  IhiiimII'  w 
assassinated,  and  his  widowed  (jueeii  was  cariicd  c;] 
tix'e  to  Mexico  to  ^'ratily  a  j)assioii  whii-li  Moiiti/.iii 


(■      IV- 


is 


IIU 


liad 


coiiceivec 


I  lor  1 


lev, 


In  I  I (■)'.)  Axayacall  of  IVFcxico  swoo])cd  suddi  niv 
ii|ioii  the  cities  ol"  'relniaiit('])('c  and  (iuatulco,  and 
t(tok  tlicin;  accoi-din^'  to  l>rasstiii-  lie  e\cn  carried  Iiis 
victorious  arms  into  Socomisco.'"'  At  tliis  tiiiu; 
ZaacliilL'i  III.  was  kini^*-  of  Zapotecapan.  lie  was  a, 
wai'iike  and  and»itious  j)iMnc(>,    and   succeeded  in   adil^ 


a  la  I 


|»a  and  the;  \'alley  ot  iNi'\a])a  to  Ins  kni'^doin, 
<li'ivinjj;"  the  I  lua\o  ]>o])ulation  into  tin;  less  desirahlo 
region  on  tlie  frontiei's  of  ( 'hiapas  and  Soconiiscd. 
I  )iirin'4' the  later  years  ol"  his  rei^n  Zaacliilla,  w  illi 
the  assistance  of  the  Mi/tec  kiiiL;'  ol"  Tilantoiin'o,  sue 
ceeded  ill  re^'aiuiu^'  j)ossession  of  Tehnante|iec  and 
the  othei'  ])laces  in  that  )"t\n'i<»ii  which  .Axavacaij  had 
Liarrisoned  with  .Mexican  troo|ts.  Jhit  this  luou'^lit 
the  Mexican  kin^',  Ahuitzoll,  down  u|)on  liiiu  like  a 
thunderholt,  and  heinuf  desei'tiMl  l»y  his  Mi/.tec  ahics, 
Zaachilla's  armies  wert;  (|uickly  routed;  Ih;  was  I'orci  d 
to  llee  for  his  life  to  the  mount'iiiis,  and  'relmanle|iir 
once  more  hecami!  a  Mi!xican  ])ossession."*'" 

( 'ociyoe/a,  who  succeeded  Zaachilla  III.  on  iIm' 
throne  ol'  Zapotecapan,  was  no  less  anxious  than  lii; 
]iredecessoi'  to  rid  his  kiiiL^dom  of  the  Aztee  ^aiiiMins, 
hut  lieiiiy'  a  vi'iy  pi'udeiit,  thoue-h  l)rave,  prime,  ln' 
acted  with  n'realer  deliheralion  and  caution.  rKt'eic 
proceediun'  to  open  ht-stilities  Ik;  contracted  a.  lirni 
allianci'  with  tlw;  neinhitoriuL;'  nations;  he  then  cliesc 
a  t'avorahle  opportunity,  when  tin;  •  pivstii^'e  of  the 
.Mexican  arms  had  heeii  dainan'cd  hy  reNcrses,  to  dr 
(dare    war,    massacre    the     Mexican     mer(diaids,   and 


retake  Tidiuaiitepec   aiul    most    of    the   other     p!. 

""    SiM'   (Ills   Vlllllllll',    |l.    •I'.Vl. 

I"-'  /,'/vr.s.v, /o',  ///.v/.,  tiiiii.  iii.,  lip.  •jsi-."i,  ;t;;,s.|(i, 


It  ■(•,>, 


(K-CU 


MO.N  TKZr.MA  l.WADiiS  .M  I/ri:(  A  I'AN. 


])io(l  i»y  Almit/j»tr.s  troojis.      'I'lu;  ]-i'ii(]<,'i'  lias  1 


H'CIl 


iiiaiK'  ac(|iiJiiiitf<l  with  the  details  (»('  this  Mar,  in  the 
ciiursit  of  wliich  th(j  sacred  city  of  ]\Iitla,  or  ^Ojiaa, 
was  taken,  and  ol'  the  linal  treaty  hy  which  it  was 
aiiaM'^i'd  that  the  Mexicans  shoidd  keej)  Soconiisco, 
and   that   (Jociyoeza  shonhl  wed  a  Mexican   princess 


and  I'eniain  m  possv'ssion  o 


r  Tel 


iuante|)e( 


101 


In  I  ■')()(!,  Mi/teca|»iii  was  in\a(K'd  hy  ^lontt'/.nina's 
armies,  and  the  cities  of  'J'ihuitonL;'!!,  Adduhtla,  and 
Tl  ichiiniauhco  were  taken.  In  the  same  ye.ii-  the 
^liztecs  made  ;i  deternuned  elUtrt  to  rc-ain  their  in(K> 


ncntlcnc.'e 


hilt, 


as 


lias    h 


'•>■ 


)eeii   seen,  only  snccetded  m 


inakiiiL;'  their  hardens  heavier  tlian  l)e(ore.""      {''rem 
tliis  time  until   the  eoiniiiL;'  eC  tin-  Spaniai'ds  Aii/teca- 


pan    may     l>e   re; 
.Mexican  emitire. 


urc 


led 


as    vn 


tiially 


ahject    to    the 


l)V  his  iiiarria'-e  with  the  faithtul  I'elayilla,  < 'oci- 
yuc/a  had  a  son  named  (.'ociyopu.  it  is  related  Jiat 
(hirin'4'  the  leasts  with  wliich  the  hiith  of  llii^  piince 
was  celehrated,  liery  rays  of  liL;lit  were  seni   lo  dart 

JICl'OSS 


the  skv.      Such    omi 
tl 


lions  jilu'iiomena  did  n  't 
csra|i(!  tile  liotict;  of  the;  sool  hsayel's,  and  the  douiil'ill 
ul"  the  kiiiu'dom  was  ])redictrd.  When  ('oci_vo|Mi  had 
ivached  (lie  a'^'e  of  tweiity-loiir  years,  Ids  lather  con- 
leired  upon  him  the  ci'own  of  'l'elnianti'|tee."'"'  It 
was  at  this  tiiiu;,  .says  Jh'asseur,  that  the  news  of 
tli(,'  con(|uests  of  the  Spaniards  reached  (  ociyoe/.a's 
ciiiirt  at  'reot/apotlaii.'""  Tpoii  this  the  iiohles  of 
Tehiiaiitepec  liesoiiL;iit  (\)ciyo]»u  to  ilKpdre  of  t  he  ;^(ids 
what  the;  mi'aiiiiii;'  of  these  things  was,  and  if  the 
ahcieiit  |»ropliecies  coiiciriiiiii;'  the  introduction  of  a 
new  religion  and  the  compiest  of  the  count  ly  hs'  a 
race  of  while  men,  Asere  ahont  to  he  rullilh'd.  ( 'o- 
riyo|iii  dill  ;is  they  desired,  and  was  told  liy  the  <»racl(! 
that    tin;    time    had  coiiu;    for   the    I'nhilliuclit    cif  tli(j 


lin 


Sec  tliii*  ^uliiiiii'  |'|>    •t.'rr. 


'"'   .1/»C'/<'((»,     I'l'tful i si .    'illll/dfll,     \\l  Sill',    MiX.    (I'lii'l.,    Iili/r/in,     lillll.    \ii, 

1^7. 

'"■   ///.V/.,   tOlll.    »»..   \K   .tH'J. 


i    £  I 


!! 


4 


5:]G 


msTOUY  OF  THE  NORTHERN  TRIBES. 


l)ropliOcie.s.  'I'licii  an  embassy  was  sent  to  ('oyulma- 
cau,  where  (Jortes  then  was,  witli  iiistriictioiis  tn 
announce  to  the  Sj)anish  chief  that  acconhiio-  to  the 
directions  of  their  oracles  the  peoj)le  of  Zapotecapaii 
and  Tehuautepec  acknowledged  his  right  of  sov- 
i.Teignty.^"'' 


i 


I 


In  the  suhdivision  of  my  jiresent  subject,  given  in 
an  early  chapter  of  this  volume,^**  I  named  as  oiic  nf 
its  divisions  the  Historical  Traditior^,^  of  tlie  AVild 
Tribes  of  the  North,  to  which  topic  I  intended  to 
devote  a  slio/t  chajtter.  On  further  research,  how- 
ever, I  find  that  there  is  absolutely  no  material  iur 
such  a  chapter.  Some  of  the  wild  triltes  had  vague 
traditions  of  how  the  world  was  created  and  peopled, 
generally  by  the  ag<.^ncy  of  a,  l)ird  or  beast;  othei's 
told  wt)nderiid  tales  of  su})ernatural  ad\entures  nf 
their  fathers  many  moons  ago;  a  few  named  th(!  di- 
rection, n(>rtl',  south,  east,  or  west,  whence  their 
fathei's  came.  Such  traditions  have  been  <4i\en  in 
those  ])ortions  of  this  work  relating  to  the  subjects 
of  Mvtholo.!'v  and  Origin.      Tliere  is  great  confnsidu 


an 


louiT  the  ibiKrent  versions  of  these  traditions,  atn 


even  if  we  kne\v  in  each  case  which  was  the  au- 
thentic version,  they  would  shed  not  a  ray  of  liglit 
on  general  aboriginal  history;  the  veiy  most  that 
could  be  ho[»ed  fi'om  them  would  be  slight  iidbrnia- 
tion  respecting  modern  tribal  history.  All  the  specu- 
lations of  modern  travelers  and  wi'it^'rs  on  ])iimitivo 
history  in  the  north  ha\'e  been  founded,  so  far  as 
tiny  have  had  any  foundation  at  all,  on  the  material 
relies  of  anti(piity,  fully  described  in  volume  I  \'.  «>f 
this  w  ;k  ;  on  the  traces  of  the  Aztec  tongue  in  the 
north,  a  subject  fully  (lisi)osed  of  in  vnhinie  III.; 
and  on  (he  tlieory  of  the  Spanish  writiM's  respeelnn:' 
a,  general  migiation  iVom  the  north,  duly  eonsider'  d 
in  the  j)resent  volume.      Oonsecpiently  all   that  could 


in?  / 


iiiffnn. 


1..  i: 


','/•  •"' 


■■icri/i. 


hijiiril,   tdlll.   ii.,  I'l  ii.,  fill.  ''iliT  Tfi 


THE  rUEP.LOS  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


1)0  said  on  the  history  of  tke  northern  trll)os  liero 
would  be  but  a  ri.!})otition  of  wliat  has  ahvady  been 
Slid;  a  collection  of  a  few  valueless  speculations  rest- 


dati 


h 


oven  to  be  unsound;  and 


iiiU''  on  toundations  already  pre 
a  renewed  argument  against  the  theory  of  a  migra- 
tion iVoin  the  north,  a  theory  that  has  already  re- 
ived more  attention  than  it  deserves.      It  may  bo 


ce 


tliought  that  the  rejiorted  Montezunia-tradition  of 
tlie  J'ueblo.s  in  New  Mexico  deserves  some  investiga- 
tion; but  besides  the  fact  that  all  the  ibrce  of  evi- 
dence and  probability  indicates  that  the  mvtb  was  an 
invention  of  white  men,  it  is  also  true  tli.-t  if  the 
wor.ship  of  T>rontezuma  and  the  ho])e  of  his  coming 
IVojn  the  east,  were  actually  found  among  the  l*ueblos, 
this  would  only  prove  what  is  not  at  all  improbable, 
that  the  fame  of  ^Fontezuma  1.  and  of  the  great 
Aztec  power  liad  reached  this  northern  regit)n.  it 
lias  been  seen  that  the  Nahuas  a  few  centuries  after 
t!ie  beginning  of  our  era  were  driven  northward  and 


-tablished   themselves   in   Anahui 


ic  am 


I    tl 


le    region 


immediately  north-west  of  that  valley,  but  that  their 
possessions  never  extended  farther  north  than  Zaca- 
tecas.  Yet  it  is  altogether  })robable  that  they  came 
more  or  less  into  contact  with  tribes  further  north, 
;md  it  is  best  to  attribute  to  this  contact  at  tliis 
period  the  Nahua  linguistic  traces  that  have  been 
|)oiiited  out  in  the  north.  The  Pueblos,  avIio  in 
ancient  times  <)ceu['ied  the   country  as   far  south   as 


n< 


rtlu'rn  Chihuahua,  were  not  Azt 


uiMven 


by    th 


ten-    language, 


ecs,   as  is  elearl' 
their    monuments,    and 


lieir  institutions.      The  very  slight   Nahua  analog' 


les 


lat  have 


1 


>eeu 


1" 


)intcd  out    in    their    manners    and 


istoms,    do    not    necessarily    imply   any    ••oiuhction 
liatever  with  the  civili/ed  p(  oph>s  of  tlu'  south;  yet 


>es 


1  regard  it  as  not  improl-ablc  that  the    IVu-lilo  tril 
Nv^re   slightly    inlluenced    l»v    Nahua  c(>:itaet    at    th 
]H  I'iod  referred  to;  aJid  not  altogether  impossible  that 


t!i>    Nahua  seed  sown    at    this    time    fell    inl 


o     tj'oo* 


I 


jround    Ml   some    m  iltl   people   i  f  tln'  north,  and    thus 


i 


i 


538 


HISTORY  OF  THE  NORTHERN  TRIBES. 


t  '   < 


orJ<j'iii;iti.'d  Pueblo 


avor  o 


any 


cl 


a^-ncii 
oscr  conn 


It 


uro  uui 


I  Lit 


cr  culture 


Ii 


ction  between  these  peoples, 
there  is  absolutely  no  evidence. 

AVhen    we    come    to    the    Mound-Builders   of   the 
]\[ississi|i|)i  Valley,  the   matter  j)reseiits   I'ar   n'reater 


ditKcult 


les. 


w 


e  Know  notnmu"  o 


th 


)f  tl 


leir 


lan<4 


UitLie  or 


manners  and  customs,  since  they  have  become  Iticallv 
extinct;  but  their  material  monuments,  and  tlicir 
reli^i»jus  rites  as  indicated  by  tliose  monuments,  liear 
a  vt'i'v  strikiny-  resemblance  to  those  of  the  ci\iUz(.d 
nati(»ns  of  the  south.  I  have  already  expressed  an 
oidnion  that  the  ^iound-Jhiilders  were  in  some  way 
connected  with  the  civilized  nations;  the  nature  dt' 
the  coimection  is  involved  in  dilHculties,  from  ^\l^icll 
there  is  no  escape  save  by  conjecture.  We  have 
seen  that  the  A/tec  traces  in  the  New  ^Mexican 
re,i4'ion,  and  ])()ssibly  the  l^ueblo  cultun.',  may  be  at- 
tributed to  the  mii^j-atinjj;'  Nahua  tribes  after  theii' 
overthntw  in  Central  America;  l)ut  theiHj  is  little  er 
no  I'eason  to  attrii)ute  the  establishment  of  the 
]\i()Uiid-Iliiil(lers  of  the  eastern  states  to  the  same 
inlhience  and  the  same  epoch.  The  few  Nahuas  tliat 
Avere  scattered  in  the  north  are  not  likely  to  have 
exerted  so  sliLjht  an  inlluence  in  the  Pueblo  I'eLjieii. 
and  so  powerful  a  one  on  the  j\Iississip])i ;  besides, 
the  ]Vrississi|)pi  momnnents  bear  inai'ks  of  a  nuicli 
^i^'i'eater  imti(juity  than  can  be  attributed  to  the 
Pueblo  building's.  Yet  we  have  seen  that  it  is  lumli 
more  reasDiiaide  to  believe  that  the  culture  of  tlie 
]\[(nmd-i)uihlers  was  introdui-ed  by  a  colony  or  hy 
teachers  IVom  the  south,  than  to  ix\i;ard  the  ^Iissi>- 
.si}»|)i  \"alley  as  the  original  birtl.-place  of  Amei'ica!i 
civilization.  The  Xatchez  of  the  L,'ulf  states  aie  said 
to  have  lieen  superior  at  the  comiiiL^  of  Eui'opi'ans  tn 
other  aboriginal  ti'ibes  of  the  eastern  states,  and  pre- 
sented some  slight  analonaes  in  tiu'ir  Institutions  to 
what   the  iMound-.l Guilders  may  be  supposed  to  have 


)een. 


t  is  also    the  o[»inion  of  se\i'i'al    auiii'iitu 


entitled    to  considerahle  crci 


d.h 


ilit.   t! 


lai 


heir 


a.iimiau^ 


THE  MOL-ND-BriLDEllS. 


53'J 


a  very    strdni^'   resoinl)lfinco    to    those    of  the 


shows    f 

M.iva    fainilv.      AVithout    attacliiiiu'    very    ureat 


iiu- 


1' 


tanee  to  the  hist  ariJimieiit,  1  am  inclined  to  1 


)e- 


hi.'ve  tliat  tlie  most  plausiMe  conjecture  respecting" 
llie  origin  of  tlie  ^[(jund-ikiihlers,  is  tliat  whicli 
niiikcs  tlieni  a  colony  of  the  ancient  ^Eayas,  who 
settled  in  the  north  during-  the  continuaiice  of  the 
gicat  Maya  empire  of  Xihalha  in  Central  America, 
several  centuries  before  Christ.      We  have  seen  that 


t! 


le    ancien 


t    :M; 


lyas,  un( 


ler   the    name  of  Quiname.>- 


jiioliahly  occupied  eastern  Mexit-o  at  that  epoch,  and 
ill  later  times  Ave  find  the  Huastecs  in  southern 
Tiunaulipas  speaking"  a  Maya  dialect.  It  is  not  at 
all  luilikely  that  a  colony  of  these  people  passed 
northward  alon^"  the  coast  by  land  or  water,  and  in- 
troduced their  institutions  in  the  Mississi[)pi  Valley, 
liiiildiuL,^  u})  a  power  which  became  yery  llourishiiio- 
ii-^  the  centuries  passed,  but  was  at  last  ibrt-cd  t 
vicld    to    the    presence   of  envir 


onmo" 


barl 


)arism. 


o 
1 


iU'ri"  this  not  as  a  theory  which  can  be  fully  substan- 
tiated   by  facts,  but    simply   as    tlie    most   plausible 


;olij 


ec 


ture  on  the  matter  which  has 


nos 
occur 


re 


d  to 


me. 


1  ;■  < 


ii' 


\% 


CHAPTER    XI. 


TltK    QriCIIE-CAKCIIIQUEL    EMPIRE    IX    GUATEMALA. 


P  : 


E 

in 


No  ("lIUONOI.OCiY  IN  THE  SoiTIl— OlTLIXK  ViEW— AlTIIOIUTIKS  -Xt!  \- 
LANQIE  AT  UtATLAN— TllE  MlfiUATION  FKOM  TlKAN  -  15  \l.  \M- 
Ql  ITZl':  AND  HIS  CoMPANinXS— SacHII'ICKS  to  ToillI,  -the  QIK  IMS 

ON  Mt  IIacavitz— The  Tamuu  and  Ilocab— Fiust  Vi(tiii;ii;-; 
— QocAvin  Founds  the  Monarchy  at  Izmaihi— the  Toitkc 
Theory  — iMACiiXAUY  Empiue  of  the  EAST--r)ii-KEi!ENT  \  i:i;- 
sioNs   (IF    PniMiTivE   History— The   Cakchiqi'ei,   MKiKATioN- 

JUARROS  AND  Fl'ENTES— LiSTS  OF  KiNG.S— CAKCHIi.iUEI.S  IMiEH 
IIACAVITZ— liEIGNS   OF    BALAM-CoNACHE,  COTIHA,     AND    IZTAVII., 

AT  Izmachi-War  against  the  Ilocau— The  Stolen  Timiute- 
GriT.MATZ,  Qru'iiE  Emperor  at  Utatlan— Changes  in  iiii: 
Government— IJeigns  of  Cotlha  II.,  Tei-eite,  and  Iztami,  II. 
— Cak(  iiiijfEL  History— C'oNcii'E.STS  of  Qiicaii  I.— ItKvoi.T  oy 
the  achihait— dis.memiterment  of  the  e.mi'ire  — ( '  ak(  iih^i  ki, 
Conqie-sts— Reigns  of  the  last  Guate.malan  Kings— Aim'kai:- 
ANCE  of  the  Spaniards  under  Alvarado  in  1524. 

Ill  the  south  we  have  no  connected  lii.stovy  oxco{it 
for  two  centurieH  ininiediately  preceding'  the  conquest, 
and  no  attein})t  at  })recise  chronoh)o-y  even  for  tliat 
short  period.  The  Quiclie-Cakchicpiel  onipiro  in 
(luateniala  was,  at  the  coming  of  the  S]»aiiiards,  tlic 
most  powcsrful  and  famous  in  Nortli  Anuirica,  except 
that  of  the  Aztecs  in  Anahuac,  witli  whicli  it  iun*  i' 
canio  into  direct  conHict,  altliougli  the  fame  of  t.ich 
was  well  known  to  the  other,  and  conunercial  iiitci- 
coursc  was  cari'icd  on  almost  constantly.  The  south- 
ern cmjtii'e,  so  far  as  may  be  learned   from  the  slight 

(310) 


rRELDIINAKY  VIEW. 


641 


cvitlenoe  lieariiiii^  on  the  suljoct,  was  about  three 
fciitLiries  old  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the 
nciirest  approach  to  chronology  in  its  annals  is  the 
rcyiilar  succession  of  nionarchs  who  occupied  the 
throne,  the  achievements  of  each  kin^'  _<;iven  in  what 
iiiav  be  considered  to  be  their  chr()nt)l»>yic  oitler,  and 
,tn  ai)i)arent  connection  in  a  few  cases  with  occur- 
reiK-es  whose  date  is  known  from  the  Aztec  records. 
In  a  precedinuf  volume  of  this  work  I  have  pre- 
sented all  that  the  authorities  have  i)reserved  respect- 
ing- the  maimers  and  customs  of  the  Cjluatemalaii 
peoples,  and  their  condition  at  the  conHniic  of  the 
S|iaiiiards,  includin_<^  their  system  o'"  government  and 
the  order  of  royal  succession.  In  a  chapter  devoted 
to  a  general  preliminary  view  of  these  nations,'  I 
have  already  presented  a  brief  outline  of  their  history 
as  follows:  (Guatemala  and  northern  Honduras  were 
t'oiind  in  possession  of  the  Mames  in  the  north-west, 
the  I'okomanis  in  the  south-east,  the  Quiches  in  the 
interior,  and  the  Cakchi(piels  in  the  south.^  The  two 
latter  were  the  most  p(>werful,  and  ruled  the  count ly 
t'niui  their  capitals  of  Utatlan  and  Tecpan  (Juatemahi, 
w\]vw  they  resisted  the  S})aniards  almost  to  the  point 
ot' aimihilation,  retiring  for  the  most  part  after  defeat 
to  live  by  the  chase  in  the  distant  mountain  gorges, 
(hiatemalan  history  from  the  time  of  the  botanic 
('iii|iire  down  to  an  indefinite  date  not  many  centuries 
iHl'tii-o  the  conquest,  is  a  blaidi.  It  re-connncncos 
with  the  first  traditions  of  the  nations  just  mentioned. 
These  traditions,  as  in  the  case  of  every  American 
]too[)le,  begin  with  the  innnigration  of  foreign  tribes 
into  the  country,  as  the  first  in  the  series  of  events 
leading  to  the  establishment  of  tlie  Quiche-Cakchi- 
'|Uel  empire.  Assuming  the  Toltec  disi)ei'sion  from 
Aiiiiluiac  in  the  eleventh  centuiy  as  a  well-autlienti- 
cuted  fact,  most  writers  have  identified  the  (Juate- 
iiialan  nations,  exce[)t  perhaps  the  Mames,  by  some 

'  Sp.T  vol.  ii.,  |>.  I'Jl,  et  sc^. 
-  ."Sou  luap  ill  vol.  ii. 


3    i3 


A.- 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


1118 


m 

22 


m 

lis.    111112.0 


U    IIIIII.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIS';  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTIRNY.  MSBO 

(716)  872-4S03 


^.% 


Vx 


512 


THE  QUICIIl!:-CAKCIIIQrEL  EMPIUE. 


(MmsIdL'i'L'il  tlio  descoiidiints  of  tho  oriL;iiml  iiili<'il)itaiits, 
with  tlio  luigratiii^  Toltocs  who  HcmI  .southwanl  t  » 
t'ouiid  a  now  umpire.  I  liavo  already  iiiadu  kiiuwn 
jiiv  .sccpticisiii  respociiniif  national  Aniurican  niJL: ra- 
tions in  L^enoral,  and  tho  Toltoc  nii^^ration  southwaid 
in  |>aiti(idar,  an<l  there  is  nothin*''  in  the  aniiaU  ni" 
(lUatiinala  to  modify  the  views  previously  I'xpicsMd. 
The  (^)wi(he  traditions  are  vai^ue  and  without  ehroiiu- 
loiric  order,  much  less  definite  than  those  relating'  tu 
the  mythical  Aztec  wanderin«^s.  The  sum  and  siilt- 
stance  of  the  Quiche  and  Toltoc  identity  is  tlie  truH- 
tional  statement  that  tho  former  peojilo  eiitcivil 
(Juatemala  at  an  unknown  }»eriod  in  the  past,  whilL! 
the  latter  left  Anahuac  in  the  eleventh  contuiv. 
That  the  Toltocs  should  have  mi;s^'"rated  en  iiia>sc 
soutliward,  taken  possossion  of  Guatemala,  estahlisluil 
a  mii;hty  empire,  and  yet  have  ahandoned  their  laii- 
L^^uaLfo  for  dialects  of  the  ori<:^inal  ^[aya  tohi^uc,  i.>  in 
the  hiL,diost  dej^ree  improhahlo.  It  is  safer  to  su|i|>u,se 
that  the  mass  of  the  Quiches,  and  other  nations  of 
CJuatemala,  (,'hiapas,  and  Honduras,  were  (IlsccikIiiI 
directly  from  the  Maya  builders  of  PaleiKiue,  and 
I'rom  contemporary  peojdes, — that  is,  as  has  hccii 
shown  in  the  chapter  on  pre-T(jltee  history  in  this 
volume,  from  the  Maya  j)eoples  after  tiicy  had  hciii 
cont[Ucred  hy  a  new  power  and  had  hccouu'  to  a  ct  r- 
tain  extent,  so  far  as  their  'ustituticius  were  concciiird, 
Xahiia  nations. — Yet  the  dilferi'uccs  hctwccii  tlie 
Quich('-Cakchi(piel  structures  and  the  older  architect- 
ural remains  of  the  Maya  i-mpire,  iudii-att'  a  new  er,i 
of  ^^aya  culture,  oriL,nnated  not  improhahly  \>\  ilie 
introduction  of  foreign  elements.  Moreovir  the  a|i- 
pareiit  identity  in  name  and  teachiii,L;s  hetweeii  tlie 
early  civilizors  of  the  Quiche  traditi(tn  and  tin;  Nahiia 
followers  of  Quetzalcoatl,  toi>'ether  with  reported  n- 
semhlances  hetween  actual  (.^Juichc  ud  /\/,tec  institu- 
tions as  observed  by  Kuro|)eans,  indicate  fartiier  lliat 
tho  new  element  was  eni^rafted  on  Afaya  civiiizalii'H 
]ty  contact  with  tho  Naliuas,  u  contact  of  which  t!io 


AlTHOllITIKS  ON  GUATEMALAN  HISTORY. 


543 


invsenoe  of  the  oxilod  Tnltec  T>ol>ilitv  ninv  havo  \)vcn 
ii  proiniiicnt  fcuturo.  After  tlie  oveitliiKW  ot  the 
original  ciin>ii'e,  wo  lu.iy  ku]»[k>su  the  j)eoi>le  to  liavo 
l)0('ii  suhdivided  (hiriiit''  the  course  of  centuries  hy 
civil  wars  an<l  sectarian  struij:»jles  into  inttv  states, 
the  ijloiv  of  tlieir  former  j^reatness  vanishe<l  and  i>ar- 
tially  forgotten,  the  spirit  of  })ro_i;ress  tK»rniant,  to  lio 
roused  again  hy  the  presence  of  the  Naliua  diiefs. 
Tiu'se  gathered  and  infused  new  life  into  the  scat- 
tiivd  renuiants;  they  introduced  some  new  institu- 
tions, aiul  thus  aiik'd  the  ancient  ])eoj»les  to  rehuiKl 
their  empire  on  the  oKl  foundations,  retaining  the 
dialects  of  the  original  language,  'i'lie  jireceding 
I iaragra])hs,  however,  gave  an  exaggerated  idea  ol"  tho 
Toltec  element  in  forming  Quiche  institutions,  as  has 
liioii  shown  hy  the  investigations  of  the  present  vol- 
ume, since,  wliile  the  Nahua  element  in  these  institu- 
tions was   verv  stronir,  vet  the  Nahua  influence  was 


•r«» 


Vr 


t  xerted  chiefly  in  ])re- Toltec  times  wliile  tlie  two 
|ico|>les  were  yet  living  together  in  Central  America, 
rather  than  hy  the  exiled  Toltec  nohles  and  priests. 

The  authorities  for  Quiche  history  ai'e  not  numer- 
ous. They  include  the  work  of  Juairos,  whieii  is 
rliielly  fomided  on  the  mamiscripts  of  b^ientis;  the 
I'ulilislu'd  Spanish  and  b^'ench  ti'anslations  of  tho 
J'o|Mi|  Vuh,  or  National  IJook,  of   which  much  has 


jilicai 


Iv  1 


leen  sai( 


iiKl  a  mimoi'r  o 


A'  i\ 


ocunie 


,S    SMUI- 


lar  to  tlu'  li.tter,  written  in  Spanish  letters,  hut  in  the 
N.nious  C^)uiche-t  akchi<|Ui'l  dialects,  hy  natisc  authois 
who  wrote  after  the  ( 'on(|Ui'st,  of  «'ourse,  hut  relied 
upMM  the  ahoriginal  i-eeoi'ds  and  ti'aditions,  iitNcr  |iuh- 
li>he(l  and  only  known  to  the  world  through  the  writ- 
ings of  j>rasse\ir  <le  r>ourh(»iirg,  wii»»,  in  Maya  as  in 
many  ))arts  of  Nahua  history,  is  the  chief  and  almost 


the  only 


uuthoritv, 


In  tho  earliest  annals  of  Central  America,  while 
tlio  Xihalhan  i-mpire  was  yet  in  the  height  of  its 
jiower,  wo  find  what  is,  perhajis,  the  first  menti(»n  of 
the  territory  known  later  us  (Juateniala,  in  the  men- 


6U 


THE  Ql'ICHt  CAKCHIQIEL  EMPIKE. 


tion  l)y  the  Popol  Yuh"  of  Carchah,  or  Niiiixol)  ( 'ar- 
<Iiali,  a  locality  in  Vera  Paz,  as  the  place  wliciat;' 
liimhunalijm  aiul  Vuciih  Huiiahpu,  the  tirst  Naliua 
chiefs  will)  conspired  against  the  Xilialhan  nionarclis, 
directed  their  tirst  expedition  toward  the  re;i;ion  of 
J'aleiKpie.  Las  Casas  also  names  this  as  one  of  the 
entrances  to  the  road  which  lead  to  tlie  inCcnial 
regions,  tlie  sense  prohably  given  to  Xihalba  in  tlic 
traditions  of  the  conntry.*  And  from  lUathm,  in  tin- 
same  region,  in  later  centuries  the  Quiche  capital, 
started  Xl)alan([ue  and  Hunahpu,  the  descendants  (»!' 
the  two  chieftains  already  named,  to  avenge  the  dc- 
I'eat  of  their  ancestors,  and  to  overthrow  the  jmmd 
kings  of  Xihalha.  The  young  princes  left  hcliiml 
tiieni  their  mother  and  grand-mother,  ]ilanting  in 
their  cahin  two  canes  which  were  to  indicate  tti  tlidMi 
left  at  home  their  own  fortune,  t(»  Hourish  with  tlitir 
])r(>sperity,  to  wither  at  each  misfortune,  and  to  ilic 
should  they  meet  the  fate  of  their  ]»reilccissois; 
hence  piihaps  the  Quiche  name  of  Utatlan,  (Jninai- 
caah,  'house  of  withered  canes.'"  The  menti«)n  of  ( liia- 
temalan  localities  in  this  connection  is  not  sutlicicnt 
to  prove  that  the  oj)position  to  Xihalha  had  its  lu^gin- 
ning  or  centre  in  (Juatemala,  but  sim]>ly  indicutis 
tliat  the  Nahua  power  in  those  ])rimitive  times  ex- 
tended over  that  region,  as  did  also  the  Maya  jiowir. 
not  improbably.  In  other  words,  the  long  stniggli' 
between  the  two  rival  powers  was  no  local  contest  at 
and  about  l*alen(pie.  but  was  felt  in  a  greater  or  h  ss 
tiegree  throughout  the  whole  country,  from  Anjiluiac 
to  (Juatemala,  and  perhaps  still  farther  south. 

Xbalampie's  exp(.'dition  and  some  subsecpient  oc- 
currences are  related  by  Tonpiemada,  as  follows: 
"After  the  people  of  the  earth  had  multiplied  ami 
incieased,  it  was  made  known  that  a  god  had  Ik  i  n 
biuii  in  the  province  of  Otlatla  (Utatlan),  now  known 

*  l.ii.s  Cii.siis,  lli.ll.  Aintli'iiflira,  SlS.,  tiiiii,  iii.,  cap.  cxxiv.,  I'xxv. 
IThiHVol.,   \\\y    I7SHI»;  i'opol    Villi,  p.   141. 


i:xpi:i>iTU»N  OF  xr.ALANgn:. 


r.ij 


;is  Vriii  Piiz,  thirty  loai^uos  from  tlic  capital  called 
(^)iiaiiht(.'ina)laii  ((luatt'inala),  which  j^od  they  named 
i'Ahalaii([iioii.  oriiiiM  it  is  rdatcil,  ainoiii;  otiuT  lies 
.iiul  i'ahles,  that  he  went  to  waj^e  war  ayi'ainwt  Hell, 
niid  loiiirht  against  all  the  j)uoj>le  of  that  rei(i(»n  and 
t(iii([U(!i'ed  them,  and  r'aptured  the  kinn^  oi'  He-U  w  ith 
many  of  his  army.  On  his  return  to  the  earth  after 
Ills  victory,  hearini;  witli  him  his  spoils,  the  kinLC  of 
the   Shades    l)e<>i>ed    that    he   mijuht   not    he    larried 


jiwuy, 


T 


tl 


U'V   were   tlien    m   three  or 


four 


urades  ot 


liL;ht,  hut  ExhalaiKpien  ijaNe  the  infernal  nionainh  a 
kick,  sayintjc  *y'"  hack,  and  thine  he  in  future  all  that 
is  rotten,  and  refuse,  and  stinkinij,  in  these  infernal 
n'L,Mons.'  ExhahuKjuen  then  returned  to  A'era  l*ai5 
wlience  he  had  set  «)ut,  hut  he  was  not  received  there 
with  the  festivities  and  soui^s  of  triunn>h  which  he 
tli(tu<;ht  he  had  deserved,  and  therefore  he;  went  away 
to  another  kinoclom.  where  he  was  kindly  received. 
This  conijueror  of  Hell  is  sai<l  to  have  iiitroduccd  the 
Custom  of  sacriliciny  human  heinys,""  Hrasseur  adds 
oil  this  suhject:  "Copan,  the  name o^  which  ('on  the 
vase')  alludes  mysteriously  to  the  relioious  symhols 
of  tlio  mixed,  or  Mestizo,  Nahua  race,  was  it  tlien 
•  hosen  hy  tiiis  [trince,  whose  mother  (X(pii<|)  peisoni- 
titd  the  fundamental  idea  of  this  san,L;uinarv  worships 
ilitwevei'  this  may  have  heen,  it  seems  certain  tliat 
tiic  iatti'r  city  owed  its  oriyin  to  a  tierce  warrior 
ii.uiicd  IJalam,  who  liad  entered  the  countiy  hy  the 
way  of  IVten  1  tza  ahout  tifteen  centuries  huforo  the 
S|i;uiisli  couijuest.  J)urin^'  the  last  |>eriod  of  nativt; 
Mile  tlie  ]>rovince  of  whicli  ('(tpan  was  the  capital 
was  caHed  I\iya(|ui  ('in  the  Vatjui,  or  Nahuas)  or 
tilt'  iviiiu'dom  of  ('hi(|uinuila.'"'  Jiut  all  this  may  he 
iwarded  as  purely  conjei-tural. 


''  Tiirqnriiiiir/ii,  t<Mii.  ii.,  pp.  riH-4;  I. an  ('asiis,  Hist.  Afmlnfft'tira,  MS., 
I'liu.  iii.,  Clip.  I'xxiv. 

■  /iivrv.vi  )(/•,  in  I'o/iii!  Villi,  p.  cclvi.  Tlic  only  aiilliiirily  icfcrrcil  tii  on 
tlii>  iiialli'i' of  4 'opaii  is  (lie  Isni/iii/r  /lisfiiririi,  a  iniuiiiscripi  iiir<l  in  linn  in 
l''l"':.   Mini,  /iiini  In   /listnrni  tld  iinliijiiu  Jiiiiiu  ilr  Uiiuliiiiiild,   |om.  i., 

I'      I'l  I'l    MMI. 

ViiL,  V.    U8 


51G 


THE  QUICHE-CAKCHIQUEL  EMPIRE. 


From  the  tlnio  wlioii  XhnlaiKiuo  and  ITuiialipu 
luaivliod  to  tlie  con(|Uo.st  of  Xilmlha,  and  suci't*  dal 
in  stihordinatinyf  the  ancient  Maya  to  tlie  X;i]iu;i 
power,  for  several  centuries  down  to  the  f<uh«e(|iitiit 
scatterin<if  of  hoth  Nahua  and  Maya  tril)es,  wliidi 
preceded  tlie  aj)pearance  of  tlio  Toltec  l)rancli(s  in 
Analmac,  the  history  of  (Juateniala  is  a  l)hiiik.  That 
civilized  peojdes  occupied  tlie  country  at  tliat  riMiiote 
time;  tliat  they  liad  huen  more  or  less  the  suhjccts  of 
tlie  ancient  empire;  and  that  they  liad  Iteen  l>rniiL;lit 
within  tiio  new  inHuences  of  tlio  Nahua  institutions, 
there  can  he  little  douht;  hut  they  have  left  no 
record  of  their  deeds,  prohalily  not  even  of  tlitir 
names.  The  annals  recommence  with  the  traditional 
mio-ration  from  Tulan,  hv  which  the  Toltecs  i.stal)- 
lished  themselves  on  the  central  jdateaux  of  Mexico, 
Avliile  the  trihes  afterwards  known  as  Quiches  wan- 
dered southward  to  the  hioiilands  of  Vera  J*az;  Imt 
five  or  six  centuries  were  yet  to  pass  hefore  we  liml 
any  record  that  may  he  jiroperly  termed  history.  I 
return  to  the  traditions  of  the  Popol  Vuh,  it  \>v]\y^ 
necessary  to  take  up  the  thread  of  the  story  at  a 
jieriod  even  precediuij^  the  arrival  at  Tulan,  and  tlms 
to  repeat  in  a  nu'Msiire  certain  portions  already  re- 


ferred to  in  a  prei-edini;'  chai>ter, 

After  the  cieation  of  the  first  men,  Balam-Quit/.c, 
Balam-Aj^nd),  Mahucutah,  and  I(ii-I]alam,  wives  wcit' 
^•iven  them,  and  these  were  the  parents  of  the  (Juiclio 
nation.  i\mon<^  the  nations  then  in  the  Kast,  (liat 
received  their  names  IVom  those  that  were  he^ott(  n, 
were  those  of  Tepeuh,  <  )loiiian,  (.'ohah,  Quenecli,  and 
Allan;  also  those  of  Tamuh  aiitl  1  local)  who  caiiic  to- 
o-ether  from  the  eastern  land."  IJalam-Quitze  was  tlic 
ancestor  of  the  nine  niaiid  families  of  C^awi'k:  jialain- 
A,Ljah  of  the  nine  of  Nihaih;  Mahucutah  of  the  lour  nf 
Ahau-Quiche.  There  came  also  the  thirteen  ot"  Tt  c- 
pan,  and  those  of  Kahinal,  the  Cakchicpiels,  tlioM    i»t' 

^  Tii(>  otiior  imnicH  nro  I.ainaU,  Ciiiniitx,  Tiiliiillia,  rcliiilialiii.  <  luiiiii- 
lulin,  ijiiilialia,  Itatciia)),  Acul-N'iiiak,   Italaiiiilia,  (.'anclialit'l,  mikI  liMlaiii- 


KECOUD  OF  TIIK  I'Ol'OL  Vllf. 


'47 


T/.iquinaha,  Zacalia,  .and  otlicrs.  All  scom  to  linvo 
sjiokuii  one  laiii^uui^i',  and  t<^  have  livid  in  i;rt;it 
jic.ico,  Mack  nion  and  whlto  together.  }lvve  tiny 
awaited  the  rising  of  the  sun  and  prayed  to  the 
lit;. it  of  Heaven.  Tlie  tril)es  were  already  very 
iiiiiiierous,  ineludin2f  that  of  the  Ya(|ui  (Xaluias). 
At  the  adviee  of  Dalani-Quitze  and  his  eonn>ani(>iis, 
tlu-y  departed  in  seari'li  of  gods  to  W(»rshi[>,  and  came 
tit  Tulan-Zuiva,  the  Seven  Caves,  where  gods  wt  le 
nivcn  them,  Tohil,  Avilix,  Hacavitz,  and  Xicahtagah. 
T'lliil  was  also  tlie  god  of  Tanuih  an«l  I  local),  and  tin* 
tliiie  trihes,  or  families,  kept  togi-ther,  for  their  g<>(l 
^\ as  the  same.*  Here  arrived  all  the  trihes,  the  iJa- 
Miials,  tlio  Cakchi(|uels,  the  Tzi(|uinaha,  and  the 
Va(|iii;  and  here  their  language  was  coniount!  ', 
tilt  y  could  no  longer  understand  each  other,  and  tlxy 
xpai'ated,  .some  g<»ing  to  the  east  and  many  coming 
liitlier  (to  Guatemala).  They  dressed  in  skins  and 
^vt•^e  poor,  hut  they  wei'e  wonderful  men,  and  win  n 
t!i<  V  reached  Tulan-Zuiva,  long  l»ad  been  their  jour- 
in  y,  as  the  ancient  histoi'ies  tell  us. 

Xow  there  was  no  fire;  I'ohil  was  the  first  to  crt.'ato 
it,  lait  it  is  not  known  exactly  how  he  did  it,  since  it 
was  already  hurning  when  it  was  discovcr^'d  hy  J)a- 
1am  (^)uitze  and  lialam-Agah.  The  fire  was  ])ut  nut 
l>v  a  sudden  shower  and  hy  a  storm  (•!"  hail,  hut  the 
liiv  of  the  Quiches  was  rekindled  hy  'I'ohil.  Tlnii 
tile  other  trihes  cann^  shivering  with  chattering  t»'<tli 
tn  ask  lor  fire  from  J>alam-(,)uitze,  which  was  at  fiist 
lit  iiivd  them;  and  a  messenger  from  Xihalha  ap- 
|iiart'(l,  a  Zotzil,  or  hat,  as  it  is  said,  and  advist-d  tliM 
lili^li-priests  to  refuse  the  petition  of  the  trihes  tnitil 
liny  should  have  learneil  fiom  Tohil  the  price  to  ho 
paid  for  the  fire.      The  condition  finally  named  hy  the 

'  iilnli,  most  (if  wliicli  nrn8npiir  rniinort!*  iiioro  or  Ic^s  Hiitisfncttirilv  witli  ilii> 
!"M!iin'il  niiiis  ill  tlif  t iiiati'iiiala  lii^;liliiiiils,  wlicic  tlii'sf  tiilic^  nftcrwiinU 
li'l.     Jt  is  Htali'il  liy  tiu!  traditimi  tliat  only  the  |)riii('i|ial  iiaiiit>N  aiu 


Mil 


>,'l\rl|. 


riic  fitiirtli  jfod,  Nicahtavrali,  i«  rarely  iiaincil  in  flic  fiiliitwitiL'  |ia;.'t'x; 
i'lliil  i«  ol'tni  iisnl  fur  1 1 10  ti'initv,  'ruiiil,  Avilix,  iiiiii  llai'av  it/;  ainriialaiii- 
^i'tn/.v  fur  tlic  liaiiil  of  tlie  last  four  men  or  liiyli  iiriextN. 


5JH 


TiiK  (iri('iiK-(\K(iri<in:L  kmimki;. 


H'ikI  was,  tliat  tlu'y  consent  to  "unite  tlieiiist]\t's  to 
int)  under  their  urnii)it  jukI  uiuler  their  ;;ir(llc,  ainl 
that  they  enihraco  nie,  Tohil,"  a  condition  not  \t  rv 
clearly  exi)ressed,  hut  uhich,  as  is  shown  hy  wli.it 
iollows,  was  an  agreement  to  worship  the  Quiche  ^.d, 
aiul  sacrifict!  to  him  their  hlood,  and,  if  reipiired,  tin  ir 
<hildien.  They  accepted  the  condition  and  rectivtd 
tlie  lire.  l>ut  one  family  stole  the  tire,  the  f'auiilv  of 
Zotzil,  of  the  ( 'akthicjuels,  whos«  <»'od  was  ('lianiai- 
can,  and  whose  syml»<»l  was  the  hat;  and  tliey  did  imt 
suhmit  to  the  conditions  of  Tohil.  ]lerc  they  he^.in 
to  fast  and  to  watch  for  the  sun.  it  was  imt  Ik n; 
tliat  they  received  tlieir  power  and  sovereignty,  imt 
there  where  they  suhdued  tho  <;reat  and  the  lilt!  ' 
trihes,  when  tliey  sacrilice»l  them  hefoi'i;  the  {\u-v  dt" 
Tohil,  olferiui^-  him  thu  hlood,  the  life,  the  hreast.  and 
the  armpit  «»f  all  men.  Thus  at  Tulan  came  to  tin m 
tiieir  majesty,  that  j^reat  wisdom  whicli  was  in  tin  la 
in  tho  ohscuritv  and  in  tlie  ninht.  Thev  came  tli.  ii 
and  tore  themselves  away  from  tlu;re  and  ahanduind 


tlie    n'yions    of   the;    risiui**    sun 


Til 


IS    is   not    uiii- 


home;  let  us  i^-o  a:id  see  whiM'e  wcs  shall  estahlish  ii.' 
said  Tohih  Truly  he  si>oke  to  lialam-Quit/.c  .ind 
tho  others,     "  Afako  first  your  thanksi^iviiiL;-,  pit  j 


i;iiv 


till!  iioles  in  _>.»ur  ears,   pierco  your  elhows,  aiK 


Ih 


d 


sac 


yod. 


■rifice;  this  will    ho  your  act  of  j^ratitude   htl'i 


It 


IS  wt 


dl."  th 


'.y  '■'^'1 


died. 


|>iercini,'  their  ( ais: 


and  those  things  are  in  the  soul;'  of  their  coming'  IV mi 
Tulan;  and  their  hoarts  ;L?roaned  when  they  stailMJ. 
ikfter  they  had  torn  themselves  away  from  Tulan. 
"iVlas!  wo  shall  no  longer  hehold  here  the  dawn  ;it 
tho  moment  when  ':,ho  sun  comes  up  to  ilhimiiie  tli' 
la.co   of  the  earth,"  said  they  as  they  set  <»ut.       Unt 


some  were 


lef 


(1:  f 


(m  tho  road;  tor  somb  romamei 


I  asl. 


eaidi  of  tho  irihos  arisin<jr  so  as  to  800  tho  miiniiu'4 
star.  It  v/as  tho  sijLjfn  of  the  mornini,'-  that  was  in 
their  thono'hts  when  thoy  came  from  the  land  <<l"  llif 
risinj^  sun,  and  thoir  hopo  was  the  same  in   leaving 


TIIK  (/I  ICIIKS  AT  MT  IIACAVITZ. 


MO 


tliis  jilaco  which  is  ;it  a  i^'rctit  (.listuiu'e,  as  they  toll  us 
to-day. 

They  arrivod  and  .•isscmhlcd  on  the  nioiintaln  now 
cillcd  Chipixah,  the  (Jni<-Iu's,  Tainuh,  ilocah,  (  ak- 
clii'iiU'ls,  llahinals,  and  'iVj(iuiiiaha.  Thi-y  took  <-(»iin- 
s'l  ••nu  with  anothiT,  and   were  very  sad,  and  luinLjrv 


Ti 


len. 


It    th 


leir    owji    lecjuest,    were    tlie     uixls 


loiH'ealed  in  diO'erent  ravines  and  forests,'"  except 
liiicavitz,  who  was  |)la<-ed  on  a  pyramid  on  Mt  11a- 
c.ivitz,  and  there  all  the  Irihes  waited  in  ;L;;reat  tn»ui)le 

wn.  "Now  hehold  lords 
W(  re  made,  and  our  old  men  and  our  f'atheis  had  their 
licL-inninLr;   hehold   mo   will   relate  the  dawn  and  the 


fur   the   cominL,'"  of    the   da 


;i|tlMarance   of  the   sun,    ni<»on,  an 

(•nil 


(1     Sti 


US. 


Tl 


»e   ac 


lit  of  the  dawn  and  its  attendant  ceremonies, 
wliich  follows  in  the  i\>p<»l  A'uh,  wctuld  seem,  in 
(diiiM'ction  with  the  j>rece«linij^  ijuotations,  to  refer 
v;iL;iiely  to  the  election  of  rulers,  the  estahlishment  of 
ti'iiiporal  and  spiritual  o-oM-rnmeiit,  the  hiith  of 
(^)iiitlie  institutions.  Here  they  sani^  the  soiii;-  of 
l.iiiu'iitation  for  tlieir  separation  from  their  kindreil  in 
Tulan,  already  referred  to." 

I'lider  l>alam-(^uit/A',  I)alam-Ai,'a1),  ^rahucutah, 
iiiid  lui-l'alam,  the\'  lised  toyethi-r  on  the  mountain, 
iiiid  thi'  trihes  of  'Pamuh  and   Ilocah  lived  neai-  hv  in 

1    Tohih'tlie 


!JO( 


till' forests  of  Dan,  undei*  the  sanu 
'j;nt\  of  the  jieople  ol"  IJahiiml  hein"'  the  same  undi'r 
the  name  of  1  luntoji,  while  the  jj^od  of  the  ('ak(dii- 
(jiicls  was  dill'ereiit,  'iV.ot/.iha  Clianialcan,  as  was  also 
tlitir  Ian '•iia!'"*'.  Their  hearts  were  heavv  hecause 
1   Hacavit/   wcie  still   hidden  in  the 


Inlill 


Avil 


IX,  a  IK 


iir.iss  and  moss,  although  it  has  heeii  stated  hefore 
tli.it  tlie  latter  was  on  the  pyramid  of  llacavitz. 
Tiny  went  to  tliank  Toliil  for  the  sunrise,  and  to 
iii.ike  otlerin<j^s  of  resins  and  plants;  and  he  spoke  and 
iiiad(!  known  a  rule  of  conduct  lor  the  sairificeis ;  and 


"Till-  naincH  of  tlie  lui'iiliticH  ii.iiticii  ns  (lie  lii«linj;-]>Ia('«'»  of  tin;  ^'odn 
Miid  lo  Im'  hiill  iiltiii'liril  to  jiliU't's  i!i  N'l-ia  I'a/. 
"  Sfc  |i.  IS'.*,  of  tliis  V((liiiiK'. 


D50 


THE  (ilKHH-C  AK<lin.>ri:L  KMI'IKi: 


they  (itlk'd  uj>nii  liim  to  aid  tlu'iii  and  said,  "In  r«' 
hliall  1(0  our  iiioiiiitaiiis  and  our  valleys;"  jiiid  tlir 
j^ods  j>rc«licted  tlieir  future  <Jfreatue.s,s.  They  Ktill  Mit" 
t'ered  from  Iniiinvr,  and  the  phiees  wliere  the  wivis 
altode  were  not  elearlv  known. 

And  ninv   many  towns  liad  l)een   founded,  a|i|i;ii- 
ently    l)y   other    tlian    the    (^uiehe    trihes,  hut   .-is  t 


(I 


.I>alani-(.|)uitze  and  hi.s  tliree  (•onii)anion.s  they  \\i  iv 
not  elearly  seen,  l)ut  cried  hkc  wihl  heasts  in  tlie 
mountains  and  on  the  roads,  comini,''  eacli  <hiy  h»  I'div 
'I'oliil,  Avilix,  and   Hacavitz,  otferini;'  them  the  hlddd 


o 


f  I 


)east>' 


ai 


id  hhuul  (hawn  from  their  own  ho(H 


Afteiwards  heyan  the  shiu^hter  of  the  sui'roumliiiH- 
]»eo|»le  who  were  oveitaken  on  the  loads,  eithei'  one 
hy  one  or  in  small  groups,  an<l  slain,  as  was  su|i|hisi(|, 


)V  wild  heast 


Aft 


er  man^ 


had 


tens 


hed. 


susinti 


nil- 


Were    ar 


oused    of   the    four    saei'i fleers    and    of   tli 


t'lr 


IH<)ds,  but  it  "Was  liard  to  traek  the  [treten<led  animals 
on  the  fo^-enveloped  summits  of  the  (luat(>mal;iii 
liei^hts.  Now  the  j;-ods  Tohil,  Avilix,  and  Haea\Itz 
assiiiuetl  the  appearanee  of  three  younjic  nu-n,  and 
Were  wont  to  hathe  in  a  eeiiain  I'iver,  vanishiiiLT  at 
will  whenever  they  wei'e  seen  hy  the  people;  and  a 
eouneil  was  held  to  devise  means  lor  eHectinj;"  (luir 
death,  and  to  escape  the  (U'struction  caused  hy  tlnse 


Quiches  of  C.'awek 


Th 


d  tl 


ley  deemed  themselves  a  j^ivat 


jteople  and  those  of  Cawek  only  a  handful;  \r\  it' 
the  power  of  the  three  j^ods  was  really  so  ^rcat  that 
it  I'ouUl  not  he  overcome,  then  would  they  call  upnii 
Tithil  also  to  he  their  liod.  It  Avas  decided  tt»  m  iid 
to  meet  the  three  youn^-  men  at  the  hath  two  ol'tlif 
mo.st  beautiful  of  their  virgins,  that  the  passions  of 
the  former  nii_L>ht  be  excited.  These  vii;i;ins,  in 
obedience  to  the  commands  ol'  tlieir  elders,  went  to 
the  river  to  wash  linen,  and  both  removed  all  tli<  ir 
clotliin;j;'  as  soon  as  the  three  bathei's  appeared,  .md 
bewail  to  talk  with  them,  sayiiii^-  that  tlieii'  jian  nis 
liad  sent  them  to  sjteak  to  the  younu'  men  and  U> 
briiisjf  some    token  of  ha\iii'''  had   an  inter\ii'W  wil'.i 


Till-:  TIIKKK  TKMITKKS. 


651 


tluiii.  lint  tlio  youiijjf  men  did  not,  as  was  cxiK'ctt'd, 
so  I'ar  (U'sfond  from  their  o<Hllil<,j  dinnity  as  to  tako 
liKiitios  with  tlie  lair  Xtali  and  Xpnch,  l>nt  after 
coiisnltation  with  Ualain-Quitze  and  liis  hntthir  sar- 
rilict  IS,  i^ave  tlio  <rirls  their  jiaintid  mantles  as  tokens 
to  carry  to  those  tlnit  had  sent  them.  ( )ne  (tf  tlie 
as   covered   with   jiainted    a  as,.s  and  hees 


mantles    w 
lii.'l 


w 


\  came 


to  lif'i 


e  and  stun^  tiie  Ion!  who  jtut  it  on, 
and  thus  was  Tohil  victorious  (»ver  the  princis,  hy 
the  aid  of  Balam-Quitze  and  his  comjianions.  Then 
an  assault  was  determined  upon  hy  tlu;  nunieious 
trii»es  aij^ainst  the  small  forces  of  the  (Quiche  sacri- 
liceis  on  Afount  Itacavitz,  hut  Tohil  knew  of  all  their 
jilaiis,  as  did  nalam-Quitze.  Tlu;  inva<lers  wei'e  to 
iiiuke  the  attack  hy  nii^ht,  hut  tlu  y  fell  asK-ej)  on  thii 
mute,  and  their  cyehrows  and  heard  were  shaven  and 
all  the'r  ornaments  stolen  hy  the  valiant  Quiches  as 
they  slept.  The  Cj)uiche  leaders  fortllied  their  jtosi- 
tioM  with  palisades  and  I'allen  trees,  and  stationed 
(»ii  them  manikins  of  wood  armed  like  soldiiis  and 
(K'corate<l  with  the  j^old  and  silver  stolen  from  tlie 
sleeping-  foe.  The  sacrilicers  were  st)re  afraid,  hut 
Tohil  re-assured  them.  They  fdled  the  shells  oi"^(»urds 
with  hornets  and  wasps  and  placed  them  ahout  the 
(Kl'eiices  of  their  town.  Spies  came  from  the  enemy 
and  look'.'d  upon  the  wooden  soldiers  and  ri'j(»iced 
that  they  were  few  in  numhei',  ami  at  the  victory 
tlirir  countless  armies  were  soon  to  win. 


The  hostile  forces,  armed  with   hows  and  arr 


ows. 


and  hearin;^  shields,  asci-Uiled  the  mountain  and  sur- 
niuhded  the  (.Quiche  retreat,  shouting-  and  stiivinn' 
with  fearful  (tlamor  to  strike;  tenor  into  the  hearts  ol* 
tlirir  foes,  who  meanwhile'  lo(»ked  i-almly  on.  .\t 
the  (ittiiiif  moment  the  winu'ed  allies  (»f  the  (.^)uiches 
Wire  released  from  the  ntmrds  and  in  countless 
Imides  attacked  the  invaders  riyht  valiantly,  fasten- 
m.;  themsi'lves  on  the  eyes  and  noses  of  the  foe,  who 
tliifw  down  their  arms  in  their  ayony,  threw  them- 
NeKes  on  the  Liround,  and  were  slauuhtered  hv   the 


552 


THE  QriCHK-rAKrHIQlKI.  KMIMItK. 


followers  of  Tohil,  l>otli  men  Jiiul  w<tnu'ii  JoiiiluM-  in 
thu  Itloody  work.  Barely  half  of  tlio  iiivadiiiL;-  aniiv 
escaped  to  their  homes.  'I'he  trihcs  wore  thus  jnl- 
miliated  hcfore  the  face  of  the  sacrificcrs,  he^-ui-td  Inr 
mercy,  and  were  made  su'tjects;  tlu?  victors  wtir 
filled  with  exultation,  and  multiplied,  hei^ettiniL;'  sons 
and  dauirhters  on  Mount  Haeavitz. 


Tl 


le  sons  o 


f  th 


le  sacriticers  were  as 


foil 


ows: 


Bal; 


iin- 


Quitze  bejj^at  Qocaih  and  Qocavih,  ancestor  of  tin- 
('awtk,  or  first  Quiche  royal  family.  Jiaiani-A'^.il* 
beiifat  Qt)acul  and  Qoaeutec,  fiom  wliom  >;praii^  the 
family  of  Nihail).  Mahucutah  had  hut  one  son 
Qoahau;  and  r<ji-Balam  had  none.'^  Tiie  four  sacii 
fleers,  the  first  leaders  and  fathers  of  th«'  Qiii(he 
j)eo|>le,   were 


Id 


manv  woi 


ds  of 


now 
)unse 


an< 


I   ready   to   die,  and    alt 


<  r 


1  to  their  sons  they  disa|>pt  aitd 
suddenly,  leavinj^  to  their  people  what  is  callid  the 
loped   majesty,'    as   a   most    i)recious  relic,  the 


•envelo[ 

form  of  which  was  not  kn(nvn  for  the  envelope  w.e 
not  removed;  and  thenceforth  the  Quiches  fiom  (Ik  ii 
home  on  the  mountain  ruled  all  the  suirountlin^j- 
trihes  now  thoroujifhly  subjected. 

The  three  elder  ons,  Qocaih,  Qoacuti^c,  and  Qom- 
hau,  were  married  Iougc  after  the  death  of  their 
fathers,  and  they  determined  to  o-o  as  their  fatlieis 
had  ordered  to  the  East  on  the  shore;  of  tlu;  se.i, 
whence  their  fathers  had  come,  *to  receive  the  loy- 
alty,' bidding"  adieu  to  their  brothers  and  i'riends.  ami 
j>romisin<»"  to  return.  "Doubtless  they  ])asse(l  o\ ti- 
the sea  when  they  went  to  the  Kast  to  receive  the 
royalty.  Now  this  is  the  name  of  the  lord,  of  tlif 
monarch  of  the  people  of  the  Kast  where  tluy  went. 
And  when  they  arrived  before  the  hu'd  Nacxit,'''  the 
jiame  of  the    Ljreat  lord,   of  the  only  jud,L;e,    whose 


•*  AiiolluT  (lonnnciil  coiisiilti'il  I)y  Ilrnsst'iir,  I'nfin!  ]'iih,  \i.  i2S(!,  |il,ic("< 
finir  i^ciicratioiiH  iK-twi'di  nalani-ljuit/.o  anil  C^ucailt  ami  (.jiocaN  iii  imii- 
tioiK'tl  aliiivc  as  liin  hiiiih. 

"  llia^-fiir  insists  thai  lliis  was  Acxitl  «,>ucl/a!ci(atl,  tlic  la>t  TuIiim' 
Kin^',  uliu  liail  fnninlcil  a  ;;i'i.'al  kinj^tUiiu  iu  lluiuluras,  with  the  ('a]iital  at 
(■t>[ian.   J'djiul  Villi,  i>.  -114. 


KSTAIMJSII.MKNT  OK  Till:  MONAljril V. 


jo!i 


ynwvr  was  without  limit,  Itcliold  1k'  Lrr-iiitt'd  tliciii 
the  sii^nj  i)t"  royjilty  juul  all  tiiat  rrprcsiiits  it ;  Iu'ihc 
ciiMo  till'  si^p  of  tlio   rank  <»f'  Ali|»t>[>  and  of"  that  of 


Ahpo])    ('.-i! 


iiiid   Nju'xit   Hually   i;avL'   thi'iii    the 


iiisi'^iiia  of  royalty, all  tho  thiiiys  in  fact  which 

(liiv  hrouiL^iit  on  tlu'ir  return,  and  which  they  went 
(ii  receive  from  the  other  side  of"  the  sea,  llie  art  of 
)i:iintin;j^  from  Tulan,  a  system  of  writim;",  they  said, 
tor  i\\v  thinij^s  recorded  in  the  historii-s." 

The  three  princes  returned  tc)  i\i« -iMt  llacavitz, 
iisscmhied  all  the  trihes,  iiicludinii^  the  ).to|»lo  (tf  1  lo- 
(•;ih  and  Tanuih,  the  Cakchiiiuels,  T/Jinunaha,  and  the 
triheof  llahinal,  assuminuf  the  au<..  iritv  ose\-  them  to 
tlu-  yreat  joy  of  all.  Then  the  wives  ot'  tlie  original 
.-.,  riticers  died,  and  many  of  tlio  |»^"j)]c  left  Mount 
llacavitz  and    founded    innumeralile  oilier  towns  «>n 


tl 


le    neiLihltoriiiir 


hilh 


u 


where    their    nuniheis    were 


t,nvatly  multiplied.  The  three  piinci's  who  went  to 
tile  b'ast  to  receive  tho  royalty,  had  j^-rown  old  and 
(lied,  hut  l»ef(»re  their  death  tliev  had  established 
tluniselves  in  their  i,n"cat  city  of  Izmachi.''* 


The  narrative  of  tho  Popol  Vuh  eondensi's  in  th(> 
)>recedinL(  para;4"ra|)hs,  the  history  of  tlie  (.j)uiclu's 
(liirino-  the  whole  time  that  elapsed  hetween  the  scat- 
ti'iiiio-  of  the  Naliuas  from  'i'ulaii  hel"ore  the  lifth 
ii'iitui'v,  and  the  final  estahlishmeiit  of  the  (^uicli(' 
t'liipiri',  an  I'veiit  whose  exact  datt;  is  uidvnown  l"or 
wr  have  nothiuL;;  hut  approximate  dates  in  the  ahori^*- 
iiial  history  of  (Juatemala  hut  wlii<'h,  judu;in,n"  I'y 
tlic  iHimher  t)f  kind's  that  uro  i"i'|ireseiite(l  as  haviiiL,'' 
tiiTUpied  the  throne  af"terwar<ls  down  to  the  coming- of 
tlic  Spaniards,  is  thou^'ht  not  to  have  heen  larlier 
than  the  thirteenth  centuiy.      The  ivconl  ini[illes,  in 

"  llriiHsour,  in  Popol  Vuh,  p.  207,  lives  ii  list  fnmi  aimllicr  licicmniMit 
"f  iiKiiiv  of  tiit'Hi'  new  sctlicnifnts,  iiiiiiiy  of  wliicli  us  lie  riaiiiis  cmii  Ik* 
i'linlilii'ii  with  inoiliM'ii  locaiiticH.  'I'lic  cliii'f  oi"  t'  t"  lu-w  lnwiis  was  <'iii. 
||iii\,  'ill  tlif  tlioriis,'  |Hissili|y  tin-  iianif  fmiu  wiiicli  (jhiiriu'  was  (lcii\i'il, 
ilii>  city  oi't'ii|iit'ii  finir  liills,  <ir  was  diviilcil  intu  four  ili>triil>,  llir  I'iii- 
ij"i\,  <  liichac,  lliiiiK'talia.  ami  • 'iillia-Caviiial. 

'•  7'(-y/((/  Vnli,  jip.  •_'0."»-'jy;  XiiiHit(Z,  Jli.sf.  linl.  Gitul.,  [>[>.  S.'J-llS. 


&5i 


TlIE  QUICHE-CAKCIIIQUEL  EMPIIIE. 


fact,  that  the  Quichds  lived  long  in  their  now  home 
bel'oru  tliey  accjuired  power  among  the  .siirrouiKlinu- 
tribes.  All  this  time  they  were  directed  i»y  tJuir 
trinity,  Tohil,  Avilix,  and  Hacavitz,  acting  through 
their  four  chief  sacrificers,  or  high-prieKts,  iJalani- 
Qiiitze,  Balam-Agal),  Mahucutah,  and  I(|i--l)alaiii, 
the  same  who  had  led  them  in  their  migration  tVoiu 
the  regiiy.i  of  Xibalba,  and  even  in  tlieir  migration  to 
that  region  from  the  east.  Of  course  many  geiKTa- 
tions  of  })riests  bearing  these  names  or  these  titles 
must  have  succeeded  each  other  in  the  direction  ot' 
Quiche  attairs  during  this  period;  but  tlie  recoid  ad- 
mits the  succession  of  sons  to  the  ecclesiastical  and 
temporal  power  only  after  the  nation  had  risen  to 
power.  It  has  been  noted,  however,  that  anotlur 
document  mentions  several  generations  between  Ihi- 
lam-Quitze  and  Qocavib.  The  surrounding  ])e(H»lLS 
are  continually  referred  to  in  the  l*opol  Vuh,  l)ut  tor 
the  most  part  simply  as  'the  tribes,'  although  the 
tribes  of  Tamu!)  and  Ilocab,  of  Kabinals,  of  the  Cak- 
chifpicls,  and  several  others  are  frequently  named, 
sometimes  in  a  manner  that  would  lead  the  reader  to 
su[»})ose  that  tlu^se  were  'the  tribes'  subdued,  hut 
oftener  as  if  these  were  from  the  first  coimecteil  w  itli 
the  (.^)uiches.  From  the  records  of  other  Guatemalan 
nations  which  have  never  been  published,  the  Ahhd 
Brasscur  attem})ts  to  throw  some  light  on  tho  history 
of  the  tribes  among  which  the  Quiches  lived  so  lon'^' 
in  a  stib(»rdinate  j)osition,  and  on  the  period  owv 
which  the  J?opol  Vuh  j)asses  so  rai)idly. 

The  many  tribes  that  left  the  central  region  of  Tu- 
Ian  <lid  not  probably  do  so  simultaneously,  hut 
migi'att'd  at  irngular  intervals,  so  that  the  tinid  d'  - 
strnction  of  'I'ulan  may  not  have  (>ccurred  before  the 
sixth  or  seventh  centurv.  Juarros  even  yives  a  li>t 
of  four  kings,  'i'anub,  Ca}>ichoch,  Calel-.Vhus,  and 
Ali|Mip,  who  ruled  in  that  city,  although  his  accoinit 
taken  from  that  of  Fuentes  is  not  worthy  of  great 
coniielence.     According  to   the  records    I'ollowed    hy 


MIGllATIOX  FROM  TULAN. 


riiasseur,  the  first  tribes  to  misrate  southward  to- 
Avartls  Guatuiiiala,  were  those  of  Tamul)  and  Ilocab 
toi^ether  with  the  thirteen  clans  of  Tecpan,  tlie  ances- 
tnis  of  the  Pokoniam«.  We  have  seen,  however, 
that  (Juatc-nuda  was  ah'eady  more  or  le.ss  in  possession 
ut"  the  Nahiias  l)efore  the  overthrow  of  Xil)all)a,  and 
tlio  vau^ue  references  to  the  tribes  of  Taniub  and  Jh)- 
(  ah  -the  oldest  Nahua  tribes  in  the  country  aceoidini*- 
t(»  all  authorities — are  insufficient  to  sliow  dearly 
whi'ther  they  wore  already  in  Guatemala  in  the  time 
of  Hunalii)U  and  Xbalan(|uc,  or  like  the  Quii'hes 
juopcr  min'i'ated  thither  after  the  i\\\\  of  Xihalba. 
The  chiefs  of  Tamub  held  the  highest  rank  in  a  kind 
nt' confederacy  that  seems  to  have  been  established  at 
tliis  early  time.  Their  cai)itnl  was  AnKiL!;'-])an,  a  few 
leagues  north  of  Utatlan.  The  family  of  llocub,  the 
second  in  the  confederacy,  had  its  ca[)ital,  Ucpiincat, 
at  a  short  distance  north-west  of  Utatlan,  and  was 
divided  into  two  branches  called  (Jale-Zilia  and 
TziMiuni-ha.     The  third  chief  of  the  alliance  has  es- 

i|ted  the  abbe's  researches.  The  thirteen  tribes  of 
Tecpan,  under  the  names  of  I^xab  and  Pokomam, 
oiHiipied  Vera  Paz  and  the  region  south  of  the  ^To- 
ta;4ua,  their  capital,  Nimpokom,  being  near  where  the 
modern  town  of  Kabi.ial  now  stands.  The  western 
coiiiitry  towards  Chiapas  was  held  by  the  blames,  ono 
el"  the  ancient  ])eo[>les  of  (Juatemala  who  were  pi'ob- 
alilv  found  in  the  country  bv  the  Hrst  tribes  from 
Tiilan.  This  nation  was  divided  into  many  bands, 
\\hose  names  and  towns  are  given,  the  latter  includ- 
ing those  afterwards  known  as  (^)uezaltenango  and 
lliiehuetei.ango.  ( )ne  document  mentions  a  ;^!icces- 
sloii  of  nine  sovereigns  in  the  Tamub  dynasty  before 
the  (^)nichr  ])ower  bi^gan. 

The  Quiches  entered  the  country  at  about  t1io 
same  time  us  the  tribes  of  ilocab,  'i'amub,  and  the  l*o- 
kniiiams,  but  as  we  have  seen  in  tiieir  own  record,  they 
had  no  iniluence  for  many  centuries  among  the  na- 
tie  s  that  preceded  them.     During  this  period,  with 


( 


656 


Tin-:  QriCIIE-CAKCIIIQlKL  EMiMia:. 


tho  Cakcliiiiucls,  the  l)an<l  of  Uiilijiuil,  uikI  the  .V],. 
'I'/icjiiiiiaha,  they  constituted  a  <i;Toii|»  of  .small  triln  >, 
<l\v..!liii,i,»"  oil  the  barren  heit^hts  of  \'eia  J*a/,,  or  tin 
Laeandon  country.  It  is  not  jn'obahle  that  tluv  unc 
yet  known  as  Quiches,  or  'men  of  the  wo(j(ls,'  and  all 
that  is  known  of  then»  is  the  names  of  their  ,ut»d>, 
Tohil,  Avilix,  and  llacavitz;  of  their  chief  j>riests, 
wliose  names,  or  titles,  were  Balam-Quitze,  JJalnin- 
A_L;al»,  ^Fahucutah,  and  Iiji-Balam;  and  of  leadeis 
mentioned  hy  tho  MS.  CakrIiKjncI,  and  named  Xur- 
cah  and  Totomay.  Accordin<;  to  our  only  autlKnitv 
on  early  events,  excej)tin_i,''  the  Popol  Vuli,  the  time 
which  was  occupit-d  by  the  Quiches  under  Jialain 
(^)uitze  and  his  companions  in  their  lonsj;-  strun^les  as 
animals  aL!:ainst  the  other  tribes,  is  ntjt  that  wliii  h 
elapsed  between  their  arrival  from  Tulan  at  Mt 
llacavitz  in  the  sixth  or  seventh  ceiituiy.  and  the 
establishment  of  their  monarchy  in  the  thirteenth,  lnir 
rather  that  between   their   first  coming'  jn'ominc  ntlv 


into   notice   in   the   mountains   o 


f    \' 


era 


V 


iz   m    till 


tvvill'th  century,  and  the  foundin<^  of  their  iiii|iiif. 
AccoidinjLf  to  this  version,  the  annals  of  the  whole 
jti'ecedinn"  jieriod  are  included  by  the  author  of  the 
l*opol  \'uli  in  those  of  the  migration  to  Mt  llaca 
vitz;  r>alain-Quitze  and  the  other  sacrificeis  wiir 
not  their  leaders  when  thev  le!'t  Tulan,  but  weri'  uivni 
to  them  nmch  later  by  their  »4'od  Tohil  to  j;uide  the 
lud'ortunate   i)eoi>le  out  of  their  dilliculties;  in    fart, 


tl 


lese  sacriticers,  so  i 


ailed,  were  'I'oltec  chieftains  w  1 


III 


iled  iVom  Anahuac  at  the  fall  of  their  t'm|)ire,  joined 
the  partisans  who  accompanied  their  llii^ht  to  the 
Ibrces  of  tin;   (..)uiches,  iiathered  the  scattered   trili's 


»   r> 


IT 


on  the  heights  of  Vera  Paz,  and  were  enabled  all 
a  century  (»f  contest  during-  which  the  Quiches  wiv 
I'eL^arded  as  a  mition  of  bri.i,''an(ls,  much  like  the  A/, 
tecs  at  the  same  time,  or  .i  little  later,  about  tin' 
Mexican  lakes  to  subdue  the  surroundinn'  nations, 
and  thus  becomt^  masters  of  (Juatemala.  There  .iiv 
probably  n«»  sulHcient  reasons  to  deny  that  the  einim.' 


r.MP.ASSV  TO  ANAHlAr. 


was  foinult^l  in  tho  tweli'tli  or  tliirti-eiitli  ci'iitury ;  - 
;iltli(>iiL;li  it  slioiild  1)0  noted  that  tliis  givrs  to  the  lul- 
l(>\vini4'  kin^s  down  to  the  Contjuest,  as  will  he  serti 
later,  an  average  rei^-n  of  only  twelve  or  fll'teen  yeai'>; 
-the  Quiehes  are  known  to  have  claimed  relationshi[) 
with  the  'Poltec  sovereigns;  and  it  is  (jnite  likely  t!n' 
exiled  ehii'fs  and  priests  ot'Tollan  had  an  iiilhu  iitr  i>u 
the  C^uichi'  institutions;  hut  that  the  (^)iiifli('  empire 
\\;i>!  thus  founded  hv  the  Toltee  exiles,  there  is,  as  I 
have  repeatedly  shown,  every  reason  to  deny. 

The  tirst  trihes  eoni|uered  hy  the  lollowers  of  To- 
liil  were  live  of  tho  thirteen  J*okomam  hands,  \\hieh 
W(  re  lorei'd  to  pay  trihnte.  Ahean  was  now  tlie  hi^h- 
[niest  and  leader  of  the  hands  who  vvei'e  gathered 
ahout  Mt  llaeavitz,  and  he  was  the  groat-grandson 
i>\'  l)alain-(»)uitzo,  and  the  fatluir  of  (^)ooaih  and  <^)o- 
cavih,  mentioned  ])y  the  ]?opol  \'uh  as  th(>  l"ound- 
eis  of  the  monarchy,  and  iv[>resc>nted  hy  that  record 
as  tho  sons  of  .l»alam-(^)uitz('.  It  was  at  his  command, 
expressed  just  hefore  his  death,  that  the  three  princes 
undertook  a  journey  to  tho  J'iast,  to  ohtain  from  the 
'^reat  monarch  of  that  region,  the  authority  and  in- 
signia which  should  rondel"  legitimate  tho  powi'r  they 
Were  ahout  to  assume.  Other  documents  dilfei-  from 
the  I'opol  Vuh  in  stating  that  whih;  one  of  tlu!  hroth- 
ers,  Qocaih,  thus  visited  tho  Kast,  tho  other  hrotlur, 
(.^)iicavih,  directed  his  course  northward  to  Aiuihuac  to 
seek  tin;  royal  investitui"(>  at  the;  hands  of  tho  'I'oh 
tec  princ(>s  who  had  remained  at  Culhnacan.  lie 
leached  the  valley,  hut  such  was  tho  state  of  anarchy 
he  found  ])revailing  there,  that  ho  was  forced  to  iv- 
tiu'n  without  having  attained  his  ohjoct,  and  reached 
his  homo  long  hefore  the  I'oturn  of  his  hrother.  lie 
<  \en  took'  advantage  of  Qocaih's  ahseiice  to  dishonor 
his  wife,  who  hoi'o  him  a  s(tn.  (^)(tcail),  when  ho 
came  hack  from  his  successful  mission  and  was 
cMngratid.'itod  hy  tho  asseinhlod  chieftains,  saw  tht; 
child  in  its  mother's  arms,  and  was  n(»t  a  littK'  sur- 
prised at  its  existence,  hut  ho  seemed  perfectly  satis- 


55S 


THE  QUICIIE-CAKCHUiUEL  EMIMRE. 


fied  witli  tlio  assurance  of  his  wife  that  the  cliild  was 
of  his  own  hlood,  and  takinif  it  in  his  arms,  he  naim d 
it  Biihini  Conaolie,  who  was  tlie  founder  of  tlie  lioiix' 
of  Conaclie  and  of  Iztayul,  and  tiie  first  to  hear  the 
title  of  AlijK)})  Candia,  or  heir  ajiparent  to  the 
throne.  It  is  not  explained  why  the  youni»"er  hndlu  !■, 
unsut'cessful  in  his  mission,  was  allowed  to  hecoiiu' 
the  head  (jf  the  o-overnment  instead  of  the  older  and 
inoi'e  sueeessful  Qoeaih.  A  second  journey  to  the 
Kast  hy  the  two  princes  is  also  recorded  hefoi'e  tluir 
ri<j;ht  to  the  throne  was  definitely  estahlished. 

This  suhject  of  an  eastern  monarchy  ruled  ly 
Nacxit  is  shrouded  in  impenetrahle  mystery.  Ihas- 
seur  claims  confidently  that  the  kingdom  cited  was 
in  Honduras  with  its  capital  prohahly  at  C\)pan,  and 
ruled  hy  Acxitl  Quetzalcoatl,  the  last  of  the  Tohtc 
ldn;i»'s,  or  hy  his  son;  the  sea  alluded  to  as  haviiin- 
liei'U  crossed  in  the  journey,  must  then  have  Ik m 
the  ,i;ulf  of  Amati(|ue  or  that  of  Dulce.  The  only 
authority  that  1  know  of  for  this  assumption  is  tin' 
vanue  report  hy  Ixtlilxochitl  that  Acxitl  went  south 
ward  and  estahlished  a  i;reat  empire  in  Tlaiiallan, 
Avhere  lie  died  in  the  twelfth  century;  and  the  slight 
resemhlaiice  iii  the  names  Acxitl  and  Nacxit.  I 
need  not  say  that  the  authority  is  altogether  iiisnlli- 
cient,  and  that  it  is  much  safer  to  <;ive  the  tah'  of 
the  mission  to  the  East  some  mytholoufic  nicanin.;', 
oi'  to  admit  that  its  meaninijf  like  that  «)f  manv  *i\' 
the  traditions  of  this  early  period  in  CJuatenialan 
history  is  wholly  uidviiown. 

The  mniarchy  as  thus  first  estahlished  seems  to 
]ia\e  included,  hesides  the  Quiches  proj)er  of  the 
house  of  Cawek,  the  Cakchi(|Uels,  Kahinals,  and  Ah 
Tzi(juinaha,  as  the  principal  Quiche  hranches  or  alhts. 
Duriniuf  the  rei^ii  of  Qocavih,  the  territory  of  Ihc 
kingdom  was  considerahly  extended  hy  the  con(|Utst 
of  larijfe  jtortions  of  Vera  l*az,  which  were  takrii 
from  the  I'okomams  in  tlie  south.  At  the  assault  i<\' 
Qoxhaholam,   the   stronghold   of  a    powerful    pcdpK' 


REKJN  OV  t^OlAVin. 


559 


cilled  the  Ai^aal),  the  prince  of  tliat  nation  is  rv- 
jK.rtL'd  to  liavc  hcen  capturi'd,  and  to  liavc  made  liis 
nation  tributary  to  tliu  C^uiclic  kini^'  and  \vorslii|)i-rs 
of  the  Quii'lie  trinity,  Toliil,  Avilix,  and   Hacavitz. 


Tl 


us  an< 


I  .succcedinLT  ovcnts,  down  to  tlio  ionndatioii 


of  Iznuu'lii,  already  aliudrd  to  in  tin-  account  fVoiii 
the  Popol  Vuli,  1  (piote  from  tlio  oidy  writer  who 
lias  had  access  tt)  the  other  (Juateinalan  records,'" 
"Already  masters  of  Pachaluni,  and  on  the  |i(»int 
{>r  enteriui^  Zcjuina,  the  Quiches  found  thciusrlvcs 
cliecked  hv  stronjjf  forces,  when  an  unexi>ccted  allv 
was  ofi'ered  them;  this  was  (Jotuha,  prince  of  Ca- 
kulj^i,  hereditary  oiianlian  of  the  sacred  stone  of  Tzu- 
tiiha  in  the  tem[>lo  of  Cahhalia,  whom  they  had  just 
made   .1   prisoner.       Like  a  skillful   politician,   (^)oca- 


il)  took  advanta<re  of  this  occurren 


for   1 


CO  so  jU'ovKlcn 


tial 


iim. 


The  annals  reveal    that    in   the    midst  of 


their  con(|uests  the  Quidn's  were  divided  hy  family 
rivalries;  ami  it  seems  jn'ohahle  that  (.^)ocavih,  whoso 
name  takes  the  place  of  that  of  his  oldei"  hiotiiei-, 
had  as  enemies  all  the  [trinces  of  tlu'  house  of  Ah- 
can,  s|)run!jf  from  (^)ocaih.  JMacinuf  littli;  reliance  (»ii 
the  sup[>ort  of  his  i-elatives,  lu;  sou,i>"ht  to  strengthen 
himself  l,y  making'-  allies  amonn"  the  con(|m'red  chiefs; 
and  thus  C^ltulul  havint;'  l)ec(»me  his  cajitive,  he  of- 
f' r((l  him  in  the  (trder  of  the  Ah<|il»  and  AlM|alih 
the  fourth  raidv,  vacant  at  the  tinu;  hv  the  death  of 
the    incund»ent   who   had    no   oirs|>rin^';  so    that    this 


prince   was  assu"<'( 


1   of 


evt'ntuallv  I'lsin^-  to  the  eom- 


land  of  the  whole  nation.  C'otuha,  i»idclaimed  hy 
the  nobility,  soon  proved  his  worthiness  of  that  hi'_;Ii 
liiinor.  After  havine"  powerfully  aided  the  (^)uielii's 
ill  the  con(|uest  of  /(|uiiia.  Ilayal,  Chamilah,  (linom, 
Tncoy,  and  Patzima,  returnini;-  to  the  Kio  ('iiixoy 
with  his  new  allies  and  subjects,  ho  e^uided  them  by 

"'  Itritssrur,  in  I'n/inf  Vii/i,  tip.  crliii-cclxxi,  Tlio  iimiin«criiits  n-ffrri'il 
ti>  liy  lliis  writer  fur  I  Ills  ami  till- lucciMliii^;  iiiformatii>n,  iirc:  Tiliiln  I'l  r- 
ri/'iriiil  ilr  ffiK  Sri)'iris  ilr  I'lt/oinrii/nni ;  Titiihi  'Drnfiirin/  i/i'  fun  Sri'n'ir.s  i  c 
S'ir,,niilii.i:  AfS.  Cilkr/iii/iiil ;  Ti/ii/ii  lirnl  i/r  In  Cnsii  ilr  ll:i  nin-Si  liiiili; 
iiinl  I'llitlo  (Ic  los  Sci)uirs  ik  (JiirznltiiiKiiijit  y  dc  Moitiuslniuiiijii. 


5(!0 


TIIK  QriCHK-CAKCmQlKL  KMlMHi:. 


juissos  known  only  to  liiinsolf  to  tlio  cuiitro  of  tin; 
i^rt'iit  city  t)f'  ('uwiniil  on  tho  bank  of  the  lixti-,  aii 
fvont  soon  lollowocl  l>y  tlie  submission  of  tlu-  wlidlc 
An'MiiU  nation,  to  wliicli  it  biilon^ud.  The  (Jiiicln' 
kiniLj;s  Jindint;"  tlicinselvos  j)resso(l  Ibr  room  on  .^^•ullr 
ll.u-avitz,  Kft  this  city  for  that  of  C  awinal,  \vh(  ic 
tliey  cstablishid  tlio  seat  of  oovernmunt.  Tliis  was 
not,  liowtjvcr,  tho  |icrmanent  cai)ital.  At  thv  dcatli 
of  Qocavib,  Bahim  Conaclu,',  Ills  successor,  crossed 
the  rive)'  southwai'd,  proltahly  even  before  Ids  corona- 
tion, and  fixed  his  residence  at  Izmachi;  and  thcic 
he  had  Inniself  prochumed  Ahau  Ah[)o|)  and  coiisc- 
crateil  with  all  the  'I'oltec  ceremonial,  coiderrinn'  the 
title  of  Ahi)o|)  Candia  on  his  son  Iztayul." 

Here  should  be  ^iven  such  scattered  items  of  in  for- 
mation respectini*-  this  prinutive  jn'riixl  ol'  (luateiiialaii 
]nstt>rv,    oivi'U    by    the    same    author    in    an   eaiiit  i' 
are  additional  to   or  ditfer  from  those  al- 


wor 


1.  n 


as 


I'eady  presented.  The  famous  uiythical  (jueen  A  tit 
is  said  by  Fiu-ntes  to  have  lived  four  centuries,  and 
from  hei'  s])rano'  uH  the  royal  and  noble  families  of 
(Juati'Uiala.  'I'lu;  oldest  nation,  or  tribe,  in  the  coini- 
try  was  that  of  Tamub,  whoso  son  Copichocli  had 
come  from  the  east  with  C'oclux'hlam,  AIah(|uiiialo, 
and  Ahcanail,  brought  tlu;  black  stone  afteiwards 
\enerated    at    l^tatlan,   and   rein'ued    Ibr    a    time    at 


Tul 


ui. 


The    tribe    of     Ilocab    ruled    after    that    of 


Tamid),  or  perha|)s  at  the  same  time,  over  the  adjoin- 
ing- |)rovinces.  ijrassour  seems  here  to  favor  tlic 
idea,  that  the  tribes  of  Tamub  and  Ilocab  weic.the 
Naluias  who  occuined  C!uatem;da  before  the  ovei- 
tlu'ow  of  Xibalba  in  the  time  of  Xbalant|ue  ami 
llunahjiii,  who  n-fused  to  receive  tho  former  at  lii> 
return  from  the  conquest,  yet  amoiin-  whom  he  iiitio- 


(kieed  human  sacriti 


ce. 


A  Zutuiiil  document  ii 


lakes 


"  Uisf.  Xdi.  Cir.,  toin.  ii.,  ji]).  7.'M")I>.  Tli."  initlioritics  ii'lcrivil  to 
lifsidcs  tlidsc  iili'ciiily  luimiMl  iiri-  (lie  fi)l|i)\viii<;;  l-'innhs  ij  (lu.nnni.  II'- 
'•ii/ii/iicioii  l-'lovlilii  ill  III  l{i\f.  (Ir  (liiiif.,  MS.;  .Vniinirz,  llist  ilf  Inn  II' 'J'-'' 
ilil  (,hiir/ii\  MS.;  <  nniiiiiii  i/r  lit  /'nir.  iff  <!iiii/tiiiiiilii,  MS.  'I'lii' •liii'l 
aiilli(iiity,  lioNM'vt'i',  is  llio  MS.  Cukr/iiijinl,  or  Mt  iminiil  dc  TrrjKtii-AtillnK. 


.MKMtATloN  ritoM  TIIK  NOKTU. 


nci 


the  Seven  Caves  an  euilier  station  on  the  Quiclie 
niiijration  than  'I'uliin,  and  spi'aks  <>("  wars  that  (h(>\e 
the  people  IVoni  the  hitter  phiee  into  the  mountains  of 
Wia  Paz.  The  worthy  ahhc'  Hn<ls  looni  in  his  ea|»a- 
cjuiis  iniat^ination  ior  a  theory  that  tlie  l*okonjanis, 
(.^)iii(hes,  ('akchi(|uels,  aiul  other  kiiah'td  peoples, 
oiiuiiiated  in  the  i"eL,^ions  north  t)t'  Mexico,  stayed  a 
while  with  the  Toltees  at  ToUan,  hut  not  lon<4"  enough 
to  he  inllueneed  to  any  <^reat  extent  hy  them,  ami 
tlieu  migrated  to  the  (Juatemalan  lii^hhuids.  It  (h)es 
in  it  seem  to  oeeur  to  this  author  that  thei'e  are  no 
arnunuMits  in  i'avor  of  such  a  theory,  tliat  thei'e  is  no 
necessity  tor  sucli  a  conjecture,  ami  that  it  disan-i'ees 
radically  with  nearly  all  that  he  ever  wrote;  Iiefore  or 


ko- 


ut'terwai'ds.  The  same  writer  notes  that  the  ]*ol 
mams  were  hitter  i'oes  of  Acxitl,  the  last  Toltec  kin^", 
while  the  other  Quiche  trihes  were  iriendly  to  him, 
and  he  infers  from  NuHez  de  la  ^'e^■a  and  other  au- 
thuritii's  that  tlu!  kingdom  of  Xihalha  was  still  exist- 
iiiu',  thoui^h  with  ^reatly  diminished  power,  at  tin; 
time  when  the  Quiche  trihes  came  into  notice  in 
(lUatemfda.  and   Acxitl  estahlished  his  southern  em- 


lU'C 


T 


tl 


lie  (  akchi(|uels  on  their  way  are  even  said  to 


1  t( 


have  heen  employed  to  defend  the  Xihalhan  IVoiiticr; 
and  their  chieftains,  the  'i'ukuches,  took  their  iiaim; 
III'  Zotziles,  or  hats,  from  that  of  Tzinacantla,  their 
residence  at  the  time,  wliich  has  the  nieaiiiuL,'-  of 'city 
el'  hats.'  in  fact  the  trihes  ai'e  here  re|tresented  as 
lia\iiio-  leathered  in  the  Xihalhan  rc'^ion  hefoii!  they 
iiiuunted  to  their  lat<'r  homes  in  tii(.(  hii;h lands.'** 

The  acct)unts  of  this  i^atheriiit,'-  are  chielly  from 
tile  (jakchi(piel  record.  The  locality  is  called  I  )eo- 
/aeuancu,  apparently  in  the  tierra  caliente  ol  Tahasco; 
liiit  war  was  di'clared  against  sonu;  iiei^hhoriiiL;' 
l»i\ver,  and  the  tribes  wont  to  Oloman — perhaps  the 


''  'I'lic  Irilics  imiiH'il  as  Imviiij;  ^tatlitTcii  licrc,  arc  (lie  (^iii(  Ik's.  Italiiiials, 
i'iiKi'|iic|M('|s,   Ziitiiijils,  .\li'r/.ii|iiiiialia,  Tiilialalia.  I'clialtalia.   (  liiiiiiilalia, 
lii'iiii'i.   /ai'alia,   (thiiliaiia,    ItatiMial),    lialaiillia,   raiirlialicl,    Italaiu  Coldli, 
Ami.  ('iiiii:ii/.  Akaliales,  and  l.aniagi. 
Vol.  V.    'M 


663 


THE  QUICIII^-rAKCHIQrEL  EMPIRE. 


Topeii  and  Oilman,  mentioned  in  a  prccedinjj^  chapter." 
The  citirs  aijainst  wliieli  this  expedition  was  diiictrd 
were  Nor.ualcat  and  Xul[)iti,  the  tornier  sn'4<4;estiiii; 
the  Nonohnalcas,  wlioso  home  was  in  the  Taliasciui 
reLjion,  The  leaders  were  the  Cakchi<piel,  or  Zot/il- 
Tukuehe,  chiefs  Hat'avitz  ((Jau^awitz)  and  ZMc-teciuh ; 
the  enemies  were  defeated  in  a  battle  fought  cliietly 
on  the  water;  their  cities  were  taken  and  tluir  pro- 
pie  massacred,  lint  even  while  enufai>e(l  in  tiiu 
massacre,  tlu.'ir  toes  rallied,  attacked  them  in  the  rc;ir, 
and  in  their  turn  routed  the  Quiche  trihcs  with 
j^reat  slaujj^hter,  not  without  the  aid  of  mayic  aits, 
as  we  are  informed  hy  the  record.  The  renuiaiits 
of  the  vanipiislied  were  re-united  on  ^ft  ()l(»inaii, 
hut  the  inrtuence  of  Hacavitz  and  Zactecauh  was  de- 
stroyed, the  tribes  could  he  no  Ioniser  kept  to^ctlu  r, 
and  they  resolved  to  sei)arate  and  each  for  itself  to 
seek  the  reiL^ions  of  the  interior.  No  particulars  are 
j)reserved  of  their  wanderin^^s,  hut  Brassi'ur  helievts 
that  the  Quiches  proper  were  the  first  to  reach  the 
heii^'hts  of  Vera  Paz,  after  a  jji'encration  at  least  liail 
passinl  since  they  left  the  Xihalhan  re^-ion  of'i'ahasco, 
and  the  sutferini's  from  cold  and  the  u'ivinu^  of  tin'  Kv 
Tohil,  are  hy  him  applieil  to  the  period  imnu'diately 
following'  their  arrival.  Then  the  other  tribes  ai lived 
one  by  one  and  applied  for  tire,  as  has  already  been 
stated,  their  lan^'uaijfes  haviuijf  become  ditlereiit  one 
from  another  durinjj^  that  interval.  The  envoy  from 
Xibalba  also  a[)p(!ared  amoniL'*  them,  a  circumstance 
that  indicates  to  Brasseur  that  the  Xibalbati  einpiii! 
still  existed  in  the  eleventh  or  twelfth  ceutuiy ;  imfc 
which  may,  T  think,  be  taken  much  more  reasoiialily 
as  a  proof  that  these  events  took  place  at  a  date  a>< 
early  as  the  fifth  or  sixth  century.  The  Cakchi- 
quels  were  the  last  to  arrive,  and  they  stole  tlie  iiio 
of  Tohil  without  submittiuLif  to  the  nupiired  condi- 
tions, cominjj^,  as  it  is  said,  like  bats,  another  deriva- 
tion of  their  name  of  Zotziles. 

'»  Sec  p.  182,  of  this  volume. 


MAMKS  AND  TOKOMAMS. 


5(5;) 


The  C;iki'lii([uols  are  said  to  have  applied,  on  their 
iiirival,  the  name  ^[eul,  or  as  the  Spaniards  at'tcr- 
ards  called  it,  Manios,  or  'stutterers,'  to  the  Maya- 
akin;^    ahoriii^inal    tribes    whom    tiiey    found    in 


\s 


S!U 


lom 
oun< 


jiDssession  of  the  country,  on  account  of  their  jieculiar 
pronunciation,  althouij^h  the  Cakchicpiel  was  also  a 
Maya  dialect.      Tiie  Maines  in  later  times  occuiucd 


the    north-western   part  of  th 


Cilia} 


>an 


fronti 


le  com 


ntrv  towards  tht 


•h 


tl 


'y 


lers,   wliere  tliey  were    never    on 


t'wvh 


loiKpiered  l>y  the  Quiche  nations  down  to  the  time  of 
the  Conquest,  their  capital  beintj^  Zakuh'u,  near  11  ue- 
liuetenan_u^(>.'^  Uesides  the  Mames,  ])rohal)ly  the 
most  ancient  of  the  CJuatemalan  nations,  the  trihcs 
(ifTamul)  and  llocah  also  occupied  the  country  Itcfoie 
the  later  Quiche  tribes.  Accordingly  to  Fuentes  the 
iaj)ital  of  the  Tannd)  was  LUatlan,  or  (Jumarcaah, 
and  it  is  stated  that  tiie    llocah  were  hitter  enemies 


of  the    Quich 


es, 


an( 


1     W( 


ero    only    compu'ret 


1    wl 


ICU 


nearly  amiihihited.  The  J*okomams  and  J*okonchis, 
kindred  tribes  or  divisions  of  the  same  tiibe,  are  hero 
estimated  by  Brasseur  to  have  arrived  somethiuiif 
more  tlian  a  half  century  belbre  tiie  t)ther  Quu-hi'; 
tribes,  and  are  said  to  have  concpiei-ed  or  allied  them- 


.si'lves   with    the    Uxab,   elsewhei 


>ii 


poken  oi    as    a 


division  of  that  tribe.  Nothiuiif  is  known  of  Poko- 
mam  history,  but  st)me  remains  of  their  hinL,nuii;e  and 
el'  thi'ir  towns  may  yet  be  studied.  Tiu'se  |)eople, 
tt»L;'ether  witii  the  Tannd)  and  ih»cab,  were  peihaj)s 
the  chief  foes  of  the  Quiches  in  the  earlier  days  of 
their  power. 

In  tiieir  wars  aiij-ainst  the  Pokomams  the  Quiche 
)f  the   ancient   chieftains  wiio   had 


tr 


k 


iites  made   use  o 


heen  subjecttid  by  that  people,  amonn"  whom  are 
mentioned  Zakitim  and  Huiit/uy  on  the  Chi«piinmla 
tVentier.  The  lirst  battle  and  the  first  Quiche  victory 
was  in  the  valley  of  Ivabinal  and  bntu^ht  into  the 
jHissession  of  the  Cakchicpiels — for  these  events  are 

'"  S(>(<  vol.  iv.,  ii|).  l'2S-r<0,  for  iiotioo  of  ruiiiH. 


See  i>, 


A  till 


M  volume 


•  i^    ' 


r>(i4 


Tin:  (inciiK-rAKciiKirEL  kmi'ikk. 


taken  from  the  Cakcliiquel  ri'oonl — tlie  stroii^lnil 
of  Mount  Z.u'tzuy,  .'ind  also  madi'  allies  ot"  LimIi 
and  Xet,  chieftains  of  the  .Mwjnehayi,  who  aftt  i- 
wards  became  almost  indentical  witli  the  ('akclii 
<),uels.  The  next  ])oint  au^ainst  which  Ifacavitz  ino- 
cceded  was  Mount  ('akhay;  hut  the  allied  (Jiiidi.' 
forci's  were  repulsed  with  iL»reat  loss,  and  so  weakincil 
tiiat  it  was  lonijf  hefore  they  were  ahle  aiiaiii  to  at- 
tack  the  warlike  Pokomams.  Then  they  letiitd 
from  a  Ixjpeless  contest,   and  took  refuiji'e  in   the  in- 


•cessihle    mou.tain    fastnesses   ahout    Utatlaii,   i 


low 


Santa  Cruz  del  (Quiche  in  the  department  of  'I'otoni- 
raj>an.  The  mountain  where  they  estahlished  tlnin- 
selves  is  called  in  the  Cak(;hi(piel  record  Toholiil, 
'clashing-  of  arms,'  hut  in  the  Popol  Vuh  Is  known 
■IS  we  have  seen  as  ^Fount  Ifacavitz.  All  tiiat  is 
known  of  their  stay  at  ^Tount  Ifacavitz,  of  tlnir 
oj)pivssion  hy  the  neio-hl)«)rino'  tribes,  their  oi-adiially 
increasiuLj  power,  their  final  victory  over  those  trilies, 
and  the  establishment  of  the  Quiche  monaivhy  with 
if-;  capital  at  Izmachi,  related  by  Brasseur  in  the 
ork  from  which  the  precedinuf  notes  have  been 
xtracted,  is  taken  by  him  iVom  the  f^opol  Vuh,  anJ 


w 


is  substantiallv  tho.  same  that    I   have  alreadv  yivcii 
on  tlie  same  authority. 

To  conclude  this  ])riniitive  period  of  CJuatenialaii 
history,  it  only  remains  to  ])rt;sent  a  few  notes  ^ixcu 
on  the  subject  by  the'  Sj)anish  writei's,  chielly  iy 
.luarros,  who  Ibllows  the  manusi-ript  writings  ot" 
b^uentes  y  (luznian,  founded  as  is  claimed  on  native 
documents,  but  full  of  inconsistencies,  and  doubtless 
;;lso  of  errors.  Juarros,  or  the  authority  Ibllowed  ly 
him,  was  fully  indaied  with  the  belief  that  the 
(Quiches  were  the  Toltecs  who  left  Anahuac  alter 
the  fall  of  their  empire,  and  his  efforts  to  rocoiuile 
the  native  records  t«)  this  theory  perhaps  account  for 
many  of  his  inconsistencies.  I  translate  from  tliis 
author  that  ]»art  of  his  work  which  relates  to  this 
primitive  period.     "The  Toltecs  referred  tu  were  ot 


VKK.SlnX  (II'  .HAKHns. 


:,c,-j 


tlio  house  of  Isr.'U'l,  and    the    ^rtat    jn-DplK't    ^Toscs 
tVtfd  them    from  tlie  captivity   in   which   th<y   were 
litlil    hy    Piiaraoh ;    hut,     liaviiii;-    |iassril     tlie    Vwd 
Sea,  tin y  LTavo    thciiisclvrs   up   to   idnlati'V,  and   \nv 
s'\>\\\\'^  in  it  notu  ithstandiii'jf  the  warninLi^s  of    ^foscs, 


IW-olvtT   (ir    Fol 


ritli(,i*  to  (.'scajnj  the  chidinn's  of  this  li 
tear  of  piinislmicnt,  they  K'ft  him  and  tlu'ir  kiM(h'»(l 
Mild  crossod  the  sea  to  a  plafo  calK'd  tlu'  Seven  (  'avrs 
nil  the  sliorcs  of  the  ^far  Hcrnicjo  ((Iiilf  of  ('ali- 
I'tirnia)  now  a  j)art  of  the  ^rexican  klnndoni,"  whei\- 
they  fownth'd  the  eek'hrated  eity  of  Tula.  The  Hrst 
cliief  wlio  iided  and  coiKhicted  this  iifreat  hand  from 
o;ie  continent  to  the  otlier,  was  Tamuh,  ancestor  of 
the  royal  families  of  Tula  and  of  Quirh('',  and  Hist 
kiii'4'  ot"  the  Toltecs.  The  sec(»nd  was  C'ajiichoch;  the 
tliird  ("alel  Alius;  the  fourth  Alipo[>;  the  fifth  Ninia- 
(jiii(li(',-'''  who,  heiiiij^  the  hest  heloved  and  most  dis- 
tint;'uished  of  all,  at  the  order  of  his  oracle,  led  (la so 
jnople  awav  from  Tulan,  wliert;  they  had  greatly 
increased  in  numhers,  and  j^niidi'd  tliem  iVom  th' 
Mexican  kingdom  to  this  of  (iuatemala.  In  this 
iiii'jration  tliev  spent  maiiv  years,  sutieivd  unspeak- 
alile  hardships,  and  journeyed  in  their  wanderings  ier 
iiKiny  K'aiLifiies  over  an  immense  tract  of  country, 
until,  heholdino'  a  lake  (that  of  Atitan),  they  deter- 
iiiiiied  to  Hx  their  hahitation  at  a  certain  place  not 
fir  from  the  lakc%  which  they  named  Quiclie,  in 
iiieiiioiy  of  the  kiiiiic  Nimaciuichc  (or,  the  '^itat' 
(j>nicli('),  who  had  died  duriiiL;'  their   loiin"  waiiderini;s. 


here  came  wi 


th   N 


nia(|Uiclie 


till 


ee    o 


f    his    hl'etller: 


iiiid  hy  an  aufreemeiit  hetweiii  the  Jour  they  di\  ided 
t!ie  reo-jon ;  one  fouiidine"  the  pro\ince,  or  seigniory,  of 
tlic  (Jiielenes  atid  ( 'liiajiaiiecs ;  another  the  depart- 
ment of   Tezulutan   (Te/.ulutlan),    or   \'eia    Paz;  the 

■'■  Tliis  is  cvitlt'iitlv  taken  Uy  .Iiiiirnts,  from  tlie  S[>aiiisli  Ncrsimi  nf  tlu- 
Mi\ii"Lii  tratlilioiis. 

■'  I'lii'  reader  is  already  awan-  that  no  sn<'h  kin;,'M  ever  rei^Mied  o\er  tiie 
Tulirc^  in  Analiiiar.  It  is  evident  llial  llie  author  has  confounded  ihe 
Tiil.iM  of  tin'  ( iinitenialan  ainials  witli  'rolhin.  the  Tidtee  e;i|iital  in  Ani- 
i>  i,i<'.  and  the  Naiiint  nii^rration  from  the  .\iliali)aii  re;;ion  in  tin-  fmirth  or 
liiili  lenturv,  with  tliat  of  tlio  Toltecs  in  tlie  eleventh. 


mo 


TIIK  QriCMK-CAKCHKirKL  r.MIMKK. 


aiK 


I   P 


(iKo- 


thinl  bociiiiio  tlii'  rtiler  of  tlic  Miiiiuv 
iniinis;  while  Niiua(|uich('  was  tlu;  t'atlui"  of  tli.' 
(,)iiiclu's,  Cakchi(|ucls,  and  Zutii^ils.  The  I.itti  i- 
liaviiiLj  died  <>n  the  Journey,  Acxopil,  a  son  of  Xiina- 
jjuic-he,  entered  Quiche  at  tlie  liead  of  liis  nation,  ami 
was  the  Hrst  to  rt/ij^n  at  lUatlan.  This  jn'iiice,  sir- 
iwj;  the  jj^reat  incn;aKo  of  his  nionarcliy  in  munheis 
and  intlnenee,  apjxtinted  three  cajitains,  or  ^'overnors, 
with  whom  he  sliared  tlie  huiden  of  the  iuhninistra- 
tion  of  affairs.  It  is  also  addi'd  in  the  ni.uuK  ii|its 
referred  to,  that  Aexopil,  at  a  very  advanced  aL;-e,  ch  - 
terniined  to  divide  his  empire  into  three  kinndonis, 
that  of  the  (.^niches,  that  of  the  Cakchi(juels,  and  that 
of  the  ZutnL;ils.  lietaininuf  for  himself  the  first,  hi' 
nave  the  sectnid  to  his  oldest  s<,tn,  .lintemal,  and  the 
third  to  liis  second  son,  Ac\i(|nat;  and  this  division 
Mas  made  on  a.  day  when  three  suns  were  seen,  wliii  h 
lias  caused  some  to  thiidv  that  it  took  place  on  th-' 
day  of  the  hirtli  of  our  lledeemer,  a  day  on  which 
it  is  connnonly  believed  that  such  a   meteor  was   ult 


server 


^*  .Jidirnis,  llisl.  (hint.,  (Ciiaf.,  IS.")  pp.  7-0.  Tlic  cxfracl  lli:it  I  lia\c 
iiiailc  (>\ltMi<l.'4  a  little  lifvcinil  tlic  |H)lnt  at  wiiicli  I  liavr  left  t!i<'  iitiici' 
ii'i-iti-'ls.  1  j^ivf  luTc  also  a  li.st  of  llic  (^iiiclu'  kiii;;s,  wlin  wfic  ai'foiiliii,' 
t<i  .liian'DN:  I,  AcMipil;  '_>,  .liiilitcinal;  ■'<,  lliiiialipu;  t,  lialaiii  Kidu'  \\\,\- 
lani.<^>ilit/.i'');  ').  Malaiii  .Vraiii  (ISalaiii-.\;;ali);  (>.  Maiiiolali  (Maliii<'iit;ili  : 
7.  icjiiilialaiii  |  li|i-l>alaiii);  S,  Kicali  I.;  \\.  ( 'aciilM'axiM'liciii;  III.  Kirali  il.: 
II,  (\iiii.lic;  l_'.  Kiial.  III.;  l.S,  Ki.al.  IV.;  It,  Kical.  Tamiil.;  I.^),  T.(  uiu 
rmaiii;   Ki,  CliiLriiaviiicclitt;   17.  Sc(|ii('i'iiiil  or  Sc(|ii('cliil. 

Tlie  li  t  (if  till'  (/iiiilii'  i)riii('i'r>  if  tlic  myal  lumsc  of  ( 'awck,  ai'ciuijiii;; 
to  \\h'.  oi  cr  oi'  tilt;  ;4ciiiiat  (Ills,  is  ;fi\cii  in  tlic  /'njxi/  \'ii/i.  |)p.  .'i;;;!-!!!. 
Xiiiiniiz,  '|i.  i:{.'!-l.  as  follows  tin-  list  apparently  includes  nut  only  liie 
Alipop,    <      kill;.',   liiit    tlic   .Mipop  (';iniiia.    heir  apparent    to    the    liiniin'. 


An.l, 


nilieatcil  livflie  course  of  tlic  liistorv,  and  as  IJrasscur  liidi 


eacli  .Ml]        Canilia  siicceedcil  the  .Mipop  on   the  throne,  so  that  the  w  li 


nanilicr  o|     he  (.tiiii 


■he  ki 


IILJS,    tlOWII 


to   til 


1:1;. 


tr 


c  coining,'  of  the  Spaniar 


.Is 


mil 


cavil",   was  twfiitv-f wo   instead  of  eleven,   as   the   list   iiiiL;iit 


;■ 'ciii  to  in  y  and  as  .Xiniene/ evidently  understands  it :  I.  lialani-l.iiiii/c; 
'_'.  <,»ocavil  (allhoiiM;!)  we  have  seen  that,  hy  other  docunients  several  ;;rii- 
erations  m  |t!ai'cd  hclwcen  the  lirsl  and  seeoilil  of  this  list);  .'{.  liahiiii 
Coiiai-hc  (the  first  to  take  the  title  .Mijiop);  4,  i'otuha  and  Iztayiih;  .'«<iii- 
cuiiiat/  and  Cotiiha;  (I,  'l'c]ic|iul  and  l/fayul;  7,  </'•'•'•■•''  """'  < 'a\  i/ini.ili;  S, 
Tepcpul  and  Xtayuli;  ',(,  'lecuni  and  'I'epepiil;  l((,  \'alixaki-('aaiii  .iml 
•  Miicah;  II,  \'iikui.  \oh  and  <  avatepci'li;  |-_',  Oxih-t^iiidi  and  licielnli  T/i 
(rciniiiii;t  when  .Mvarado  caiiio,  and  liiin;,'  hy  ilic  Spaniards);  1,'{,  'ririiin 
and  'rcpepiil;  14.  lion  .liiaM  de  liojas  and  lion  .liiaii  Corti'-s. 

The  princes  of  the  house  of  Niliaih  ;;iveii  hy  the  same  authority,  i'.  ■■>l.'i, 
Xi.ncitcz,  pp.  13."!,  were  its  foUow.s:— 1,  Daluiii-Agah;   '2,  Cioaiiil  and  ij";i- 


rui.MiTivi:  yi  K  111-:  rEiuuo. 


507 


Toniucin.id.r''  briclly  mentions  ii  f'evv  of  the  points 
in  early  (.^Juielie  history,  ULfreein^  with  Jiiarros. 
Oiozco  y  IJeira's  rujusoniiit^  tVoni  a  linj^uistic  point 
dt"  view  lespcetinLf  the  j>rimitiv(j  inhabitants  of  tliis 
ii't^ion,  is  not  very  clear,  or  at  least  it  is  dittii-uit  to 
(literniine  what  are  his  foneliisions  on  tlie  sul)ject. 
In  one  place  he  says  that  I'tatlan  v. as  fonnded  at 
the  time  of  the  Toltee  mij^ration  sonthward;  and 
elsewhere,  that  the  '"'jltecs  could  not  have  heen  the 
ancestors  of  the  Quiches,  Cakrhi(juels,  and  Zutnuils.'-" 
(lallatin  accepts  the  popular  theory  that  the  Quiches 
were  a  Toltee  colony,  hut  does  not  explaii»  the  lin- 
guistic (litHculties  in  the  way  of  such  a  suj)po.sition.-^ 
Waldeck  rejects  the  Toltee  theory  on  account  of  dif- 
ferences ill  laii<i^ua<^e  and  jdiysicpie;  hut  states  that 
till'  Guatemalan  tribes  came  originally  from  Yuca- 
tan'^. 

I  have  now  jjj'Iveu  all  the  information  accessible 
respectin  .'  Quiche  history  })receding  the  establishment 
of  the  e';i|)ire,  which  began  in  the  twelfth  or  thir- 
teenth century  and  endured  with  some  modifications 
down  to  the  coming  of  the  S[)aniards.  It  has  been 
jiresented  in  the  form  of  fragments,  for  the  leadei" 
will  readily  perceive  that  to  form  from  the  authorities 
u  (•(»nnected  nari'ative  would  have  bc;en  an  utter  im- 
possibflity.  I  have  in  a  j)receding  chapter  })resented 
the  evidence  of  the  existence  during  a  lew  centuries 
before  and  after  the  beniuniiiLr  of  the  Christian  era,  of 

iiitiM':  X  (Jiicli.iliiili  anil  (^itzilialia;  t,  ni'lclicl)  ( lili;  .'>,  Cdtiilia:  (!.  P.at/a; 
7.  /lay  111;  S.  .'otillia;  '.»,  Itclclu'li-i  lili;  10,  (.iiiciiia;  11,  Ccitiilia;  1-',  l>iiii 
riiii>|Vival;   i:<,  I)i>ii  Tclro  (Ic  Uiildcs. 

I.i^t  of  the  |triii(fs  of  the  l!o\:il  ilotisf  of  Aliaii  <^iiicli(',  Popol  ]'ii/i, 
]K  '.U'l.  Xiiii'iiiz.  jip.  l.'l(J-7;  1,  Maliiiciitali;  -,  <j>oaliaii;  .'1,  Caklai-an:  4, 
^iic(i/oiii;  ."),  ('iiiiialit'aii;  (!,  \'iikul>-.\li;  7,  l^Mamcl;  S,  ( 'ovaliaioli,  N'iiiaU- 
ll.iiii.  I'lu'sc  lists,  liowi'vtT,  ilo  not  scclii  to  niri('s|ioiiil  allo;,'('tlii'r  wilii  tlic 
ii'iiii-lu-  annals  as  ;;ivi'ii  l>y  the  same  aniliority,  as  tin-  rcailf  r  will  sec  in  tin; 
s'i((CM'iliii;,r  |ia;;i's. 

-'  Miiiiiini.  hid.,  toni.  i.,  ]).  US,  toiii.  ii.,  Jiji.  .13.S-4(),  See  also  Hiljis' 
^/"iii.  I'liiif/.,  Vol.  iii.,  |i|i.  'ill!-'.). 

'"•  li'difrii/'iii,  pp.  '.IT-'.',  1-S,  ct  s('i). 

'"  (liilhiliii,  ill  .tiinr.  Fjlnio.  Sm:,   Tnnisnr/.,  vol.  !.,  p.  8. 

*«   Vui/.  I'llt.,  l>p.  41,  040. 


5C8 


THE  QUICHE-CAKCHIQUEL  EMPIRE. 


a  great  aborig-inal  empire  in  Central  America,  iiiirraf- 
ing  all  that  may  be  known  of  its  decline  and  tall 
resulting  from  the  contentions  of  the  great  Maya  and 
Nahua  powers.  In  the  sixteenth  century  the  Span- 
iards found  two  powerful  empires,  the  Aztec  in  tin; 
north,  the  Quiche  in  the  south,  both  of  which  doubt- 
less were  otfshoots  of  the  great  })rimitive  monarchy. 
The  amials  of  the  northern  branch  have  been  traced 
more  or  less  clearly  back  to  the  parent  truid<,  with 
only  a  blank  of  one  or  two  centuries  at  nu^st,  dining 
wliich  the  Nahua  power  was  transferred  northward ; 
but  in  the  annals  of  the  southern  branch,  whose  cun- 
nection  with  the  primitive  empire  was  of  precisely 
the  same  nature,  the  blank  is  lengthened  to  some 
eight  centuries  at  least.  From  tlie  Xibalban  times 
and  the  tribal  separation  at  Tulan  down  to  the  estali- 
lishment  of  the  Quk':c  empire  we  have  oidy  the 
fragments  of  the  preceding  j)ages.  These  fragments 
i'e[)resent  the  histoiy  of  many  })eo[)les  for  many  ci'nt- 
lU'ies;  they  are  not  necessarily  contradictory,  ioi-  in 
the  absence  of  all  chronology  we  have  no  mi'aiis  of 
knowing  to  what  epoch  each  refers.  The  a|t[)arent 
contradictions  and  inconsistencies  result  for  the  most 
part  from  the  efforts  of  authors  through  whose  wiit- 
ings  the  traditions  are  handed  down  to  us  to  recdncile 
them  with  the  Toltec  theory;  to  ap})ly  to  one  jteojile 
the  traditions  of  many,  to  a  modern  [)eoj»le  th*;  tra- 
ditions of  a  remote  anti(piity;  to  comjtress  ihc 
events  of  eight  or  nine  centuries  into  one.  We  shall 
still  find  the  Quiche  annals  fragmentary  and  far 
from  satisfactory,  but  from  the  foundation  of  Iz 
machi  I  shall  attem[)t  to  cany  along  the  tah  as 
told  by  the  different  authorities  together.  I5y  tar 
the  n)ost  complete;  of  these  are  the  (^)iiiclie  rt'cords  as 
given  in  the  iN)pol  Vuh  and  that  of  the  (akcliii|Ui'ls 
containi'd  in    Ib'asseur's  works. 

I    begin  with   the   adventures   of  the   ( 'akchi(|Ui  Is 
afti'i-  the  defeat  of  ITacavitz  and   Zactecauh   l>v    t!u' 


EARLY  CAKrillQlKL  HISTORY. 


5(19 


T^lkomnlns,  already  iiioiitloncd.^  They  seem  not  to 
liiivo  contiuued  in  the  eoinj)aiiy  witli  the  Qiiielies  at 
Izmaclii,  l)ut  to  Imve  retired  to  other  localities  in 
the  country  of  the  Manies  sonic'vhat  further  west, 
iuuonn"  the  Manies  of  Cholaniag",  as  the  reeoi'd  st.ites 
it.  They  found  the  people  very  friendU',  hut  oidy 
i(>inaiiied  long-  cnoui^h  among  them  to  learn  their 
l;m<nia<>e,  which  they  found  most  difficult.  Fjeaxinuf 
tliis  place  they  ap[)roache(l  the  Valley  of  Panchoy,  in 
the  region  of  the  volcanos,  and  twice  they  penetrated 
the  mountain  of  fire,  Hunahpu,  where  a  most  wonder- 
ful and  unintelligihle  interview  with  Zaki([o.\ol,  the 
};]iantom  or  guardian  of  the  fiery  .ahysses  is  related, 
all  heing  possihly  the  account  of  a  volcanic  eruption. 
Having  reached  the  shores  of  Lake  Atitlau  the  Cak- 
chitiuels  wished  to  settle  there  permanently  although 
tlio  chief,  Hacavitz,  seems  to  have  ojtposed  the  set- 
tK'inent.  Tohjom,  a  ])o\verful  chieftain  and  ,i  most 
wonderful  magician,  lived  on  ^[ount  Qakhatzulu, 
which  extended  like  a  j)romontory  into  the  lake;  hut 
tlie  hold  iiacavitz  took  him  ])risoner  and  hecaiiie 
master  of  his  domain.  The  Cakchi(piels,  or  the  (\ik- 
(lii(|uel  nohility,  seem  to  have  heeii  dividt'd  in  four 
I'auiili fs,  tlie  Zotzil-Tukuches,  the  Cihakihay,  the 
Baijahol,  and  the  Ot;ka(pU'hi.  All  united  in  giving 
to  llacavitz  anil  Zactecauh,  of  the  houso  of  Zotzil- 
Tukuche,  after  th(>  victory  over  Tohjom,  the  su[)rem(; 
]>ower,  the  foiMuer  having  the  first  rank.  The  <'on- 
([ik'red  chieftain,  ToliMim,  was  saciilii'ed  at  the  coi-o- 
ii.itioii  of  Ilacavitz,  in  the  midst  (if  great  fcs(i\ities, 
and  a  ])art  of  his  hudy  was  thrown  from  the  sumuiit 
of  (,)akoat.'jdu,  his  i'ormer  home,  into  the  watoi's  of 
the  lake.  Many  of  the  ( 'akt'hi([U('U  decided  to 
irniain  litjre  and  chose  a  site  whicli  tliey  named  ( 'hi- 
tiihil;  others  huilt  houses  on  a  point  caljod  Ahah, 
afterwards  the  site  of  the  city  of  A  tit  Ian.  Ihit 
llacavit/  was  not  pleased,  and  a  violent  wind  arose 
and  an  extraordiuaiy  whiti^  cloud  hmig  o\cr  the 
^"'  .U(7/i,  ik  2\r]K(ii-.ltil/(iii,  ill  llrdsscKi;  llisl.,  toiii.  ii.,  i)[i.  l."),")-7."». 


570 


THE  QUICIIE-CAKCHIQLEL  E.MPIllE. 


.surface  oftlie  lake;  tlio  new  d\vellin<*"s  were  destroyid 
and  i;reut  damage  was  done.  Tlie  CakchitjUuLs  ac- 
cepted this  as  a  warniiiL!;'  to  o»)ey  the  will  of  the  ,l,^o(Is, 
except  the  Ah-Tzi(juinihayi  who  decided  to  remain 
Avith  the  Zutu^-ils. 

The  other  tribes  retired  under  their  leaders  into 
the  mountains,  and  became  nuich  scattered,  hi 
j>assini(  a  deej)  ravine  Zactecauh  missed  his  footiiio' 
and  was  dashed  to  death  on  the  rocks  below,  (lu; 
record  liintini^f  that  his  colleague  and  suj)erioi'  was 
not  wholly  free  from  the  suspicion  of  having-  caused 
his  death.  This  suspicion  destroyed  much  of  tlio 
j»resti_<i^e  of  Hacavitz,  but  he  re<j;ained  it  all  and  niore 
by  extini;uishin_ii^  the  tire  of  a  volcano  which  by  its 
lava  and  tlames  had  hemmed  in  and  threatened  with 
total  destruction  all  his  foUowei's.  Zakitzumui  aided 
iiim  and  was  <i^iven  the  second  place  in  the  govern- 
ment. They  then  seem  to  have  returned  to  the  lake 
yhores,  j'oiKpieriuLif  and  makin«^  allies  of  several 
aborii^inal  tribes,  includinijf  the  peo[)le  of  IkoinaL;', 
with  a  lady  of  which  people  Hacavitz  seems  to  have 
luariMed.  In  the  meantime  the  (Jekanuchi,  the  ( 'I- 
bakihay,  and  the  l)a(|ahol,  three  of  the  four  |trin('i|ial 
Cak<'irKpiel  families,  had  settled  on  the  mountains  in 
the  region  of  Ixiinche,  or  'J'ec])an  (Juatemala,  and  the 
aiidiitious  chief  of  the  latter  family  hati  succeeded  in 
()i)taininLC  the  allegiance  of  his  companions,  wiio 
crowned  him  as  supreme  k'lwj;  of  the  three  bands. 

Hacavitz  was  tilled  with  wrath,  but  luiin^'  nnaliji'  to 
ovi'iliii'ow  his  rival,  i)a(|ahoi,  was  obliged  to  be  cdn- 
tent  with  estalilishini;"  himself  and  his  own  liaiid 
of  /i»t/il>s  on  the  shores  of  tin;  lake,  wlic^re  their 
dwelIinL;s  wen;  ercicted  and  the  (\akchi(|uel  e-<>d,('lii- 
malcan.  had  his  altars.  .V  little  later  liaca\it/.  is 
I'eported  to  have  aided  i)a(|aliol  in  overconiiii^' 
certain  foes  that  had  attacked  him,  and  as  haviii'^' 
receivt'd,  at  the  end  of  the  camj)ainii,  the  voluiilarv 
jdK'n'iaiM'e  of  that  chief,  thus  renaininn-  the  supieiiie 
power  over   the  Cakchi(]Uel   ti'ibes,  whom    he    nilt.l 


REIGN  OF  COTUIIA  AND  IZTAYUL. 


571 


fioin  liis  residence  at  .a  place  known  .as  Chiixolioni, 
Aviicre  he  seems  to  have  settled  al'ter  liis  new  acces- 
sion to  power,  somewhat  away  from  the  shores  of 
tilt:  lake.  Here  he  died  at  a  ri|)e  old  ai^e,  not  loni^ 
alter  his  wife  _i,'ave  birth  to  Caynoh  and  (Jayhatz,  his 
successors  in  later  years. 


lletnrninijf  to  the  Quiche  record  as  »*'ivcn  in  the 
]\)pol  Vnh,'"  we  find  nothin«»'  recorded  of  the  reii;n 
of  Balam  Conache,^'  son  of  Qocavih,  in  his  new  cai>- 
ital  of  I/machi.  He  was  succeeded  early  in  the  tliir- 
tcciith  century,  as  it  seems,  hy  Cotnlia,  with  Iztayul 
as  Ah[)o[)  Caniha,  and  under  this  monarch  many  im- 
])i()vements  were  made  in  the  city,  including'  many 
houses  of  stone  and  mortar  and  three  njyal  i)alaces, 


one   for  the  house   of  Cawel< 
Niliail),  and  a  third  for  the  1 


one   for  the  house    o 
louse  of  Ahau  Qiiiclu 


"\ow  all  wei'e  of  one  heai't  in  Izmachi;  tliere  were 
no  enmities;  there  were  no  ditKculties;  the  monarchy 
was  in  a  state  of  repose,  without  disputes  or  troubles; 
jicnce  and  felicity  wx're  in  all  hearts."  Ijut  their 
|tower  was  yet  confined  to  narrow  limits  ;  they  had  as 
Vi't  achieved  no  ^reat  success.  Tlu3  Uahinals,  tho  (  al<- 
(lii(|Uels,  and  the  minoleil  Zutuoils  and  AhTzi(|ui- 
iiihayi  of  Atitian  are  spoken  of  as  l)(;ino'  at  this  (line 
iilhcs  and  friends  of  the  (.Quiches;  hut  the  dcsiiMid- 
aiits  of  tlie  ancient  llocah  were  yet  j)owerful,  and 
lucanu'  hostile,  although  hitherto  represented  as 
jollied  to  the  house  of  ('awek;  their  ca|iital  was  hut 


a  s 


hort 


distance   Irom    izmach 


W^ 


leii 


11 


oca  It 


tl 


10 


tiilial  name  heiiiijf  used,  as   is  often   the  case,  for  that 
of  (li(!    riilino-  monarch     pt'iveived  the  i»ros|n'rity   tif 
llie  (v)uich('s,  "war  was  kindled  hy  llocah,  who  wished 
to  kill  this  kiiiL>'  ("otiilia,  his  |)eo|ile   heiu^'  uiiwilliii'^- 
tlial  tlu-rt*  should  he  aiiv  kino'  hut  their  own.      And 

■■"  V\>.  'J00-."107;  llrii.ssrin;  Illsl.,  loin,  ii.,  p|i.  47r)-0!);  Xliiinirz,  Hist.  Iml. 


I'l' 


11 -I'.' I. 


Ill  his  Hist.   \>if.  C 


II. 


.1  ( 


liMlirllC    MS 


tWI 


litiii.  ii.,  |i.  ■t7'<,  ItnissiMir  sci'iii-*  I 
I    killLlM.    iiiir  slliTccilili;,'   liic   iilli 


11  re: 


in 


I    I! 


lys,    mil'  slin'ccillli;,'   llic   oilier,  lull    III 


ll.i 


iml,  ,  III  l'i)/)ii/    Villi,  \\.  cclwiii.  III'  lllliti'-.  liiclll  ill   olll', 


672 


Tin:  urirni;-cAK<'ni(>n',i.  KMi'iitK 


as  to  tlu>  kiii,!^  Iztayul,  they  disirotl  to  jmnisli  liim 
also,  to  ])iit  liim  to  diNitli,  in  tlio  causo  ol'  llncih. 
Hut  tlu'ir  jt-aloiisy  was  not  siiccossriil  aijaiiist  tlic 
kiiiiL;'  ('otiilia,  who  niarchcul  against  tlu'in.  Such  \\,is 
tho  oriniii  of  tho  n-volt  and  of  (he  war.  At  lir.st 
tlicy  i'ntc'i"rd  tho  (•ity(lzinaclii)  hy  assaidt,  s|irt;i(liiin' 
iloatli  in  their  way,  for  wliat  they  (h'siivd  was  the 
I'nin  oi"  the  (.^nielie  name,  tliat  tliey  alone  mii^ht  rule. 
But  thev  came  only  to  d\c;  tliev  were;  taken  «'ai«ti\rs, 
and  hut  le'W  esca|K'd.  'I'hen  their  saeriliees  he^nn; 
the  iH'o))le  of  I  local)  Nvei'e   imm<»lati'd  het'ore  (1 


)u.oi 


le  >4()cl 


and  that  was  the  ])enalty  of  their  crime,  which  w.is 
inllicU'd  hy  tho  order  of  Cotuha.  Manv  also  wrw 
ivduced  to  slavery,  now  that  they  had  hroiiL;hl  nilii 
nj)oii  tlu'msiilves  hy  kindlini,^  the  llanies  of  war 
against  the  kini;'  and  a'^ainst  the  city.  Wiiat  they 
liad  desii'ed  was  (hat  the  nanu!  ol'  the  (,^)iiiclies  shdiild 
he  iniined  and  disLifraced,  l»nt  nothing-  could  he  (luiic. 
Thus  orininatt'd  tlu;  usa^'e  <»!'  human  sacrifices  Ik  I'oiv 
1  at  the  declaration  of  war;  and   this  was  the 


e  <>'o( 


(h 

origin  of  the  I'ortilications  which  they  he^'an   (o   (  rci  t 

in  i/machi." 

Another  document'"  is  said  to  n'ivc  some  additional 
informal  ion  I'espectinjj;'  tho  inunediati!  cause  (tf  ilic 
Avar,  which  is  reported  to  have  heen  connected  in 
some     way     with    ( "otuha's    mai-ria^e.      lie   married 


II 


imai 


HI 


CU. 


)f  th 


•tl 


rosci  or   tlie  earth,   a  (lauL;liler  m    mn 


of  tilt;   friendly  Zutunil   jirinces  whose  terril(ny    ui^ 
on    Lake   .\(i(lan,  annexing'  (hat    prince's  duniain   ti 


IIS    own, 


aiK 


1  u 


IVIII!>'     Ills 


fat  I 


ler  III  law 


M 


nan 


\  ur 


name,  lii^h  rank  at  tlu;  (.^uiclit'  court.  The  I'; 
thus  shown  to  Malali,  with  other  acts  of  like  iiatniv. 
seem  (o  have  excited  the  jealousy  of  o(her  /iilii'^il 
lords,  who  at  last  marched  ai^ainst  ( 'otuha  and  \\«iv 
u((t'rly  defeated.  It  was  while  ( 'odiha  had  this  war 
on  his  hands  thai  (he  llocah  eiina'^ed  in  (he  d(s|M'ia(c 
ell'ort  ahovi'  recordi'd  to  check  the  (.J|iiich(''  nioiiarclis 
(heir  rapid   procuress  to  supreme  power,  and  wnv 


ill 


'^  Tilulii  ill  Ins  Sn'mri's  ifr  'I'uf 


iiiiiriniiiii. 


TIJANsri'-.i;  OF  Till".  CAI'lTAI.    To  ITATKAN.  r.73 

(■n;i1)l('(l,  pcrliMps  (liiiiiii!;'  tlic  .*il)sciic«'  of  CotwIiM,  to 
|i(iii(r;itt'  liis  (';ii»il;il.  Al'ti'i'  (heir  liii.il  (Icrcjit, 
1 'i|iiiiic;it,  tlu(  I  local*  cjipital,  Wiis  (aUfii  and  <lr- 
sti'oy<'(l,  ."iihI    many  t)thor    towns    IV'll   into    ('otiilia's 

|HI.SSl'S.S|Oll. 

'Y\\v  (.^u\i']\v  rcvovi]  narrates  no  I'lirtlicr  liistoiical 
cviiits  <lo\vM  to  tlu'  tinm  wln-n  l/niii»lii  was  al>an- 
(liiiicd.  It  dwells,  liowi'ViT,  on  tlic  Li'icatiH'ss  of  till! 
kiiiu'doin  alter  tlic  ()Vt!i'tlirt»w  (»!"  tlu'  I  local*,  and  men- 
tions tlie  power  and  mimlu'r  of  tiic  snrronndiiin'  princes 
Vet  nnsnl»dned  as  the  stron^'est  proof  of  (Jniclii'  valor, 
since  tlie  new  peo|)le  even  in  the  face  of  sncli  en\iron- 
nient  had  heen  ahle  to  estahlish  and  extend  their 
iiionarchy.  After  the  immolation  which  followed  the 
h's  defeat,  the  practii-e  of    hnman   sacrilice    was 


iMcai 


CI 


\\( 


iiied  to  snch  an  extent  that  the  snironndino-  trihes 
le  tilled  with  teiTor  at  tlu;  nnmhi'r  of  captives  slain 
liv  order  of  ( 'otnha  and  l/taynl.  At  this  period  tln^ 
svstem  of  o-overnment  was  perfected  hy  measures,  the 
(Xict  nature  of  which  is  intt  clearly  L;iven,  and  ma;^- 
iiilicent  I'estivities  with  complicated  ceremonial  riles 
\V(re  instituted.  "  LonLC  they  remained  in  Izmachi, 
until  liny  had  found  and  had  seen  an<»tlier  city,  and 
li.'id  ahandoned  in  its  turn  that  of  l/madii.  Afle|- 
that  they  departed  and  came  to  the  <-apital  called 
(liunarcaah  (I'latlaii),  which  was  s(»  iiameil  hy  the 
(()uich('s,  when  tlu'  kin^s  ('otuhaand  (iucniuat/,  came 


t'l^vlher   with    all    tlu;    princ 


Tl 


lev    were 


tl 


len   in 


till'    lifth    generation    (of  kin^s)    iVctm    the   commenc 


-f    tl 


leir 


nunl    of   cixili/aiion    and    from   tlu^    oriL;'in 
n  itional  existi'nce." 

The  same  <locnmeiit  alrea<ly  I'elerred  to'"'  disai^'rees 
witli  the  (^)ulche  I'ecoi'd  respectiuL;'  tin'  ]ieace  and  har- 
iiiiMiy  that  followed  ('oluha's  xictoi'y,  wiiile  the 
I'diple  were  vet  at  Izinachi.  AccordiiiL;'  to  this 
;iiit  lioril  \'  dissensions  arose  helween  the  heads  of  the 
:;e\crMmenl.      ('ertain  parlies  interested  in  fonieuline' 

"  I'lhihi  ,l<    /lis  Sii'innn  i/r    Tiifiiiiii'i/iini,    in    llir    iiitnului'linii  to  I'ltjud 


ii:i,  h|i.  ri-|\\\  -\  I. 


574 


THE  QUICH6-CAKCHIQUEL  EMPIRE. 


1^  i 


the  dissatisfaction,  constantly  reminded  anihitiuus 
noMes  that  Cotuha  was  a  foreiji^ner,^*  antl  Iztayul  the. 
son  of  a  hastard,  both  occuj)ying  the  ]>laces  tliat 
belonged  to  more  legitimate  princes.  Then  going  to 
the  Ah  pop,  Cotuha,  they  said,  "the  Ah})o[>  Camlia 
looks  with  scorn  upon  thee;  he  says  thou  art  a  niisti- 
al)le  wretch,  feeding  only  on  the  foam  of  the  i'liKpdi  in. 
and  other  vile  food  unworthy  of  a  great  king."  Tlicu 
to  tlie  Ahpop  Caniha,  Iztayul,  they  said,  "the  king 
Cotuha  is  filled  with  disdain  for  thee;  to  iiini  thuu 
art  but  a  useless  man,  who  livest  upon  dung  and  the 
eggs  of  flies  and  other  insects,  while  his  own  tahk'  is 
always  loaded  with  excellent  fresh  fish  and  other 
viands  fit  for  a  great  prince."  Th'"  perfidy  of  these 
counselors  was  afterwards  brought  to  light  and  they 
were  driven  in  disgrace  from  the  court  al'ter  an  at- 
tem[)t  to  assassinate  Cotuha  by  suflfocation  in  a  steam 
bath.  Yet  the  king  afterwards,  according  to  the 
same  autliority,  fell  a  victim  to  another  conspiracy. 
Iztayul  succeeded  to  the  throne,  with  CJueuniat/  as 
Ahpop  Candia,  and  continued  the  ct)nquests  «»t'  his 
])redecessor,  but  no  details  ot  his  reign  are  given  in 
the  Quiche  record. 

In  the  Cakchicpiel  annals,^'''  however,  Brasseur  le- 
lates  certain  events  which  would  seem  to  belong  to 
the  jK'riod  of  Iztayul's  reign,  {dthough  he  is  always 
called  in  the  record  of  this  nation,  Tej)euh,  'the  donii- 
nator,  or  conipieror.'  We  left  Caynoh  and  Cayhat/, 
infant  sons  (jf  the  deceased  Hacavitz,  under  the 
guar(lianshi[)  of  Baqahol  and  (j!eka(|Uch,  who  became 
jtractieally  monarchs  of  the  whole  nation,  ha\ing 
their  caj)itals  on  the  mountain  ]»lateaux  of  Pant/.lc 
and  I'araxone.*'  The  Zotzil-Tukuche  branch  of  the 
nation  were  naturally  unwilling  that  the  sons  of  the 
gri'at  Hacavitz,  the  former  head  of  their  family, 
should  occupy  a  secondary  rank,  and  they  were  not 


^*  S('i«  p.  r)2!),  of  tliiH  voliiipc. 

:•'  Mint,  ilr  'IW/Kdi-Ati/lini,  in  limnsctir,  Hint.,  torn,  ii.,  pp.  48^-9. 

'<*  See  p.  r)70-l,  of  tliis  volm-.ic. 


THE  STOLEN  TKIIJI'TE, 


676 


slow  to  urL,^o  Cayuoli  and  Cayl)!itz:  as  soon  as  they 
ifuched  a  i)r(>}>er  a<i-o  to  dcc-laro  their  indcj)endonc'c 
and  resunio  their  legitimate  place  at  the  head  of  the 
nation;  bnt  the  ai^ed  chiel'tain  Baqahol,  who,  it  will 
he  renienihered,  had  heen  tor  a  time  suju'enie  mon- 
arch, even  before  the  death  of  Hacavitz,  han^-htily 
refnsed  to  snrrender  his  scepter;  and  the  yonnij^ 
])rinces  nuist  perforce  await  a  more  favorable  op- 
))()rtunity  to  assnme  their  due  position.  The  Cak- 
cliiqnels  seem  at  this  time  to  have  i»een  tributaries  to 
the  Quiche  throne,  now  occupied  by  Iztayul,  or  Tepeuh, 
of  whom  it  is  said,  "he  was  the  first  tt)  reinn  with 
majesty;  he  dwelt  in  the  castle  of  Chixnal ;  his 
mysterious  jK)Wer  spread  abroad  terror;  lie  caused  to 
tremble  the  place  where  he  had  his  dwellinn-,  and 
all  peojtle  payed  tribute  before  the  face  of  'l\'|)euh." 
The  two  sons  of  Hacavitz  were  sent  to  ])ri'sent 
the  Cakchi(j[uel  tribute  and  homai^'e  at  the  (.»)uichd 
court,  where  Iztayul  received  tht.'m  with  <>reat  kind- 
lu'ss,  nivin<jf  them  hi<;h  rank  and  titU's,  and  malvin<^ 
them  the  royal  tribute-i;-atherers  of  his  empir*\  In 
this  capacity  they  made  a  loni;*  tour  throui^h  the 
(,^)uiche  ])ossessions,  even  penetratinjLi;'  the  mysterious 
region  of  the  Kast,  where  the  ancestors  of  the  kini^ 
had  I'tH'eived  the  investiture  of  their  royalty.  At 
last  they  came  to  Lake  Atithm,  where  the  united 
ZiitULS'ils  and  Ah-Tzi([uiniliayi  were  still  livinjjf. 
Thi'so  vassals  })aitl  their  tributes  to  the  envoys,  but 
«iMitrive<l  a  cunning'  [)lan  to  recover  the  treasure. 
Two  beautiful  princesses,  Jiubatzo  and  Icxiuh,  daui;li- 
tt  IS  of  the  rulinjj;"  hrds,  wert;  appointed  to  wait  upon 
the  royal  tax-collectors,  (,'ayiioh  and  Cayl»atz  were 
Mot  jtroof  against  their  charms,  and  the  maidens, 
i'njlowint''  the  })arental  commands,  allowi'd  tlu'insehcs 
ti>  he  easily  Avon;  but  they  mananed  in  the  nin'ht 
to  ecane  from  the  couches  of  their  royal  K)vcrs  and 
to  .steal  back  all  the  n'old  and  silver  which  luul 
hcen  paid  as  tribute.  The  princes  com|)lained  bit- 
terly when  they  discovered  their  loss,  but  as  u  com- 


!     1 


11 


JJT^  THE  QUICHE-CAKCIIIQUKL  EMPIHi:. 

j)ensation  tlicy  roccived  Biibatzo  and  Icxiuli  for  wives, 
Avith  the  jtroiiiiso  of  an  honoral)le  position  at  Atitlaii, 
in  case  of  Iztaynl's  displeasure.  On  their  way  hack 
to  Izniachi  witli  tlieir  wives,  however,  the  prospect- 
ive ani^er  of  Tepeuh  so  overcome  them  that  tlicy 
hid  themselves  in  a  cave  for  a  lonij^  time;  l.-iit  at 
last  the  Quiche  k'wj;  not  only  pardoned  them  for  the 
alfair  of  the  lost  tril)ute  and  for  their  marriage,  hut 
eiial)le(l  them  to  overcome  and  put  to  tleath  Baijahiil 
and  (Jeka(iucli,  and  reseated  them  on  the  Cakc]ii(]\icl 
throne  as  tributary  monarchs  on  favorable  terms  to 
the  im[)erial  crown  of  Tzmachi.  Caynoh  was  made 
Ahi)op  Xahil,  and  Caybatz  Ahj)o])  Qamahay,  cor- 
responding" exactly  with  the  Quiche  royal  titles  of 
Ahpo[)  and  .'Vh})o[)  Candia. 

(jiucumatz  mounted  the  throne  at  Tzmachi  on  tlio 
death  of  Iztayul,  and  Cotuha  II.  became  Ahjjop 
Camha.  This  kinj^  began  to  reign  ju'obably  towaids 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century.^''  Internal  dis- 
Hensions  between  the  rival  families  of  the  Qiiiclic 
nobility  are  vaLTuely  alluded  to  in  the  records,  hut 
not  with  sufficient  details  to  enable  us  to  dett;rniine 
how  they  influenced  Gucumatz  to  abandon  Izmaclii 
in  favor  of  a  new  capital.  He  selected  for  this  jan- 
])oso  the  ajicient  Utatlan,  situated  on  a  plati'au  not 
I'ar  distant,  which  had  probably  long  been  in  ruins.'** 

It  is  now  time  to  return  to  Juarros'  vei'sion  of 
Quiche  history  during  the  reigns  of  the  first  kings, 
although  there  is  little  hope  of  connecting  it  at  any 
l)oint  with  the  versions  already  })resented.  Xima 
Quiche,  who  directed  the  peo})le  in  their  migration 
to  these  (Juatemalan  regions,  ceded  to  his  brother  tlie 
command  of  tie  jSlames  and  Pokomams,  and  at  his 

3'  Hnissciii'  iiliM'cs  liis  rcij^ti  sniiHnvlu'rc  liotwocii  I'iLTt  (".ml  I'JT"'. 

■''*  Tlio  I'tijiol  Villi  n'piVHi'nts  I'tatluii,  us  we  liiivc  seen,  |i.  itl'.'i,  (n  liii^' 
lict'ii  iirst  (icciii)i(Ml  liy  <"i)tuliii  and  (lUciiiiiiit/;  iiicaiiiii;,'.  as  is  slmwn  Ky 
(lie  lalilf  (if  kiiii^s  in  lli(>  same  tldcumeiit  -sec  |i.  atJfi,  of  liiis  vdiuiiic  liy 
(iucnniatz  as  kin^;  anil  Cotiiliti  II.  as  .second  in  rank.  Ilrassciir  slates 
tlial  liie  name  (inniareaali  was  tlien  },'iven  to  llie  eity,  lint  it  is  nineli  iiioij 
likely  tluit  tliis  was  the  aneiunt  name,  iiiid  L'tiitlaii  oi  later  origin. 


DIVISION  OF  THK  KMPIItK. 


i»./ 


(loath  left  liis  son  Acxopal,  or  Acxopil,  kiiii,''  of  the 
(^uicliu  trihes.  'I'liis  iiioiuircli,  either  hy  tlie  iiici-t'a.se 
of  liis  ])oo|>le  or  by  liis  coiuiiK'sts  aiiiont,'  tlic  al)o- 
riniiial  trihes  soon  found  liiiiisi'lf  master  of  tlio 
])roviiict.'S  now  called  Solola,  ( 'liiinaltenaiiLi'o,  and 
Sa('atci)t'([Ues,  with  a  |iart  of  (^Inezaltenaii^o  and 
Totonicapan.  In  his  old  aijfe  his  einj)ire  stenicd  to 
him  too  vast  and  the  duties  of  ^•t)Vernnient  too  hur- 
(lonsoino  for  his  failin<(  streni^th.  He  conseciuently 
divided  his  enijjire  into  three  domains,  kerpini^'  for 
liimself  that  of  the  Quii'hes,  ijfivini^  that  of  the  ( 'ak- 
(•lii(|Uels  to  his  oldest  son  Xiiditemal,  or  . I  internal, 
and  that  of  the  Zutuy'ils  to  his  second  son  Acxo- 
(|uauh,  or  Acxi([uat;  the  brother  who  ruled  over  the 
Manies  and  l\)komams  is  n(»t  named  lieiv.  The 
hounds  iL>iveu  by  Juarros  to  the  tliree  kingdoms  of 
tile  empire  are  substantially  the  same  as  those  of  the 
jK.'opK's  s[)eakin!n'  the  same  lanL;uanes  at  the  time;  of 
the  CJon(|uest,  and  were  doubtless  ascertained  from 
the  conditi(jn  of  afi'airs  in  the  sixteenth  century  rather 
than  from  ancient  records  or  traditions. 

Al'ter  the  division  it  was  not  loniL(  before  ambi- 
tion be^an  to  produce  Avhat  Juarros  tt-rms  its  usual 
results.  Acxo([uauli,  kiuLC  of  the  Zutuyils,  found 
his  domain  too  small  and  wished  to  extend  its  limits 
to  the  detriment  of  his  brother,  Xiuhtemal.  With 
this  intent  he  marched  at  the  head  of  a  lar^e  ai'niy  to 
the  (akchi(|uel  frontiers,  but  was  I'oived  to  retire  to 
his  Ibrtilied  stronghold  (ju  l-.ake  Atitlan,  where  tin." 
contest  rai>-ed  for  many  days  until  a  truce  was 
brounlit  about  by  the  a^'ed  Acxopal.  Xiuhtemal 
took  advantan'e  of  the  peace  to  fortify  his  capital  at 
Tecjiaii  (iluatemala,  but  durini,^  the  exti'emc  old  aL;(,! 
of  his  father  he  was  called  to  dii'ect  affairs  ;it  the 
(^)uiche  capital,  and  succeeded  to  the  im[)(jrial  throne 
at  his  father's  death,  puttint;'  his  own  eldest  son  on 
the  Cakciiiciuel  throne.  Still  fearful  of  his  brother, 
his  first  care  was  to  fortify  tlu;  Quiche  ca))ital,  which 
•luarros  re|)resents  as  liavin<^  been  Utatlan  from  the 

Vol.  V.    a7 


578 


THE  QUICIIE-CAKCIIIQUEL  EMPIIIE. 


first — buikllni*-,  amonc^  other  extensive  works,  tlic 
cjistk)  of  Kest*'uardo.*'  His  prucautkms  seem  not  to 
have  l)eeu  unnecessary,  for  A('xo(|uaah  soon  rccoiii- 
mencod  the  war,  fii^hting  particukirly  for  tlie  jiossis- 
sion  of  the  whole  territory  about  the  lake,  wliich 
seems  to  have  been  in  some  way  divkled  between  the 
three  monarchs.  The  war  continued,  witli  but  briif 
intervals,  tliroughout  the  reiii^n  of  Xiulitemal  and 
dnriuiif  a  part  of  that  of  Hunahpu,  his  son,  wlio  suc- 
ceeded him.  Nothinijf  further  is  recorded  of  kluiinh- 
])u's  reion,  save  that  he  distinj^uished  himself"  hy 
introducini''  the  cultivation  of  cacao  and  cotton.*" 

Exce})t  in  the  o-eneral  statement  that  tlie  Qiiiclu', 
Cakchiquel,  and  Zntugil  kingdoms  formed  a  kind  of 
alliance  at  tliis  early  period,  a  conclusion  to  wliich 
the  other  records  have  also  led  us,  the  version  givni 
by  Juarros,  from  Fuentes,  has  ai)parently  nothing  in 
common  with  the  others;  and  I  shall  not  attempt  to 
conjecture  what  may  have  been  the  source  wlienco 
the  names  of  kings  given  by  these  authors  were  du- 
rived.  There  is  no  room  for  hesitation  in  (K'ciding 
which  records  are  the  more  reliable.  Brassciir  in 
one  place,  after  mirrating  the  foundation  of  Izma- 
chi,  suddenly  declai'os  that  with  Qocavib  and 
Nima  Quiche  the  synd)olic  recitals  cease  and  histoiy 
begins,  and  then  goes  on  for  a  few  pages  with  an  ac- 
count of  Acxopal  and  his  division  of  the  emj)ire  hc- 
tween  his  two  sons,  appariMitly  acce])ting  the  version 
of  Juarros,  except  in  the  name  of  tlie  capital  at  the 
foundation  of  the  emi)ire.  But  shortly  after,  ho 
abandons  this  for  the  other  version,  as  folk* ws:  "The 
first  king  of  Toltec  race  who  a[)})ears  after  Acxopal  is 
Xinhtemal,  who  in  his  turn  seems  to  have  j»laced  his 
sou  on  the  throne  of  Quauhtemalan,  (Tecpan  (iua- 
temala,  the  Cakchiquel  capital).  According  to  more 
authentic  documents,  it  is  Balam  II.  of  tlie  lionsc 
of    Cawek,    who    succeeds    Qocavib.       Except    the 

39  For  (U'sfription  of  the  ruins  of  Utatltvn,  see  vol.  iv.,  pp.  l'24-8. 
*"  Juarros,  Hist.  Gmit.,  pp.  1»-1(>. 


GUCL'.MATZ  AT  ITATLAX. 


579 


striiijfufles  mentioned  by  Fiientcs,  \ve  find  notliin;^ 
al><»iit  tliis  prince  or  lii.s  predecessoi-,  at'ter  the  touiida- 
tion  of  Izniaclii,"  etc.  Thus  lie  implies  that  Qociivih 
Avas  identical  with  Acxupal,  and  lialain  Lunachc  with 
>^iuhtenial.  We  hear  no  more  of  the  names  i^ivcn 
l)y  Juarros  until  we  have  the  statement  l»y  the  same 
author  respecting  Hunah[)U  that  "evurythini;-  favors 
the  o))inion  that  he  is  the  same  who  reigned  under 
the  i^'lorious  name  of  Oucumatz,"  without  any  at- 
temi)t  to  account  for  the  intermediate  kinn's  of  the 
Quiches,  Cotuha  and  Iztayul.  Conseijuently  as  1 
am  inclined  to  suspect,  "everything'  favors  the 
opinion"  that  tlie  worthy  abhe  has  introduced  the 
names  Acxopal,  Xiuhtemal,  and  Acxoquauh,  from 
Fuentes  solely  because  they  are  apparently  Naliua 
names  and  therefore  may  add  some  force  to  his  Toltec 
theory,  and  has  then  got  rid  of  them  as  expeditiously 
as  ])ossil)le.*^ 

The  tirst  care  of  Oucumatz  was  to  restore  the 
ancient  l)uil(linirs  of  Utatlan  and  to  add  to  the  city's 
old-time  s))lendor  by  the  erection  of  new  and  mag- 
niticent  temples  in  honor  of  the  gods.  "There  they 
built  their  houses  in  great  numbers,  and  there  also 
they  built  the  house  of  the  god  in  the  centre  of  the 
city  at  the  most  elevated  ])oint,  wbei'e  they  placed 
it  when  thoy  came  to  establish  themselves  in  that 
l)lace.  Then  their  empire  was  much  enlarged,  and 
when  their  numbers  were  already  considerable,  their 
great  families  took  counsel  together,  and  were  sub- 
divided." When  the  ([uarrels  which  had  formerly 
threatened  their  emj)iro  were  at  last  terminated 
"they  carried  into  effect  what  had  been  resolved 
U])on.,  and  the  royalty  was  divided  among  tweiity- 
ibur  grand  houses  or  families."  "There  they  in- 
creased in   greatness,  having  thus  gloriously  united 


^'  nra/isnir.  Hist.,  torn,  ii.,  pp.  l.W-'i,  47">-7,  409.  Tlie  opinion  that 
Hiiimlii»n  and  OiUMiintitz  wiTc  iilcntical,  liowever,  is  saiil  to  receive  Konic 
Kii|i|iiiit  from  tlie  Lsmjinjc  lUaforiro,  of  I'elaez'  work,  i[iioleil  l>y  /(/.,  in  I'u- 
[iiil  \'i(/i,  p.  310. 


680 


THE  QriCIIK-CAKCHIQrEL  EMl'IIlE. 


tlic'ir  tlirones  and  tlicir  principalities;  tlic  titles  of 
all  tlicir  honors  having  boon  distrihuttMl  aniony'  tlit- 
jn-inccs,  tliere  ^vore  formed  nine  families  Avitli  the 
nin(!  j)rinces  of  Cawek,  nine  with  the  princes  ol"  Ni- 
liaib,  four  with  the  j)rinces  of  Aliau  Quiche,  and  two 
■with  the  lords  of  Zakik,  They  became  very  nu- 
merous, and  numerous  were  those  that  followed  each 
of  the  princes;  they  were  the  first  at  the  head  of 
their  vassals,  and  many  families  belonLjcd  to  each  of 
the  princes.  We  shall  now  tell  the  titles  of  these 
jtrinces  and  of  each  of  the  qreat  houses."  Thui 
follows  a  list  of  titles,  substantially  the  same  tliat  I 
have  given  in  a  preceding  volume,  when  treating 
of  the  Quiche  governmental  system." 

"Thus  were  completed  the  twenty-four  princes  and 
the  twenty-four  great  houses;  then  was  multiplied 
the  power  and  majesty  in  Quiche;  then  was  strength- 
ened and  extended  its  grandeur,  when  the  city  and  its 
ravines  were  built  up  with  stone  and  mortar  and 
covered  with  cement.  Both  great  and  little  nations 
came  under  the  power  of  the  king,  contributing  to 
the  Quiche  glory;  power  and  majesty  sprang  up,  and 
the  house  of  the  god  was  built  as  well  as  the  hoU!;es 
of  the  ])rinces.  But  it  was  not  they  who  built  them; 
they  did  no  work,  neither  constructing  the  temple  ot" 
their  god,  nor  their  own  buildings,  for  all  was  done 
by  their  vassals,  v.hose  nundjers  were  multiplied.  It 
was  not  by  strntag<iri  nor  by  force  that  these  vassals 
were  brought  in;  fo:  truly  each  one  belonged  to  smne 
one  of  the  priu-'os,  and  great  was  the  number  of 
their  brothers  and  relatives  who  gathered  to  hear  what 
the  princes  commanded.  Truly  were  they  loved  and 
esteemed,  and  great  was  the  glory  of  the  ])rinces. 
Veneration  kept  pace  with  their  renown,  and  with 
the  lords  were  multiplied  the  dwellers  in  the  raviiK  s 
round  about  the  city.  Thus  nearl}'-  all  the  nations 
surrendered  themselves,  not  through  war  and  foive 
directed  against  them  in  their  ravines  and  cities,  but 

«  Sec  vol     ..,  j)p.  G37-W. 


KEKIX  (»F  crcr.MATZ. 


r.si 


1  V  reason  of  tlio  marvels  wrouylit  In'  tliulr  kiiiL2s, 
(iiu'iiinatz  and  Cotulia. 

Verily,  this  Giicuiiiatz  lieoanie  a  most  marvelous 
kiii_L»".      In  seven  days  he  mounted  to   the  skies— as- 

nded   the   mountain    heiirhts — and  in  seven  davs  ho 


cc 


(1(  scended    to    the    reuion    of    Xihalha. 


43 


J 


n    seven 


(lays  he  took  upon  himseU'  the  nature  and  form  t)t"  a 
stij)ent,  and  again  of   an  eaiL»le,  and  of  a  tii^er;  and 


III  seven  days  he  eiian^^'d  lumseli  into  coagu- 
lated hlood.  'J'ruly  the  existence  of  tliis  wonderful 
juince  filled  with  terror  all  the  lords  that  came  hefore 
jiini.  The  knowlcdL>-e  tlioreof  was  sjtread  ahroad;  all 
tlie  nations  heard  of  this  ]>rodi!L(ious  kin,L;'.  And  this 
was  the  origin  of  the  (Quiche  i^randeur,  ^hen  the 
kiiiL*"  (iucumatz  wrought  these  signs  of  his  jxtwer. 
The  remembrance  of  his  grandsons  and  sons  was  not 
lost — or,  as  Ximenez  renders  it,  he  did  not  lack 
descendants,  both  sons  and  grandsons.  He  had  not 
(lone  these  thinL!s  merely  that  there  mi^lit  be  a  roval 
Avoiker  of  miracles,  but  as  a  means  of  I'uling  all  na- 
tions, and  of  showinu"  himself  to  be  the  onlv  chief  of 


the  pi^oples 


Th 


lis  proaiGfious 


li 


king  C 


uicuniatz   was  o 


the  fourth**  generation  of  kings,  Ahpop  and  Alipop 
Caiiiha.  He  left  descendants  who  also  reigned  with 
majesty  and  benat  children  \vlio  did  manv  thin<'s. 
Thus   were    begotten    Tepepul    and     Iztayul,    whose 


leiun  made  the  fifth  i>enerati( 


)n. 


Tl 


ley  were 


k 


hi; 


aiH 


I  eacl 


1  o-cjiieration  o 


f  th 


ese 


)rinces  beirat  soiif 


It  is  seen  by  the  juvcediiig  account  of  (Jucuiiiatz' 
rt.igii  that  this  king  fully  accoinjilisiied  his  object  in 
tiaiisferring  the  cajtital  to  Utathui.  By  rciiiovJMg 
his  court  to  this  anci(.'nt  city  he  aroused  the  pri(l(.'  of 
all  the  tribes  of  QuiclK'  race,  ;ind  revived  their  tradi- 


■'''  Or,  ns  XinuMioz  renders;  it.  to  Hell. 

"  lie  In  iiaiiifd  ars  iieiiiy  of  the  liltli  j^i'iieral  ion  in  tlie  tallies  at   the  eml 

llie  (locunient. 


I'll/Id/  Villi,   jij).   ,'107-17;  -V 


F.-iiiiliiis,  in  III.,  \)\\.    U),')-8.     'i'lii.s  last   wi 


-,  Hist.   I  III/,   (iiiiil.,   \> 


\-l\- 


MK   IS  iierliaiis 


III 


e  >anie  as 


il  l>v  ISr.'issenr  as  A7/ 


that 


lli.st.  ilr  Ins  h'liiix  ilil  <,hiiilii ,  MS.,  Init   it 


is  iiieri'ly  a  list  of  l<iii;:s  with  some  of  their  deeds,  addin;.'  notiiinj,'  what- 
e\i  r,  in  a  historieal  p 'iiit  of  view,  to  the  translation  of  the  <,!iiiihe  reeord. 


532 


THE  (iUICIIE-CAKCITlQUEL  EMPIUE. 


tioiial  reeulloctions  of  n  glorious  past;  l)y  restoiii Mi- 
llie aiicii'iit  toinples  and  by  oivctini;'  new  ones  la; 
enlisted  the  religious  enthusiasm  of  the  wliole  eountrv 
in  his  I'avor.  'J'he  universal  interest  in  the  new  entt  r- 
]>rise  caused  the  former  dissensions  between  i'i\;il 
nobles  to  bo  for  a  time  forgotten.  All  these  circnin- 
st;inees  eoml)ined  to  create  fur  Gucumatz  a  lii^ln  r 
dei>'ree  of  populai'ity  than  lie  had  ever  before  enjoyed; 
and  when  he  felt  sufficiently  strong"  M'itli  the  ])eo|)lc, 
lie  still  further  fortified  his  position  by  a  j)a!ti,il 
reconstruction  of  his  empire.  By  the  establishment  of 
twenty-four  houses  of  nobility  he  not  only  mnde  par- 
tisans of  those  who  wore  the  recipients  of  new  lionois, 
but  effectually  checked  the  ambition  of  the  leading' 
nobles,  whose  (]uarrels  had  at  one  time  threatened  his 
sovereignty.  Two  of  the  new  dij^nlties  were  n'iven  to 
the  family  of  Zakik,  to  which  bi'lonned  the  pritst  of 
the  ancient  temple  of  C-ahbaha  at  T^tatlan  ;  and  hei^a.e 
the  titles  Ahau-Ah-Tohil  and  Aliau-Ah-(  hituinat/,, 
oi'  lui;h-priests  ol'Tohil  and  (.^uet/aK'oatl,  to  imin'Ki's 
of  his  own  family,  thus  Hrndy  attachiiiij;'  the  pi'ior- 
hood  to  his  own  interests.  Each  of  the  newly  nrand 
])rinces  was  ri'<juired  to  have  a  ]>alace  in  the  (apil.d 
and  to  reside  there  during"  a  cei'tain  j)art  of  each  year; 
in  fa'-i  the  policy  j»ursued  by  (Jucumat/  resenibh  s  In 
many  points  that  which  we  have  seen  pursued  by  tlw 
C'hichiniec  emperor  'IV'chotl  in  An;ihuac  as  noted  in  a 
])recedin:L»'  cha{)ter.  There  are  no  data  from  which  to 
determine  the  extent  of  (Jucunnitz'  domain-  the  dr- 
sct'ut  to  Xibalba  may  in<licate  that  the  rahiKjiic 
reuion  was  subjected  to  his  power,  or  simplv  that  he 
was  wont  to  spend  in  the  tiei'ra  caliente  a  portion  nt' 
each  year.  Brasseur  believes  that  Irom  this  pt  linl 
the  Ahpop  Camha  of  the  (Quiches  spent  his  time 
chiefly  in  the  Zutuci^il  capital  at  Atitlan.*" 

After  the  death  of  (Jucumatz,  Cotuha    1  1.,  ali'cady 
holdin**'  the  second   lank  of  Ahpo|)  Candia,  moiini'd 

•"•  Hi.lL  Xii/.  (Vc,  tuiii.  ii.,  ji]).    l!);!-',);   /(/.,  ill  I'o/mf   \'iili,  p,  cclxwi. 


CAKCimiUHL  IIISTOUY. 


)S3 


tlio  tlirone.  He  was  in  liis  turn  succeeded  l)y  Te[ie- 
]ul,  aiul  he  l)y  Iztuyul  II.  with  Quicab,  or  Kical>,  as 
.\hj)()p  Cainlia.  liespt^ctiiig  tlie  rei^'iis  of  these  thiee 
iiiDiiarciis,  the  Popul  V^iih  oives  no  details  whatever; 
and  hut  verv  little  can  he  leaiMied  I'roni  otliei'  records. 
The  three  reij^'us  may,  however,  he  supjiosed  to  ]ia\e 
extended  to  al)out  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  ct'ii- 
tuiy,  a  century  which  is  thus  almost  a  l)lank  in  the 
ainials  of  the  empire.  One  document*^  informs  us 
that  the  first  of  the  three  kinn's,  (.'otulia  II.,  was 
treacherously  put  to  death  hy  the  lords  of  (Joliail 
and  inuhail,  who  drew  him  into  an  anihush,  hut  his 
sons  Quical)  and  Cavizimah,  al'terwards  kinqs,  avenged 
liis  nuirder  hy  seizin^'  and  putting  to  death  thirteen 
of  the  su})posed  guilty  }»arties. 

The  Cakchiquel  record**^  mentions  the  third  of  the 
Qiiiclu'  uionarehs,  Iztayul  1 1.,  under  the  name  of 
Xitavul-1  lax.     Cavnoh,  whom  we   hit  on    the  ( 'ak- 

*  * 

cliicjuel  throne,*"  had  hi'en  succeeded  hy  his  son 
('itan-(^)atu,  a  valiant  and  wise  I'uler  who,  under  the 
Mivcrcignty  of  the  Quiche  em|)eror  at  Ttatlan,  had 
(Dnsiderahly  extended  the  ]>ower  of  his  jKoplc.  At 
Ills  death  he  was  followed  hv  his  son   (J(othal<'aii,  'the 


(•(I 


ell 


iled   serpent,'  and   under   his    rule   the   suhordinate 
iel'tains  took  advantage  of  his  good  nature  or  want 
if   aliihty,   to  reclaim   their   inde|H'ndence.      Th 
lants  of  the  jiiinci's  l':i(|ahol  and  (<ekai|ueh,  w  1 


(le- 


M'e:i( 


lo 


ad  caused 


II 


u'avt;  z  so  muc 


tl'OUl 


•  rmer  years, 


w^vv  tile  tirst  to  inaugurate  tins  revolt,  winch  th(i 
ntiier  trihes  uei'e  not  slow  to  join,  and  thus  the  na- 
'iuii  was  again  split  up  jtractically  into  scattered 
liilies,  the  king  having  little,  if  any,  more  autlnu'ity 
tlian  the  other  chieltaiiis.  The  same  conditieii  ol' 
all'iii's  continued  during  tlie  reign  of  tjiis  king's  son 
d  grandson,  Alinam  and  X ttaini'i' Zaipientol ;  tlu! 
trilie  (inder  the   royal   comn.>and,  after  wandering  for 

'■   '/'/'///()(/(■  //..v  ,*?«■))'(>•'. V '/r  Tii/i)iiirii/iini.  ill    ''(71.1/  I'"/'.   |i|i.  rcl\  \\  i-\  ii, 
''  .1/' ;/(.  i/i-  Trrjhiii-Alilhiii,  ill   r>,ii.-<snii\    Ui^l  ,  foiil.    ii.,   |i|i.   ."lOl-;!. 
<•'  Si'i'   Ji.    .")7fl,  iif  tills   Mil. 


V> 


i 


581 


Tin:  QlICHE-CAKCHIQrEL  F.MPIRE, 


a  Iduj;  tinio,  haviiiiJ!'  fiiiallv  settled  near  the  kiiulicd 
t''il)e  of  tlie  Akahales,  at  the  towns  of  Zaki([a]i()l  juul 
Niiiieakalipec.  Tlie  great  <^TaiKlson  of  QotUalcaii, 
(_'!iiyoe  (.>)ueli,  succeeded  in  a^i^ain  uniting"  iiiider  his 
rule  most  of  the  (.akchiquel  tril)es,  and  haviiiL;' 
i'ouuded  the  ca[)ital  of  Chiawar,  souiewliat  fuithci' 
west  than  the  <dd  capital  Tec})aii  Guatemala,  and 
L;iven  the  second  rank  of  Ahpop  Qamahay  to  his 
hrothei"  Ttattah-Akbal,  lie  Avas  laboring  most  streiiu- 
(Hisly  to  raise  Lis  nation  to  her  old  position  at  the 
time  wlien  the  record  mentions  the  death  of  I/tayul 
11.,  or  Xitayul-Hax,  and  the  accession  of  Quirah. 

I  must  now  return  to  the  version  j)resente(i  hy 
Fuentes  and  Juarros,  for  this  version  ao'rees  uitli  tiie 
others  respecting  the  name  of  the  next  king,  (^)uicah, 
and  hence  it  may  he  inferred  that  the  period  lutwiin 
the  reigns  of  Hunahpu  and  Kicab,  is  identical  with 
that  between  Gucumatz  and  Quicab.  The  kings  that 
Juarros  ])uts  on  the  throne  during  this  period  wuic 
Balam  Kiche,  Balam  Acam,  jVIaucotah,  and  bjui- 
balam,  names  which  are  evidently  identical  with  the 
lour  h'yh-priests  or  sacrirtcers  of  a  nuich  carlirr 
])eriod.  it  seems  probable  that  the  authors  cited 
Ibuiid  these  names  in  the  aboriginal  recoi'ds,  and 
could  make  no  better  place  for  them  than  in  the  list 
of  kings.  The  events  referred  to  in  thcNe  reigns  are 
as  follows:  IJalam  Iviiiie  ilid  nothing  worthy  <il' 
record.  I>alaiu  .Vcam,  his  successor,  was  a  most  kind- 
hearted  pi'ince,  and  had  great  confidence  in  his  cousin, 
the  king  of  tlu!  Zuti'gils  at  Atitlan.  l>ut  the  laitei' 
abused  this  conlidencL;  by  stealing  the  king's  daugiitti" 
from  till!  royal  ])alace  in  lUatlan;  and  llocab.  a  iicu' 
relative  of  the  Zutugil  monarch — called  ZutuL;ileh|Mi|i 
by  .luari'os,  e\idently  a.  title  I'ather  than  a.  name  ;it 
about  the  same  time  abducted  a  niece  of  ji.dani 
Acam.  These  abductions  caused  a  war  which,  as  we 
ai'e  t(dd,  lasted  with  little  intermission  down  lo  the 
coming  of  the  S[)aniards.  The  (,^)uiche  army  uiidi  i' 
the  king  and  ^[aucotah  his  chief  general,  nii'iehtd 


^ 


ell 


WAR  BETWEEN  QUICHES  AND  ZUTUGILS. 


585 


Atitlan,  taking  several  strono-  towns  on  the  way,  and 
"the  most  terrihle  hattle  these  countries  had  ever 
known"  was  fought  a^'ainst  the  ZutuL;il  and  Ah-Tzi- 
ijuiniliayi  forces  under  llocal).  In  this  hatthj  1  local) 
was  slain  and  the  Quiches  victorious.  The  cainj)aii^n 
was  continued,  the  ZutUL;ils  heirn^-  aided  liy  many 
allies,  including  the  Pipiles  of  Salvador,  while  the 
(,)uiches  were  reinforced  hy  the  C'akchicjuels  and 
i'orces  fnjui  Vera  Paz.  In  a  later  hattle  the  loss  on 
hoth  sides  amounted  to  fourteen  thousand,  and  among 
the  slain  was  Balam  Acam,  who  is  hlamed  l»y  ,Iuar- 
ros  for  ])lunging  the  country  in  war  for  so  slight  a 
cause,  since  the  })Ui'])ose  of  the  ahduction  was  hoiior- 
ahle  marriage.  Long  wars  between  the  CakdiiijUels 
and  I'ipiles,®''  as  well  as  between  the  Qui«-hes  and 
]\[ames,  resulted  from  Balam's  attemjit  at  veng«  ance 


Ui 


lucotah   was  named   as   the  successor  of   lialam 


Acam,  while  yet  in  the  field.  Zutugilehpop,  llu.shed 
withxictory,  besieged  Xelahuh,  one  of  the  (Jiiiche 
strongholds,  hut  the  foi'tune  of  war  seems  to  have 
chango'l  with  the  change  of  ruleis,  for  tlie  Zutugils 
were  defeated  both  heiore  Xelahuh  and  in  their  own 
territory  about  the  lake,  and  their  king  died  of  gi'ief 
aiid  disapjtointment  soon  alter,  leaving  his  tlii'onc  to 
L\unal-Ahaus,  a  young  nuui  of  ninetei^n  ycai 


Tl 


lis 


oung  king  continued  the  war,  but  was  uiialile  to 
><trit;vo  the  ill-fortunes  of  his  [)eo}>le.  In  a  batth; 
fi'ii'jht  so'-'U  after  his  accession,  he  had  a  jiersonal  com- 


will 


M 


u'.i'oiali,   111    which    he  was   wounded 


aiK 


I 


tni'ced  to  retreat,  tlu'  (^)iiiclie  king  remaining  in  |>os- 
sfssion  t»f  the!  towns  that  his  iiretlfccssor  liad  con- 
t|Uere(l.  Maucotah  died  soon  alter  his  \ictoiy,  and 
Was  suc(ei'd(!d  by  l(|uibalam,  who  marched  with  two 
lnin<lred  thousand    men   into  the  Ziitunil   states,   de- 


termined   to    put 
valiant    l{iimal-Al 


an    eiu 


I     to    the    resistai 


ice 


laus,   who   had   reco\ei'e( 


I   I 


I'Dlll 


.1'     till 
tl 


lU 


n'ect 


s  ol    Ills  WoUlK 


I.    lb 


e  ca[>tured  many  towns,  par- 


1  ' 

lit 


,VI  < ' 


liii|ii('lH  iiikI    I'lpilcs  nliiiitst  (•(iiistaiillv    at    \\nr;    Si/iii'r'.s    I'nit 


lllK 


/•,,  i>.  :i'S.\;  1,1.,  ill  A. 


Ilia  Aiiiiiili.s,  1(1111.  fliii.,  11.   IM), 


'i 

! 


58(5 


TIIK  (iriCHK  ("AKCHKirKL  F.MPIUE 


ticiil.'irly  ill  tlio  territory  of  tlic  Pi])il.-'  and  about 
Za|)(>titlaii,  hut  lie  also  met  "vvitli  sovero  losses,  and 
seems  not  to  have  gained  any  ])ernianent  advantage 
ovi;i  the  Zntu^ils.  lie  died  diirinL;'  the  tanijiai^n, 
and  was  siieceeded  hy  Kieah,  or  (^nicah,  and  llunial- 
Ahaus  was  suceeediid  (jn  the  throne  of  Atitlan  at 
ahout  tlie  same  time  hy  Chichiahtuh'i." 


Tlui  reioii  of  Quicah  is  briefly  disposed  of  hy  Juai- 
ros  a,  i  ''  's:  "lie  ascended  the  throne  at  ani.ituic 
'tVj;o,  an<.  Lh  much  experience  in  military  and  j>o- 
litical  atla.is.  Cniichiahtulu,  who,  with  the  r.iiik  of 
Lieutenant  (Jenei'al,  had  gained  great  advantages 
over  the  Quiches  in  the  memorahle  campaign  of 
I'inar  (the  one  last  referred  to),  having  grasped  the 
Zutugil  sce})tre,  besieged  the  famous  stronghold  of 
Totonica[)an.  King  Kicab  not  only  ((jtposed  tin! 
movements  of  ( 'hichiahtulu  with  a  formidable  army, 
but  enlisting  sixty  thousand  soldiers.  In;  attacked 
with  them  many  cities  and  towns  of  the  l*i|)iles  ami 
Zutugils,  among  them  Patulul;  and  although  tlie 
governoi's  of  these  places  made  greit  elforts  to  de- 
JV'iid  tlu'in,  they  were  unable  to  resist  the  superioi' 
numbers  of  the  (,()uiches.  ( 'hichiahtulu,  seeing  that 
ions   wei'e  beini»'    lost,    hastened    by 


l)i.^ 


liesl 


tossess 


•n 


ibrced  marches  to  defend  them,  abandoning  the  sii'ge 
of  Totonicapan ;  hut  being  taken  grievously  ill  < 
account  of  his  haste  in  that  march,  ho  died  within  a, 
few  <lays,  greatly  to  the  sorrow  of  his  ptM)pIe.  Still 
his  aiiny  did  not  sus|)end  tluiir  march,  being  com- 
manded by  the  Lieutenant  (Jeneral  iManilahuh,  until 
they  arrived  within  sight  of  the  Qui<'ho  eam|>.  The 
fury  with  which  the  attack  was  made  on  both  sides 
is  unspeakable!;  but  the  coluimi  (»f  King  Kicab  on  ac 
unt  of  beiiiii'  close  and  double,  beinu'  harder  to  lireak 


»;o 


rii 
11  «(ii 


(iiiirnis,  Hint.  (I'liii'.,  ii|i.  1(!-'J.'{.  i'"ii('nt('H  used  ii  liistmy  wiitli'ii  liy 
Miiiil  ;,'niiiilsiiii  (if  llic  last  kin;,' of  ( iiijilciiiiilii,  Miilirr,  Anirr.  t'rn/., 
]>.  i'ii.  W'.Mi'rk,  I'lii/.  I'itl.,  p.  K;,  ili'i'liircs  ilii'  <  inatciiiiiliiii  iiiiniiisi'ii|il  < 
mil  ri'liiilili',  mill  .stairs  tlial.  tlu;  Miuario  niaimm'ript  ust'il  liy  1''iu'IiIl'.s  \mi» 
badly  tniiisiatcd. 


i:i;!(;.\  ok  (^iicaij  i. 


J87 


than  tlie  ft!cj])le  an  1  cxtciulcd  lines  of  ^ranilaliuli,  tlio 
latter  were  l)i'«jk('ii  and  scattered  in  less  than  an 
hour,  the  connnandei'  and  many  Atltlan  chiets  iRmi^- 
li'ft  on  the  field  ofhattle,  while  the  (.^)ni<'hes,  chanting- 
Aictorv,  returned   to    I'tatlan.      We  do  not  know   in 


'tan 


tl 


le  events  uik 


ler  t! 


le  sevens  nionarchs  of  (,)ui- 


clie   who   succeeded    Kicah  I.;  hut   it   is  certain    that 
these  two  kingdoms  were  never  for  a   lon<'-  time  at 


H'ace. 


tl 


.Now  Ci'nies  tne  version  ot  yuicahs  reii^-n  L,'"iven  hv 
the    !*()i)o]   ^/uli,  which   document  carries  the  (,.)uicl 


f  Qi 


h 


le 


histoiy  no  i'arthei',  save  a  mere  list  of  nionarchs 
;ih'eady  mentioned.  "IJcliold  now  the  names  of  the 
sixth  royal  L^eiieration,'''  of  the  t'"o  ^I'eat  kinus 
(^)iiical),  th(!  name  ot"  tlie  first  kinn',  and  (avi/imah, 
iiam(i  of  the  second  (Ali]>o[>  ('andia).  And  hehohl 
the  i^icat  deed  that  (^)uicah  and  ("avizimah  did,  and 
how  (,^uich('  was  made;  lah;ous  hy  reason  of  their 
ivally    mai'velous    condition.      I^ehold    tlu!    con(|Uest 


1  destruction  of  the  ia\ines  and  cities  of  tlu;  natioi 


an( 


i-reat  and  sma 


IS 


dl.  all 


very  near,  includim,^  tin!  city  of 
the  ( 'akchi(|uels,  that  now  called  ('huvila  (( 'hichi- 
casteiiaii^'o),  as  also  those  in  the  mountains  of  the 
llahinals,  that  of  Pamaca,  (Zacualpa),  in  the  moiint- 
iiiiis  of  (Jaokeh,  that  of  Zacahaha,  (San  .\n(h'e.s), 
Zakuleii,  (Jhu\  i-.Mii'^iiia,  Xelahuh,  ('hu\a-T/ak  (Mo- 
iiiosteiiaiiL>"o),  and  'I'zolohche  (( 'hi(|uimula).  These 
ahliorred  <.^)ui<'al»,  Ij'.it    truly  he  made;  war  upon  them 


and  ('(HKiiU'rei 


I  and 


riiiiK'i 


I  tl 


le   ra\iiies  and   the  cit  K's 


of  th(!  Itahinals,  of  th(!  ( 'akchi(|Ucls,  and  of  thi; 
pro|iK!  of  Zakiih'ii.  He  coii(|iiercd  all  the  trihi's  and 
carried  his  arms  alar.  (  hie  or  two  nations  not  ha\- 
iii'''  hroii'.dit  their  tiilmte  he  eiitei'ed  their  towns  that 


they  mi'^ht  linii'^-  their  tnhiite  helore  (JuH'ali  and 
( 'a\  i/iniah.  They  were  r«'diiced  to  s"r\itii(le;  they 
\\ei\'   tortured   and    their    |ieo|ile    tied    to    trees    and 


>lerc( 


■d  with   ari'(»ws;  there   was   for    them   no   \\ 


lore 


'''  •fiiiirnis,    Hit/,  linn/.,  |i|i.  "J.'t-I. 

'•>'  I'lio  M'\»'iilli  aiciirdiiiu  III  till'  lalilcH. 


n 


f.  M! 


583 


Tin-:  QUrCIIE-CAKCIIIQLKL  EMIMItr:. 


jj^lory  nor  lioiior.  Such  was  the  ruin  of  tliese  towns, 
(lustrovod  from  tliu  t'aco  of  the  eartli;  \\\<.^^  the  liiilit- 
iiin<j;'  wliicli  strikes  and  breaks  the  stone,  thus  liy 
terror  lie  hlottcd  out  the  nations. 

Befoi'e  Colelie,  as  a  sitj^nal  of  its  conquest,  tlion^ 
stands  to-da\'  a  monument  of  rock,  as  if  ho  had 
formed  it  with  ]iis  axe;  this  is  on  the  coast  called 
Petatayuh,  where  it  is  still  visihle,  so  that  evcryhodv 
looks  ujion  it  as  a  si^■n  of  Quieah's  valor,  lie  could 
not  be  killed  or  conquered;  verily  he  was  a  hero,  and 
all  nations  brouj^ht  to  him  their  tribute.  Then,  all 
the  princes  having  taken  counsel,  they  went  away  to 
fortify  the  ravines  and  the  towns,  haviuLC  taken  pos- 
session of  the  towns  of  all  nations.  Then  sentinels 
(spies)  were  dispatched  to  observe  the  enemy,  and 
new  tribes  (or  colonies)  were  formed  to  dwell  in  the 
conquered  countries."  Then  follows  with  Irequent 
re[)etitions  an  account  of  these  colonies,  their  de|iart- 
ure  for  their  posts,  their  victories,  and  a  list  of  citiis 
occu})ied  by  them,  includinu^  most  of  the  names 
already  mentioned.  "Everywhere  they  waytd  wai', 
takiuijf  continually  new  cai)tives;  they  becauK'  in  tin  ir 
turn  heroes,  they  who  had  been  _ii;'uards  of  iVontii  r 
])osts;  they  became  stront^-  in  their  laui^ua^e  as  in 
their  thouo'hts  before  the  kin^s  when  they  brought  in 
their  })risoners  and  captives." 

"Then  assembled  the  council  at  the  orderof  the  kind's, 
of  the  Alq)o|»  and  the  Ahpoj)  (.'andia,  of  tin.'  (iaKl, 
and  of  the  .\litzic  Winak;  and  it  was  decided  that, 
whatever  mii^ht  hajipen,  they  should  remain  at  the 
head,  for  their  dinuities  were  there  to  repri'siMit  tin  if 
family.  '  I  am  the  Ahpop,  1  am  the  .\hpo[»  ( 'anilia. 
Ah])o[)  to  hold  my  rank  like  thine,  ( >  Ahau  (iahl.' 
As  to  the  (Jah'ls,  their  nobility  shall  be,  re[ilie(l  all 
the  lords  formino"  a  decision.  Likewise  diil  those  of 
Tainub  and  Ilocab;  equal  was  the  comlition  of  the 
three  races  of  Quiche,  when  the  chiefs  of  the  peo|i|(' 
set  themselves  uj)  a^'ainst  the  kinn's  and  assunn d 
nobility.     Such  was  the  result  of  this  assemhly.  hut 


REVOLT  OF  THE  PLKr.EIAXS. 


G89 


it  was  iK)t  tliore  in  Quielie  tliat  tlio  power  was  seizctl. 
The  name  of  the  ])hiee  exists  wliere  the  vassal  chiefs 
took  possession  of  the  power,  for  although  they  had 
l)een  sent  eaeli  to  a  different  phice,  all  afterwards  as- 
senihled  together. 

Xehalax  and  Xecamao  are  tlie  names  of  the  |)laoe 
Avliere  they  took  possession  of  the  power,  at  the  time 
Avlien  they  assenihled  their  rank,  and  tliat  took  i)lace 
at  Chnlimal.  Behold  the  nomination,  the  installa- 
tion, and  the  recou'nition  of  the  twenty  (Jalels.  and 
the  twenty  Ahpo|)s  who  were  installed  hy  the  Ah])op 
and  tile  Ahj)op  (Jamha,  hy  the  (ialel  and  the  Ahtzic 
Wiiiak.  All  the  (jralel-Ahpo[)s  entered  into  their 
laiik,  eleven  Nim-Chocoh,  ('ulel-Ahpop,  Calel-Zakik, 
CJalel-Aehih,  Kahpop-Aliih,  Kahtzalain-Aehili,  Ut- 
zun-Achih,  titles  (jf  the  wariiors  which  thev  ohtained 
when  they  were  nominated  and  titled  on  their  thrones 
and  on  their  })rineipalities,  they  who  were  the  chiefs 
of  the  vassals  of  the  Quiche  nation,  its  sentinels  and 
s|ties,  its  chiefs  of  the  lances  and  chiefs  of  the  slinks, 
the  ramparts,  the  walls,  and  the  towers  which  de- 
I'ciuled  (.>)iiiche.  'IMius  alstj  did  the  people  of  Tamul) 
and  I  local),  the  chiefs  of  the  })eo])le  in  each  locality 
]iavin!<^  seized  the  power  and  caused  themselves  to  he 
titled.  Such  was  the  origin  of  the  Galel-Ahpops  and 
of  the  titles  that  )iow  exist  in  each  of  these  j)laces; 
such  was  their  source,  when  they  sjiraiii;'  up  at  the 
hands  of  the  Ahpop  and  the  .Mip(»p  ( 'amha,  as  also 
III'  the  CJalel  and  of  the  Ahtzic  Winak,  from  whom 
they  derived  their  existence."'^ 

b'rom  the  ])recediny'  narrative  we  leai'n  that  (j>uical) 
hy  his  skill  in  war  and  the  vahji'  of  his  armies  ex- 
tended the  im])erial  Quiche  ])ower  far  heyond  its 
liiiiiier  limits,  suhjectiuL;'  to  the  monarch  of  I'tatlan 
nearly  the  whole  of  Guatemala;  and  also  that 
later  in  liis  reiy'ii  he  was  forced  Ity  a  comhination  of 
liis  vassal  chieftains,   to   whom  military   power   had 


'ii 


''  I',, /III/  Villi,  |)|i.  :U7-'27;  Xinii'iii'z,  Hixf.  Iml.   (Imil.,  |i]).  l'_'.')-!). 
iiif  .soiiii'  tliU'civiiei's  and  omi.ssiiiiw  in  tlie  SiiaiiUli  tiaii^lalinii. 


Tlicrc 


590 


THE  QUICHli-CAKCriigUKL  EMl'IUE. 


been  entrusted  diiriui^  his  conquests,  to  reornfaiiizc  liis 
j^overnnient,  and  to  bestow  on  tliese  ohiettains  of  tlu.' 
j)eo])lo  nobility,  and  })ractieally  the  control  of  the  em- 
pire. With  this  poHtical  revohition  the  record  ;is 
l)resented  by  the  Popol  Yuh  ceases,  the  reniainihr  of 
the  document  bein<jf  devoted  to  a  description  df 
Quiche  institutions  ah'eady  ^'ivcn  in  anotlier  vohinu^ 
of  this  work.  Whether  a  })ortion  of  the  original  work 
has  l)ecn  lost,  or  tlie  Quiche  history  "was  deemed  by 
the  author  to  have  ceased  with  the  humiliution  of  tlie 
ancient  nobility  by  their  forced  association  wltli  ])1l'- 
beian  chiiil's,  it  is  impossible  to  determine.  Ximeiuz 
in  his  account  of  the  Quiche  kings  devotes  five  liius 
to  Quicab  and  Cavizimah,  whom,  however,  he  unites 
in  one  jierson.^'  For  additional  details  of  Quical/s 
reign  and  the  political  changes  which  marked  it,  as 
well  as  lor  all  subsequent  Guatemalan  history,  we 
have  only  the  Cakchicpiel  record,'^"  witjj  slight  infoiiii- 
ation  from  other  documents,  as  presented  in  tlic 
history  of  Brasseur  do  Bour])ourg,  together  witli  tlio 
work  of  Juarros,  wh(»se  version  of  Quicab's  reign  lias 
already  been  presented. 

We  left  Chiyoc  Queh,  the  Cakchiquel  monanli, 
endeavoring  to  restore  the  former  ylory  of  his  nation 
by  re-uniting  its  scattered  tribes  under  one  head. 
The  Zotzil-Tukuches  were  the  oidy  tribe  that  re- 
fused to  recognize  his  royal  authority,  and  at  last 
the  C  akchi(iuel  monarch  applied  to  the  Quiche  king 
ibi-  aid.  Quicab  and  Cavizimah  had  just  succeedt d 
to  tlie  throne  of  Utatlan,  probably  early  in  the  tit- 
teentli  century.  They  sent  an  army  and  I'outed  tlio 
Zotziles,  plundering  and  burning  their  towns  and  jnit- 
ting  tlie  inhabitants  to  death  without  inei'cy.  Tluy 
did  not  stop  here,  however,  but  forced  Xicpiitzal  ainl 
llahamun,  who  succeeded  Chiyoc  Queh  on  tlu"  Cak- 
cliiquel   throne,  to  give  up  their  sovereign  rights  and 

■V'  E.wofiiis,  ill  Hist.  full,  (hint.,  \\\).  lfi8-9. 

"'  Mini,  i/c  'JWjntii-Atitliui,  in  Lni.ssciir,  Jli.st.,  toiii.  ii.,  \>i).  50;i-iri. 


TYRRANY  OF  QUICAH  I. 


591 


submit  to  become  vassal  lords,  such  of  tlio  poo])le  as 
icsi.sted  being  massacred,  sacrificed,  or  sold  aw  slaves. 
The  Maines  met  with  the  same  treatment,  their 
stronofest  towns  inchidini»'  Zakuleu  and  Xelahuh 
( lluehuetenanj^o  and  C^uezaltenani>())  beini;-  forced  to 
yield  to  the  armies  of  LTtatlan.  Then  the  liabinals 
and  ]\'komams  were  conquered,  and  no  power  was 
Ijft  that  could  make  any  resistaiice.  Quicab  claimed 
t  )  be  absolute  monarch  of  the  whole  (Juatemalan 
country;  he  admitted  no  allied  kinys  paying*  hoinai,re 
and  a  nominal  tribute  as  they  had  done  under  the 
]-eii,a  of  his  predecessors,  but  reduced  all  rulei's  to  the 
condition  of  royal  govx'rnors  entirely  subject  to  his 
command.  Few  kings  would  submit  to  such  condi- 
tions and  most  were  conse(juently  I'emoved  to  make 
room  for  governors  appointed  by  the  Quiche  emperor, 
lu  his  elibrts  to  subordinate  all  rank  and  })ower  to 
Ills  own  personal  sovereignty,  ho  naturally  ai'rayed 
the  nobility  of  even  ^he  Quiclie  royal  families  against 
liiinself,  "ud  the  means  ado[)ted  to  humble  the  ancient 
iiiistocracy  were  the  a[>pointment  to  high  j)ositions  in 
the  army  of  })lebeian  officers  distinguisheil  for  their 
valor,  and  the  humiliation  of  the  noble  officers  on  ev- 
ery possible  occasion.  The  new  chieftains  were  called 
Acliiliab,  and  so  numerous  did  they  become  and  so 
liighly  were  they  favored  and  stinmlated  against 
the  nobles,  that  they  soon  jxtssessed,  and  fully  realized 
their  jiossession  of,  the  controlling  power  :n  the  em- 
pii'c.  In  his  efFoi"ts  to  humiliiite  one  class,  (^iiicai) 
had  created  another  which  he  could  not  coiiti-ol  by 
force  and  which  he  had  zealously  educatud  t<j  disre- 
Lii'.fd  all  authority  based  on  noble  birtli. 

The  Achihab,  no  longer  content  with  military  rank, 
aspired  to  the  higher  dignities  of  the  court;  the  ])eo- 
]ilc  were  naturally  enthusiastic  in  favor  of  their  chiefs 
and  were  by  them  encouraged  to  question  the  author- 
ity of  their  king  over  them.  Soori  a  deputation  was 
sent  to  the  court  to  demand  certain  reforms  in  favor 
of  the  peo])le,  including  an  abolition  of  [)ei'sonal  ser- 


r 


592 


THE  liUICHK-CAKCIIlQrKL  KMI'IUE 


vice  and  lal)()r  on  tlie  lii^liways.  Quical*  sconifullv 
ref'iised  thu  i»ctiti(>n  of  the  popular  cliief's,  and  his 
court  was  .soon  ahaudoned  hy  the  Acliihah  as  it  h;id 
loUi''  heeu  hy  most  of  the  nohles.  Two  of  his  sons, 
Tatayac  and  Ahytza,  joined  the  Aehihah  in  tlie  icvdh. 
])roniisino'  tla.'ni  all  the  j)roj>erty  and  titles  of  tlu'  ih.- 
l)ility  in  case  of  success,  and  heiiiijc  proniisi'd  in  turn 
the  inheritance  of  the  thi'oiie  with  the  ])alaces,  sla\ ts, 
and  wealth  pertainiiiL,'-  t])ereto.  Quicah,  in  his  cx- 
treniity,  a})]»lied  for  aid  to  the  very  nohility  he  had 
so  op[)ressed,  and  seems  to  have  received  their  zealous 
,su])[>oi-t,  for  notwithstanding'  the  treatment  tlu  y  h.id 
wutfered  at  the  hands  of  the  monarch,  they  saw  jilainly 
that  with  the  success  of  the  rebels  all  their  jtrcsti^t.- 
would  he  entirely  destroyed.  By  the  advice  of  tl.i' 
assemhled  nohles  the  leaders  of  the  Acliihah,  iiichiil- 
ins4"  those  mIio  had  com[M)sed  the  deputation  demand 
insj;'    reforms,    were    seizi'd    and   ])ut  to   death.     Tliis 


caused   an   imme( 


liat 


e   risuiL''  o 


f  tl 


le 


l)eoi 


•  le,    Wlio. 


Ill- 


cited  hy  their  chiefs,  and  hy  the  descendants  of  (h 
Tanud)  and  Ilocah,  invaded  l-tatlan,  j)illa'4'i'd  tli 
royal  palaces,  and  almost  annihilated  hy  niassacic  tli 


ancient  no 


hilit' 


Tl 


K!  knii;"  liap|)ene( 


Itol 


)e  m  a  iiciyli- 


horiiin'  town  at  tlie  time,  and  his  life  was  spared  at 
the  intercession  of  his  sons;  hut  he  was  kept  a  ])iison(  r 
Avhilt>  the  rehel  chieftains  assemhled  in  council  as 
already  narrate«l  in  the  Popol  \'uh,  to  reconstruct  tlic 
monarchy  and  to  choose  from  their  own  numlier  llif 
many  lords  that  have  heen  mentioned.  At  the  clo~.i' 
of  their  (lelihei'ations  the  kiut;-  aiul  the  sui'vix  mil;'  ii" 
hies  of  the  royal  families  were  ohlio-i'd  to  ratity  tlif 
appointments  at  (.'huliman,  wJiere  the  new  lords  wen.' 
installed  with  n-reat  ceremony.  The  Ahpoj)  and  Ali- 
]>op  (amha,  seem,  however,  to  have  heen  h  It  nomin- 
ally in  possession  of  their  royal  rank,  aUhounh  the 
power  was  ))ractically  taken  iVom  them. 

A  (puirrel  hroke  out  hetween  the  Quiches  and   tlic 


l^akci 


iKiUels    I'esn 


lin<4- 


m   or   near 


rtatli 


HI, 


aiK 


I    till 


chiefs  of  the  latter,  Vucuhatz  and  Jluntoh,  allhou^^h 


WAU  WITH  THE  (AKCIIK  »ri:i.S. 


593 


jiartlc'iil.-ir  fi-iends  of  Qiiical),  wore  forct-d  to  flci!  from 
tliL'  city  to  avoid  di'atli  at  the  liaiuls  df  tlu'  .\cliilial». 
Diii'iiiH'  tln'ir  tli^lit,  liowevcr,  acfoiiijtaiiii'd  l)y  a  lari;*; 
Itand  of  lol lowers,  tliey  coiiimitted  <4ri;at  ravages  in 
till'  (.^uii'lie  lands  until  tlu-y  arrived  at  the  Cakclii- 
(liuil    capital    of  Tec  pan  C^uaulitcnialaii,  (tr    Iximche. 


Oil  tl 


R'lr  arriv 


al  tl 


wy  asscnii* 


led  th 


>M 


lo  nohk.'s,  and  cvcrv 


lircpai'atioii  was  made  to  resist  the  Quiches,  who,  it 
WHS  thought,  would  not  louuf  delay  an  attack.  The 
( "akchi<iuels  detei'inined  to  shake  of}"  the  C^)iilche  yoke; 
\'ucul)atz  and  lluntoh  were  I'aised  to  the  throne,  w  ith 
the  titles  of  Ahjiozot/il  and  Alij>o.\aliil,  horiie  hy 
their  successors  down  to  the  Coii(|Uest.  The  \v;ir 
lic<j;an  hy  the  defeat  of  a  (Quiche  ai'iny  sent  to  punish 
the  Cakchiipiels  for  their  warlike  demonstrations. 
Other  nations  were  ready  to  follow  the  examjile  of 
tin;  ( 'akchiduels;  the   Zot/iles,   Tzendales,   <.)uelen 


([ue 


es. 


frames,  Ivahinals,  ZutuL<ils,  and  Ah-T/i<piiniliayi  de- 


l 


claicd  their  mtlei)en(lenc(!,  and  manyoi  thest;  |)eo))les 
t    onlv    thriiw    ofl'  their  allei;iance  to  (^)uical),    hut 


im 


were  further  divided  into  independent  hands  or  citi 

The  ("akchi([uel  monarchy  soon  cxtench^d  over  nearly 
all  of  (Jnatemala  south  of  Lake  Atitlan  and  of  the 
llio  Mota^ua,  includini^  many  I'okoinam  districts, 
thus  not  only  l)ecominL>'  independent  of  tin;  crown  of 
rtatlan,  hut  also  ac([uii'in<4"  for  itself  the  halance  of 
power  in  the  whole  coimtry,  so  loiin"  held  hy  the  f^hii- 
cIk's.  (^)uical»,  now  the  mert!  tool  of  the  Achihah, 
made  little  or  no  resistance,  and  was  forced  to  see  his 
nation  reduced  to  a,  secondaiw  position,  her  <  •'vitory 
hciiiL,'"  constantly  diminished  hy  the  revolt  oi  new 
|>rovvnces  and  cities 


It 


d,  1 


s  said,  However,  hy  tHe  au- 


thor of  the  (yakclii<[uel  (locuineiit,  that  the  A<'liihal) 
had  heeii  I'estraiiu'd  from  attackiiiL;'  their  ii\als  in 
tile  south  hy  the  intluence  of  (^hiicah,  who  was 
friendly  to  the  Cakchi(piel  kin,ns,  hut  this  seems 
hardly  prohahle.  It  is  much  more  likely  that  the 
Achihah  did  not  attack  N'ucuhatz   and    lluntoh    he- 


cause  all  their  power  was  reipiiiec 


I  t 


o 


Vol..  V.   as 


repl 


ess 


Jiostile 


II 


594 


THE  QUICHE-CAKCniQl'EI^  EMPIRE. 


demonstrations  nearer  homo.  Tlie  idea  of  |)()]>iil;ii- 
rinlits  whicli  had  rohhed  Qiiieab  of  his  greatness  imd 
raised  the  vassal  cliiets  to  power  was  as  d;n i^ei-ous 
and  iinmana^eahle  tor  the  new  as  for  the  old  iiohilitv. 

Ahont  tlie  middle  of  the  fifteenth  centuiy  the 
Quiclu'  and  Cakchiquel  rulers  died  and  wei'e  suc- 
ceeded, the  former  by  Tepepnl  11.  and  Iztayul  111., 
the  latter  hy  t)xlahuh-Tzy  and  Lahidi-Ali.  Tlu- 
Ah}>o-\ahil,  or  second  in  rank  at  Iximdie,  li<>\v- 
ever,  lived  only  a  few  years,  atid  Avas  followed  l)V 
his  son  Cahlahuh-Tiha.x.  Immediately  after  the 
change  of  rulers  war  was  declared  between  the  two 
nations,  and  at  a  time  Avhen  the  Cakchicjuels  Mere 
weakened  by  a  famine  resultini*-  from  a  failure  of 
crops,  the  Quiche  army  marched  au^ainst  IxiuKJu''. 
The  kind's  Tepej)ul  II.  and  Iztayul  I II.,  acco'  "oaiiii  d 
the  army,  escorting  the  idol  of  their  <^'od  T  ;  Imt 
their  forc«'s  were  routed  with  o-reat  loss  afte.  ./ritic 
contest,  near  the  Cakchi(juel  capital;  both  kinii's  with 
tlie  idol  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  and  nothinu' 
farther  is  recorded  of  their  lives.  Ximenez"''  ?)uts  the 
revolt  of  the  Cakchiquels  and  the  establishment  of 
their  monarchy  in  the  rei^n  of  these  king's  instead  ot" 
that  of  Quicab;  and  he  also  mentions  a  successful 
revolt  of  the  tribes  of  Sacatepeques  against  the  Cak- 
chi(piels,  jind  the  arrival  of  a  band  of  l\)koniaui.s 
from  Salvador,  who  were  <»iven  lands  within  the 
limits  of  the  two  kingdoms.  The  two  captive  nioii- 
archs  may  have  been  put  to  death  by  their  captors, 
so  that  it  is  not  certain  that  Iztavul  III.  ever  heM 
a  higher  raidc  than  that  of  Ah])op  Camha. 

Tecum,  Tepepul  II.,  Vahxaki-Caam,  and  Quic-ali 
IT.  followed  on  the  throne  of  Utatlan  down  to  the 
beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century,  but  nothing  is 
known  of  their  reigns,  and  the  Quiches  seem  to  havr 
hud  but  little  to  do  with  (hiatemalan  events  beyond 
the  limits  of  their  own  territory  during  this  j)eri  xl. 
Juarros,   however — and    it  is  to  be  noted  that  tins 

"  Escolios,  in  Hist.  Ind.  Giifif.,  pp.  1G1)-71. 


LATKll  KINCS  AT  ITATI.AN. 


")95 


author  L;ivc's  lu)  intimation  of  any  serious  icvei'sts  to 
the  (^)uii-liL!  nionart-liv  attributes  to  Quiral)  I  I.  a 
successtiil  cainpaiL;!!  against  tlie  AFanier;,  untlcrtakcii 
liecauso  liis  own  torritttry  was  found  to  Ite  o\  er- 
(  rowdccl  with  tlu-  inc-reasiuijf  nunihers  of  his  suhj(  rts, 
and  because  the  Manies  were  a  miserable  peoph',  who 
siiould  be  content  \vitli  less  territoiy.  At  the  re]»oit 
of  Quicab's  warlike  preparations,  all  the  sui'roundin^' 
nations  made  read v  for  defence,  lujt  knowinij'  on  wliirh 
of  themselves  the  blow  was  to  fall.  The  loid  of  tbe 
blames,  Lahulujuieh  by  name,  marched  boldly  to 
meet  the  Quiche  army  under  the  command  of  the 
kini;-.  The  battle  lasted  all  day,  with  no  decisive 
advantao'o  on  either  side;  but  durin,L>'  the  iiiu'lit 
(,^)uical)  stained  a  commandinijc  [tosition  on  a  hill,  from 
the  summit  of  which,  at  sunrise,  a  storm  of  stones 
and  arrows  was  showered  iii)on  the  foe.  Jjahuh(|iiith 
was  soon  defeated — the  lord  of  Iximche,  as  is  said, 
aidiui^  ill  his  overthrow^ — and  his  peoj)le  were  driviii 
{'vo\n  their  possessions  to  the  northern  mountains.'"'** 

Al)out  all  that  is  known  of  the  kin^s  that  reiL;'ned 
at  lUatlan  IVom  the  death  of  Quicab  li.,  })i'obably 
about  the  bei;inuinL;*  of  the  sixteenth  century,  down  to 
ir)24,  is  their  names  as  oiven  l)y  the  l\)pol  \'uh, 
A^ucub-Noh,  Cavate})ech,  Uxib-Quieh,  and  J>elehel) 
Tzi,  the  last  two  bein<i^  respectively  ^\hpo})  and 
Ahpop  Candia  at  the  arrival  of  Pedro  de  Alvarado. 
Juarros  names  as  kind's  for  a  correspond iny  ))eriod, 
1  ximclie,  Kicab  III.,  Kicah  IV.,  Kicab  Tanub,  Tecum 
I'^mam,  Chi^-naviucelut,  and  Seipiechul.  This  author 
finds  it  recorded  that  during"  the  rei,L;ii  of  Kic-ab 
Taiudj  an  envoy  arrived  from  JMontezuma  11.,  of 
^Texico,  announciuL^  the  presence  of  the  Spaniards, 
and  his  own  imprisonment,  news  which  caused  the 
Quiches  to  make  active  preparations  for  del'eiice. 
Juarros  also  relates  that  Ahuitzotl,  kiuo-  of  ^Texico, 
after  many  unsuccessful  attempts  to  coufpier  (Juate- 
uiala,  sent  an  embassy  to  the  d'Jferent  kings,  osteusi- 

-'  J'uirroD,  Hint,  Guat.,  \)\^.  24-G. 


i 

i 


i ; 


1; 


\i 


'X  ■    ': 


SI 


59G 


THE  QUICH^-CAKCHIQUEL  EMPIRE. 


Itly  to  ftjrm  an  alliance  with  them,  but  as  the  soutli- 
ui'ii  rulers  believed,  to  study  the  country  and  the  bust 
moiius  of  attack;  the  embassadors  were  conseiiueiitly 
driven  out  of  the  country.  The  arguments  of  tliis 
and  other  authors,  that  Guatemala  was  never  suli- 
jccted  to  jSIexican  rule  need  not  be  repeated,  simi! 
there  is  absolutely  no  evidence  in  support  of  such  a 
subjection.®^ 

Tlie  Cakchiquel  record''''  gives  some  additio:ial  in- 
formation respecting  the  later  period  of  Guatemalan 
aboriginal  history.  The  Cakchitpiel  monarcli  ( )xla- 
liuh-Tzy  seems  to  have  been  disposed  to  follow  llio 
exam})le  of  Quicab  at  Utatlan,  by  humbling  tln' 
])ride  of  his  vassal  kings,  and  taking  from  tluiii  all 
real  power.  Among  the  most  powerful  of  his  allits 
Ave  re  the  Akahales  of  Sacatapeques  under  Ychal- 
.Vinollac.  This  ruler  was  sunnnonod  befjre  the  r^yal 
tiibunal  at  Ixiniche  on  some  pretext  and  was  ])ut  to 
death  as  soon  as  he  appeared  in  the  judgment-liall ; 
tlie  domain  of  tlie  Akahales  was  annexed  to  the  pns- 
ses.iions  of  the  Cakchiquel  monarch,  and  })laced  undi  r 
the  government  of  officers  who  were  that  king's  crea- 
tures. The  natural  conse(pience  of  Gxlahuli-'J'zy's 
and)iti(»n  Avas  tlie  formation  of  a  league  against  liini 
by  powerful  tribes  unwilling  to  surrender  their  indr 
]»cndence.  Among  these  wei'e  the  Ah-Tzi(|uinihayi  nt' 
^ititlan  under  Wookaok,  and  the  Caokeb  uiuU^r  \\r- 
leheb  diih;  tiie  latter,  liowever,  were  couvpiered  by  tlie 
victorious  king  of  Ixiinche.  About  this  time  internal 
dissensions  were  addoA  to  the  extern.il  condtinatinn 
against  Oxlahuh-Tzy.  The  Cakchi(iuels  at  Ixiniclie 
were  divided  into  two  branches,  the  Zotziles  and  the 
Tukucb.es,  and  the  leader  of  the  latter,  Cay-Hiinah|Mi 
took  advantage  of  the  ill-fejling  jiroduced  by  the 
king's  ()])pressive  nn>a.sures  against  tlie  nobility,  to 
revolt  with  his  juirtisans,  leaving  the  capit.il  rnd  i'or- 

■'9  ni.,  itp.  0-11,  nn-D. 

t-"  Mciit.  (('(    Tcrjitiii-.ltilldii,  ill  lirti.stinir,  Hist.,  tdiu.  ii.,  \\\\.  521)  'li*). 


REVOLT  or  OF  CAY-IIL'NAIIPU. 


397 


tityinc*'  Ills  new  position  near  1)V,  Hero  ho  awaiti'd 
the  luoveiiierits  of  tliu  revolting-  tribes  wliicli  wore 
lean'iied  au'ainst  tlio  Cakchiouels,  believinu"  tlii'V 
Avould  take  advantage  of  his  secession  to  attack  Ixiiu- 
(•liii,  and  h()|)ing  by  aidinijf  their  attack  and  u'raiitiii"' 
tlieir  inde[)endence,  to  phice  hiniseU'  on  tlie  tl'.roiu'. 
The  ti'il)es  in  (jnestion  and  others  did  talce  adxantage 
of  Cay-Hnnalipu's  seiiession,  not  liowever  to  attack 
the  capital  and  thns  lend  themselves  to  that  chief's 
ambitious  projects,  but  to  declare  their  independence, 
(.stablish  governments  of  their  own,  and  to  make 
preparations  for  the  defence  of  their  luunes.  Tlie  re- 
^olting  })rovinces  included  tliat  of  Sacatape(|ues  as 
already  mentioned  by  Ximenez,  and  the  sjigniories  of 
Tzolola,  Mixco,  Yann)uk,  and  Pa]>uluka,  established 
at  this  time,  maintained  their  in(le})endence  of  '  'ak- 
<lii(piol  control  down  to  the  concpiest,  except  })erhaps 
^[ixco. 

(Jry  llunalijiu,  disappointed  in  the  movements  of 
liis  allies,  attacked  Iximche  with  the  Tukuc-hcs  under 
liis  command,  ixit  his  partisans  were  routed,  m(»st  of 
them  boing  killed  find  the  remainder  Heeing  to  dis- 
tant [)rovinces;  ■"\hile  the  leader  was  also  among  the 
slain.  T!iu^:  ( )xlahuh-'rzv  was  still  victorious,  but 
was  in  no  coiulition  to  jsttemitt  the  reduction  of  the 
ivbel  [)rovinces;  for  new  internal  troubles  soon  broke 
oiit.  Cinahitoh,  one  of  his  bravest  commanders  in 
the  last  war,  but  apparently  of  plebeian  birth,  do- 
niandeil  tlie  rank  of  Aht/ih  Winak  made  vacant  by 
the  death  of  Cay-Ilunah|>u,  i>ut  hisclaim  was  ri'jtctod, 
the  oiUce  giveti  to  Abinoxnag,  and  the  brave  C'iw 
liitoli  was  j)ut  to  death,  'i'he  sucfrssful  candidato 
was  also  executed  for  li'eason  within  ayoai'.  ( >xlaln;h- 
T/,y  contimied  in  his  policy  of  opposition  to  the  no- 
bles, and  even  succeeded  in  regaining  a  few  of  iho 
weiker  tribes  that  liad  thrown  off  their  allegiance  to 
his  throne.  In  a,  wai'  with  the  .\kahales  it  ,s  rei'ordt  •! 
that  a  band  of  Yai|ui,  or  Mexicans,  p''obably  traders, 
took  part  against  the  Cakclii(piels. 


5J8 


THE  QUICHE-CAKCIIIQUEL  EMIMIIE. 


About  1501  a  defeat  of  the  Zutiio-jls  aiul  the  cap- 
ture of  their  strong-hold  of  Zakcab  V)y  the  Cjikehi.|in  1 
kiuijf  is  recorded;  and  about  the  same  time  tlio 
Ali-Tziquinihayi  under  \V(.*okaok  wei"e  besiru^cd  in 
Atitlan,  but  succeeded  in  defeatinii^  the  inv.ukis. 
lle.s))ectin<;'    the    last    epocli   of   Cakclii(juel    liistcuv, 


uarros  sa\'s; 


The  Cakchi(|uel  kinsj,   Nimaliui 


n.Mc 


also  enjoyed  for  a  loui^  time  the  ]>romised  tranciuility, 
haviiiMj-  made  ])eace  and  a  perpetual  alliance  with  t!ic 
J'i|»iles;  l)ut  this  king  havini'' made  his  near  relative 
Ai'pocacpiil  treasurer  of  his  tributes,  this  traitor 
seized  upon  the  city  of  Patinamit,  now  Tec[)an  (hia- 
teniala  (Iximche)  and  all  the  country  subject  to  that 
Cakchi(|uel  stronL>"hold ;  and  the  Zutui^il  king- having- 
declared  himself  an  ally  of  the  rebel  A('poca(piil.  an 
i>bstinate  war  was  waged  between  these  two  loids. 
which  lasted  d«)wn  to  the  arrival  t)f  the  yi)aniai"(ls. 
And  it  even  seems  that  this  was  the  reason  why 
Sinacam,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  thi' 
('akchi(piels,  summoned  and  received  p(\acerully  the 
S|)aniards,  in  order  to  regain  by  their  aid  the  gii'at 
j)()ssessions  of  which  Acpocaquil,  aicK'd  by  tlu'  king 
of  Atitlan,  had  (les[)()iled  him."'''  Tiie  (biutemalaiis 
were  not  left  altogether  without  warnings  df  the 
Sj)aniar(ls'  coming,  for  as  cai'ly  as  the  reign  ol'  (^^iii- 
cab  11. — which,  howe\'er,  was  al'tei'  tlu^  Spaniards 
were  actually  on  the  American  coasts-  Ximeue/  re- 
lates that  the  sou  of  the  Cakchi(|uel  king,  a  gr(  at 
sorcerer,  was  wont  to  visit  the  Quiche  cities  l>y  nighi, 
insulting  the  king  with  o[)prol>rious  epithe 
disturbing  his  rest.  (Jreat  rewards  were  oU'ered  hn' 
his  capture,  and  at  last  he  was  taken  and  biought 
Itound  into  Quicab's  ])resence,  wliei'e  preparalimis 
were  matle  for  his  sacriHce,  when,  addressing  the  as- 
senddy  the  captive  sj)ok(5  as  follows.  "Wait  a  hitle 
ai 


.Ik 


id   hear  what    I    wisli   to  say  to  you;   know  that    a 
time  is  to  come  in  which  you  will  be  in  di'sjtair  I'V 

•"  rFiinrni.t.  Hist,  (iimf.,  ]\.  '2'!.     It  is  iiiipossiMi- to  connct't  lliis  iiirnnnt 
ill  any  win  with  tlir  oiIu-m. 


PROrilECY  OF  DISASTEU. 


J99 


reason  of  the  calamities  that  are  to  come  upon  you; 
and  this  rnama-cdixoii,  'miserable  old  man,'  (the 
kinin)  must  die;  and  know  that  certain  nitn,  not 
naked  like  you,  but  armed  from  head  to  foot,  will 
come,  and  these  will  be  terril)le  and  cruol  men,  sons 
of  Teja;  i)erhaps  this  will  ))e  to-morrow,  or  day  alter 
to-morrow,  and  they  will  destroy  all  these  cdilices, 
whicji  will  become  the  hal)itations  t)f  v\\\s  and  wild- 
cats, and  then  will  come  to  an  end  all  the  grandeur 
of  this  court."  Thus  having''  spoken,  he  was  sacri- 
liced  to  tlie  ^ods.^^ 

At  the  bejjfinnintif  of  tlie  sixteenth  ccnturv,  tliree 
rival  and  hostile  monarchies  ruled  (Juateniala,  that  of 
the  Quiches  at  Utatlan,  under  Vucub-Noh  and  (  a- 
vate})ech,  j)rol)ably  the  Kicab  Tanub  of  Fufutes; 
that  of  tlie  Cakchiijuels  at  Iximche,  under  ( )\l;ihuh- 
Tzy  and  Cablahuh-Tihax ;  and  that  of  the  Zutu!u;ils 
at  Atithin,  under  Wookaok.  The  condition  of  the 
Cakchicpiel  and  Zutuoil  powers  has  already  bicn  por- 
trayed s(»  far  as  there  is  any  information  extant  on 
tlie  subject.  The  Quiche  monarchy  had  recovered  m 
a  certain  sense  a  lariat;  ]>art  of  its  ibrnu'r  ])t)wer.  'IMie 
Achihab  had  shrewdly  kept  the  descendants  of  the 
ancient  kings  on  the  thnjne,  and  thus  st'cured  some- 
thing of  the  friendship  and  respi'ct  of  tlu'  se.ittei'ed 
loi'd.s.  True,  these  lorils  maintained  their  indepi  nd- 
ence  of  the  king  of  Utatlan,  but  so  long  as  their 
privileges  wt're  not  interfered  with  they  wii'c  still 
<Juu'Ik'  allies  against  the  hatt'd  ( 'akchitpiels  and  all 
ethei'  fore'ign  powers.  So  with  all  the  indejiendent 
tribes  in  the  counti'v,  who,  although  admitting  no 
t'ontrol  on  the  part  of  either  monareh,  were  at  heart 
allies  ol'  one  of  them  against  the  tdlieis.  Thus  the 
ancient  t'Uipire  had  been  jtractically  disitled  into 
tlir  e,  each  with  its  allied  kingdoms  or  sei'^nioiies,  of 
which  three  that  of  the  /iitugils  and  Ah'T/(|uiniliayi 
at  .A  tit  Ian,  was  nuich  less  j)o\\errnl  and  eMiiisive 
than  the  othei's. 

'''  .Viiiniir::,  h\iiv/t<>s,  in  ///.v/.  Jml.  (iiiii/.,  1<[K  \1'2-',\. 


CO.') 


TiiK  (ii'i('H!;-rAic("iri(,>ri;i.  kmpiim:. 


Tlioro  is  no  doubt  that  (lunii^-  tliis  final  pfiind  of 
rjuatoinaliin  liistory  tlio  jNlo.vican  trailtTs,  wIki  con- 
stantly visited  the  cities  of  the  coast  in  lar^e  caravans 
ior  oonnnercial  pui'[)oscs,  and  who  hecanie,  as  wc  liavu 
seen,  ])ractically  the  masters  of  Soconusco,  exerted  an 
inlluenee  also  in  the  }H)iitics  of  the  interior.  We 
have  seen  the  jironiinent  })art  this  class  played  in  the 
con(|Uest  of  ])rovinees  noi'tli  of  the  istlnnus,  and  \\\v\v 
is  nmch  evich  lu-e  that  they  were  already  inakin^;- 
their  observations  and  layinn'  jdans,  by  nuxiiin'  them- 
selves in  the  quarrels  of  the  Quiches  and  Cakchi(|uels. 
Avhich  nii^ht  have  brought  the  whole  country  under 
the  Aztee  I'ulei's,  had  it  not  been  for  the  coining  of 
the  Spaniards,  which  broke  up  so  many  cuiuiinnlv 
devised  plans  in  America.  I  have  alivady  notiiid 
the  expulsion  of  ambassadors  seekiut*'  ostciisihly  an 
alliauiH!  witJi  the  southei'ii  powers,  recorded  by  .hiar- 
rt)s,  and  also  the  Mexican  aid  said  to  have  been  liu- 
nished  tlu'  Akahales  a'j-ainst  tlu^  ( 'akcbi(|U('l.- 


Oxlahuh-Tzy   died   about    lalO,  and    his  cdl 


'■a^'ni' 


two  years  later,  leavino-  tlu'  (  akchitpiel  throne  to 
iluuy^and  Lahuh-Noh.  V]i\v\\  in  the  reion  of  tlust' 
kind's  tlu're  came  from  ^Mexico  the  endtas^y  al 
ready  spoken  of  in  a  ])recedino'  chaj)ter'''''  as  lia\  inn' 
been  sent  by  Moiite/inua  1  I.  probably  to  obtain  in- 
formation ri'sj)i'ctino-  tlu'  strauo'crs  on  the  t;'>teiii 
coast,  and  to  consult  with  the  southern  nionaidis 
about  the  best  method  of  treating-  the  new-<'oniers, 
It  is  |)ossible(  also,  that  the  j)olitical  designs  alhided 
to  abo\i!  had  soiuethiuo'  to  (1(»  with  the  endiassy.  and 
JJrasseur  believes  that  the  Mexicans  and  ( 'akchiijuels 
I'ormed  at  this  time  an  alliance  olfensi\-e  and  Ar- 
feiisive  aoaiust  all  foes.  War  broke  out  iinmcdialely 
al'ti'rwaids  between  the  Cakchiipiels  and  (.^Mdclu's, 
and  lasted  almost  uninterrujitedly  for  se\-en  years, 
with  no  (1 'cisivti  results  in  favor  of  either  parly, 
ulthouo'h   the   Cakchiqiiels,  who   acted   for  the   nio>i 


01 


Si'f  [I.   lya  of  tliis  Vdluiiic;    Uriis.'iiKi',  Ifi'.st.,  tiiiii.  ii.,  p.  (i'.'t. 


KAVA'.JKS  nv  TIIK  S.MALL-l'DX. 


COl 


]i;irt  on  the  oirciiHlvo,  scum   to  liavo  had   the  best  of 
the  struyi^le, 

111  1514,  while  the  war  still  continued,  immense 
numbers  t)f'  locusts  caused  a  I'amine  in  t\\v  ( "akchi- 
(|uel  dominions,  and  in  the  same  year  the  city  of 
jximche  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  tire.  In 
I ;')!'.)  the  war  was  suspended,  perhaj)s  on  n'ci'ipt  of 
the  news  brought  l)y  the  enyt)y  already  mentioned, 
that  the  Spaniards  had  landed  atAY-ra  Cru/.  ()nieiis 
of  sinister  imj)ort  a]>peared  here  as  at  the  noith,  one 
of  the  most  notable  beiiiL;'  the  Mp[»earance  of  a  ball  of 
(ire  which  ap})eared  eyery  eyeniiin'  for  many  (lays  in 
the  east,  and  followcfd  the  course  of  tlu'  sun  until  it 
set  in  the  west.  The  famous  black  st<»ne  in  the 
tem[)le  of  Cahbaha  was  fouml,  when  tlie  priests  went 
to  consult  it  in  this  emer^eui'y,  broken  in  two  pit 


ces. 


In    i;V2()    there  came   U[)on   tJie   ('ak(hi(|Uels   an   tpi- 
ilcmit;   cluilei'a  morbus,  accom|)anied    by  a    iatal   ali'ec- 


iion   (tf  the   blood   which   cai'ricd  off    lai 


mnniiers 


but 


wli 


it'll  Were  as  nctthinn'  in  Ihcii"  ra\aL;'es  i-oniparrt 


1 


A\ith  the  small-j»oN-  which  ra^ed  in  I  .V_*  I ,  contracted 
as  is  supi)osed,  from  the  Xahua  tribes  (tf  the  coast: 
region.  t)ne  hall  Of  the  whole  ("akchitpiel  pojtula- 
tion  are  estimated  to  have  talleii  \ictinis  tn  this 
pestilence,  inchuliuLi^  tin;  two  nionarchs,  who  were 
succeeded  by  J lelehe  (»)at  and  ('ahi  Imox.  Whether 
th(!  p(.stilence(  also  ra^'ed  anionn"  the  (,^)uicli('s  is  not 
known;  but  the  nionarchs  of  Ttatlan  renewed  their 
liostilities  at  this  time,  and  tlie  ( 'akchi(|Uels,  weakened 


»V  disease  aiu 


1  i: 


unine 


h 


lI  I 


larassetl  l»v  reoellions  \assals 


Hi 


and  now  attacked  a^aiii  by  a  ])owerfnl  foe,  adojited 
the  des|)erate  resort  of  sending"  an  unbassy  to  Mex- 
ico to  demand  thi>  aid  of  the  Spaniards,  ad\i>ed  to 
to  this  course  doubtless  by  their  Mexican  allies.  The 
reply  was  the  ])romise  that  relief  would  soon  be  ^ent. 
In  the  meantime  two  ( 'akclii(iuel  cainpai<^ns  aie 
recorded,  one  iiios'.  successful  in  aid  of  the  rulers  of 
Atitlan  auainst  insury-ents,  and  the  other,  K  ss  favor- 


002 


THE  QUICIIK-CAKCniQlEL  EMPIRE. 


il)lo  in  its  results,  in  aid  of  the  Ah-Tzi(iuinihayi  of 


acawji 


The  news  of  the  Cakchiijuel  alliance  ^vitll  the 
Spaniards  caused  the  most  l)itter  indin'iiatioii,  not 
only  at  lUatlan,  wliere  Oxib-Quieh  and  J^cielul)  Tzv 
had  succeeded  to  the  throne,  hut  aniouL,'-  all  the  triiics 
of  the  country,  which  seem  to  have  formed  a  conilii- 
nation  against  the  monarchs  of  ixiuiche,  and  to  ha\o 
already  hen'un  hostilities  when,  in  February  ir)iI4,  tin; 
approach  of  Pedro  de  Alvarado  was  announced. 
The  details  of  Alvarado's  con<piest  belong-  to  another 
history;  but  in  ufeneral  terms,  after  havino- marched — 


nt 


)t    without    oj>pi''^ition     thn 


OUL 


fh  Soi 


coiuisco,  he  (K 


feated  the  native  forces  that  attempted  to  clu'ck  liis 
l)roi4ress  on  the  banks  of  the  Uio  Tilapa,  the  (Juate- 
malan  fi'ontier  line,  and  advanced  against  the;  allied 
Ibrces  that  had  assembled  from  all  directions  in  tin; 
]-e!4'ion  of  Xelahuh,  or  Quezaltenani^o,  under  the 
command  of  Tecum,  the  Nini  (Jhocoh  (^iwi'k  of  (lie 
Quiclie  mouiirchy.  The  two  battles  which  decided 
the  fate  of  the  Quiches  were  fouei'ht  near  Xeialiuli 
and  Totonicapan,  so  that  at  Utjitlau  vMvarado  nut 
no  o|)en  resistence,  but  was  invited  to  enter  the  citv, 
the  ])lan  beiui^  to  burn  the  city  and  the  S])aniaids 
with  it.  'I'he  ])lot  was  tlisct)vered  and  the  Alipep 
and  Ahpo|>-(  M-imlia  burned  alive  in  punishnuMit  for 
their  intentions,  the  city  then  bein<»'  burned  by  tlie 
invaders.  .Vfter  the  fall  of  Utatlan,  Alvarado  maich- 
ed  to  ixinu'he,  whei'o  he  was  kindly  receivi'd  by  the 
(  akclii(piel  kin^s,  and  whei'e  he  established  his 
hi-adcjuai'ters  for  tlu^  con(|uest  of  other  iiations,  be- 
liinninii"  A\itli  the  Zutuu'ils.'"'* 


w  Itnissiiir.  llist.,  toiii.  iv.,  pp,  (ill)  .")!,  witli  refcMviice  to  J/X.   C<ihrh(' 
ijitil,  iiiul  (illior  (loi'iiiiii'iils. 


CHAPTER    XT  I. 


MISCELLANKOrs    TIIIUKS    OF    CKNTRAL    AMKUK'A. 


ScAUt  ITV  OK  lIlSTOlflCAI,  DATA      Till;  TlMliKS  OK  ClIIArAS      TllK  ForNP- 
KHS   AND     IIkHOKS   OK   Till:    t   HI Al'ANKC    NATION— WaKS    WITH   TlIU 

A/.TKcs  Till-;  I'Kori.i;  ok  thk  SoiTiiKitN  Coast Tiikv  akk  van- 

Ql  ISHKl)  liY  THIO  (tl.MK.CS  -TllKIlt  KXoDCS  AN1>  .lotllMiV  TllKV 
SKTTI.K  AND  SKl'AUATK-  .IlAltUOS'  AcCOlNr  OK  THK  (IKKJIN  AMI 
l.AlKlt  lIlSTOUV  OK  TllK  I'll'll.KS  - 1*1 1'l  LK  Tit  ADIIIONS  'I'llK  I'olND- 
lN(i  OK   .MKTLAN    -<^1  KKN    CoMlZAIli; Al,— AlXlTl.'s    KmI'IKK   OK   Till; 

East  -  TllK  Chomtkcs— X'akioi  s  Tkiues  ok  NicAUAurA— Sktti.k- 

MKNTS   ON    THK    IsTll.MI  S. 

Tt  is  my  piirpitse  to  relate  in  this  chapter  all  that 
i.s  known  of  the  scatteri'd  trihes  of  (V*ntra,l  America, 
exelusive  of  the  Qiiiche-(_'akehi(piels.  The  historical 
information  that  has  heen  ])reserve(l  respecting-  tlies(> 
tril»es  is,  however,  so  meagre  andof  snch  a  van'iie  and 
nnsatisfaetory  charactci'  tliat  the  readei'  mnst  ex.p<H't 
iiothino-  more  than  a  verv  disconnected  and  inconiplet*; 
acconnt  of  them. 

Chia|)as,  which  is  o-eooTapliically  the  most  north- 
erly jiortion  of  ('t'litral  .Vnierica,  though  politi- 
cally it  l)elon«4s  to  Mrxicd,  was  inhahited  in  its 
northern  j)aft  hy  the  T/ciidales  and  Zo(|iU's,  in  its 
centi'al  and  sonthtin  ri'^ioii  hy  the  ( 'Iiiapanecs, 
Zotzilts,  and  (^)in'lenes.*  The  Tzendales  lived  in  the 
vicinity  o\'  I'alenipie,  and  are  sai<l  to  have  heen  di- 


0 

t 

i 


1  Sec  f(ir  liM'atidii  nf  tliox'  liiln's,  vul,  L,  i>ii.  081-2. 


604 


TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMEUICA. 


rectly  descendod  from  the  Guilders  of  that  city.  Of 
the  Zutziles  antl  Queleues  iiuthiiii;'  is  known,  .save 
tliat  they,  too-cther  with  the  Tzendales  and  the 
Zoqiie.s,  were  at  a  hite  date  suhjugated  by  the  Chia- 
j)anecs.^ 

The  Chia]iaiiccs,  accordino-  to  some  autliovities, 
came  oriu^iiially  from  Nicaragua.  After  a  loiii^-  and 
painful  journey  they  arrived  at  the  river  Cliiapa. 
Finding  the  region  to  their  taste  they  resolved  to 
settle,  and  founded  a  strong  city  upon  the  migli- 
boring  heights.^  Fuentes  asserts  that  tliey  were 
descended  from  the  Toltecs,  and  that  their  kingdom 
was  founded  by  a  brother  of  Nima  Quiche,  one  of  the 
chiefs  who  led  the  Toltecs  to  Guatemala.*  Theie  can 
be  no  doubt  that  the  Chiapanecs  were  a  very  anrienfc 
peo})le;  indeed  their  traditions  refer  us  back  to  tlie 
time  of  Votan.^  Boturini,  on  the  authority  of  Bisliop 
Nunez  do  la  Vega,  speaks  of  an  original  recoi'd  in 
Avhich  Yt)tan  is  represented  as  tlie  third  figui'e  in  the 
Chiapanec  calendar.  The  record  also  enumerates  the 
places  where  Votan  tarried,  and  states  that  ever 
since  his  visit  there  has  been  in  Tei)])ixca  a  I'aniily 
bearing  his  name.  Vega  believes  that  the  original 
])o[)ulation  of  Chiapas  and  Soconusco  were  of  the  race 
of  Cham.'^  The  twenty  heroes  whose  names  are  im- 
mortalized in  tlie  calendar  of  the  Cliiapanecs  are  com- 
monly said  to  have  been  the  ibunders  or  first  I'ulers 
of  that  nation.  We  are  told  that  they  all  distin- 
guished  themselves,  and  that  some  died  in  their  beds, 
some  on  the  battle-field,  others  at  the  hands  of  their 
rivals,  but  beyond  this  scarcely  any  record  ol"  thtii- 
lives  or  deeds  has  survived.  One  of  them  named 
Chinax,  a  iiulitary  leader  represented  with  a  tlag  in 

^  Ilvnrrii,  (Uu".  iv.,  lib.  x.,  cap.  xi. ;  Ii'inrsaf,  Hist.  C/ii/i'/m,  |>.  "J'il; 
J]rf),s.inir,  Jlis/.,  torn,  iii,  p.  ](i. 

'  licnicsiif,  ill.;  Jlirirrit,  ill.;  Murguia,  Estudist,  Guajaca,  iu  Sur.  Mi.r. 
Geo/.,  Jlii/rtiii,  torn,  vii.,  ]i.  187. 

■^  J  IK  I  mis,  Hint.  Glint.,  ]».  8. 

^  ('{iiriifiru,  tiiiu.  iv.,  p.  .VJ,  toni.  i.,  ])p.  I."i0-l;  T.<irrm'uziii\  in  >''i''. 
Mex.  G<(i(/.,  lUihtiii,  torn,  iii.,  ]».  ifi;  Ilrui/forii'n  Aiinr.  Aiiti</.,  p.  -tl'-'. 

6JJoliiritii,  Idvu,  pp.  11.'),  118-11). 


THE  CHIArANECS. 


605 


Ills  hand,  was  hanoed  and  turned  by  an  enemy;  of 
another  named  Been,  it  is  stated  that  he  ti'a\ele<l 
tln'ouL;li  (Jhiapas,  loavin^-  sj)ecial  marks  of  liis  "isits 
in  the  ])laces  throngli  whieh  lie  j)assed.  It  aj>])ears 
liy  the  calendar  that  Imox,  sometimes  called  ]\rox, 
and  aeeasionall}'^  Xinns,  was  the  first  settler  in  Chiapas. 
Accordini*-  to  the  wortliy  prelate  above  mentioned, 
tliis  Ninas  was  tlie  son  of  Belo,  who  was  the  son  ot' 
Nimrod,  who  was  the  son  of  Cluis,  who  was  the 
i^nindson  of  Cham.  He  was  represented  by  or 
with  the  ceiba  tree,^  fi'om  whose  roots,  it  is  said,  the 
Chiapanec  race  sjirann'.^  It  is  Orozco  y  Berra's  oj)in- 
iiiii  tliat  the  Chiapaiiecs  should  be  jtlaced  before  the 
lictter  known  tribes'*  and  after  the  builders  of  Pal- 
eii([ue  and  Copan.  Their  language  has  not  been 
classitied,  but  is  said  to  resemble  that  of  the  Nicoya 
region.^" 

The  spot  on  which  the  pioneer  settlers  of  the 
Chiapan  region  estal)lished  their  first  stronghold  was 
so  dithcult  of  access  as  to  l)e  almost  unassailable,  and 
was  fortified  so  strongly  both  l>y  nature  and  art,  that 
it  was  practically  impregnable.  From  here  the  in- 
liabitants  kei)t  u[)  a  constant  warfare  with  the  Aztec 
garrisons  at  Tzinacatla,  Soconusco  and  elsewhere.*^ 
They  cordially  hated  the  ^Nfexicans,  and  persistently 
refused  to  intermarry  with  them.  Their  enemies 
socni  to  have  been  stronger  than  they,  but  by  their 
valor  they  not  only  maintained    their    inde[)eiulence 


fill 


'  Fi\T-loavc(l  silk-cotton  tiro,   Boinhnr  Crihct. 

■*  I'ii'iidd,  in  Sue.  Mix.  (iiii'i.,  Itiihtni,  toni.  iii.,  pp.  SH-/).  Tlio  iiii'iics 
iif  tiu'sf  iiciiKNs  wt'iv:  Imox,  l;:li,  N'otiiii,  Cliaiiaii,  Almli,  'l"ox,  MiaIc, 
i.iniilint,  Mojo  or  Miilii,  i'.IiiW,  Mat/,  I-iVol>,  ISccn,  Mix.  T/iiiuiti,  ('lialiiii, 
Cliii',  Cjiinax,  ('aho;;li,  A;:lnial. 

'■*  \\  lio  tlii'se  'lu'ttcr  known  (iUh's'  an-  is  not  statoil. 

'"  I'ii'iiild,  in  Siiv.  Mi,c.  (riiii/.,  Halr/iii,  toni.  iii.,  |>.  M(>.  Tlif  liistoiy, 
liiiHitioii  ami  civili/ation  of  tin-  ( 'iiiai>am'cs  sl'.ows  tliai  tlicy  incicilcil,  or 
ycrc  at  least  conti'miioraiirs  of  tlic  first  trihcs  or  fai'tions  of  tlic  .\/toi' 
tainiiy.  Tiicy  wi-rc  tcrtaiuly  a  very  anciont  |M'oplo,  ami  of  Toltcc  ori;j;iii, 
while  their  en  iii/.af  ion  niiiloiiliteiily  came  from  the  north  ami  not  from  tluj 
fiiiilh.   (hii:r,)  ij  Jln-rii,  (i<iiiir<if<ii,\t\i.  44,  (!(),  \'20. 

I'  l'/iiri(firo,  tom.  iv.,  pp.  'J(!7-.S;  /iirmi/  IHiiz,  Ilisf.  C'idk/.,  fol.  ~'^,  17H; 
U'rrirn,  (lee.  iv.,  lilt.  x..cap.  xi.;  I.iiiTniuzar,  in  Soc.  Mix.  (innj.,  lUildiu, 
I'nii.  iii.,  p.  ;(2;  Dms.srnr,  EsiiidnM^i,  p.  17, 


Jl 


006 


TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


until  tlic  time  o    the  Conquest,  but,  as  wc  have  soon, 
they  suhjuo-uted  the  sulT()lUuliM^'•  nutieii.s.      They  in- 
curred the  hitter  enmity  ot*  the  Chiiumtecs,  beeaus 
they  forced  the  Zoques  to  })ay  tribute." 

Tlie  southern  coast  reii;-ion  of  Chiapas,  between 
Tehuan tepee  and  Soconusco,  was  occupied  by  a 
]>eople  wlioso  origin  is  involved  in  some  mystery. 
Brasseur  relates  that  they  came  fr<.mi  Cholula;  ])r(»i)- 
ably  in  the  ninth  century,  at  the  time  when  Huemac 
took  that  city  and  persecuted  the  followers  of  Quet- 
zalcoatl.  Tonpieniada  identities  them  with  the  J'ij)i- 
les  of  Guatemala  and  Salvador,"  of  whom  1  sliall 
s[)eak  presently.  These  coast  peo})le  were  an  indus- 
trious, frugal  race,  and  for  a  long  time  they  held 
peaceable  possession  of  their  territory,  and  jtros- 
})ered  exceedingly.  But  their  liap[)y  life  was  des- 
tined to  1)0  rudely  and  suddenly  changed  to  one  of 
bondage  and  op[)ression.  A  horde  of  fierce  ( )lnie('s 
invaded  and  concpiered  their  country,  and  immedi- 
ately reduced  the  vanquished  to  a  state  of  miserable 
slavery.  Ni>t  oidy  were  they  forced  to  })ay  excessi\e 
and  ruinous  tribute,  but  thev  were  compelled  to  vield 
up  their  children  of  both  sexes  to  gratify  the  un- 
natural lusts  of  their  masters.  They  were,  besides, 
made  amenable  vo  a  most  rigorous  system  of  laws, 
the  least  infraction  of  which  was  punished  with  disitli. 
For  a  time  they  groaned  passively  under  this  cruel 
yoke,  but  at  length  it  gi'ew  uid)earable.  Then  in 
their  deep  trouble  they  a]»pealed  to  their  priests  fer 
help  and  ailvice.  The  ])riests  consulted  the  oracK  s 
and  at  the  end  of  eight  days  announced  to  the  people 
that  the  only  way  in  which  they  could  escape  iVoni 
tlieir  })eivsecutors  was  to  leave  the  country  in  a  body, 
and  go  in  search  of  another  home.  At  first  tlu' 
pe()])le  seemed  disposed  to  (piestion  the  prudence  ami 
feasibility  of  this    ste}),   but  they  were  speedily   rv- 


'2  Ucrnrii,  dec.  iv.,  lilt,  x.,  cap.  xi.;  Rviiirsal,  Ifisf.  C/n/apit,  ]).  -M. 
'■'  Moinin/.  Jiiif.,  toni.  i.,  |).  XiX     l5riiHsciir,  Jlis/.,  toiii.  ii.,  p.  7<>,  iilriili- 
fit's  lliciu  witli  tilt'  I'ipilcH  ami  Xiichiltcpt't's. 


TIIK  I'HMLKS. 


fi07 


fissured  by  the  priests,  who  declared  <liat  the  i^ods 
would  aid  and  })r()te(t  tliem  in  their  tliyht.  A  dny 
was  tiieu  set  for  their  de[»arture,  and  tlu'V  wei'e  in- 
structed in  the  meantime  to  })rovi(le  thenist'lves  with 
cvervthiiiLif  necessarv'  for  a  louijf  journey.  .\t  the 
a[>j>ointed  time  they  assemhled  secretly,  and  set  out 
at  once.  Jt  would  he  ditficult  to  believe  that  an  en- 
tire nation  of  slaves  could  have  made  such  an  exodus 
unknown  to  and  a^-ainst  the  will  of  tluir  masti'rs, 
even  thou<jfh  we  read  of  a  i)arallel  case  in  Holy  Writ; 
hut,  however  this  mii>ht  be,  they  seem  to  have  taken 
the  road  towards  (J uatemala  without  hindrance,  and 
to  have  been  pursued  by  Jio  ( )lmec  Pharaoh.'* 

Accordini^  to  the  tradition,  they  continued  their 
march  ilown  the  coast  for  twenty  days,  until  they 
canie  to  the  banks  of  the  river  ^lichatoyatl.      llei'e 


their    chief  priest    fell    sick, 


aiu 


I    tl 


le  country  bcinu' 


very  j)leasant,  they  halted  for  a  time.  Ht'foi'e  lonjj;- 
tlie  [)riest  tlied,  and  they  then  proceeded  on  tlu-ir 
jiHirney,  leavinijf,  however,  some  families  beliiiid,  who 
settled  here  and  founded  a  city,  afterwards  known  in 
(luatemalan  history  by  the  name  of  Itzcuiiitlan. 
After  this  there  is  some  confusion  in  the  dillennt 
iiccounts.  Following"  the  plainest  yersion,  .similar 
circumstances  caused  them  to  malu  another  halt 
twenty  leaucues  h>wer  down,  in  the  neii^hborhood  of 
the  volcano  Cuzcatlan.''"'  Here  they  found  a  lovely 
climate,  and  a  ))ro(luctive  soil,  and  that  part  of  them 
that  has  since  borne  the  name   of     I'ipilcs    rosolvcd 


to  S( 


ttl( 


The    others   went   farther    south,   towards 


iiie    ('onchan'ua    (.Julf;'"    but    of  these    1    shall   s[»eak 
aLjain  presently. 


II  T, 


iri/iii'iiKK 


fa,  U 


XV2 


''  < 'ii/iallaii  was  tlio  ancu'iit  name  of  Salvail< 


Hi    II 


Hist.,  t.iiii.  ii.,  jip.  TS-il. 


iiKpii'iiiaila,   In 


'XVI,  re- 


ill's  that  twenty  ilavs  after  startin':,  one  of  ilieir  liivrli 


-Is.lieil.     T 


le 


then  traveined  (inateniala,  ami  jonrne>  in^'  a  linmlifil  lea;;nes  fai'tli(>r  on, 
ciiiiie  lo  a  eonntrv  to  wliieli  tlie  Spaniards  liavt^  ;.'iven  the  name  of  Cliolu- 
ti'iM,  or  ( 'lioroteea.  Here  unollier  priest  dieil.  After  this  the  author  ;;oes 
on  to  tell  tile  story  whieii,  aeeordino;  to  tlie  version  followed  alio\e,  ap- 
jiUes  to  the  Xiiehiitepees  who  proceeded  to  the  Ciuif  of  Com'lia;,'iiii,  ami 
wiiieli  will  he  referred  to  elsewhere. 


m 


I;  S'  Jl 


^1 


'I 

1 


'!  i 


1    1    i! 
t    >f 


COS 


Tianiis  ur  central  AMnincA. 


Tlio  authorities  do  not  all  assiuj-n  this  ori^'iii  to  tlio 
Pij)ilt's,  however,  Jiiarros  says  that  Ahuitzotl,  kiiiL,^ 
of  Mexico,  sent  to  (Jiiatemala,  in  the  o"arh  ot"  traders, 
a  larn'o  iiumher  of  jVIexieans  of  the  lowest  class,  un- 
der the  eoniniaud  of  four  captains  and  one  «^eneral. 
These  were  instructed  to  settle  in  the  country, 
Ahuitzotl  tlid  this  in  order  to  have  auxiliaries  so 
situated  as  to  facilitate  his  intended  military  o[)ei;>- 
tions  aL;'ainst  the  cliiefs  of  CJuateniala.  He  died, 
however,  before  he  could  carry  out  this  policy.  The 
new  settlers  spoke  the  Mexican  lan^'ua^-e  very  poorly, 
much  as  children  mi^'ht  speak  it;  for  this  reason 
they  were  called  Pii»iles,  which  in  ^lexican  si^-nities 
children."  They  prospered  and  multi[)lied  wonder- 
fully in  their  new  home,  and  extendecl  their  settle- 
ments to  Sonsonate  and  Salvador,  But  after  a  time 
they  incurred  the  enmity  of  the  Quiches  ai.d  C'ak 
chi(piels,  by  whom  they  were  so  soivly  o[)pressetl 
that  there  was  dano-er  of  their  heinof  speedily  ex- 
terminated. In  this  enun\<i^ency  the  Pijiiles  formed  a 
military  ornanization,  much  as  Ahuitzotl  had  origin- 
ally intended.  But  some  time  later  the  chiefs  bei^aii 
to  abuse  the  power  with  which  they  had  been  in- 
vested by  imj)osiiig  heavy  taxes  and  otiierwise  r(»h- 
bing  the  people,  IVIoreover,  the  pi'inci])al  lord, 
named  Cuaucmichin,  introduced  human  sacrifice,  and 
made  victims  of  some  of  the  most  highly  esteemed 
persons  in  the  connnunity.  A  riot  broke  out,  during 
which  Cuaucmichin  was  put  to  death  by  the  Meo])K' 
of  his  palace.  The  other  chiefs  wc"  a'  >>  dejaived 
of  their  authority,  and  left  with  ^'  .  lior  rank  of 

Alalmaes,  or  heads  of  calpulli.s.  .\  .ouleman  na  I 
Tutecotzemit,  a  man  of  mild  disp<'  <ion,  k  iid  heait, 
and  yood  ahilitv  to  o-overn  was  then  in-  ested  with 
the  supreme  authority.  It  ai)pears  that  he  was  not 
free  from  amhition,  however.      His  first  step  was  to 

•7  Jiiiirrn.s-,  Hist.  (rniil.,  \\.  2'J4.  A  rcdiipliciitinii  of  /<////,  ■wliicli  lia-i 
two  iiu'iiiiiiijis,  'iinhlc,' and  'cliild,' tlie  latter  liciiij,'  ixtMicrally  n';,'ard»'d  a-* 
its  iiioaiiiii;^-  ill  lilt'  Irilial  name.  JiiiM'/uiunin,  Ort.sn<tiiiiii,  ]i.  \',i7.  See  al-n 
MoliiKi,  Vucahti/itrio. 


THE  nriLES. 


C09 


form  a  council,  or  senate,  of  eight  nobles,  connected 
witii  himself  by  blood  or  marriage,  to  whom  lie 
uranted  a  certain  amount  of  authority.  He  then 
aj)|)ointed  a  number  of  sul)ordinate  ollicers.  eliosen 
from  among  the  nobility,  who  were  subject  to  the 
orders  of  the  senate,  lie  next  proceeded  to  I'eibiee 
the  im|)osts  and  to  remedy  the  evils  that  had  arisen 
from  previous  misgovernment.  Having  thus  gained 
the  confidence  and  affection  of  the  ])e()pK'.  he  caused 
himseU"  to  be  formally  proclaimed  king  of  the  Pipiles 
with  the  right  of  transmitting  the  crown  to  his  chil- 
dren and  their  descendants.  It  is  re(!orded  that  the 
Pipiles  played  a  very  prominent  ])art  in  the  mi- 
merous  wars  that  took  place  between  tlu>  several 
kin<i:doius  of  Guiitemala.  In  later  years  thev  were 
engaged  iii  a  very  long  and  bitter  conflict  with  the 
Cakchiipiels,  in  which  they  were  finally  worsted  by 
Nimahuinac,  king  of  that  people,  who  forced  Toualtut, 
lord  of  the  Pipiles,  to  sue  for  peace,  and  only  granted 
it  on  the  condition  that  the  Pipiles  should  l)in(l  them- 
selves to  a  perpetual  alliance  with  the  Cnkchiipiel 
kings. '^ 

All  that  has  been  preserved  of  their  earlier  history 
is  contained  in  two  traditions,  which  are  half  if  not 
wholly  mythical.  The  first  of  these  refers  to  the 
period  inunediately  following  the  settlement  of  the 
Pipiles  at  their  last  halting-place  in  Salvador,  iuid 
especially  to  the  founding  of  Micthui.  a  city  which 
sul)se(|uently  correspomlcd  iu  its  sacred  chai'aclcr  to 
Cholula.  on  the  eastern  plateau  of  Mexico,  and  Mitla 
in  Oajaca.  The  story  goes  that  there  issued  one  day 
from  Lake  Huixa  a  mysterious  old  man  of  venerable 
aspect,  clad  in  long  blue  robes,  and  wearing  upon  his 
head  a  pontificial  mitre.  He  was  followed  by  a 
young  gii'l  of  peerless  beauty,  dressed  in  a  similar 
manner,  excepting  the  mitre.  Soon  after  his  aj)i)ear- 
aiice  the  old  man  betook  himself  to  the  sunnnit  of  a 
neighboring   hill.     There    under   his   directions    the 

1*  ./»-;n<w,  I  fist.  Guat.,  pp.  81-4,  17-18,  20,  23,  26. 
Vol.  V.    a9 


li 


1! 
'  il 


610 


TRIBES  OF  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


people  at  once  set  about  building  a  splendid  temple, 
which  received  the  name  of  Mictlan.  Kound  about 
the  sacred  edifice  the  palaces  of  the  chiefs  rose  in 
rapid  succession,  and  in  an  incredibly  sliort  space  of 
time  a  thriving  and  populous  city  had  grown  out  of 
the  desert.  The  same  mysterious  personage  gave 
them  laws  and  a  system  of  government,  under  which 
they  continued  to  prosper  until  the  end.^^ 

The  other  tradition  to  which  I  have  alluded  was 
preserved  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest  by  the  iiilial)!- 
tants  of  Cerquin,  a  province  in  the  mountainous  re- 
gion of  northern  Honduras.  There  is  reason  to 
believe  that  the  people  to  whom  it  relates  Avere  Pi  pi- 
les, as  they  extended  their  possessions  in  this  dlioo- 
tion,  but  their  name  is  not  given  in  connection  witli 
the  story,  which  attributes  to  n  woman  the  houor  of 
having  first  introduced  culture  into  this  pan  of  the 
country,  two  hundred  years  before  the  advent  of  the 
Spaniards.  She  is  described  as  having  been  very 
beautiful,  of  a  fair  complexion,  and  well  versed  in  the 
art  of  magic.  She  ai»])eared  suddenly,  as  if  dropjied 
from  the  sky,  for  which  reason,  and  because  of  the 
great  respect  which  she  inspired,  she  was  naint.  ^  (.'o- 
niizahual,  or  '  flying  tigress,'  the  tiger  being  an  auiinul 
held  sacred  by  the  natives.  She  took  up  her  abode 
at  Cealcoquin,  and  erected  there  many  temples  which 
she  ornamented  with  monstrous  figures  of  men  and 
jinimals.  In  the  principal  temple  -'he  placed  a  slouf 
having  three  sides,  on  each  of  which  were  three  faces 
of  hideous  aspect.  By  means  of  the  magic  virtues 
Avhich  lay  within  this  stone  she  overthrew  her  ene- 
mies and  added  to  her  dominions.  She  reigned  glo- 
riously for  a  number  of  years,  and  had  three  sons. 
though  she  was  unmarried  and  had  never  known  a 
man.     V^hen  she  felt  her  end  drawing  near,  she  simu- 

1"  '  LVpoquo  (jiio  lea  (^vdiictnpiits  pnraissciit  nssi^jncr  Ji  cvtU    Ic'ifiiili'  in- 

'inciik'  avm-  lii  pcn'Mlo  (Ik  In  uihikId  ciiiiKriition  toltiMim,'  ct  la  tMinliiiion  iln 

(liviMH  ri)ynuiiii'8  jruttteniuliuiis  qui  en  fureiit  la  coiisoqueiico.'  Jlrassrh--, 
JJist.,  tuiii.  ii.,  p.  81. 


EMPIRE  OF  THE  EAST. 


Gil 


moned  tlicsc  prinecs  to  her  presence,  and  after  ,i;ivin<^ 
them  the  Ijest  of  atlvico  regarding  :he  wav  in  "'liieh 
tlicy  filiould  govern,  she  divided  her  kingdoiu  ei^nally 
hctween  them.  She  then  caused  lierself  to  be  carried 
on  lier  bed  to  the  higliest  terrace  of  the  paLace,  and 
.suddenly  vanished,  amid  thunder  and  lightning.  It 
is  recorded  that  her  tliree  sons  govoined  well  and 
Avi  lelv,  l)ut  no  particulars  of  their  reit>'ns  are  cfiven."" 
Brasseur  im[)lies  that  the  Pipiles  weie  in  some 
way  connected  with  or  sul)joct  to  the  emjtire  which 
he  believes  Topiltzin  Acxitl,  the  last  Toltec  king  of 
Anahuac,  to  have  founded  in  Central  America,  since 
lie  speaks  of  Mictlan  being  the  seat  of  the  spiritual 
})o\ver  of  that  realm.  1  have  already  expressed  my 
o}>inion  that  this  empire  of  the  East  is  the  of!s]>ring 
of  the  Abbe's  inventive  imagination;  but  at  the  same 
time,  notwithstanding  the  two  or  three  allusions  upon 
Avliich  ho  must  touiid  his  theory  are  so  vague  .'is  to 
lic!  pi'actically  meaningless,  he  manages  to  give  a  tol- 
erably deiinite  descrij)tion  of  the  condition  in  which 
the  Cidvchiipiels  found  it  when  they  came  after  a  long 
a;id  ardu(jus  jiilgrimage  from  Anahuac  to  do  homage 
to  Acxitl.  He  confesses  his  ignorance  of  the  j)Mi'tic- 
iilars  of  the  Toltec  monarch's  journey,  and  of  the 
means  l)y  which  he  attained  universal  dominion  in  the 
cast,  but  adds  th;vt  it  is  certain  that  with  the  aid  of 
llie  Toltec  emigrants,  like  himself,  and  the  Chichi- 
mecs  of  all  languages,  who  followed  in  his  footstej)s, 
h(!  had  succeeded  in  ostaMishing  a  kingdom  larger, 
jierhaps,  than  that  which  he  had  lost,  and  in  confer- 
ling  upon  his  subjects  the  l)enefits  of  civilization  as 
well  as  the  cult  of  Quetzalcoatl,  of  wh(»m  he  was 
tlie  su[)reme  re]»resentativo.  Tauuiit  by  ex))('i'ience 
the  benefits  of  such  a  ])olicy,  he  united  under  his  au- 
tliority  the  bands  of  emigrants  that  were  constantly 
ai'riving,  and  with  their  .issistance  con(}uered  by  fore; 
of  arms  such  of  the  surrounding  provint'cs  as  woidd 


]!■ 


T'iiri/iifiiiii(f(i,   totn.   i.,   ]).    .TJG;  i>r< 


rrrnt,  dec,  i\ 


ill 


ni,sf.,  fiiiii.  11.,  i)[i.  i()(! 


i 


I 


viu.,  I'm).  IV. 


II 


012 


TUIUKS  OK  CKNTUAL  AMKIIIC'A. 


not  poaccaldy  iicknovvU'dijfe  liis  Hiijjremiicy.  It,  w.is 
liis  (Mistoiii  to  Iciivo  those  })nii(^o.s  who  ollbivd  no  ic- 
hist.-mcc;  to  liis  oncroiiclinujnt.s  in  ])os.siissi()n  of  thcii' 
(itlt'H  jukI  (li!4-niti('s,  inei'i-ly  nuikin^-  thi;ni  noniinal  vms- 
sals  of  the  empire.  By  j)nrsnin<^  this  policy  Acxill 
hecarne  so  j)o\vertul  that  none  <!'  tlie  immerous  (.^)iii- 
(lu'  iind  ('ak('hi<|uel  chiefs  wlio  at'tei\v;ii(ls  lonndcd 
states  in  these  rei^'ions  dared  to  itssmne  the  royal  nu- 
th(»rity  until  they  had  ]»i;en  foi'maJly  instated  in  tin  Ir 
j)ossessit)ns  hy  liini.  'i'hns  it  was  that  ;it  the  time 
Avhen  the  C^alvchiiinels  descended  from  the  mountjiiiis 
to  the  j)latean  of  Vera  l*az,  thoy  found  AcxitI  occii- 
j)ied  in  conrerrinii^  the  sove'reij^nty  ol' that  region  u|iiiii 
«>ne  of  tlu,"  most  renowned  of  the  wairiors  who  h.id 
followed  him  from  Tollau,  n;uni,'d  ('(Mnpoul  'raxiich 
]>efore  his  coronation,  and  ( )i'li;dtza!n  afterwards.''' 

lA't  us  now  follow  the  fortunes  of  the  Xucliil 
tepees,  or  that  |)art  of  the  tribes  of  tlu;  I'oast  ol' 
Chiapas  which  se[iai"ated  from  tin;  PipIIes  at  ( 'ii/,- 
catlan.  b\)llowinn'  tlui  coast  southward  they  ar- 
rived at  the  ( Julf  of  ( Jonchanua.  Jlei'e  llwy  wciv 
I'oi-ced  to  halt,  by  tlie  illness  and  suhstupu^it  (ksatli  of 
the  priest  who  had  hithei'to  been  their  ouid(>.  H,.. 
foi'e  exj>irinn',  tht!  old  man,  who  siiems  in  some  way 
to  have  Ljained  a,  knowle(lo(!  of  that  n\nion,  m'avi;  (liciu 
full  information  as  to  what  they  mii»ht  expect  of  llic 
HUi'roundini>'  nati(tns,  exhorted  them  to  settle  and  live 
in   ])eaee,   and    [>rcdi(;ti!d   that  their  ancient  eiicniics, 


(l.( 


(M 


mecs,    w 


ould   eventually   become    their  slasi 


The  Xuchiltepecs  aecordin^ly  stayed  peinianently 
Avhero  they  were,  on  tlu;  borders  ol'  Honduras,  Sal- 
vador, and  Nicaragua,  and  boi-e  henceforward  tli.' 
name    of   (.Miolutecs,   from    the  eounliy    from    wliidi 


they  (H"ii''inally  canu 

Of  the  other  tribes  of  Nicarajjfua  iiotliin^j;'  is  known, 
except  the  uanu's  and  localities  of  tliose    that   inliali- 


-I  nri).\.trn>\  His/.,  (din.   ii.,  ii|).  lOl-r). 

'-"-  Tiiri/iir/iiiiifti,  loin.    i..  p.  Jill'-';   l!rii.'<s<ni;  /lit/.,  tiMii.  ii.,  ii|>.  7'.',  Itl7-N. 
S»'f  vol.  i.,  of  iIiIm  work,  p.  y'.H,  tni'  Irniloiy  of  Chnliili'r.s. 


Ni('Ai{.\(;rA\  Titii;i:s. 


r.i3 


itcd  ili(i  slrl[)  of"  (•((imtry  iMitwoci)  tlio  Pacinc  coast 
ami  tli(!  laktjs.  ( )!'  (lu'so,  tlio  ()r()tiriaiis  occtiiticd  tlu! 
<()iintiy  iil)<)ut  till!  (Jiiir  of  Nicoya  and  south  of  I  Ik; 
Lake  of  NicaraiJi'iia.  'I'licir  pi'iiK'i[»ai  towns  wciu  ( )ro- 
lifia,  (Jaiitniii,  and  ( -liorotf'.'''^  Nortli  of  these  were  tlu; 
Diiians,  whose  chief  cities  wvvv.  settled  at  the  foot  (»f 
(he  volcano  of  Mond»acho,  and  at  i\raiin<j;'ua  on  the  lake 
ol'  that  nanie.'^*  North  of  th(!  I  )irians  were  the  Nani-an- 
datis,  or  Manu^nes,  whose;  territory  lay  hetweeii  Lai 
Manai^nia  and  the  ocean.''"  'Phe  (Jhontales  iidiahited 
(he  inonntainoiis  nsj^non  iioi'th-cast  of  Lake;  Nicara- 
gua.'^" 1  inine<liately  south  of  the  (.Miolutecs  wvvo,  th(! 
( 'horote^ans.  These  two  nations  arc;  olteii  I'e^ai'ded 
1  i(l(!ntical.  Accoi'din;^  to  S(|nier  the  ( 'hor(tteL;ans 
eluded    the   Orotihans,    Diriaiis,  and   Na^randai's.'^^ 


\C 


;is 
In 


The  Ni([uii'ans,  or  Nicafaij^uans,  were  one  of  tin;  most 
nroniiiuiut  ti'ilxis  in  Ni(  .ii'a'jua.''' 


'I'l 


lere  IS  some  cou- 


i'usion  ahout  tlu^ir  origin.  TonpUiUiada  im|)lies  that 
(hey  wt'i'e  jiart  of  the  trihes  that  wen;  driven  iVom 
(heii- honujon  the  coast  of  (Jhiapas  by  the  ( >hnecs, 
who,  al'tcM'  the  death  t)f  tlieir  priest  at  the  (Julfof 
( 'oncha<j;'ua,  contiiuied  their  jourmy  to  the  Atlantii; 
coast,  aloii'jf   which    they    traveled    as    far    as    Xoiu- 


hre  (lu    Dios,    foundinn"   several    towns    on    tlu 


way. 


Thence  they  leturned,  \n  search  of  a  IVesh-watei* 
sea,  to  Nicoya,,  where  tliey  wttre  infoi'ined  thiit  a 
f'W  leaL;"tu;s  far'ther  on  was  a  line  lake.  They  ac- 
•rdinnly    jiroceedcid   to   the   spot   Upon    which     Lro?i 


now     stands,    and     there    foi'incid    settlement: 


l>u(. 


H'lowiui,^  dissatisfied  witli  this  site,  tiny  aftt  iwards 
Went  to  Nicaragua,  w  liei'e,  hy  a  treacherous  ruse, 
they  killed  the  iidiai)itants  and  took  |)ossession  of  tlu; 
l.iiid.'-"'  jirasseur  tells  much  the  siime  story  of  their 
(r;i\-els  and  ultimate;  settlement  in  Xicai'aLjua,  hut 
nsserts  that  they  wi-re  T(»ltecs.''" 

'■'''  Tiirriiirni'nfit,   toin.    i  ,    p,  .'t.'t'J;    /.rr//,    XirnraifiKi,    p,   {\;  st'i'  V(il,    i.,  of 
■  ■  '  "   ■■■  (I'.il. 


I'l  //-. 


II,.         '"'  lil. 


\s:\\\),  vol.  II 


p,  , 


!)l). 


•■'  A' 


pp.    .'tO'.t    I'J;   Oi'iri/ii,    Hist.   Iiiii.,  (uiil.   iv.,  p.    .'I."i, 


I'liriiifini, 


MJilv,  Nfc  vtil.  i.,  p.  7!'-.         **'■•  Tiiriji(iii:(iifii,  loin,  i,,  pii,  ',\'.\'2  It.        ''"  ///.■./ 
I .'ii.,  pp.    l()S-!». 


CHAPTER    Xril. 

HISTORY    OF    T!IK    MAYAS    IN    Yl'CATAN. 

AnoHIOIN.M-    NAMr.SOK  VrCATAN  -  Till':    I'IMMITIVK  ImIaIUTANTS   I1!i;\T 

TiiK    Kast  and  Wkst-   Zamna,   TifK    l*()NTii'i'-KiN(i      Till;    It/as 

AT    ClIICIIKN-    UlM';    0|.-    Cl   KII.CAN    AT   CllHIlKN    AM)    Ma\  Al'\N 

His    l)isAi'ri;AKANtK.  on   tiik  (!ri,K  Coast      '1'iik  ('(momi;   Hi  i.i; 

AT    >'  WAl'AN-    Al'l'KAIiANCK   OK   TIIK    Tl  Til,   XirS— Tl!ANs|,  VIIUN' 

or  TIIK  Maya   Iv;('ohi>  kv   I'kukz  and   l!i(AssKii{--Mi(ii!ATiiiN 

IKOM  Tl  l,AN— CoM^IKST  OK  MacAKAU  AM)  <'lll(IIKN  II  /  \  AN- 
NAI-S  — Tl'Tl'l-  XlUS  AT  I'XMAI,  ( )VKI!III  IIOW  OK  IIIK  CiMdMi; 
DVNASTV  TlIK  ('ONKKDKUAIV,  olt  IImI'IUK,  OK  'I'll'IT,  Xll  s,  I  l/AS, 
AM)  ClIKI.KS  FAjtl.K  OK  TIIK  DWAliK  (HKUTIIItOW  OK  TIIK  'I'l  Tl  h 
Xll  S-  FlNAK    I'KIUOD   OK   ("IVII,    WaKS. 


llespuctiii^"  tlio  orio'initl  iiainu  of  Yui'!it;ui,  l)islio|) 
Laixlfi  tolls  us  that  it  was  called  lihiiiiil  ('11/  iiiid 
Etol  Cell,  'land  of  turkeys  and  deer.'  I'adn;  Li/aiia, 
"writes  the  name  IJ  liUumil  (Jutz  and  U  Luuiuil  ( 'ih. 
]\lalte-I)run  <'lainis  to  have  I'oun*!  a  tradition  to  (Ik! 
tiiVect  that  in  the  early  time  the  interior  |»lainM  of  tlie 
jieninsula  were  sulaneroed,  i'oiininof  lakes,  and  tli(! 
])e<H)le  lived  in  isolated  oroups  liy  Hsliin^'  and  hiiiil- 
injjf,  Ijanda  also  a|>|tlies  tlie  name  PetiMi,  'i>l(', 
thinkino-  that  the  natives  Uelii'vc^d  their  country  to  In 
surrounded  with  water.  The  Perez  ni.'inusci'ipt  tciin^ 
the  ])eninsula  Chacnonitan,  which  Callatin  helitv 
to  have  lieen  its  true  name;  while  JJrasscjur  iToaids 
this  as  tlie  uncient  name  of  only  the  southern  jioiiii'ii 
of  (he  coMutiy.      'I'hi'rt!  is   no  douht   that   llie    nalivi' 


MKIIIATION  I'UOM  Till-:  KAST. 


GK 


n!\nio  of  Yucatan  at  tlio  coinini^  of  Europeans  and 
altcrwards  was  ^taya.  Sevui'al  autliors  dolinu  this 
as  'Jand  witliout  water,'  a  most  appropriate  name  lor 
tliis  rei^ion.  lirasse'.ir  in  one  })la('e  dei'ives  tiie  name 
iVom  Mai,  that  of  an  ancient  i>riest;  Coij^olludo  says 
the  country  was  named  from  its  capital  or  chief  city 
thus  ditferir'K  at  each  successive  I'poch,  hein^'  in  an- 
cient times  Mayapan,  hut  in  the  time  of  tlie  writer, 
( 'ampeche.  Ternaux-C/ompans  dcchu'es  tliat  from  the 
fall  of  Mayapan  to  the  coming'  of  the  Spaniards  the 
country  had  no  ^•enei'al  name.  All  a^ret;  that  the 
name  Yucatan  originated  from  a  misunderstanding" 
hy  the  S[)aniards  of  the  words  Hr'st  pronounced  hy 
the  natives  when  (luestioned  about  the  name  of  their 


4" 


C( 


)untry.^ 

riie  earliest  inh;il>itM,nts  are  su|)])osed  to  have  conu; 
from  the  east.  As  they  tied  hefore  their  enemies  tlu'ir 
^<>d  had  o])ened  a  patli  for  them  through  the  mm." 
Li/ana  ixdieves  tluise  first  inhahitants  cjimc!  IVom 
('uha,  which  niivy  have  heen  connected  with  the 
])eninsida  in  those  ])iimitive  times;  while  ( )ro/,co  y 
IJerra,  seejus  to  i'avor  the  idea  that  they  came  to 
(*ul)a  from  Florida.''  From  this  ori^in.-i!  ]iopulation, 
lew  in  uumhers,  is  sii|)|)o.sed  to  have  come  the 
.incient  name  r<'iiiiil,  or  'Httle  descent,'  a|tplicd  hy  the 
inhaitiduits  to  the  east;  while  th<!  name  holicnni/, 
'i^reat  descent,'  hy  which  the  west  was  c;dled,  oii^;- 
inated  from  a  larger  migration  fr(»m  thnt  diiection. 
( "ounjhido,  it  is  true,  (•liiinis  that   the  I'astern   colony 

as  the  more  nuniei'ous  of  the   two,   \(t,  this  is  not, 


w 


tradition, 


hut  I 


lis    theory,   liased    on    the    prevaleliee  oj 


the  Miiva  lanuiia''!'  in  coiniertioii  with  the  unfounded 


'  Oil  till'  iiMiiii'  of  llii-<  I'liiiiid'v  SIM".  I.iiiiild,  A'  liii'iitii.  ;iMil  Unis.siiir.  in 
/'/.,  |i|i.  (i.  H,  I'.'-;!;  I.i.iniii,  ill  /-/.,  |i.  ;tlS;  I'm  .  MS.,  in  ///.,  |.|..  I'JI,  •(•J'.t; 
/'/.,  Ill  S/(ji/ii-ii.\'  )  Hni/ii/i,  Mil.  ii.,  lip.  I'i.'i.  If'":  ^I'l'  iilsii  vol.  i.,  |i|).  I.'t'.i  id; 
('iiflii//iii/(),  llisl.  )  III'.,  ji|i,  (ill- 1,  \'HW;  \'illiiiiiitinri\  Hist.  I'lifi/.  Il.ii,  |i. 
'.'Si   T<iii(iii.i-t 'iiiiijitiii.i,  in  .\'()/M''7/(.v  .!/(//(»/<  v,  loni.  xf\  ii.,  pp.  .'HM;  .Mitl.'i- 

I'tili'i,    )'iirill'iil,   pp.    It--l."i;    (l.inrit,   Hisl.  hill.,  I'll!,  (id. 

^I.iiiiilii,  l!'/iii'iiiii,  p.  'JS:   Itrrnrii,  ilcc.  i\-.,lili.  x.,  iiip.  ii. 
'  l,i:iiiiii.    ill    I.iiiii/ii,    fi'/iirinii .  p.  ;t.-(h   Drirjra    »/   llrrin.    Uniifrii/'iii,    p. 
I'J.S.     ('ii;4i>ilu(lii,  Jlist.  i'lic,  p.  lis,  i|uiiti.s  tills  I'nini  Li/iinn. 


616 


NATIONS  OF  vrCATAN. 


assumption  that  tliose  wlio  came  from  tlio  west  must 
liave  s|)()k(;n  Aztec*  All  that  can  ho  Icanieil  from 
those  traditions  is  the  existence  amoniif  tlie  ^favas  ot' 
a  vaL*'ue  idea  that  tlunr  anc^estors  came  ori^iimlly  iVom 
<)]>[)()site  (hrections.  I'heir  idea  of  the  most  primitive 
piiriod  of  their  liistorv,  hko  the  idea  entertaiiud  hy 
other  nations  Avhose  annals  liave  heen  ])res(.'nti(|,  \v;is 
connected    with   the    ai'rival   of   a    small    hand    from 


across 


tl 


le   oc( 


an.     This  was   the  'little   descent ';  hv 


this  lirst  hand  and  their  descendants  the  country  wns 
j)eopled  and  the  j\[aya  institutions  cstahlislu'd.  Tlio 
'i^reat  descent'  referred  to  the  comin<^  of  str,iiiL;-eis 
from  the  south-west,  prohahly  at  different  tiim  s,  and 


at  a  nuu 


h  lat 


er  period 


To  account  for  the  fact   that   hut  one  laiinuaue  i.- 


spoken  in  Yucatan,  and  that  closely  rehited   to   tl 
of  Tahasco  and  (Guatemala,  Orozcoy  Jierra  snp| 
that  the    AEavas  destroyed   or    hanished   the 


lose 


II  ises 


|w|  ni(  r 


inhahitants. 


They 


were     evidently 


iKirharians, 


as 


shown  hy  their  ahandonment  of  the  ruins;  iieijiaps 
they  were  the  same  trihes  that  (h'stroyed  I*alen(|Ui.'' 
.But  the  reader  already  knows  that  the  huiMi  is  ef 
the  cities  were  found  v\  po.ssessitm  t>f  tlu'  eitiuitiy. 
iind  the  unity  of  laiin'uan'e  is  exactly  what  iiii'_;iit  he 
exj)ected,  if  the  traditional  colony  IVoiii  the  last 
])eopletl  not  oidy  Yucatan,  hut  the  adjoiiiiii'^-  cnim- 
trics,  anil  the  suhsecjik'iit  returninn'  colonies   fimn   the 


Ave 


st  came   from    the    countries    thus    }»eo|tled.      \\ 


learn  from  lioturini  that  the  ()linecs,  Xicalancas.  and 
Zapotecs,  of  the  eastei'ii  i'ei»ion  of  Mexico,  lied  at  the 
approat'h  of  the  Toltecs  and  settled  in  N'mataii. 
Veytia  shows  that  if  any  of  tlu'se  j><,'(>j)les  stithd  in 
Yucatan,  it  was  from  choice,  not  lu'cessity;  Tniiiue- 
mada  and  others  add  the  ('hichinu'cs  and  Acelhn.e; 
to  the  peoples  that  settled  \'ucatan.      Condlhido  and 


*  Lizmtn  and  Coifdlliiiln,  as  alinvc.  'l"('riiaii\-('oin|iaiis,  in  Xniirdh  ■< 
Anmilis,  i..;:i.  X('\ii.,  p.  .'<"_',  a!si>  rcviTscs  tln'  slati'iiiciil  iif  llic  tiaclilinu 
rrs|H'ctinj;  llic  rdaliM'  luiiiilicrs  of  tlic  n's|ii"i'tivc  I'liloiiicw, 

<>  Oruzru  1/  liirrti,  drix/rd/iti,  p.  1'2'.(. 


TOLTEC  TIIKOllY. 


617 


Fancoiirt  incliulo  tlic  Too-Cliioliiinoos,"  while  most 
inodoni  writers  Itivor  the  theory  that  tlie  Toltecs 
(xciipied  Yuciitaii  after  their  expulsion  i'roiii  Aiui- 
hiiiu^  in  the  eleventh  century,  ereetinj^'  the  cities  that 
have  sin(!e  heen  found  there  in  so  <i;reat  numbers.^ 

The  conjectures  of  the  precedin;^-  parai:;raj)h  and 
many  others  of  a  similar  nature,  are  a  j»art  of  the 
theory,  so  often  noted  in  this  work,  of  a  <i;eneral  mi- 
gration of  American  nations  from  nortii  to  south,  a 
theory  which  has  amounted  almost  to  a  mania  I'or 
dispatchiui^  every  ancient  noithern  trihe  southward, 
and  for  searching  in  the  north  for  the  origin  of  every 
ancient  southern  j)eo[)le.  It  was  not  enough  that  the 
])eople  of  Yucatan  and  Guatemala  migrated  from  the 
far  north-west;  hut  it  was  necessary  t(^  find  in  each 
of  these  states  traces  of  every  nation  whose  presence 
in  Mexico  during  the  past  ages  has  heen  ri'coi'(K'd  by 
tradition.  After  what  has  been  said  on  this  subject 
in  this  and  preceding  volumes,  it  is  needless  to  repeat 
here  the  ari>-uments  au;ainst  a  Mexican  origin  for  the 
ix'oplc  and    monuments  of    Yucatan.     No  peo|)le  i 


u 


AuuMica  show  less  mdicadons  oi   a  j)ast   mtermixturo 
with  foreiu,!!  tribes:   the  similarity  bi>twecu  the  moii- 


I'arth 


er    nortli    is   sullicienflv  ac- 


ifb 


uiuents    and  those 

counti'd  for  bv  the  histori(!al  escnls  to  be  rccoi-ded  i 


'>y 


II 

this  chapter;  and  the  conjectui'c^s  in  (piestion  are  not 
oidy  unfounded,  but  wholly  uncalle(l  for,  serving  only 
to  complicate  a  recH)rd  which  without  them  is  compar- 
atively clear  if  not  very  complete. 

The  Yucatec  culture-hero  was  /amna.  or  Ytzamna, 
who  according  to  the  traditions  was  the  first  tciuporal 
and    religious    leader,   the    civili/er.    high-priest,  and 

"  \'(  i/li(i,  toiii  i.,  )>.  li'l"  ;  '/'ill I/Ill  mm/ii,  toiii.  i.,  II.  'JCi'.l  ;  /.Ikiiih,  in  l.nmii, 
It' liii-ioii,  ]).  .'l.')-|  ;  ('ii'ji)llitilii.  Hist.  Yit'-.,  )i.  1"><;  riliiiiniil's  Hist.  Yin.,  |i, 
ICi. 

"  Slr/ihriis'  yiiniliin,  vol.  ii.,  )i|>.  .'U)4-8,  .'tC'-.'l,  l.'i.'i  I  ;  Hi(iihiinr.<  Aiwr. 
Aiilii/.,  pp.  'iOI-'i  ;  Monlil,  I'lii/iii/,.  tiMii.  i.,  |ip.  •J7ii-1  ;  Wnlilit-I.-.  I'li//.  /'///., 
pp  M-f)  ;  Miii/i  /■'.•.  Ml  r.  A:lii\  ilc,,  vol.  i.,  pp.  ini-loo  :  irn/'/KVuv,  (,'((«/.  n.  Slut., 
Jip.  .'t.'t,  14".';  Prirliiiiil's  lii'SKiiilii  s.  \u\.  \.,  \t.  ;j4t> ;  J'l  iiuiiiJ-l  inniutnil,  ill  xVwu- 
vttlcs  Annulcs,  toiii.  .\cvii,,  pp.  .'11-:^. 


-Ml 


618 


NATIONS  OF  YUCATAN. 


law-jj^iver,  who  introdiicod  the  Miija  institutions,  di- 
vi(k'(l  the  country  into  provinces,  and  named  all  the 
localities  in  Yucatan.  He  was  acconijjanied,  like 
other  culture-heroes,  by  a  band  of  priests,  artizans, 
and  even  warriors.  Ruling  the  country  I'roni  his 
capital  of  Mayapan,  he  j^ave  the  «;;overnnjent  of  the 
])rovinces  to  his  conjpanions,  reserving  the  best  ])()si- 
tions  naturally  for  chieftains  of  his  own  blood,  /aunia 
was  the  rej)orted  inventor  of  the  Miiya  hieroglyj)lii(! 
art,  and  it  is  conjectured  that  the  Coconies.  the  old- 
est royal  family  in  Yucatan,  were  the  desccudiiuts 
of  this  lirst  ruler.  He  died  at  an  advanced  a'n» 
and  was  interred  at  Izamal,  su|)])ose(l  to  have  bei'U 
at  that  time  near  the  sea  shore,  a  city  which  w;is 
named  for  him,  and  ])robably  founded  by  him,  where 
his  successors  erected  a  sacred  tem])le  in  honor  of 
his  memo!  V ,  which  was  for  manv  centuries  a  liivor- 
ite  shrine  tor  Yucatec  ])ilgrinis.  Auotlu'r  ])ersouiigi', 
Kinich  Kakmo,  is  prominent  in  the  Maya  mythology, 
and  u\i\y  ])robably  have  been  identical  with  Zanni;i. 
or  one  t)f  liis  c()mj)anious." 

/amna  may  best  be  connected  with  tlie  first  colony, 
the  'little  descent,'  the  lirst  introduction  of  Maya  in- 
stitutions into  the  country,  although  it  is  not  ex|)i'esr^- 
ly  stated  that  he  was  at  the  head  of  that  colony  ;  and 
both  the  colony  and  its  lea(UM'  mi\y  be  identifu'd  most 
natuj'ally  with  the  introduction  of  the  Votanic  civil- 
i/ation  and  tlie  establishment  of  tlie  Xibalban  em])ire 
already  narrated  from  the  traditions  of  the  nations. 
Whether  Zanni.'i  was  a  com])anion  or  disciph*  of 
\^)tan,  or  even  identical  with  that  ])ersonage.  it  is.  of 
course,  impossible  to  deternune  ;  and  it  is  not  by  any 
nu'aus  necessary  to  accept  literally  the  arrival  of 
either  colony  or  leader.  But  the  role  ])layed  by 
/aiuna  was  the  same  as  that  of  Yotan,  and  the  same 
events  at  the  same  epoch  may  be  reasonably  supjioscd 

"  On  Ziiiiiiii(,  s(>(> :  —  vol.  iii.,  |i]).  AiVi-^t  of  (Iiis  work;  Coiinlhidit,  lini. 
Yiir.,  ii|).  178,  niU,  l'.t(i-7  ;   /.ini(/<i,  Hilniiini,  uu.  ;t-.>H-.'10  ;   /.izaiin,  in  /</..  \> 


.'irii; 


Jliiissnn;   //ist.,  loni.  i.,  l>|).  78-80;    H'li/i/i -/.■,    y'oy.  I'itl.,  jt.  2.'1 ;    Malti ■linui, 
I'uciituii,  j)p.  15-17. 


THK  ITZAOH  AT  rillCIIF.N. 


mo 


to  have  oiMLrinated  tlu;  Yiicutec  as  well  as  tlie  Tzi'ii- 
(lal,  Qiiiclu',  and  Toltec  traditions  of  this  primitive 
liistorie  period.  The  statement  of  Ordofu'Z,  already 
I'eferred  to,  tliat  ^fayapan  was  one  of  the  allied  capi- 
tals which  with  Palon<iue,  Tulan,  and  Coj)an,  consti- 
tuted the  Xihalhan,  or  Votanic,  empire,  is  not  im- 
])rol)ahle,  althoU!L;h  its  truth  cannot  he  fully  sulistan- 
tiated. 

The  next  event  in  the  annals  of  the  peninsula  is 
the  rule  of   the    Itzaoh,    three   most   holy    men,    at 


Chid 


mil 


It/; 


over 


th 


le    ]»eo))le    a  J  so    callec 


peoi 


1    It 


zas. 


( 'loscly  connected  with  these  rulers,  an<l  pcrhajis  t'lic 
of  the  three,  was  C'ukulcan,  ov  Quetzalcoiitl,  the 
'j)lumed  serpent.'  Tonjuemada  tells  us  that  in  very 
remote  times,  at  the  time  of  Quetzalcoatl's  disiij)p(ar- 
ance  from  Mexico,  ('ukulcan  aj)peared  iVom  tlu;  west 
with  nineteen  followers,  all  with  lonuf  luiards,  and 
dressed    in   lon^"   rohes  and  sandals,  hut  hare-headed. 


Tl 


lis  au 


tlior  ideiitilies  him   with   Ouetzalcoatl.      ( 


o- 


'"•olludo  in  one  place  hrietiv  refers  to  Cukulcui  as  a 
i^reat  captain  and  a  j^'od;  and  elsewhere  speaks  of  the 
comiiio-  of  ( 'dzas  with  niiujteeii  followei's,  introdiiciiiL;' 
the  rites  of  confession  and  otherwise  modifying'  tin; 
relin'ious  institutions  of  the  country.  Landa,  speaks 
of  (Jukulcan  as  ha\iii>4'  afterwards  heeii  I'e^arded  as  a 
i^'od  in  ATexico,  whence  he  had  come  to  Yucatan,  nn- 
(l(M-  the  name  of  Cezalcouati  ((^lu^tzalcoatl).  Ilerrera 
i^ivcis  him  tw(j  hrothei's,  and  states  that  the  three 
collected  a  lari^"<!  j)o|Milation  and  reii^ned  together  in 
]>eace  for  many  years  over  the  Itzas  at  ('liicjieii, 
where    they    erected    many    mai'iiilii-eiit   temples    in 


h 


)f  tl 


lonor  or  tlieii*  yods. 


'I'he  tiiree  hntthei-s  HvcmI  a  most 


holy  and  continent  life,    neither   marryini;'  nor  asso- 
ciating' cai'iially  with  women;  hut  at  last  one  of  them, 
("ukulcan,  lor  most  of  tlu;  authorities  a^ree  that  In 
w 
M 


as   one   of  tlieiii,    left    his  companions  and  adopted 
iya|ian  as  his  capital.      Landa  says  on  this  suhject' 


"It   is  the  o|)inion  of  the  natives  that  with  tin;  Itzas 
who   settled   (.'hicheii    Itza  there  iviiji'ned  a  ^reat  lord 


0)20 


NAriONS  OF  YUCATAN. 


10 


iiaiiitMl  CukiilciiM,  uliifu  is  shown  to  1)0  truel),'tl 
priiicipiil  ctilil'u'L!  callod  CukuK-aii.  Tluiy  say  tli  it  la 
oiitorcd  tlic  country  fVoiii  the  west,  l>ut  tlioy  dill'ci-  ;i> 
(o  w  hrlhcr  hu  I'aiiio  hoforc'    with,  or  after  tho    hzas 


111(1  tlicv  sav  lie  was  very  moral,   haviiio-  iicitlier  wih 


nor  ehiUlreii. 


In 


)tl 


anotlier   idace 


>U 


tl 


le    same    author 


s|»eaks  o\'  the  three  hrothi-rs  also  as  havino- come  iVoin 
the  west,  reii^'iihii''  at  Chichen,  a^reehi<if  in  lil'e  and 
character  with  C'  kuK-a,n,  until  one  of  the  niimhcr 
(hed,  or  at  least  al)an(U)ned  his  com[tanions  and  h  It 
the  coimtiy. 

After  the  de[)artnre  or  death  of  ( 'ukulcan,  tlu'  two 
remainiii!;'  lords  |L(radually  tj^ave  themselves  u|»  to  an 
irreL>-ular  and  dissolute  life;,  and  their  conduct  tinally 
m()ved  their  suhjei'ts  to  revolt,  to  kill  the  two  |niiici's, 
and  to  ahandon  the  city.  C'uknlcan  in  the  meant iiiu^ 
devoted  his  attention  to  huildinn'  u|»,  heautifyiiiL;-,  and 
I'ortityin.iif  his  new  capital,  erectiiij;'  urand  temi>Ks  for 
till!  <;'ods  and  palaces  for  liis  snhorilinate  lords,  anioiiL;' 
A\  hom  h(^  divided  the  sui'roundiiiL,'-  country  and  towns. 
-lie  ruled  liere  most  wisely  and  ]>ros|>eronsiy  for  sev- 
eral years,  hut  at  last  after  iully  estahlishiiio-  the 
government,  and  instructing'  his  lollowtrs  respecting;' 
their  duties  and  the  ])roper  nuvins  of  ruliuL;'  the  coun- 
try |)ea,cefully,  he  determined,  for  some  motive  not 
revealed,  to  ahandon  the  city  and  the  peninsula,  lie 
tai'ried  awhile,  however,  at  ( 'hanipotim  on  tlu;  west- 
ern coast,  whei'e  a  tem})le  was  I'l'ected  in  coninieiiio- 
I'ation  of  his  stay.  Accordin*;'  to  llerrera,  it  was 
ei'ected  hy  himself." 


It 


IS  evK 


lent 


enouu' 


1i  that  ("ukulcan  was  tli«^  saiiu 


as  (.^uotzalcoatl,  but  to  dc^termiiu!   with    ic/uCh    (^)iii't- 
zalcoatl      the  Nahua  culture-hero  or  the  'Poltec   kiiiL;' 
"is  a  dilHcult  matter.      VV^e  havi^  sei'ii   what  conipli 
cations  in  Mexican  histoi'y  arise  from  the    iact    that 


7'. 


'On    r!ikul<'i\n    mid  tlic  Tt/iin,   sec:     Ifirrmi,  dcciv.,  lilt.  x..  cap.  ii. 
In,     lolll.     ii.,  |i.  Wl,    lotil.   iii.,  |i.    l.'t.'l;    I'iii/ii/Zik/o,    Hist.    Yiir..    \i\>. 


iin/liriiiiii 


I'.HI,  I',K;-7;   l.inii/ii,  Ji'rliirinn,  pp.  .'M-!l,  .'tU»-'J;   /Ini^.^nir.  ///.v/.,  (. 
iO-l.'l;   Mtdd-llniii,   i'lirdtdil,    pp.    l.T   10;   Si'r/i/nii.s''    Yitntldii,    vul. 

ni»-i. 


I'l' 


ClKI'I.rAX  AND  Till'  COCOMKS. 


C2l 


the  S|">!iiiisli  wi'itcrs  lailfd  to  make  any  (llstiiictinn 
hotwccii  the  two,  most  ot"  thi'iii  tuitirtly  ii^iioiiii'4  tht; 
latter.      ( "oooUudo  dates   the   de|)artm-e  of  ('td<Mleaii 


III 


tl 


le  middle  o 


t'  the  twehth  ceiitiiiv  ;    Ilerreia  iiiak 


it  pieeedo  hy  ahoiit  five  liiindred  and  sixty  years  the 
comiiin"  of  the  Spaniards;  and  J>rasseiir  de  IJoiii  hoiiri^-, 
in  liis  liistory,  implies  that  ('nknlean  was  Acxitl 
Qiietzalcoatl,  thus  j)laein!4'  his  stay  in  ^'^u'atan  in  or 
alter  the  eleventh  eentnry.  \'et  most  of  the  traditions 
seem  to  point  to  the  It/aohaml  to  Ciikiilcan  as  pre- 
cediiiLi;-  the  Tiitnl  Xiiis.  'I'lie  1  tzas  seem  to  ha\e 
heeii  anioiijjf  the  most  ancient  nations  in  the  coiinti'v, 
and  their  name  is  hest  derived  from  that  of"  \'t/ainn:i. 


I- 


I 


B 


veil    Ijrasseur  de  liouriMinrn',  in  a  later  work,    oilers 


lati 


10 


.11; 


the  conjectures  that  the  Itzaswere  Xihalhans  who 
fled  from  Chiapas  alter  the  overthrow  of  their  eiii- 
]tii"e  hy  the  Nahiias,  and  that  ('nkulcan  "was  the 
same  as  the  more  or  K'ss  niytholonic  persona'^i;  of 
whom  Saliau^nn  speaks,  tlu;  K-ader  of"  he  Nahiia  rai'e 
to  'I'ainoanchan,  who  seems  idiMitical  with  tin;  (Juet- 
zalcoatl  of  the  t'oi/r.r  Cltiiii<t/i)(>jK)C((,  imd  the  (Jncu- 
niatz  of  the  I'opol    Viili.'' 

Theri!    is   no   reason    for  hrin^inij^  the    Itza    pcopi 
from  Chiapas,  since  they   ap[>ear 


to  have  hccii  like 
the  (x)comes,  descendants,  or  followers,  of  Zaiiiii;i, 
whose  history  from  the  death  of  their  eroat  ruler 
down  to  Cukulcan's  comini'',  is  unknown.  Jiiit  it  is 
certainly  most  consistent  to  identify  Cukulcan  with 
the  first  C^uetzalcoatl  and  with  (lucumatz,  to  reLiar<l 
his  appearance  and  the  rule  (»f  the  three  'holy 
])iinces' at  ('hiclnMi  and  Mayajiaii  as  tlu!  first  intro- 
duction of  the  Naliiia  infhu'iice  in  ^'llcatan,  and  to 
(late  it  within  tht>  first  two  ciMitiiries  of  tlu^  Christian 
era,  while  the  Nahiia  power  was  heoinniiii.!^  to  ri\al 
that  of  the  ancient  Xiiialha  in  Chiapas,  and  whiles  the 
Olmecs  and  Xicalancas  Mere  becoming  estal)lislied  in 
W'ra  C'ruz  and  i'uehla.     Malte-iirun  and  some  others 

'"  \n  (i  iioto  fo  I.'nii/it,  I!i!iiri,)ii,  j)[).  ,'J,"i,  ;j!);  Orozco  y  lirrra,  firtif/nifiit, 
!>]).    15,"i-G. 


1 


?■■  i| 


622 


NATIONS  OF  YUCATAN. 


(loem  Cukulcan  and  Zamna  tlic  same  without  aiiv 
apparent  reason,  althoui^h  the  lives  and  deeds  of  !>  itl; 
tliese  pontiff-rulers  are  recorded  only  in  the  vagiiot 
manner." 

it  is  j)robablo  that  Cukulcan  abandoned  Chichon 
and  its  peojde,  anionic  whom  he  at  first  attempted  ti) 
establish  his  ])eculiar  reforms,  because  his  teacliinos 
were  not  so  favorably  received  or  so  permanent  in 
their  effects  as  he  desired,  and  because  he  had  reason 
to  expect  more  favorable  results  anions^  the  Coconius, 
whom  he  now  {ido})ted  as  his  chosen  people.  Jjotli 
'listeners'  and  'serpents'  are  ^'iven  as  the  signification 
of  the  name  Cocomes;  the  first  may  be  referred  to 
the  fact  that  they  were  the  first  to  'listen'  to  Cukul- 
can's  teachinijfs;  the  second  mav^  arise  from  their 
relationship  to  tlie  Votanic  race  of  Chanes,  or  'ser- 
pents.' Torquemada  speaks  of  the  Cocomes  as  the 
descendants  of  Cukulcan,  but  to  regard  them  ratlicr 
as  disci[)les  would  be  more  consistent  with  the  celi- 
bate life  and  chastity  attributed  to  the  great  teaclicr. 
After  the  Plumed  Serpent's  departure  the  lords  of 
!Mayapan,  raised  to  the  highest  power  in  the  state 
the  chief  of  the  Coconie  family,  as  Landa  says, 
"either  because  this  family  was  the  most  ancient  or 
the  richest,  or  because  he  who  was  at  its  head  was  a 
very  valiant  chief."  Many  of  the  aboriginal  institu- 
tions of  this  country,  as  descril)ed  in  a  preceding 
volume,  are  derived  from  traditions  of  this  ])eriod  of 
Cocome  rule,  one  of  tlie  most  prosperous  in  ^biyji 
history.  The  family  names  of  rulers  are  often  used 
as  personal  names  in  tlio  annals  of  tliese  nations,  and 
thus  we  find  the  ruler  at  Mayapan  spoken  of  as 
Coconi." 


Respecting  the  ensuing  period  of  C(jcome  rule,  we 

1'  Vol.  iii.,  p.  4Ct'i;  Maltc-liriu},  Yitrnftni,  ])i>.  liVlrt. 

''•*  Tarquonudd,  Um\.  ii.,  p.  ■'j'2;  Litiitfa-Ilc/ariuii.  jip.  38-4"),  54-0;  ('ihji'I- 
ludo,  Hist.  Yiic,  pp.  170-80;  llcrnni,  dec.  iv.,  Iil>.  x..  cii]).  ii. ;  'J'cni'iii.r- 
Cdiiifxdis,  in  Nouvcllcs  Annahs,  tola,  xcvii.,  p.  34;  Mit(te-JJrtiii,yiicutiiH, 
p.  15-6. 


MIGRATION  OF  Tl'Tl  L  XILS. 


C23 


have  no  record  until  at  a  suhsoquoiit  l)ut  uiuli'tcrm- 
ined  date  a  new  people,  the  Tutiil  Xiiis,  jipjx'aivd 
from  the  .southern  renion  where  they  had  wandered 
l()n<r  and  suffered  y-reat  ])rivatIons,  and  settled  in  the 
vieinitv  of  Mavanan,  hein;/  kindly  received  hv  the 
(/ocomes.  All  ai;'ree  that  they  came  fr(<m  the  south; 
llerrera  hrin^s  them  from  the  Lacanddi  mountains, 
and  speaks  of  them  as  liavin*''  entered  Mnyiipan,  where 
they  lived  in  _i>Teat  ])eace  too-ether  with  the  former 
inhahitants.  Landa  judi^es  from  limjcuistic  and  mon- 
umental rescnd)lanccs  that  tliey  came  IVonx  ( "hiaj)ns. 
^[orelet  suijfiu^ests  that  they  were  a  ])and  from  l*a- 
1  have  already  sliown  that  the  Tutul  Xius 
]irobal)lv,  like  the  Quiches  and  Toltecs,  amoiiLT 


en([ue 


were 


the  trihes  that  mi^'rated  from  Tulan  in  Chiapas  at 
some  time  between  the  third  and  fil'tli  centuries.'* 
They  were  not  like  the  Toltecs  a  j)urely  Nahua  na- 
tion, that  is,  they  did  not  s})e:ik  the  Nahua  lan<4uaL;e; 
liut  they  were,  like  the  Quiches,  a  l)ranch  of  the  an- 
cient !Maya,  or  Xihalhaii,  ])e()ple,  whicli  had  in 
<Jhia]ias  been  subjected  to  Naliua  influi-nces  and  had 
adopted  to  some  extent  the  Nahua  institutions.  In 
lani^ua^'c  they  were  kindred  to  the  C'oeonies,  It/as, 
and  all  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Yucatan;  but 
like  the  C'oeonies  they  were  also  ibllowers  of  ( 'ukulcaii 
and  Quetzalcoatl,  Their  kind  recej^tion  is  not  there- 
lore  to  be  wondered  at,  and  their  subseijueiit  ])romi- 
iience  in  the  history  of  the  coinitry  accounts  ibr  the 
Nahua  analogies  observed  in  Yucatan  institutions 
and  monuments. 


''  Lntuhi-Vtihtrinu,  ])|i.  41-S.  'T.c  iioni  dos  Tiifiil-Xhi  ]iarjiif  (r(iri:.'iiio 
iiMlmatl;  il  sciait  derive  dc  talnl,  /n/ifl/,  ii]>v:i\\.  ct  (Ic  .ninf/,ou  .ri/iin'i/, 
lii'ilic,  etc.  V.n  ccci  il  ii'y  auiait  licti  d'cxtraoidinaiif,  |iuisc|ii'iis  sni-- 
liiiciit  dc  Tnlt(  ini  Tiihijiaii,  t-hv  cjiu  aurait  t'tt'  la  caiiitalc  dcs  Naliiias  nil 
'riilt('(nR'H  aini's  k'ur  victnire  siir  Xiliallia.'  JlnmsiKr.  in  /'/.,  \i.  -17.  Sco 
idx)  llrrnra.  dec.  iv.,  lih.  x.,  caii.  ii.,  iii.;  I'l'iiiKinnii/a.  (oin.  iii.,  ]>,  l.'l:.'; 
('(ii/ii/fiii/o,  Ili.it.  Yuc.,  [ip.  ITS,  IS'J;  Mun/r/,  \'iii/(i(ii\  \t<n\.  i.,  ji.  'J71; 
ditUddii,  \\\  Aiiii'v.  Kdiuii.  Stir.,  Trdtmtiit..  \i\\.  i.,  !••  '"1;  Tmutux-Cuni- 
jKiii.t,    \n  yaiirel/r.i  AiUKi/f.s,  tolii.  xcvii.,  |i|).  .'{l-.") 

'^  'i'liis  viiluiiio,  ]iii.  2"27-S.  Additiniial  sliuly  of  tlio  snlijcct  lias  caused 
)iu>  til  iiiddify  loiisidi'ialily  in  this  cliaiitiT  some  of  tliu  .stati'iiiciils  (iii  .Maya 
liistory  ciiiitaiiiL'd  in  vul.  ii.,  [iji.  IIS-'JU. 


C24 


NATIONS  OF  YUCATAN. 


T  now  present  in  full  tlio  Perez  doeuniont  Mliiih 
'01  tains  neai'ly  all  tlnit  is  known  of  tlie  Tntul  .\iii 
annals.  I  quote  the  version  <:;iven  in  Mr.  .Stej)lien,s' 
work,  aildini;"  in  parentheses  the  variations  and  a 
itw  explanatory  notes  i'nnn  Brasseur's  translation.'^ 
"'I'his  is  the  series  of  Katunes,  or  e])ochs,  that 
(lapsed  from  the  time  of  their  departui-e  Irom  the 
land  and  liouse  of  Nonoual,  in  whieh  were  the  four 
Tutul  X\\\,  lyin^-  to  the  wf^st  of  Zuina  (prohahly 
the  'I'ulan  Zuiva  of  tlie  Popol  Yuh)  ^ijoini^  out  of 
the  land  of  Tuhn)an  ((.'a])ital  of  Tulan).  Four  epochs 
Avere  spent  in  traveliu'j'  liefoi-e  they  arrived  hei'e  with 
Toloiiehantepeuj  (Hol()n-Chan-Te})euh,  ill  hoth  tl'o 
Mava  te.xt  and  in  Brasseur's  tr.mslation)  and  Jiis 
followers.  When  they  he^aji  tlieir  journey  towards 
this  island  (jn'toi,  meanin;^'  literally  'island,'  is  the 
woi'd  used,  hut  Brasseur  tells  us  that  it  Mas  a])})lii  d 
as  well  to  reLjions  almost  sun-ounded  hy  water,  and 
the  Mayas  knew  very  well  that  tlu-ir  country  was  a 
])eninsuhi),  it  was  the  8  Ahau,  and  the  G  Ahau,  tlic 
4  Ahau,  and  the  2  Ahau'"  were  spent  in  ti'avelinL!'; 
liecause  in  tlie  first  year  of  13  Ahau  thev  ai'rived  at 
this  island  (})eninsula),  niakiiiL!;"  to^'ether  eighty-one 
A'ears  thev  were  travelint>'  between  tluir  departure 
fi'(tni  thcii'  country  and  their  arri\al  at  this  islaml 
(peninsula)  of  Chacnouitan.  in  the  H  Ahau  arri\cd 
Ahnu^kat  Tatul  Xiu  (an  error  ju'rhaps,  for  I.')  Ahau 
as  ahove,  or  this  may  refer  to  a.  later  arri\al  of  an- 
other party),  and  ninety-nine  years  they  remained  in 
( 'hacnnuitan.  Then  took  ])lac  •  the  discoveiy  (cun- 
(juesl)  (if  tli(^  ]iro\'ince  of  Zi  ,an-eaan,  or  ih-Halir 
(i^akhalal,  Chectenial  at  the  time  of  the  ceM(pi(  ;-t, 
])rohahly  near  tin;  site  of  Baca'  ir).  1'he  1  Ahau.  the 
'2  Allan,  and  tin;  13  Ahau,  'r  sixty  years,  tJuy 
ruled  in  Ziyan-caan,  when  (snice)  tluy  came  heiv. 
l)urin_n'  these  years  of  their  i;()M'rnment  of  the  pie\ - 

^'>  S/r/)linin'  Yitriiliii),  veil,  ii.,  ]i|i.  ■Ki.'i-'.l;  llvassiiiv,  in  l.diii/n,  Jii/itviuii, 
jip,  4'2(t-',>. 

'•'  l''iii'  nil  iiccoiiiit  (if  tliis  system  (if  .\liiiii  KiiIiiiicm  ainl  (lie  (ndci'  "f 
their  Micci'cKidii,  see  vol.  ii.,  jhi.  7lJ'J-o, 


THE  PEREZ  UEroilD. 


625 


luce  of  Bacalar,  occurred  tlie  discovery  (conquest)  of 
( 'lilchcu  Itza.  The  11  Aluiu,  9  Aliau,  7  Aliau,  5 
Allan,  '.]  Allan,  1  Aliau,  or  one  hundred  and  twenty 
years  tliev  ruled  in  (Jhichen  Itza,  wlien  it  was  ahan- 
doned  and  tliey  eniiiL>Tated  U)  C]iain})()ton  (Chanputun) 
where  the  Itzas,  holy  men,  hail  houses  (had  had 
dwelHll^•s).  '{'he  0  Ahau  they  took  possest-.ion  of  the 
territory  of  ( lianijioton.  'J'he  4  Alum  [and  so  on  for 
twelve  epochs  to  the  8  AhauJ  Chanipoton  M'as  de- 
stroyed or  ahandoned  (Brnv^^*, nr  has  it,  "4  Ahau,  etc., 
cte.,  and  in  the  8  Ahau  Jhainpoton  was  destroyed"). 
Two  hundred  and  sixty  year;-'  reij^ned  (or  had  rci^tied 
.'it  the  time  when  Chanipotc^n  was  destroyed)  the 
Itzas  ill  (  'haui|H)ton,  \vhen  they  returned  in  search  of 
their  homes  ("after  whicli  they  started  out  anew  in 
search  of  Iimuk's,"  -'iccordini^  to  Brasseur),  ;iiid  then 
they  lived  tor  .sevei.il  ejKxlis  under  the  uninhahited 
niountains  ("for  several  epochs  the  Itzas  waiidd'cd, 
sleeping"  ill  t!'."  forests,  amont^  n^c^'s  and  Avild  plants, 
sutl'eriiin' u'leat  privations,"  as  Brass(>ur  has  it,  notin'jf 
an  omission  of  a  ]»art  of  the  text  in  J*erez'  ti'ans- 
l.itioji).  The  ('»  Ahau,  4  Ahau,  aftei*  forty  years  they 
returiKid  to  tlieir  lionies  once  more,  and  ('hamp(tton 
was  lost  to   them.      (The   Frencli  version   is  ciitii'ely 


ililferent;    ''0    Ahau, 

a  hove 


4    Al 


Kill"  -they   wandered    an 


-"afler    which    they      the     Itzas     liad 
tixed  homes,  after   they   had    lost  ( 'hamjioton 
this    Katun  of  2   Ahau,   Acuitok    Tutul    Xiu 
lished  himself  In  Uxmal ;  the 
r'ei^'ular  order  fi>i'   ten  epcx-hs    to 


a ''a  I II 


n 


lau  i  and  so  on  in 


10  A I 


lau 


tKpial   to 
two    hundred   years,   they   <4(»vernid   and    v.-ionnl    in 
(^xmal   wiMi   (lie  L;'oyernors  (powerful   lorrls)  ol"  (  "li 
cheii     Itza,    and    Mayapan,      After   the   lajtse   of  t'lo 


lan 


A 


instead 


Kat 


unes  (.1 


f  J  I.   1».   i\  All 


an, 


(B 


rasseur  savs   / 


(i  Ahau,  as  imU'ed  it  nmst  he  in  oidir  to 
jirosevve  the  order)  ii  the  8  Ahau  the  ;4'o\ernoi-  (the 
p(»we''fnl  lords)  of  ('hichcii  Itza  was  (were)  deposed 
(ruined)  iiecause  he  mnniinreil  disrespectfully  a'j;'ainst 
Tnnac eel  (llunac  i^el);  this  lia[tpcn«-(i  to  (,.'liac\il»chac 


V.ii,.  V 


r,2G 


NATIONS  OF  VrcATAN. 


of  (liirlicji  Ttza,  who  liad  spokt'ii  a^'iiinst  Tuiiac-ti  1, 
^•overnor  of  the  i'oi'trcNS  of  Mayalpaii  (Mayapaii). 
Ninety  yi^ars  liad  elapsed,  lait  the  tenth  of  the  S 
Alia.ii  was  the  year  in  wliich  he  was  oveilhrowu  hy 
.\  j/iiite  yutchau  (Ah-Tzinteyiit-( 'han)  with  'IV.uiite- 
eiiin,  Taxcal,  Panteinit,  Xucli-ucuot  (\uclni-( 'net), 
N  t/cuat,  aiul  Kakalrocat;  tliese  are  tlie  names  of  tlic 


IS 


.seven     ATayalpans     (lords     of    Maya|iati).       In     th 
)ie  period,  or  Katnn,  of  the  H  Alian,  they  attacked 


sal 


l<in'4'  riniil  (kinL;;  of  the  Plniil)  in  consefpience 
of  his  (piarrel  (festivities)  with  I'lil,  J<in<^'  of  j/anial 
(Ytzinai);  thirteen  divisions  of  troo])s  had  lie  when 
ho  was  i-onted  hy  Tunae-eel  (Ifmiae  i''el,  'lu;  who 
gives  iiitellii^ence');  in  tlu;  (j  Ahau  the  war  was  over, 
after  thii'ly-fonr  viiars.  Jn  the  (5  Alian,  4  Ah;ni,  "J 
Allan,  i;{  Allan,  II  Ahau  (Brasseur  sa,ys  in  the  s 
Ahau),  the  foititjrd  tcirritory  oi'  Mayalpaii  \\,is  in- 
vadetl  hy  tlu^  men  of  It/a,  uiuhr  their  kin^-  riiiiil, 
IxM'ause  they  had  w.iils  and  n'ovej'iied  in  cominoii  (he 
people  of  Mayalpan.  I^ii^hty-three  years  ela|ised 
after  this  e\i'nt  and  at  t\\o  hey'inniiin-  of  II  Ah.ni, 
IVIayalpan  was  (K^stroyed  hy  strangers  (.f  tlie  I  it/rs, 
(perhaps  (.^hiielu's)  or  1 1  i^hlandi'rs,  as  was  also  'raiicaj 
('ranc.ah)  of  Mayalpan.  In  the  0  Ahau  (.S  Ahau 
aeeordiiiij;'  to  original  text  and  Ih'asseur),  ]\1ayalji;in 
was  destroyed  (tinally  ahandoned).  TIk;  epochs  of  (5 
Ahau,  4  Ahau,  and  2  Ahau,  elajised,  and  at  this 
])oriod  tli(^  S|)aniards,  for  tlaUiist  time  arii\ed,  and 
j.>'ave  the  name  of  \'ucatan  to  this  ])ro\iiiee,  ^ixty 
yea  IS  after  the;  destruction  of  tin-  fnidrss.  The  I! 
Ahua,  I  I  Aliua,  pestilence  and  sinall-jioN  wt  re  in  the 
rastli'H.  In  the  l;{  Ahua,  Ajpula  (Ahpuki)  died;  six 
years  were  wantiinjf  to  the  coni|>letion  of  the  |;I 
Ahau;  this  year  was  counted  toward  the  east  tif  (he 
wheel,  and  hei^'aii  on  the  4  Kan  (tl;<  4  Kan  henaa 
tho  iiKHitli  J *()))).  AJj)ula.  <lied  on  tli(>  ein'hteeiith 
day  of  tlu;  month  Zip,  in  the  \)  Yinix  (in  the  third 
month  /ip,  an<l  on  the  ninth  day  \  iiiix);  and 
that   it   may  he   known    in   mimhers,  it    wan  the   year 


CIIUdNol.OCY  ol'  Tlii;  UKCOItl).  G27 

\')^G,  sixty  yearH  after  the  (Innolitioii  of  tlio  fortress. 
iM'foix;  the  tei'iiiiiiatiuii  of  the    II    Ahau,    the    Sj)aii 


lards  arriNcc 


I;  liol' 


V  men  Iroiii  the  east  canu;  \vi 


til  t 


lelll 


when  they  reached  tliis  land.  'I'he  '.)  Ahau  was  tin; 
connnoncunient  of  ( .'hi'istianity ;  and  in  this  year  Avas 
the  arrival  of  Toral,  the  first  (new)  hishoj)." 

Such  is  c»ur  chief  authority  on  the  ah(»rit.;"inal  his- 
toiy  t)f  Yucatan.  It  is,  as  Pei-ez  remarks,  "rather 
a  list  thiui  a  circumstantial  detail  of  tin;  eNfiits,"  was 
douhtless  written  i'rom  memory  of  tin;  orin'inal  reci^rds 
after  the  Spaniards  cain<',  and  may  he  inaccurate  at 
some  ])oints.  J'erez  claims  to  inter[)ret  its  chronoloL;y 
according'  to  his  theory  tha'  the  Ahau  Katun  was  a 
jn'riod  of  twenty-four  years  ;'^  while  Jirasscur,  follow 
inL;'  \\U)st  of  the  S[>anish  wi'iters,  reckons  an  Ahau 
Katun  as  only  twenty  years.  I  do  not  itroposc  to 
enter  into  any  fui'ther  discussion  on  this  point,  hut  it 
should  he  noted  that  while  J*ei"e/  adduces  strong  ar 
Uiunents  iu  l;ivor  of  his  j^'eneral  theoiy  of  the  length 
of  these' ])erioils,  neither  his  translation  of  the  docu- 
ment iu  (juestion  nor  his  comments  thereon  are  at  all 
(•(insistent  with  his  own  theory.     The  document  states 

ai'ly  that  Ahpula  died  in   l.l.'K!,  six  years  hefoic  the 


CM 


el 


id    of    lt\  Ahau,    which  must   Ir 


i\e 


dosed 


II, 


An  accurate  calculation,  I'l'ckoiiiiin'  tweiitv  four  years 


1"   an    eiKich,  woi 


il.l 


make   the  S 


A I 


laii  III  wliK 


h  tin 


Tiitiil  Xius  left  their  auciiJiit   home,    ht'Liin  with    tin 
\i,ir    I 


i  •», 


A.  1).,"^  instead  of  144  as  I'erez  ^ives  it. 
if  we  compute  the  epochs  at  twenty  yeai's  each,  wi' 
have  401  as  the  date  when  tin;  migration  he^aii.  I 
ha\'e  intt  attem|)ted  to  li\  the  date  of  tlu'  min'ratioii 
iVom  ( 'hiapas,  of  which  this  forms  a  pait,  further 
than  to  j)lace  it  liefoie  the  fifth  and  prohahly  aftiM'  the 
N''coiid  century ;  hut  the  date  KM  aL;'i'ees  hetter  than 
that  of  I7.'!  with  the  -enrral  tenor  of  tiie  authorities, 


I-  Sr 


I'l'  \n|.    II.,   pii,    (fia-!) 


7f!'2-r), 


''*  III  iiis  l/ixf.  \ii/.  Cir  .  Iliiissciir  fiillnwH  lliis  Hystciii  mill  r('|n'iiti'illv 
^ivcH  I7J  (171  nil  |i.  'J2H  (if  lliis  Noliiiiic  is  a  iiliN|ililil  l  ii~  llic  dale  ol  llus 
liii;^l'llliiin,  iisiii).'  it  illiliM'il  III  ll\  llir  ililli'  of  tin-  liii".rat  inn  nl'  liir  'I'lillns 
nil!  i,liiii'lu's  I'miii  Tiiiiui;  lull  \w  adnjilH  tlu;  ntliiT  iIii'hi'n  in  liin  ikiU-.i  t» 
I  uidii'H  \M»rk. 


i 


G28 


NATIONS  OF  YUCATAN. 


I  tlioruforo  follow  tliis  nysteni  in  forming  the  lollowln^' 
iv'sunie,  although  I  give  in  notes  the  dates  of  the 
other  system,  together  with  some  of  Perez'  dates. 

The  Tutul  Xius  left  their  ancient  liome  in  ChiajJiis 
in  401,  wandering  for  eiglity-onc  years  hefore  tlu'ir 
aiTival  in  482  at  Chaejiouitan,  or  the  southern  ji.irt 
of  the  peninsula,  under  the  command  of,  or  togethci' 
with,  Holou  Cliau  Tepeuh.^''  Ahmecat  Tutul  Xiii 
arrived  with  them  or  at  a  later  period,*  and  they 
remained  ;iinetv-nine  years  in  Chacnouitan,  down  to 
58 1.''^^  Then  took  })lace  the  conquest  of  Bacal.ir, 
where  they  ruled  lor  sixty  years,  or  from  581  to  GJ  i ; 
hut  at  the  same  time  the  4  Ahau,  2  Ahau,  13  Ahau, 
of  this  period,  correspond  to  the  years  701  to7(jl, 
leaving  the  years  041  to  701  unaccounted  for.'"  Dur- 
ing this  rule  at  Bacalar,  or  at  its  end,  they  to^k 
j)ossession  of  Chicheii  itza,  where  they  remained  lor 
six  epochs,  or  one  hundred  and  twenty  years,  fi'oiu 
7()1  to  881."''  Then  they  went  to  Chamj)oton  wheie 
tlu>  Ttzas  had  heen,  taking  that  country  in  941,-'* 
nothing  being  said  of  them  during  the  three  epochs 
from  88  1  to  1)41.  'I'he  Itzas  luul  ruled  in  Chani|H)ton 
for  two  hundi'ed  and  sixty  years,  from  4  (or  hetter  (1) 
Ahau  to  8  Ahau,  or  from  OS  I,  when  they  were  proh- 
ai)ly  driven  from  ( "hiclu^n,'^'''  to  1)41  when  they  were 
driven  out  hy  the  Tutul  Xius.-"  Tlie  it/as  wandered 
for  two  e])ochs,  from  1)41  to  1)81,  sulfering  great  hard- 

'"  lU'cUoniiiL;  iiii  ('|iiii'li  as  21  years,  tin-  iiii;;r:itiiiii  lusted  fimn  I7.'t  In 
270,  or  '.)7  years  instend  nl'  SI,  as  in  llic  te\l.  I'env  lias  il  finiii  11 1  to  217, 
iir  7.'{  years,  wliieli  a.L;rees  neither  witli  tlie  text  nor  with  his  ciw  n  tlieory. 

'"  .\s  late  as  (itil  or  4S.-),  if  I'l'rez'  statenieul  nl'  H  Ahau  lie  aei'e|ileil, 
wliieli  is  inconsisteii'  with  the  wlmli'  recoiil. 

'■"  I'riini  2I>S  to  .'{1)0,  aeeiirdin;;  to  I'erez;  or  aeeordinj;-  to  his  slatemeiil 
that  t'linr  e|inel!-  elaiised,  fnini  27<l  to  Hiid. 

S''!  ;t(i(l  111  4:{2,  I'lir::;  'tWW  to  till.'),  on  the  basis  of  24  year>  to  an  e|Mieh. 

''  4It2  to  ."t7'i,  l'rn:\  (I(l."i  Id  72.-)  on  the  liasis  of  21  yeai>  to  an  e|ioiii. 

"I  ( >r  .S2I  at'eorcliiiH'  to  the  other  system. 

*'  We  liave  seen  aliove  that  there  is  soine  eonfusion  a'loni  liie  dale  nf 
the  'I'niul  .\ius  taUiny;  Chiejieii, 

'•"'  In  his  eoniinenlar.x ,  I'ere/  apiilies  this  slay  of   i;t  e|MMii^  to  the  'I'lilid 

.\iiis.  althou;;h  the  text   seems  to  stale  tii ntrar\,  niaUiM;^  them  live  in 

('liam|iolon  from  ■)7li  to  SSS;  or  if  I.e  had  added  siiM|ily  the  2(l(t  years  of 
t'le  text,  .'>7li  to  S.'fd;  or  if  he  had  eoiieitly  adapted  hi-  eliinnolouy  to  jii-- 
own  liieory,  from  n21  to  jl.t'l.  ( )n  a  Imsjs  of  24  years  to  a  Katiiii  the  sla\ 
of  the  It/as  at  ('hamiiotoii,  as  j;i\en  in  the  text,  was  from  'uVA  to  t)21. 


TUTl'L  Xir  ANNALS. 


020 


\\ 


sliips,  and  tlicn  a«_;-;un  ()1)taiiied  fixed  lioracs,      \Yhci'e 
they  settled  the  reeurd  fails  to  state'. -^ 

lictiu'iiiii^'  to  the  aiiiials  of  the  Tutul  Xiiis,  in  2 
.\hau,  '.I8l,  Ahcuitok  Tutul  Xiii  settled  at  C^xiiial, 
here  his  people  ruled  conjointly  with  tlie  kin,i;'s  of 
( 'hieheii  and  ^Iaya[)an  for  two  iuindved  years,  from 
'.ISI  to  USl.-**  ill  the  tenth  year  of  8  Aliau,  or 
1191,  Chac  Xil)  Cliae,  and  other  lords  of  ('liiehen, 
were  deposed  for  some  ofti'iiee  a«j;'aiiist  Hunac  Ed, 
the  riih.'r  of  ^[ayapan.  In  the  same  epoch  the  Co- 
come  kiiiij;'  attacked  and  dt^feated  the  Itza  kiiii;'  1^1- 
mil.  This  war  lasted  thirty  four  years,  and  \va'> 
ended  hefore  1221,  hy  the  Itzas  invadiuy-  ^Iaya])aii."'' 
EiLi'htv-three  years  passed,  and  then  in  11  Aliau, 
hetween  1281  and  l;}01,  ^laya])an  was  concpieivd  hy 
the  Uitzes,  (jr  mouniaiiieers;  and  ^I<iya[)an  was  finally 
ahandoiied  in  8  Aliau,  hetween  1441  and  I4)jl.'"' 
.After  three  epochs  more,  the  Spaniards  came  for  the 
first  time,  hetween  1501  and   l.rJI,  sixty  years  after 


the    destruct 


•  ai  o 


f  ^r 


0' 


uian. 


Between   1521    and 


laOl,  the  small-jMtx  ra\iiu;etl  the  country,  and  amom;' 
its  victims  was  Alipuhi,  who  died  in  If):?!).'''"  Jn-foro 
I  at)  1  came  the  Spaniards ;  and  in  the  next  e[)och  C'liri>- 
tianity  was  inti'odiicetl,  and  Hishop  Toral  arriwd. 

The  first  event  nai'rated  hy  tiie  precedin*;'  document 
^\■hi(•h  seems  to  lia,ve  anv  connection  with  those  taken 
iVttiu  other  authorities  is  the  olahlishiiieiit  of  the 
Tutul  Xius  at  Kxiiial.  where  lluy  ruled  duriun  the 
tenth,  eleventh,  and  twelfth  centuries  with   the  iiion- 


»■  SSS-'W),  Pn-r~;  8'->l-S(;<l,   uii   the   l^si- 


il   LM  M'liis. 


1 


tins  \\ 


Vrcz,   n])|ilyiii; 


.'llldrrill''-  to  tllf  'I'mI  III   X'iilN.    Iii:il\r>   I  liclii  •-(.tl  Ic  iioiiiii  at   •'liirlici 


'.lltii 


IITii.    /' 


Sil 


iUl». 


(Ill     ll.l^lS     I 


.1'  •_'4  \( 


lilt    tills   lit  t'liiir- 


\Miiil(l  iHil  iiuii'i'  Willi  till'  tun  liiiiidnil  Vi'iii'N  II 


t'  the  text. 


•i'W/. 


liiaki'^  tlicsc  cvi'iits.  wliirli   lie  serins  III  li';^:il'il  lis  t wii  iir  llin 


liMliirl  will's,  till    till"    time   iVmii    lITli   tii    I'J.'i'^ 

I, His  (if    •_*.l  \ fill' 


|-.'."iS   i(.    l:i(!H.    /' 


1: 


til  III 


41. 


V    nil     till' 


ll 


lll'l    to     I 


if    •-•»    VI 


'•(,   (III   .1 


I 


Vl'i'/. 


iiliiiils  ill  his  I'liiiiiiiciitiiry  milv  (iiic  (Icsinictinii  nf  Mii\a{iaii  in  IMtlH. 

'  '>r,  on  a  liasis  i>.  '.'4  yciiis  to  a  Kiitiiii,  lictwcmi  I  l'.i;i  ami  l.^iy.    KIiIk  r 
iif  ''hi'sc  (Irttf^  iiyii'CH  M'i'\'  well  w  illi    till'   tads,  sinci' (  I'lrddva   rcai'ln-d    tin' 

1st  of  Viifntaii  in    I.">I7.  iind  ( ici'iiiiinio  dc  .\;L:iiiliir  wns  w  n-cUfd  tlnii', 

l''iit   I'crc/  diilcs  tlicir  ai'ii\ii!   Iiclwci'ii   l.'i'.ij 


iliaid 


V  s(iii+.   vein's  carln' 


id  Nvi,  K»'riin'  Ainci  it'll  wiisdi" 


I'lcdl 


^-1 


'vwu  •lil'ci'tlx   iiiiitl'ildit'ts  lilt'  ti'xl  in  iilai'ili;^  this  dralli  in 


ii<,-;{. 


ji  *  Bb 


(;:!0 


NATIONS  OF  YUCATAN. 


arclis  of  ]\[ayapaji  and  riiirlioji  Ttza.  All  auilior- 
itics  a'^Tce  oii  tlu*  prosjxu'ity  atteiuliiii^-  tin.;  rtMnii 
of  the  C(h:()1iu;  nionarclis  in  oonjiinction  witli  tlir 
Tiitiil  Xiiis  at  ITxnial.  It  was  perhaps  in  tliis 
pcfiod  tliat  were  l)uilt  a  lar^e  projjortiou  ol"  tlif 
n!a'4'nifi('("nt  structures  wliicli  as  ruins  liave  excitid 
tlie  wonder  of  tlu'  world,  and  have  heeii  fully  de- 
st-riKed  in  a  prcu-edin^-  volume;'*''  altliou^li  there  is  no 
reason  to  doul)t  that  some  of  the  cities  date  hack  to 
the  Xihalhan  period,  to  tlu;  time  of  Zanma  and  hi>; 
eai'liest  successors.  Uxmal  and  the  many  cities  in 
its   \icinity  may   he  atti'ihuted    to   the  Tutul  Xiiis. 

'i'he  first  kini^'  of  Mayapaii  after  the  (lej>arture  of 
('ukulcan  is  n'eiiei'ally  calKnl  (\>com,  or  Ahcoconi, 
hut  we  know  nothiui;'  of  his  succi'ssors  foi-  some  ccii- 
turic's.  save  I h'asseur's  conjecture  tiiat  the  four  llac.ih 
mentioned  hy  ( 'o'^'olludo  as  o'ods  should  he  I'eckoiird 
amo»|i_;-  the  numher.''*  .\t  last,  prohahly  during'  the 
twelfth  century,  Laiida  and  the  other  Spanish  writci's 
a.;Tee  that  the  monarclis  at  ^Fayapan  hi'^an  to  iiei^- 
lect,  the  intei'ests  of  their  sul>jt'cts,  and  to  hecoine 
♦'XciH'dinu'ly  avarit'ious.  o|»pressinn'  the  )»eople  hy  e\- 
cessi\(i  taxation.  The  lirst  to  follow  this  course  of 
coiuhict  is  called  hy  Brassour  Ahtuhtun,  a  name  >-e- 
lected  fioni  ( 'oL';ollu(lo's  list  of  i^'ods  for  no  other 
ap[>arent  reason  than  that  his  name  siL>'nilied  'sjtitler 
of  pi'i'cious  stones,'  certainly  an  indication  of  e\ 
ti'ava<4'a)ice.  To  his  successor  this  author  a[>plies  the 
Jiame  Ahan  and  tin;  title  Kinehahau.  Tliis  mouardi 
was  even  more  opprcssixc  than  his  predecessor.  Mini 
loutl  murmurs  of  discontent  hei^'aii  to  he  lu^ird,  hui 
none  wei'(^  stroiiL;"  enouL;h  to  make  any  o[)|)osilioii 
sa\i'  the  Tutul  Xius.  I^ither  this  kin^' or  a  successor 
introduced  into  the  counti'y  a  force  of  foreign  soldiers 
tVom  Tahasco  and  southei'ii  \'era  (  Vu/,  ;ind  also  es- 
tahhshed  slavery,  hitherto  unknown  in  \  ucataii. 

The  Tulid  .\ius   he-^an  their  opp<»sit ion   to  the  To 
comes  hy  .shelteriuL;'  their   oppressed    sulijecls.     'I'he 

■■'  \'nl,   iv.,  PI).   IIU'JH.l 

'1  ('u,/,jli(l,/<i.    //,,v/.    J  llr.,   ||,    U»7. 


OVEUTirUOW  01'  TIIK  ("OCOMF.S. 


r.:5l 


tliird  of  tlu!  tyrants,  pi'oliaMy  identical  with  the  lEu- 


nac  Iv'l  ol'tlie  Perez  record.  \v 


IS  even  more  ()p[)ressivo 


than  tli()s((  that  preceded  liim,  and  lirou^ht  in  more 
foi-eiu^n  soldiers.  In  1I'.)I.  the  monarch  of  C'hichen 
Itza,  ( 1iac  Xil)  ( 'hac,  was  deposed  hy  the  tyrant  and 
tlie  deposition  enforced  hy  the  aid  of  his  forei'4"n 
auxiliaries.      Less   than  ten   years    later   ILunac    FaI 


\\ 


ith  h 


.11 


lilies  marc 


hed 


ai^aiii  at^'ams 


t  CI 


viclieii,  n(»\v 


ruled  hy  a  new  monarch,  Ulmil,  and  defeated  him 
after  a.  leiiiv  cam[)ain'n.  'I'lie  end  of  the  trouhle  is 
hrielly  if  not  veiy  clearly  exj)resse(l  hy  tlu'  author  of 
the  i\Iaya  record  in  the  statement  that  L'lmil  hefuro 
1221  invaded  Mayapan.'"' 

Landa  and  1  [errera  relate  that  the  tyi'anny  of  the 
(,'oconie  monarch  at  last  hecaine  insui)]toi'tahle,  and 
his  suhjects  with  the  aid  of  the  Tutul  Xius  revolted, 
captured  and  sacked  Mayapan,  and  ]>iit  to  death  the; 
kiii'jf  with  all  his  family,  ex('e|)t  one  son,  who  clianced 
to  he  ahseiit.      The  kiiiL;'  of  l^xinal  naturally  "actiuired 

f    the     ( 'ocome     dvnasty     the 


•v    thb 


•tl 


overtiirow     o 


si 


ij)reme  power.      rimil,  the    Itza   kin^-  who  Kd   the 
attack  an'ainst   the  (  \)comes,  seems   to  have    I'cccived 


tl 


le  second   ])!ace. 


^\ 


hile   the    head    of    the    laniilv    of 


< 'lieles,  hefoi't^  hin'h-pric'st  at  ^Favapan,  was^i\(ii  tlu: 
third  rank  as  kiiiL;'  of  Izaiual.  Nearly  all  the  authoii- 
ties  state  that  .Maya|ian  was  destroyed  and  al'an- 
doned  at  this  time;  hut  the  tlates  they  ,ni\e  with  the 
fact  that  this  city  is  mentioned  hy  tlu'  ATaya  record 
at  a  minli  later  pei'iod,  show  that  it  was  still  iiihah- 
itcd,  thou'^h  dc|)ri\c(|  of  its  ancient  power."' 

The  Tiitul    Xius  on    their  accession  to  the  sujiremo 
power,    streni;thened     their    jiopiilarity   hy    a    liheral 


y,  I, 


sciMlis    III    UK'    \('rv    IH'ollll 


l)lc    tllill     tll.'iv    \< 


III  criiil'  (ir  nlill'-^hiii   liv 


Mil'   ro|i\  1 


•  I  111-  tiiiiisiiiliir  ill  ilii:- 


"'  <  >ll     llll^    n'MiilltinU 
aiillmr  I'iilN  lilt'  '  '111!  iiri 


|i||l'l  III  liii'  iliirllliii'iit.. 
I.iiiii/'l,      I'  /'iriiiii,     I 


IS- 


'-. 


■n 


IIS 


u-rnliu-  pni'sl  III  Mjiya|iiiii.    Ilrrnrn,   drc.    i\ 


Aih 

llr 


U  I 


mil     llir 


>ii'iii-la\v  III   a 


ii.   \.,   I'iiii.    I 


III. 


I : 


ilnllinlii,    Hisf    )'lir.,  |l|l.  (10,   17'*^   ".';   /.i^'llli',  ill  f.iliii/il,   lif  lofiiiii,   |).  .'t."i(t;    \'it- 
litjilli' n-r.    Hist.   Iiiiiij.    /f:ii.\>.  '-'S;  //(i/.v.c  ,;•,  ll/.s/. ,  ttUi.W.,  |i|i.  :t'J    1(1,    IS-'.t. 

'I'hi>  Mill  III  ir  calls  liiiii  Alialiii  <  'licl.  and  ilicir  |ini\  iiuc  ('ii'miiiiii.    /'.  rmnrr- 

tiiiii.  \('\  ii.,  |i|i.  lU,  .'(.");  fi'((//i////(,  ill  .  I ///./'. 


tdiixiiis,  HI   .\  mil 


E'ln 


.11, 


Triuimii-t.,  Vol. 


|ip.    IT'.'  :t:   !',■<■  Imnl's   I 


■  ■I,. 


!I7;   Mii/tr-l',riiii,   Vii"i/(iii,  lip.  'JO-l;  .VA///.'i /lo'     ) 


il.    i. 


HO- 1. 


«:V2 


NATIONS  OF  YUCATAN. 


])olicy  toward  all  classes,   and  l^y  rcstoriii:^'  tlu)S(>  wlio 
liad  been  enslaved  or  exileil  by  the  Cocoines  to  tluir 


ira 


i'onuer  positions.     Tliey  also  permitted  tlie  Xicalai 
ti'oojis  introduced  l)y  Huriac  Eel  and  liis  predecessor; 
to  remain  in  the  country,  and  ijave  them  the  provin 


ice 


of  C'anul,  or  Ahcanul,  between  ITxmal  and  ('am])ecli( 


M'nere 


th 


soon    became 


pow 


ei 


ful 


nation. 


Th 


son  of  the  Cocome  tvrant,  who  by  his  absence  IVoiii 
INIayapan  at  the  time  of  the  revolt  esca])e(l  the  fate 
of  his  family,  tni  his  return  was  permitted  to  settle 
witli  his  friends  in  the  province  of  Zotuta,  wliere  lie 
IS  said  to  have  built  Tibulon,  and  s(!vi!ral  othei' towns. 
'I'hus  was  ]ierpetuated  with  the  ancient  ( 'ocome  lain- 
ily  the  mortal  hatred  which  that  family  continued 
to  feel  towards  tli(!ir  successful  riN'als.^** 

The  vc\[j;u  of  tjii;  Tutul  Xius  at  l^xmal  was  doubt- 
less the  most  y-lorious  period  of  ^Nfaya  history,  but  in 
addition  to  wliat  lias  been  said  we  ha.\e  respeetiiiL;'  it 
only  a  ^iiiL,de  tradition  which  seems  to  refer  to  the 
last  kiiii^'  and  the  ovei'throw  of  the  dynasty.'''''  An 
old  sorceress  lived  at  Kabah,  i-arely  leaN'iii^' her  cliiiii- 
lU'V  coi-iiei-.  Her  ^'randson,  a  dwarf,  by  makiiin'  a- 
hole  in  her  water-jai",  kept  her  a  loii^-  time  at  the 
well  one  day,  and  by  removinin'  the  heai'th-stoiu!  fiiii.id 
the   treasure  she   had   so   carefully  e-narded,  a  sibcr 


tmikiil  and  coo^  native  instrunuMit> 


TI 


le  music  nro 


duced  by   tin;   dwarf  Avas  heard  in  all  the  cities,  and 


r> 


ir,    U!xl..  linn.   ii. 


V 


■11    'J,    tolls   US   (hilt    111 


I'll'   iiio\  Hire  was 


illi'il  ('MlUiiii,  anil  the  |i('ii|ili',  fnnn  tlirir  ruler,  loiik   tlie  iimuic  of  A! 


il    I'l.k 


SI)  thill    Ihcv   liiiilt   (>!■  cularLii'il   the  ciliesot'  Siihni'rln'',  I, 


(See   vol.  IV. 


The  only  iiulhnrilv  for  the   liittt 


slalenienl  is  |iroliahly  the  loialion  of  these  ruins  in  a  -^'eneral  houlheni  lii- 
iiM'tion   fioui   I'xnuil.     t"o;iolliiil  >  savs  the  nati\t's  of  ('oui!   ami  ('hoaia. 


il.s 


il  Knjiiiles,  were  th- 

l.illlilii.   I'l/n 
l.dlithi.   III  hi 


list  wi'iliUe  in  N'neatan.    llisl.   Vm.,  p.  1  |;{; 
\).  r)4;   iliii   nt,  dee.  iv.,  lih.  x.,  ea|i. 


fiiiii,  i>)i. 


il 


rrrrn,  dee.  iv. 


lil 


III. 
ra|>.  iii. 


sriir,  lllnl.,  loin,  ii.,  ji.  I'J;  Cui/otliii/i).  Hist.   Yitf.,  [i.  I  i;{;  Maltc-l 
till  I  III,  p.  ■_'(). 


>ruii, 


;'■■'  l!r,il 


V 


loin. 


1' 


Tl 


raililioii    i>' 


the  form  of  a  ilialo'^ue  lielween  a  xisitor  t  >  the  ruin.s  ami  a  nali\i'  of  e\tiu- 


ordinaiv    inlelli^ciice,    who  elaiineil   |o  lie    " 
torical    tiailitioiis  of  his  rare      Urassenr.  lli 


lie  |l 


ainteil   with   the  iiis 


\\hal  IS  pioipalilv  an  e\leiiile>l  dan 


lai 


loll  w 


i  til 


lOlll.    II.,     |l|l. 


-lieh 


.")7S-S,S,    j;l\r- 


leterre 


il    t< 


St. 


1' 


leils 


(  ' 


il.   A 


iii'i: 


vol.   II 


I  Ma,  ol.taiueil   fr. 


iial  i\e  a    ll'.iilil  lou 


si.iiilar    ill    some    res|ieets.    ho    far    ii:«    il    gne.s,    whieli 


trail 


slaleil 


hv 


(.'il. 


:tii',i-7i. 


I'AUr.K  (»I'  TIIK  DWAKK 


(V.V.i 


tin;  kiiiLj-  at  T^xmal  ti-em1)lt'(l,  for  an  old  proj^lieey  dv- 
chiretl  that  \\\\c\\  .such  music  sliouM  \>c  Ijcarj  tin; 
uionai'cli  uuist  •j;'\\o  up  his  tlirono  to  the  musician. 
A  peculiar  dud  was  ai^Tccd  U[)ou  bctwciai  the  two, 
each  to  have  tour  hiuskets  of  cocoi/olcs,  or  ])almiiuts, 
hrokeu  on  his  head.  The  Dwai'f  was  \  ictia'inn^  and 
took  the  (lead  kin<j;"'s  place,  haviuL;'  the  ( 'asa  del  .\di~ 
vino  huilt  lor  his  ])alace,  and  the  C'asa  de  la  N'ii'ja  for 


us  n'raiK 


Imotl 


lei 


Tl 


le    old   sorceress  soon  died 


an( 


tlio  new  kinj>',  freed  from  all  restraint,  plunged  into 
all  manner  of  wickedness,  until  his  L;"ods,  or  idols, 
ahandoned  him  in  an^-er.  But  after  sevi'ral  atteinpf  > 
the  I)\vai'f  made  anew  iL;'od  of  clay  which  <-ame  to  lile 
and  was  worshi[)ed  hy  the  j)eo[)h!,  who  !ty  this  wor- 
ship of  an  evil  spirit  soon  hrou^'ht  upon  themselves 
destruction  at  the  hands  of  the  outraii'e<l  deities,  and 


IJ 


d 


xmal  was  ai)an( 


loned. 


For  this  tradition  Ave  have  only  Ih'asseur's  con- 
jectural, hut  not  im])rol)ahK',  inter[)i'etation  to  (lie 
etfect  that  tlu>  Tutul  Xiu  throne  at  nxmal,  in  (he 
earlier  ])art  of  tlu-  tliirteenth  century  |>erha|is,  was 
nsuri)i'd  by  a  chief  of  another  family,  known  in  tradi- 
tion as  the  Dwarf,  or  the  Sorcei'ei-.  It  is  not  ludikely 
that  the  usur[)inn' kin^*  was  of  tlu"  ( 'ocome  i'amily  an<l 
that  he  snc(H'eded  in  his  attempt  l»y  the  aid  of  the 
priesthood.  Whoevi'i"  may  ha\e  heeii  at  its  head, 
the    new    dynasty   was  in    its  tni-n  o\ertlu'o\\  i\  a]ipar- 

ceast'd    to    hi'  a 


ui,  al 


ciitly   hy  reli'_;Moiis  strife,   and  Txinal 
ca|)ital    or   centric   of  temporal   pi>wer  in  N'ucat 
tliou'di  its  temples   mav   still   have   heen   occupird  hy 

I, 


i\a  rceori 


tlie  jM'iesthood.  i''rom  the  fact  that  the  M 
or  Perez  (hxaiment,  speaks  otdy  of  Mavapan  al'lrr 
this  period,  it  is  not  milikely  that  the  Tnlid  Xiu 
power    was   ti'ansfi'rred    to    that    ancient  capital,  alter 


th(>   (1 


ownlall  o 


f  its   repi'eseutati\e  at  I   \m 


d.      \ 


cai- 


the  end   of  t he  t hirtecnt ii   ccntnr\'  Ma\a|ian  was  con 


•  piered  hy   a. 


lorei'i-n  arnw  ol 


Tit 


zes.  111'  mounlamc'  IS, 


the    reference    hi'iiiL;'   perliajis  to  a   raid  of  oui!  of  the 


'»  Set"  \.il.   i\..  l'|).   IT'J,   l',IJ-7 


:t| 


I    1' 


C3i 


NATIONS  OF  VICATAN. 


ciii'lii  r  Qui('li('  oin|X!r((rs  from  Utatl.-m.  For  ji  c'(Jlltm•v 
;lIl(l  a  liair,  a  jxriod  of  coiiti'iitioii  hctwecii  ri\al  dv- 
uastics  and  trihus,  we  liave,  hcsidcs  a  few  icpoittd 
predictions  of  conuii!^  disaster,  only  one  dcilinite  esent, 
the' llinlit  of  a  band  ol"  Itzas  uikKt  (  anek,  and  tluir 
settli'ineiit  oil  tile  islands  in  Lake  ]Y'to  i,  wiieic;  tluv 
wei\!  found,  a  most  liourisliiiii;'  (i)miuinity,  l»y  tin; 
Sjianiards.      No  dednite  date  is  yiNcn  to  tiitir  migra- 


tion 


or  elonenieii 


'I' 


t,  for 


lad 


y  wa> 


it  tl 


le   l)ottom  (I 


the  ail'air,  as  some  say — except  hy  N'illa^ntii'ire,  \vh( 


1 


)laces 


it  in  8  yVhau,  or  betwiMii  1441  and  I4()l, 


Also  l)et\V'een  1441  and  14GI,  Maya|)an  was  tinally 
ruiiie-d  ill  the  contentions  of  the  lactioiis,  and  ahan- 
doned  at  the  death  of  a  moiiarc])  called  hy  soinr 
authors  jNIochan  Xiii;  the  Tutul  Xiiis  tluMi  seem  to 
ha\e  retired  to  Mani,  which  was  their  capital  down 
to  the  ( 'oiKjiiest.'"  For  twenty  years  after  the  liiial 
destruction  of  ^Favaoaii  the  ti'ihes  are  said  to  have 
remained  at  peace  and  independent  of  each  other; 
but  the  remaining'  century,  down  to  iodl,  was 
one  of  almost  continual  inter-tribal  strife,  of  wliidi 
tliert!  is  no  detailed  I'ecord,  but  which,  with  huiii- 
canes,  faniiiK^  dc^adly  jtestileiice,  and  (•onstantly  rc- 
currini^'  omens  and  ]>redictions  of  iinal  disaster,  so 
desolated  and  de[>opulati:d  the  country,  that  the 
S|>aniards  Ibund  the  jMayas  but  a  mere  wreck  of 
what  they  once  had  biieii,   [in'htin^'  bravely,  but  not 


unit 


eii 


aii'ains 


t  tl 


le  invaders 


4:i 


■•'  Citii<illiiih>,  Hist.  Viir.,   ]i|).  r)07-S;    Villtupificnr,  Jfisf.  (', 


If:: 


2;)-:U,   -lOl-L',    ISS-!)1;    Wdhlrrk,    \'ai/.  I'itl.,   p|).  'Jl,  :i(),  -1 1 ;  Slriihais"  V 
tun,  vtil.  ii.,  |i.  "JOO;   (loiiilrii,  ill  I'lrsro//,  llitit.  Coin/,  ^[l,l•.,  toiii 


7'< 


riiini.r-Ciiiii/iKii.i,  in    Nonv.clh'H  AitiitiUs,  ttiiii.   xcvii.,  ji|i.  .">!- 


I.,  ji.  !l.S; 
Siiiiii  r'li 


Vail.  Ai 

42  II, 


\\\\.  r)47,  OilO-l. 


crrrrii,  iUh:,  iv. 


lil 


1.    X.,   <"il|). 


III. 


7V 


n/ III  lit 


lllllf,    toiii. 


I' 


i;!-j 


l'oijn//iii/ii,  llitit.  Yiti'.,   ])]>.  1(H),  IT'.I;    l.tiiii/ii,  llihiridii,  ]i|>.    ")tt-'2,  (i'J;    I 


If  III  ill  re,  llisl.    V 
'diillali 


Ih.: 

Kill 


Hern 


liu' 
11(1   ( 


<l.lli'     11)0    V( 


1'- 

I.     Si 

Im'I'. 


SI  I  nil 


Tl 


liliiim 
ilii.siirl. 


Yiirnliiii,    vol. 
li. 


I'l' 


10  I; 


J72-:{.      l.iiudii 


tlic    ('uiKiucst,  tliiit    is   11  Id.      \'illii"ii 


'ci.;i)ilii(lu  siiv  I4'_M).      ilciri'l-.i   miv.s  70   vciilH   licfci 


tlh 


lit  llic  SiiMuian 


Is,  iiiitl   TiOO  years  after  its  foiUKlalioii.     (iailatiii    ii 


annal 
iai\e-i  \'. 


\:a 


I  or 


.").•!(!. 


■''  l.iiiiilii,   Uilii 
eap.  ii' 


1)1..  r.s  (H;  ifi 

',), 


rvirii,   lice,  ii 


lili 


Iml.,    fol.  ().".;    Villiiiiiilii  rrr,  llisl.  I' 


('iiijiiliiiili,,  llisl.    Yiir.,  |i|i.  !)7-l00,   l.S.->;  (! 


Jlr.i 


\V1- 


Alcidii,  Din:.,  toiii, 


I' 


.T.- 


-'4o-li. 


p.  47.'{;  111 


ni,  Jli.-I. 

ill,    tdiii. 

(/,  JJi.st.   Clujiqnl,  PI'. 


r  lll'lj lll'lllll 


INDEX. 


Tlic  IikIox  refers  al[)Ii;i1)oti('iilly  to  caeli  of  the  ten  or  twelve  tlioiisniul 
8iil>j('ctH  ineiitionetl  in  the  live  voiiiiiies  of  the  vork,  with  iiimierous  cross- 
referenres  to  ami  from  .iiK'Ji  iieailiii;.'s  as  are  at  all  I'onfiisecl  hy  reason  of 
variations  in  ortlio;^raiiliy  or  from  oilier  eaiiscs.  In  deserihin;,'  almri^^inal 
nianniMs  ami  customs,  the  trihes  are  ;,'rou]ieil  in  families,  ami  each  family, 
insteail  of  eaeh  (rilte,  lias  I»een  deseriheil  se|iarately;  eonsi'i|iiently,  after 
each  tribal  name  in  the  Imlex  is  a  reference  to  th(^  i»a;,'(^H  contaiuin;,'  u  ile- 
Hi;ri]ition  of  the  family  to  which  the  trihe  heluii^^s;  tlu^rc  is  also  an  aihlitional 
ref(^rence  to  such  jiaj^'cs  as  contain  any  's]iecial  mention"  of  the  trlhe.  For 
example,  infonrnition  is  sou^'ht  ahoLit  the  Ahts.  In  the  In<lex  is  found 
'Ahts,  trilx!  of  Nootkas,  !.,  17u-2(W;  si.ceial  inontion,  i.,  177,  ISO],'  etc. 
All  the  matter  relatin;,'to  tlu?  Nootka  family  on  ])j>.  175-'20S,  is  snpiMised  to 
iipply  to  the  Ahts  as  well  as  to  the  other  tribes  of  the  family,  except  such 
ilillerences  as  may  be  noted  on  jip.  177,  l>i(J-l,  etc.  If  information  is  souij;ht 
resjiectin;,'  the  burial  rites  or  any  particular  custom  of  tin;  Ahts,  a  more 
direct  refi'reni'e  to  the  exact  ])a;^es  will  be  fouilil  nmli'r  '  Nootkas,'  when;  the 
nnitter  relating,' to  that  family  is  suhdividtMl.  The  nnitter  in  the  last  threes 
chapters  of  vol.  v.  is  referred  to  in  the  earlier  hitters  of  the  Index  by  chap- 
ters insteail  of  pages.  No  table  of  abbreviations  u.scd  la  believed  to  be 
needed. 


i' 


Ab;i,  iii.,  3')!,  see  .\oa. 

Aliali  (Aba,L,'h),  'I'/enciil  day,  ii.,  7(>7; 

na'ue  fur  .\titian,  v.,  chap.  xi. 
Abajo  \'al.,  Ilond.,  antiip,  iv.,  70. 
-MiMii,  Mayapan  ruler,  v.,  chap.  xiii. 
.Xbbald-l  iniieli,  Kulchiu  diilei't,  iii., 

."■)S7. 
-Miihuy  Kali,  .Maya  ;:oil.  iii..   I(i7. 
Abiipiiu.  locality  of  I'tahs,  i.,   lO."), 
Alimoctai's,  Cent.  ('al.   tribe,  i.,  '.H't'.i- 

•tOI;  local! i.,    \'>'2. 

.Abi'i,  \ew  Mew,  anlii|.,  iv.,  (lO;}. 
.Aborlicui.   i.,  ICO,  I',I7,  -'l-.'.  •J70,  IIOO. 

(;;ti,  77;{;  ii.,  is.'j,  -jco,  loo  70. 

.Nbrevadero,  .lalisco,  antiip,  iv.,  577. 
,\c,  herb,  Vui'atan,  ii.,  (I'.IS. 
A<'aceliastla,    locality,   (,'ent.    Amer., 

iii..  700. 
Acachiuani'cp,   localilv,    Mexico,    iii., 

L'O.S;  v.,  007. 


Acii<,'rliemniii.s,   South   Cal.  tribe,   i., 

402-'_'J;    location,    iii.,    I0'_';    invlli., 

iii.,  l(i-_'-',l,  o-J."). 
•Aca.Lrnikakb,  .Aleut  )st  man.  iii.,  lot, 
.\cahnalcinj:o    (.Viabuall/iiico,     'I'la- 

lixco),  .\/iec  station,  v.,  .'iJ.'J. 
.\cala,  city,  ( 'hiapas,  i.,  (is|. 
Acalau,  cilv,  (inatenuiia,  ii.,  O.")!);  v., 

:tl7. 
Acalli,  canoes,  ii.,  .WS. 
.Vcaniapichlii    I.   king  of  ( 'ulhiiacan, 

v.,  :tll  .'it. 
.\camapicbtli    II,,  king   of    Mi;xic(j, 

v.,  .•{."(»-(;•_',  4!)L'. 
.\canum,  Ma\a  god.  ii.,  OOS. 
.\capiclil/.in,  Tidlec  heio,  v.,  •_'!;!,  '210. 
.\i'apipiolt/in,    a   ( 'hicbinni'    |jrince, 

v.,  42H,  4o01, 
.\i'apom'ta,    pro\inc<;    in    .laii-^co,    i., 

tiO'.l.  071 ;  v,,  .")((!(, 
.\capnlio,  cilv   in  (iuerrero,  i.,   CnS, 

ii.,  10',). 
.\cal,  .May;i  god,  iii.,   107. 


■ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


'v    132 


12.5 
2.2 


124 

si£   IIIIIM 


1.8 


1.25      1.4      1,6 

■• 6"     

► 

Photograpliic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  I45S0 

(716)673-4503 


^>^ 


# 


V5§ 


:\ 


iV 


\ 


4 


o^ 


^u 


(« 


om 


INDMX. 


Ai'iitciitcliii!!,  a  'riiitcalt -liii'f,  v., 

Acalic,  liiwii,  .laliscii,  i.,  (»7-. 

Ai'afl,  Naliiia  i'alrmlar-Hi;.Mi,  ii.,  5(l.">; 

iii.,  r.7.   Toltrc  cliiff,  v.,  -in. 
Aratlaii,  siiliiiil)  111'  Mfx.,  ii.,  "Hiil;  v., 


I'lii 


Acatoiiiatl.aCliiiliiiiicc  cliicf,  v.,'Jt):<. 
Ai'aliinal,  a  Xiirliiiiiili'a  rliirf,  \.,  'MM. 
Aralziiij.'!!,  rily,  I'liflila,  v.,  V2iK 
Ai-at/iiitillaii,  lotalilx,  Mr\.,  \.,  'M't. 
At'aiK'alli,  A/lcc  ('lia|H-l,  iii.,  :<|ii. 
Aniulil/.iii  (Arliiaiiiil/.iii,  A\)-aiilit- 
zia),  i'iii.liimcc  iiiii«.  v..  •JS.-i,  •.".Hll. 
Arax(''i'-i  (.\(ii\as),  Nnrlli  NIc\.,  tri 


i.,  ■>7--".H ;  loralioii 


IIICIlllDII, 

i.,  (il  I;   lail^MI 


■i|M'cial 


.'iS.'i.   .">!S',M,MI;    liiialioil, 
iii.,7IH-l«(. 


Ai'ii.Vftl,  Naliiia  |ii|K',  ii.,  1!;<I,'J.S7. 

AcaviK'an,  Ii>\mi,  Hajaia,  i  ,  UIH. 

Ai'i'iijiH',  Miis(|uil<)  ilritilv,  i.,  7'Ml 

AiM-OUI'Ik'IIM'MI,  kcc  Woiucii. 

.'\i'(>c|iiiaH,  SIT  ( 'aiials  aiitl   Irripitimi, 
A<'<>\i'<irli,  iiaiat<  of 'l'r/i-a(li|H><'a,  iii., 

.VfiiastliciiH (.Vi'IiaHllii'M,  .\cliaMtlicrs), 
<'i>iit.  Cal.  IrilM'.  i..  :ili:<-lill:  Ima- 
lioii,  i.,  .'«i;{:  laii^'.,  iii.,  ti.'iU- 1. 

Arluai'Miiliti.  .\/.lcc  nlil  iiii'ii.  ii.,  i;t7. 

.\i'lirai'aiiiit/iii,    'I'l'/i'iiraii    aiiil)aM^<a' 


.1. 


IJ.'. 


.\rlii'aiilitin,    Naliiia   iiiililarv   nnlcr, 

ii.,  «(i;i. 
Ai'iicauiilli,  Naliiia  |irit>stlv  onlrr,  ii., 

•MX 
.\i'lnaiilil/.iii,   v..  '_M.">.   'J!M»,   .sec  .Xcli- 

t'lilil/iii  aiiil  Icaiilil/.in. 
.Ai'lirlo-iciia.  i..  I  lit,  sec  Daliii-tt'iia. 
.\clii,   t;iial<'iiiala   Irilic,    i.,   «iS7-7ll; 

ItiratiiiM,  i..  7"<7;  laii';.,  i 


rtl(». 


.Ai'liihali,  <iiiiii'lii'-  iidIiIcm,  ii,,  (;;<'.);  v., 

<'a|i.  \i. 
.\rliilla,  ('fill.  Ta).  Ii'IIh',  i.,  .'tH.'Mlll : 

iitralioii,  i.,  '|.'>i. 
.\t'liilliiii.),   Soutii  Cal.   Irilif,  i.,  tdJ- 

['22;  iiM  iilioii.  i.,   I."i!t. 
.\i'liiiill  (.Vi'liiiili),  ilyi'iilaiit,  i.,  7'.'l: 

ii.,  «Mi. 
.Vi'liilciiiictI  I.,  I'lillniii  kiii^',  v.,  'J.'iti. 

;»o.«,  :n(i-J(>,  ;i:i(»i. 

.\<'liil<iiiicll  II.,  ('iilhua  l\iii>;,  v.,  It.Vt. 
.\i'liiiililla.   I'ilx    ill  I  hijaca,  ('oiii|ur>t 

III",    v.,    Iiil ;  rliap.   \. 
.\riiniil->('liik,    Kniiia'ra    iiialf  cniirii- 


Arna!.'is,  T'cnt.  f'al.  liilic,  j. 

Ini'al 


ml; 


11)11,  I.,  -i.l'J. 


.\('iialiiiiiiitl,ii.,  I.'lli,  Hi'c<>uaiiliiiiii  Iii| 


.\t iiiro,  liM-aiilv,  Mrvi 


:i:t!i. 


Anilhiiai-aii     (.Vciiiliiiai'aiii,      Naliiiu 

kiiiu<li.iii,  i.,(!7(»;  Iiini.,  ..,  :i'J:;,  ;!;;;;. 

4S'2. 
.VcnllinaH  (.\riilliiias|,  Naliua  iial 


<il7M;  ii..  I. W  (;•-".•:  I 


loll, 
"<•■,  I.,  tiTi'; 


H\n-v.    nil-Ill  KIM,    li,,    ",C_',    1(11,    I'J.'i, 

•»'.M-'-»,  i;m-»j,  I(i-.'-:».  -.mi.  -.'h;  7,  :t(.7, 

.^(i<»,  .'iHtt;  iiiylli.,  iii.,  )i:i,  |<.i.-i;  hiM-., 
iii.,7-M-5;  liisi.,  v.,  ;jo:m>(».  :{.V.i|'.M. 
Hvf  also  Ciiiliuas,  willi  ulmni  tin  y 

ai'f  iiflrll  ('(illfiiiiiiiit'il. 

.Xcitliiiiatl,    iiaiiii'    iif    rhiciiiiih'i  all, 

iii.,  •J.">0. 
.\i'<illiiiallalli.  war  iaiid.s  of  .Xi'cijiiii- 

ui'ati,  ii.,  '2'2ii. 
.\<'iiliiiaii  (.Vciiliiia),  rily  nf    Mc\i(n, 

ii..    Ill;   iii.,  (i:»;    v.,  •JO,  ;|H0,   Itss, 

;»!>."»,  471!. 
.\i'ii|iiii/ili,  naiiif  fur  Nc/aliiialriiNiitJ, 

V,,  :\~'2:  liinl  (if  Ciiiiliiiiiiar,  \..'l(i!i 
.Vciiliialiiia)',    Mtali^iii,    /\/lc(-    iiii^ia- 

lioii.  v.  .•(•.':«,  .T.'l. 
.Vciiliialiiiarall,    'l\'|iaii<'i'     kin;,',     v  , 

a:»o.4i.  .•»•;.">-(;. 

.Vriilcia,  Naliiia  ;,'ci(l,  iii.,   IIS, 
.\i'iillas,    trili<>    nf    llaiilaliM,    i.,    j.'ii;. 
17  I:  Mpciial  tiiiMilinii.  i.,  171. 

.\<-iiiiia.   liiNMi  anil  Iril f    I'iicKIim, 

1.,  .VJIi-.'i.'ili;  liK'aliiili,  i.,  lilHI;  sjii'riMl 
iiuMiliiiii,  i.,  ■'rJ7;  laiij^iia;;!',  iii.,  (i^l 


anil 


IV.,  (it;,"i  ti 


.Vciiiirlii,  IdWii,  ScHiiiia,  i.,  IMNt. 


mile, 


l\iinia;,'a  |iiiiscin,  i. 
Iiii'iililv,  Mcxicii, 


!». 


.'i;i!». 


.Vciirns,  f I    in   Califnrniii,  i.,  .'!.)'.>, 

:t7;i  ■■>,  iiMi. 

Xriili'lilii'ii,  wani  nf  'I'lasrala  ril\ .  v., 
.\cii(i,  lowii  of  j'licliliis,  i.,  ."i'J7. 

.Vi'iilncli,  v.,  .'{I7.  ^it'c  Ocii|(i\. 

.\rlii|iaii,  .Mcx.,  anlii|.,  iv.,  .M."i. 


.\. 


rnrn,  New  Mr\,.  aiiliii..  i\,,  (i7  I. 


.\i'iii'<Mi('iiill,    iiaiiii'    of    I'lialcliiliiiil- 


li'lic,  III.,  ,'«i7 


.\('iil,  liaiilriiiala  Irilic,    i.,   (iS7  7ll; 


lii^'l. 


.\. 


ciilliiia,   I  riiancc  Uin 


iiiji.  \i. 
k 


.'IJil. 


.\i'iilliiiai'aii,  i.,  Ii7li,  "^i'*'  .\i'<>l|iiiaraii. 


I  .\i  iilli'iaH 


\'2. 


1,  MCI'  .\iiiiiiiias. 


IHIIC 


i.,  .S2. 


.\ilinlc,    fiiml,    Siiillli    Mc\,,    i.,    (l.VJ, 

Ada,  l-«lliiiiiaii  Irilic,  i.,  7l7H."i;  Icica- 
tiiiii,  i.,  7*.l>')i  lan;;iiaL'c,  iii.,  7'.ll. 


.Vi'iiliiiia  'I'cciililli,  name  fur  i.iiiain'/. 


l!ll. 


.Vdili 


(■.:»:  v.,  •_'(!, 


M'c  .xi'iiiiiiaii. 


Aeiilmaill,  Tc/eiiraii  Ul  man,  iii. .lilt. 


.\)'iilii,'iiiaea 


II. 


•f    .Mii'il,iiii> 


t-iilli,  iii.,  :UNi. 


iM»i:x. 


OUT 


Aciil   Viiiiik,   Ma\ii  iiilimi,    I  ,  r>,S7- 


itcii,  riylciiiiitfs),  trilic  of   K 


:\\:   ii.,  (WtOMCt; 


rl.ai 


iMTial    iiiclitiiiii,         ia;.'aM 


;i»-.sv 


I. 


).    M. 


.\<iira;,'iia,   Soiilli  Cal.   IijIm',   i.,  4(C_'- 


:iu/('iniiiua,  tnlii'  i 


iiii- 
711.  I.T.t-lO. 
iiiiiaiis,  i., 


alioii 


i()(). 


Al    IIH,     |ll\\  II    llf      I'lll'lll 


UN,    1.,    .>'-(  . 


Aiiilrc,    I  iiiati'iiiala     trilic,     i,.    (587- 
71 1;  loralii.ii.  i..  7H!». 


Ai'Wt 


t'CK,    .Mill 


tka  tilli 


i.,  I'll. 


if   l>tl 

7I7-N.">;  ItM'aliiiii.  i  ,  7'.'">- 
.A^'iiriilhiif,    llv|i('i'li<iiraiiK,    i.,    107: 
<'ii|iiiiiliiaii-,  i.,  IC.-'    '.'.II, '-'<i7;  <al 


iliiriiiaiis. 


:»•_':«."•.   i:«»;  i\..  d'.h'. 


Nrw  McxiraiiH.  i.,  4S7  '.»,  "lOl.  r>:{s  <i. 

.■>»,•{;  i\.,  (Hit,  (;•_•:(,  c:!-',  liiiii.  (i7ti-7; 
M 


A<'\ii|iiat,  /iilii;;il  kin;:.  \.,rlia|i.  \\. 
Arxill  (  Mrriiiici/.iii), 'I'liltiT  kiii^;,  v., 

'_'70  S(i,  <'lia|i.  \i. 
Ai\'i|ial  ( Arxiipil),  (/iiirlii'  kin;;,  v., 

('Iia|i.  \i. 

ArMiiiall,  a  Tnllcc  iiiiiil.'.  v.,  '2'M .        \  A;,'lisin.  ('ml.  ("al.   tiilir,  i.,  ;{(i:t- KH  ; 
Ai'\iM|ii.'iiili       (.\i'Xi>niaiili,        .\r\ii-        liiratinn,  i.,   l.'il. 

i|iiaiililii,      .\i'\ii|iiat  I,     a      'I'lillir    .\;:iiara(i-ra,  lati;,'.,  (iinit.,  iii.,  7<i(l. 

'     '   "  na  kin;:,   v..  •_".>',(■    .V^iiiiri'ins,  Nmlli  Mc\.  trilir,  i.,,'")7-- 


t'Mraim,  1.,  '_'(,  .'">7<i.  ."wX,  «i-.">. 
(;;{(».  Ci.VJ  :t;  ii..  .'iKJ  ."lO.  IMI;  iii.,  '.'7  I; 
iv.,  I'.".l  i:il,  ll-J;  t  .III.  .\iMiii.aii>, 
i..  (J'.n,  7l'.t,  7.'iS-!>;  ii.,  (m.'I,  7t>i,  717- 
'20;  iv.,  L'l. 


inmr   am 


1   (' 


.'{IN),  :{.VS;  a/utii^'il  nili'i,  v.,  rliap-        <.M;  liMatimi.  i.,  lil'. 


Iff  \i. 


Ai'XiilriiiN,  liilic  llf  'ri'iilnianra^.  v..  ,  .\''iia(i.i 


iiai'lia|ia.  Inuti  i 


>f   I'ij.il 


si'i'  lir>ir\iiii>. 


•JSO. 
.\r\  iinw.  I  'I'lit.  I'al.  Irilii 

liiral 
.U. 


Kill,  1.,  t.rj 


liv 


L 


i\\rr  I  'al 


A. hi 


Irilii 

rCSM'S,    HIT    Slll'I'I'lirS 


iir.'itiiiii,   I.,  I)l),'|. 


All 


mis  I'liiintv.   .Miis.si.s.sipi 


ti;:tiiii 


.■)i;-7l; 


Vallr 


.\;;iiaiiia,  Smilli  (al.  Iriln  .  i.  III".' •_'•.'. 

Iiiialiiiii,  i.,   I.V,). 
.\;,'nanlirnli',   Smitli   Mr\iraii  ilriiiK. 

i.,  Illil. 
A;:iiaNajiirliiiini.  I'rnl.  Cal.   liilic,  i.. 


tri.'l'll)!  1    Inraliiili,  i.,    I.'ill. 


At 


ilii'iiti 


until 


•|. 


aMlii|.,  IV.,  .v.i;{. 


.\ilka\ mil.  Harriliri'i',  (iiiat.,  iii.,  ^SS. 

.X.liiiiialtv  Inlri.  i..  •jos.-.'its,  ;iic.'. 

Ailniiiiilly  Islaml.  i.,  I  i:<. 

.\cliilii',  liiiililiii;;  iiiatrrial,  i.,  .'">.'{.'>-(i, 
,■"17'',  li'.M.  (i.")l.  ll'.fJ;  ii..  .V>7-7;t;  iv., 
I7.'t,  IIII7,  iL'li  s:»,  71S  IJ,  MM-  also 
r.aitli. 

Aiiuiiciv,  i...'r>i»-i,  :i',nt,  111',  .-)i»!»io, 

(Jliii,  7-'s  !i,  7711;  ii..  nil  Ii,  ri.'iS,  i)7.'{-.">. 


lls.i   I' 


lunicatiiiii. 


.\il/r.    Kniiiii'M   ami    Niiiitka    iiiiiij 


mriil.  i..  so.  |S!I. 


.\r,  .\ra;;<'liriiiflil  l.st  wiilliall,  iii.,  Ilik 


.\i-.laia,  I'lMil.  I'ai.  tiiln 
liiiatiiin.  i..   t.'i  I. 


:tri:t-ioi 


.\;,'iias|.i,    r.iit.    (al.    tiilir,    i.,   ;»li:{- 

lOl  ;   liiratiiili.  i..    I.'i.'t. 
A;;iialiilii,    .Miii|iii   villa;_'r  ami   trilic 

i..  ."I'jri-.'ili;   xiirrial   Imiiliuii,  i,,  1,01. 
.\;;iiili,   Sinitli   I'al.    Iiilir.    i..    111'.' •_"_'; 

liiiatiiiii.  i.,  '(.'•S. 
.\;,'lllliillti's   (.\;,'iiliiiiiti'ii,     .\;.'iiliiiiiii- 

Icll),   Irilir  llf    Kiinia'.'aH,   i..   70M7; 
11'.,  i.,  70,  I  10;  NiiiM-.  nil' II  lil  III,  i.,  HO. 


I. 


Ah,  (,>iiirli(''-( 'ak<liii|iirt  cla\,  ii.,  7l'7 
.\li-.\rtiiliil.  (iiiati'iiiala  Irilu'.  i.,  (>h7 


ni; 


liiratmii. 


rso. 


.Miarils,   I'liflilci  \i!la;_'r.  i.,    .'■i-'7. 
Ahaliiii  li',  iii.,  lili,  mt  .Miiii'lnirtc. 


.Ml 


i|ii'.illi;:a'<,    Sun 


III    <' 


tril 


If,    1. 


JO-_''J'.»;    Inralinli,   i..    jCd. 


.Mratstiiia.liiliiiif  Nclianiii'H,  i..  I  111.  I  .Mian.   .Mav.i  titir  ami  liaf,  ii.,  i;:t(;. 


A; 


I  Inatrin.ila  Irilir.  i.,  (>S7-7I  I ; 


riiO;  \. 


!l. 


Imatiiiii,   i.,  7H!I;  hpi-cial   nii'iitiini,  :  Ali.'iii   .Mi   (liiriiniat/.    i^Miiiln''    till 


I'li.iji.  \l 


ii.,  (IJI;  iii.,  is'.i. 


.\f.'alla  \  alley,  llciml,  .intiii.  i\.,  70.  j  .Mian    .Mi|ici|i.   i.iiiii  lii'   tillf,    ii.,(;.'l'i. 
A;u'aiails,  Nn'rili  I'al.  tiiln-,  i..  .•(•J7  lil ; '      ii».'l;  v.,  rliap.   \i 


iiraliini,  I..   I  l.'i. 


A-ali 


.'ii:i,  iiiri;  ii.,  lii»,  7.M;  iv. 


iii'.i,  I7'.t,  -Vii,  ri7N,  7l--». 


.Mian    .Mi|Mi|i  ('aiiilia,   (,)nii|ii>    tiili. 

ii..  ll.'t'.i,  (ii:i;  \,,  rlia|i.  vi. 
Allan  Airr<iliil.l,)iiii'li<'  litli-,  ii.,ii:t'.). 

(Ill;  iii.,   Is'.l. 
.Mian    .Mil/ii-   Winak.   <,tiiiilii'    liilr, 

ii.,llll. 
.\;;'_'ilkkali-<.  Irilu-  nf   Sliiislmni-i,   i,,  |  .Mian   .\\ili\  (.\\\ili\),  tjiiiiiln-  lillr. 


.\;: 


iiM",  M-r 


M 


a;;nrv. 


.\>ri's.if  till-  Wiiilil,  Nalina  iii\  ll 


I.,  II 


■iO|. 


III.,  lil-.'t. 


f.'J  IJ;   Ini-at 


A-'li 


nil,  I  'liia|iaii  ila,v 


It  lull.  I.,    Ili.'t. 

Ill 


!      ii..  lit'l: 


,(i7. 


.M 


.\j.'lv;:nillli-s    (.\yl(-;4liijllti-li,    .\;;iili-j,'- 


laii   <  ail 
.Mai. 


•sit. 
.Mai,  iii.,  ■•"•J, 


A  ilk 


i 


c:58 


INDEX. 


Alum  (  IiJin.-ilw'z,  Miiva  ^jod,  ii.,  f!t>7. 
Allan  (ia;,'iivil/,  (jiiiciic  titli>,  ii.,  (>44; 

ill.,  ts.l. 
.Miiiii  C.ilcl,  (Jiiiclii;  title,  ii..  fi-M. 
.Mi;iii  (iiiK'l  ('iiiiiliti,  Cjiiiclu'!  title,  ii., 

(144. 
Aliiiii  Kaf linos,  Miiyinyclc.  ii.,  7(!--.">. 
.Miaii  t^itjilu',   (^nielli'  royal  family, 

ii.,  ((4;t-l;  v.,  rliap.  xi. 
Aliazjit:*,   trilx!  nf    N'ootkux,   i.,   17')- 

•_>i»S;  1.  Milt  inn,  i.,  '-»'.m;-7. 
.Milinliit-  Italani,  .Slaya  ^oil,  ii.,  701. 
.Mti-aii,  )/iiicli('>  nublu  ami  jirient,  v., 

(■liap.  \i. 
Micaii  rnlcali,  Maya  •;"•'•  •'■•  "01. 


.Micaiiail,  t.^uiclii''  persona;;!', 


lUp. 


XI. 


Alicannls,    Ync.   province 


anti    peo- 


ple, v.,  eliap.  xiii. 
Alii'liaoli,  <Vniflir  jnd^^es,  ii.,  (i4'J 
.Mi.itz.  .Maya;,'(Hl,  ii.,  (i«»8. 

AllCOI'll 


n,   rnler  at  Mavaiian,   Vu( 


Ii 


rliaii.  XIII. 


AliciiitnU  'I'litiil  Xiii,  ruler  at    I'x- 


Viie.. 


I'liai 


1.    XIII. 


Alii'iiiial,  ruler  at  I  xnial,  Yuoatun, 

v.,  cliap.  xiii. 
A)\  iiuiiieii,  Mava  eliief  and  goil,  see 

AInilii.'l.. 
Alieltalis.  North  Cal.  triU',  i.,.T27-fil; 


neat  loll. 


44.1 


Ali;,'ili,  Maya  astrolo;rer,  ii.,  (i7*.). 
Ali'4:islianaUlion,    invtliie    persona^^e, 

iii.,  Kl.'t.Ui;. 
.Miiliia,  rjiinook  ^iaiiie,  i.,  '244. 


Alil  iiU  N. 


M 


aya  ^oil,  n 


(!!»8. 


.Mikin.  Maya  prii-sts.  iii.,  472. 
.Mikin   Mai'  lAliaii  Can   Mai),  Mayi 

lii^rli-priest,  iii.,  47i 
.Mikin    ,\ooc,  V 


It 


prii 


("liiel 


len 


/a,  v.,  cliap.  XIII 


Aliknil      Cliel, 


lii^'li-l 


iriest. 


( 'iiit'lieii  It/a,  v.,  eliap.  xii 


Alileia.  vilIay:eof  Moiiiiis.  i.,  .V2S,  (KM), 
Aliniak,  (.^iii(lie-("ak(lii(jiiel  ilay,  ii.. 


7(!7. 
Aliniecat    Tiitiil    Xiu,    Yue. 


rlia| 


prince, 


I.   XIII. 


.\liinn\na;,',    ('akeliii|iiel    prince,   v. 

cliap.  \i. 
.Mi-Oaneni,  (iiiateniiila  trilie,  i.,  (iS7 


ril; 


ocation. 


7S!». 


AlionianiiiH,  North  Mex.  trilH<,  i., 
!Sl'2-\)\ ;  Npecial  mention,  i.,ri7(i,  iisri, 

mi 

.\liomcH(.\honioaH), North  Mex.trihe, 
i..  ■i72-'.H;  loc,  i.,  r)72,  (;(»7-S:  spec 
men.,  i.,  .'>H4-.'i;  Ian;,'.,  iii.,  707. 

AliuiisetH    (AliuuMalitH,    Ahowzarts), 


trilic  of  Nootkas,  i.,  17')-20S;  Ima- 
tion,  i.,  '2'.).'i. 
.Vlipop,   i/nichi.'  title,    ii.,    CW,    I'.l.t; 


['lia| 


>.   XI. 


»i:i'.>, 


.\lipop  Canilia,  (Quiche  title, 

lU.'},  v.,  chan.  xi. 
.\hiiop  t^ainaiiay,   Cakchiipiel   title, 

ii.,  (t40;  v.,  eliap.  xi. 
.\h|ioxaliil,  (.Mipop    Xahil),  Cakclij. 

(|iiel  title,  ii.,  <f40;  v.,  chap.  xi. 
.\hpozotzil,  Cakchiiinel  title,  ii.,)l4i); 

v.,  chap.  xi. 
.Mipiia,  .Maya  ;;o(l,  ii.,  (!!t8. 
.\hi|alih,  (/niche  titl 


ill 


Miqih   (.Miijixh),    l/uichc   title,    \ 

chap.  xi. 
.Miipieliayi,  QiiichtS  nohles,  v.,  chap 


Ah-tei 


i.,  14".),  see  Atnas. 


Miteiial,   Mava    title, 


«:{4; 


cnaii.  XIII. 


\lits,  triU'  of   Nootkas,  i..  I7.">-2(IS; 


i.,  I7">,  21)7;  spec,  mention,  i., 
ISO-I,    1M(),    |88-<.),    l',tl-2,    I'.tt, 


l!)7,    20.">;   myth.,    iii.,    '.Mi.    .V.'O- 
lan;;.,  iii..  (i08;  ori;;iii,  v.,  I'.). 
Ahtnh 


itiin,     >  n 
dial),  xiii. 


riili 


.M 


lyapan. 


Mit/.ie  W  inak,  Ijuielie  title,  v.,  ch,i|i. 


XI. 


.\li-Tzi<|iilnalia,  (.\h  T/ii|iiiniliavi) 
(iiiateinala  trihe,  i.,  (!87-7ll;  l"'a- 
tioii,  i..  78'.);  hist,   v.,  chap.  \i. 

.Mi-Tzakol-t^iet   (t/iieli),   ( liialcniala 


trihi 


(i87-7l  I;  locatioi 


rs'.i. 

.Mi-'rziii|iie,  tiiiatemahi  trihe,  i.,  ((S7- 

711;  location,  i.,  78it. 
.Miiiacachapiillin,  a  locust,  iii..  DM). 
.Miiiales,  ollicials,  (iiiat..  i.,  702. 
.Miiialiilcos,  South  .Mex.  tiilie,  l.tlt-V 

70;  location,  i.,    (!4."»,    (i82;  spirial 

nientioii,  i.,  (m2,  fM8. 
.Miiiamhone,    South    Cal.    trihe,    i., 

40'2-'22;  location,  i.,  4.V,t. 
.Miiiiiniia,  villa;,'!'  South  (  ill.,  i.,4tK». 
.Miiiaiihtli,  e;;;,'sof  the  .Axavacall.  ii., 

.Vit!. 
Ahiiayopan,     localitv,     I'lit^hla,     s., 

4'.Mt. 
.Miiichan  Xahil,  Cakchiiinel  title,  ii., 

<!40;  v.,  I'haii.  xi. 
.Minehiiete  (.Viiahiiete),  cy  press!  nc. 


III.,  ti<i;  IV. 


rAVl 


.Minehnepa.  Mex.,  anti(|.,  iv..  4'.ti!. 
.Millie,    iiaine    of    Chalchiluiiliicnc, 

iii..  ;U!7. 
.Miiiilizapan,    ancient   name  of  (hi 

zava,  v.,  418. 
.MiiiitzotI,  kin;:  of  Mexico,  v.,  417, 

424.  4;U»  .V),  4'.)'.)  .")0I. 


ixi)i:x. 


fi;{9 


Almliicli  (Ah    ITiiliirl.).    Maya    t;«Kl, 

iii.,  4111!;  v.,  cliaii.  xiii. 
Aliwaliiiiu'lu'cs,  Ci'iit.   < 'al.  triln',  i., 

:<lt;<-4(H;  loratiiiii,  i.,  4.VJ. 
AIinvuhIiIcs  ( Aliwiisti'is),   ('«!iit.    ('ill. 

trilic,  i..  ;u;.<-U)l;  I.H'..  i.,  IWA.  4:>.i. 
All  Wil/il,  N'lif.   imino  fur  (jiiiclD-M, 

v.,  cliiiji.  xiii. 
All   Xiii,   nilcr  at   Maya|>aii,    Yuf. , 

v.,  rha|i.  xiii. 
Alivt/a.  (^iiiclu'  iiriiirc,  v.,  chap.  xi. 
.Aiai'iu'litli.  'rotoiitic  rattle,  i.,  l>.'<'~>. 
.Maiili,  imiiiuof  Chulch.liuitlieiie,  iii., 

Aiaiihcalcii,  Nahiia  shriiio,  iii.,  347. 
.Aiaiilii|ii('iiiitl,    {iricst'rt   niaiitlc,   iii., 

•M'X 
Ailiiiio,  Nitrth   Mcx.   Ian;;.,  iii.,  707. 
.Aijado.s,    triU'  of    Apaches,    i.,   47.'1- 

."»J(!;  liHiitioii,  i.,  '>W. 
Air.  a  Nahiia  syiiihol,  iii.,  1*20. 
Aisi.sh,  rimt  used  for  fniMl,  i.,  litM. 
Aiti//arts,  trihc  of  Nootkus,  i.,  I7"»- 

2(»S;  liMiili.Mi,  i.,  '.>!».•>-((. 
AixiUH,  trilic  i»f  .\pachcs,  i.,  47.'<-")-(l; 

local  ii)ii,  i.,  .V.t'.t. 
Aixtilciicchaliiiac,  v.,  'J.'M),  see  Ixtil- 

ciicchahuac. 
Aji,  iiaiii"  of  chile,  i.,  7">'.l. 
AjiiiaU,  (luatciiialaii  ;;oil,  iii..  48*2. 
AJuchitlaii,  town  in  (iiicrrcro,  i.,(l78. 
.Akah,  .Maya  ni;,'ht,  ii..  7">"(. 
/.kah-'IVih,    hicro;;lyph  iit    Chichcn, 

Yucatan,  antii|.,  iv.,  •22.'i;  iiaino  of 

a  person,  v.,  chap.  xiii. 
Akahalcs  ( Akales),  tiiiateinala  Irihe. 

i.,    (iH7  711;  ii.,    (i.'JO-SO.'J;  hist.,  v., 

chap.  \i. 
Akhal,   Mayii  ila>,  ii.,  7"><i,  7<i(),  7<i7. 
.\k('',  ^'ncalan,  aMlii|.,  iv.,  •J4.". 
Akclsnni  (Kachnnial,  vilhi;;e,  South 

t'alifornia,  i..  4.V,». 
.Akil,  \'ucatan,  anti<(.,  iv.,  '220. 
.\kun  iHhiMil.  i..  141. 
.\kntan  Island,  i.,  ill. 
.\kntans.  Irilie  of   Aleuts,  i.,  87-',t4, 

location,  i.,   141. 
.Mahastcr.  ii.,  .V(7,  7">1,  787. 
.\lachschak,  i.,  ,'{7,  see  .Maska. 
.Macupnsyneii,  South  Cal.   trihe,  i., 

''»J-'22;"locatiou,  i.,  4."iS. 
A!a;.niilac,  linatcniala  lan^'.,  iii  ,  7(>l). 
.Mahni/.tlaii,    city  of    tiucrrcro,     v., 

442. 
.Miiksu,  i.,  .'J7.  see  .\laska. 
.Maineilat'ouiitv,('al.,antiii.,  iv..71<). 
.Miiines.  South  Mex.  trilK',  i.,»>4ri-70; 

location,  i.,  (U,'*. 
AlainitoH,  vilhi;;e.  South  (.\il.,  i.,  4(!(). 
•Maiiiim,  village,  Souuru,  i.,  (>UU-7, 


.Masapas  (.\lazap:ist.  North  Mi-xiiau 
trilie,  i,  ■'>7'2*.)l ;  location,  i.,  (ill. 

.Maska  (.Miaska.  .\laksu,  .\lath- 
schak,  .Alasku,  .Alaxa.  .Masci. 
Alyaska,  .Maycksa.  .Maschku,  W- 
jaskai,  name,  i.,  :<7-8;  nations  ami 
triiies  (lescrihed,  i.,  .'{7-l.'{7;  loc  of 
trilH-s,  i..  :{.'.-4(l,  l.{714!>;  nivtli., 
iii..  !1S-1(M},  1-22,  I2H-I:n,  141  !». 
,"i<(7,  .">l(i-l8;  lau;;. .  iii.,  .m7-8,  .■i7.">- 
(U»;{,  (;(i2-;{;  amin..  iv.,  742. 

Alaya.  a  village  oi  Sahailios,  i.,  t!l4. 

Alayeksa,  i.,  ;{7,  s<'e  .Maska. 

.Mitatross,  Ceri  dress,  i.,  ."»74. 

■Alhatiiinas  (.Alliatuius),  trilic  of  Mo»i- 
t(uitos,  i.,  712-47;  loi'.,  i..  7i.'{;  spec, 
mention,  i.,  74t!;  Ian;.'.,  iii.,  78;i. 

.Mheriii,  villii;,'e,  Vancouvt'r  Island, 
i..  2',»7. 

.Mhinos,  i.,  4?.'»,  5.W,  7"><»;  ii..  Kiti. 

.Meax.  Sout'«  Cal.  triU-,  i.,  4112-22; 
location,  i.,  4.'>!). 

.Mceas,  i.,  2,">(>,  see  .Mscas, 

.Vlcheduuuis  (.Mchedoiiiasl.  trihe  of 
.Apaches,  i..  47.'<-."»2)>;  locatioi,,  i., 
iV.tS;  lan;.'ua;;e,  iii.,  tl8."i. 

.Mchones{(H(  hoiu's).  Cent.  *  al  trihe. 
i.,  .'<t(,'{-4()l ;  location,  i..  4."i.'l-4;  sjicc 
mention,  i.,  :«!.'•;  ni,\th..  iii  .  Iiil. 

.Meis.  trihe  of  t'hiuooks,  i..  222-.">(»; 
location,  i..  .'<(>(!. 

Aletas.  Cent.  Cal.  trihe,  i.  :{(i:{-40l ; 
location,  i.,  ■*<V2. 

.Meupki;inas.  South  Cal.  Irilie.  i.,  4(»2- 
22;  location,  i.,  4ii(). 

.Mentian  .Archipelav'o.  i..,'!s,  87,  141; 
iii..  .■)77-8;  iv.,  742;  v..  2S-'.l. 

.Meiits  (.Meyuts),  one  of  the  live  fam- 
ilies into  which  the  ll\  perlioreans 
are  divided,  manners  ami  cu?<tonis 
of  all  its  nations  ami  trilics  des- 
crihed  to;^ether,  i.,  87-1I4;  plivsiijue, 
i.,  88;  dress,  i...S8.'.(;  dwelli'n-s,  i.. 
8',l;  food,  i..  !M»;  weapons  and  war. 
i.,  W-\;  implts.  and  nianuf.  i..  <.)|; 
niiirria;,'e.  wonu'U.  ^'o\ernmcnt.  i., 
<,)2;  ainuscMients,  i.,  <I2'M;  hurial. 
i.,  '.t.'l;  character,  i.,  ".t.'t-4;  loc.  of 
trihes,  i.,  .t8.87,  141-2;  m\th.,  iii., 
104-.\  I+4-.-.,  .^(7.  018;  l,in-.,  iii., 
."i77-8t»;  (Hi;,'in,  \. ,  lit. 

.Mexander  .\rchi|iela;,'ti,  i.,  2',Kk 

.Meyas,  i..  'M\1,  sec  .Mscas. 

Alevtacs,  Cent.  Cal.  Irilu'.  i..  ;tl!;i- 
4tH;  location  i.,  4.V2. 

.Mpmkiiis  (.AI>;om|nius),  location,  i., 
2."»;  orij,'in,  v.,  22. 

.Miaska,  i.,  'M,  see  .Maska. 

.Mitpiachiek,  i.,  1147,  seu  Allieuoliick. 


fitO 


INDEX. 


Ali/wnv.  South  Cal.  tril.f,  i.,  4(CJ-2-2; 


loi'iiii 
Al.ia>k 


4d!». 


.•«: 


AluHku. 


Aliiiriiiii,  Sdutli  Cal.  trilw 


4()*2-2'.': 


iii'ation, 


4.V.». 


AlkolI'Mk,  ;,'aiiii'  iilavcil  l»v  C'olvilles, 

i..-jsii.l. 
All,   I'liwka  viiun;;  man,  i.,  732. 
Allfinias,  N.'iitli  (ill.  liii>e,  i.,  :{27-fil; 


S|l( 


iiifiiti..!!,  i..  :{2'.)-.'n,  33.S,  M\, 


'MS,  ,•{,">(»;  iiivlli 
I'l 


III.,  o'J.). 


AiliaiiiT?*,  SCI-  Trcilifs. 

Alli<'i»iii('k       l.\lii|iiarliick),      hIicII 

iiiiiiicv,  North  till.,  i.,  'Ml. 
Alli-atcHs,   i..  ."it,  tilMi,  7.V.I;  ii.,  721; 

iv..  IDI. 
Alh.v,  ii..  474,  74',t. 
Allvatal.inia.  SoiitliC.il.  Iiihc,  i.,402- 


iicalioii. 


4.V.t. 


^Mpaia^iats,  .MiiM|iiilii  .^^ll*la!.s,  i.,7l<>. 


A^ 


{\U 


\lM'\as,  .McvaH,  I'l- 


Ainaiifoca,     Naliiia    fiathcr-workcr, 

ii.,  4H'.l-'.)l. 
Aiiiantla,  a  ward   in    citv  <if  .Mix 

ii.,  4<H». 
Aniai|iiciii('»"an,  aiiciont  Ininicof  t'lii- 

ihiinec!*,  iv.,  5tH»:  v.  21it,  'J.-sii,  ;{(ii 

314. 
Ain«nu('te|)ec,  (.'hichiniL'i'  staliini.  v., 

•:»2,  487. 
Aniarantli,    ii.,   lii'X    3.T{.    .TiC,   (IK;. 

iii.,  241.  2it7,  344.  371.  :VX\ 
Aniasniaxtli,  jiapfr  ilrr-s,  ii.,  .'Vj.'l. 
Ainati'tcvitl  (Aiiiatftt'iiitli,  iia|n'nir- 

nanu'iit.'4,  iii.,  ;<;{.'{,  .'<()2. 


.\niati 


(iiilf, 


r2li;   v.,  (Iiaii.  \i. 


Ainatitlaii  (.Vniatitani,  town.  dual. 

i.,  7H7-8;  ii. ,  ().">!. 
.\iiiatitlan  Lake,  aiiliii.,  i\..   121. 
.\iiiatl,  Naliiia  |ia|icr,  li.,  4>s."i,  .'124. 
Ainatlaii  <!<■  \i»  Itcyes,   \'cra   Cni/ 

aiilin.,  iv.,  434-.").  ' 


Noalisi,  tril>c  of  Chiuooks,  i.,  222- i  .\iiiat/.iii,  kiii'' of  'i'latt'lul 


'lO;  l< 


<M'ati<ui,  i.,.'<ii7-8;  siioi'ial  iiiuii- 1  .\iiia.\tlan, 


tioii.  1..  2.>(». 
Aisv.i  ISav,  i.,  .308. 


Altah 


(All, 


IIUIIIOH 


),    (Vnt.    Cal. 


'h 


jirox  iiici' 


Oajaca,  \. ,  Ml 


ip. 


trilii'.  i.,  3(13-41)1;  lor..  i..,3(;.3,  4,V2-3. 
Altaiiiia.  Oajaca,  aiiti<|.,  iv.,  373. 
Altauiiia.  \  illagi',  Tauiauliiias,  i.,(!l3. 
Altaimis,    Cent.    Cal.    triltt',    i.,  .3(>3- 


401 


at  ion,  1,.  4."i2. 


Altar,  villaji'  in  Soiicu'ii,  i.,  (!02. 
Altars,  ii..  .307,  .".71,  .".S2,  (!8!t.  7'.>'.l:  iii. 


.\iiia,>tnn  laniavti'  (I.aniavtun),  M: 
va  ilivi.sion  of  Cvclc,  ii,,  7<i2. 


Ainhi 
.30. 


dors,   i..  388.  (i28.  72.3. 


70:    II. 


2<t- 


".4,    412-l.t,    4 111  23. 


4(i2,  (!07,  <J4t;,  (li;(i-8. 
.Anihawtawhoot-'l'iuuch    (Shccii    In 
diaiis),  triho  of  'riiiindi.  i.,  IIM.IT; 


location,   i.,    14. 


i.,  121;  lan;;na<.'f  iii..  .">.s." 


>;  sjici'ial  uii'iitiiin. 


2.311,  332:  iv..  .32.  (11-2,  it4-0,   111-14,    Anil«-r,  i.,  72,  (i41t.".l; 

2.">7-'.l.  277.  .3.34,  31.-.  (i,  .371.  382,  4.3(1,    .\inl.ush,  i.,  2»i4,  4!l(;-7,  028,  i;;t7;  ii. 


443.  4.">(i.  .".41,  .".4."..  .">87,  (i4(i,  703, 


Ait: 


<  'alifornia.  auti( 


774.  i      42(i-7. 

70.3.    .\iii<'fhiilii,   To/cucan  tit! 


18!I: 


.\lt('|iatlalli.  Nahua  lands,  ii.,  22(i. 
AliiciiihiH,  Cent.   Cal.   triho,  i.,  .3(53- 

401 ;  lociitiou,  i.,  4.".2. 
Alum,  ii.,  474,  4S7. 


A I 


vaska, 


37 


.Maskii 


.\l/ailau.  lo«u,  North  Mcx.,  i.,  (!22. 
.\in.  Ma,\  a  (•oiijiirinj;  stoiifs,  ii.,  (!!I7. 
.\maia\as,  iiil.coi   .Vpaclics,  i.,  473- 

.")2(i;  loiatioM.  i..  .".',•'.». 
.Amai-ni,  ii  Chii'hiiiu'c  cliicf,   v.,   2t(.'i- 

(1,  Si.f  XoiotI   II. 

Amadaa|ipiualla,  season  of  the  your, 

i.iiui'r  ( 'al.,  i.,  .")(i4. 
Aniai|ila|ipi,  si'asi.n  of  (hf  vcar,  I,ow- 

«'r  Cal..  i.,  .".(14. 
Amador  Co.,  Cal.,   i.,  4M\    iv.,  707. 
Ama''l>au,  town,  (iuatcmala,  i.,  78'.h 


chap.  \i. 


All 


lalcum.  Maya  ^.'ol 


id,   ii.,  (!it8. 


iiii^ra- 


.\maliiialpaii,   station,   .S/tci 

tioii.  v..  .324. 
Auiainaxtla,  niudiiul  runt,  ii.,  TUH). 


v.,  .3.")(). 
.Vincriciin  Hivcr.  i. ,  4."tO. 
.Vnifyiil,  a 'rollfc  prince,  v.,  .31.3,  .31  (i. 
.\iiiimitl,  Nahua  ^'od,  iii.,  tlo. 
.\inita;;uas,     North     .Mex.    tril.e,    i., 

"»72-'.tl;  location  i.,  (11 1. 
.\niolli,  Hoa|i-plant,  ii.,  401. 
.Vnnniees,   Cent.    Cal.    tril.e,   i.,  .3(1.'! 

4(M:  loeation  i.,  3(13,  4.*.(.'. 
.'\moleueiii|na,  name  of  Napateculli, 

iii.,  417. 
Xmoxoaiiuo,  Niihuii  prophets,  v.,  IMi. 


A I 


noxtli,  water-plant,  i 


<(1. 


.\mpiiyouts,    i.,    441,  .see    \ani    I'ali 

lies. 
Aiiuisi'incntH,  llvptMhoiciins.  i.,  (Kl  7, 
84-."t,  02-.3,    no,    131;    Coluuihiaiis, 

.  243. 
3.-.  I   I, 


i.,  1(10-71,  180-1,  108  201.  21", 
■>,    280-2;    Ciiliforniiiiis,    i.. 
.302-4,    4I.VI7,    437-8;    New 


cans,  I. 


Mc 
U."i-l7.."i40-.">3,  .".(1(1-7.  •■>8('. 


Mc.xicaiiM,  i.,  ii'So-ti,  (i()4-."»;  ii.,  283- 


INDEX. 


Oil 


3i)l.    .100;    fiMitral    .VmoritaiiH,  i.,'      niiitoii).  triho  of  Koniiiiias,  i.,  70- 


:(»4- 


:».')-!>,  77m;;  ii.,  711-14. 


bli  liiratioii,  i.,  70.  141. 


Aiiiii>;;ci,  Soutli  M".\.,  laii;;.  iii.,  "'>-.    Anoiiitin;;,   ii.,    144-7,   4'J 


U41; 


Aiiiiitajas.  Ci-iit.   Cal.   tiiU',  i.,  'Mi'S- 
401 :  liK'atidii,  i.,  4.V.>. 


Liiaraiias,  Norili  .Mux.  trila',  i. 
<.(1;  lui'atioii  i.,  (I'lM. 


;><•-'■ 


.\iiii 


4 "is,  SOI'  .Viuu'lilU'. 


.KiuK'liuf     (.Xiiai'arik),     Smitli     Cal. 


trilx 


40i'--_'-.';  Incatiitii,  i.,   4.VS. 


Aiiilliiiai*,    naiiif,     i.,    IS;    ii.,    87-S| 
for  nalioiisaiiil  trilics,  mytli.,  lan^., 


aiiti<|..  ;i 


ikI 


list..     HCf 


Mfxii 


Aiiilliaai'  .Vvotlaii,  Oajai'aii  coast  re- 

f;ii>ii,  ii..  Ill;  v.,  cliait.  \. 
Anaiiiia)'  Mountains,  iianiu  for  I'tali 


Moiiiitaiiis,  i.,  4<i.'>. 


.\iiali 


I'alaiico, 


Till 


lascan  I'oast 


rc;:ioii,  II. 


Ill;  v.,    l!Mi. 


.\iiajiii'   (Anijuf)    ."^oiitii   f'al.    trilie, 
i..  40'_'-'J-J;  local  ion  i.,  4.")!». 


.\iiai. 


illii 


.la! 


ISI'O,  I.,  (17 


.\iialli-i  (Aiialiclics,  .Viiailfc.-'),  Maya 

Itookn,  ii..  7<>S-!(. 
.\iianiat  (.\iianioiiH)  Cent.  Cal.  trilic, 

i..  .S(i;t-4(>l;  location,  i.,  4.V.'. 
.\navii'ovoiiili,   IVriciii  L'odilfss,  iii.. 


I  lit). 


.\iii'asi^tuai-<.   North   Mcx.    tribe,    i., 

."i7i'-'.'l;  location,  i.,  (il.'J. 
.VncaMiiarca  .Moiiiitain,  v.,  1<'>. 
.\ncliiiis.   Tent.    r.il.    trilie,    i.,  3C3- 

401;  location  i.,  4."i2. 


All. 


I.ak. 


4-t:«. 


.Vinlcrsiiii  l.ak 


.\iiil. 


\all 


t'V, 


:tii. 

.  .'^O-J.  44!». 


.\iiiliciiiio\wki       I  Ainlrcjaiiowiichcu) 
Ulan.l.  i..  S7,  14-'. 


.\i 


VX 


II 


iiu'uas. 


Aii-cN,  iii,  4'.fj:».  .".4((. 

.\iiiaii  Strait,  v.,  70. 

.\iiiclii'     Inland,    .MiclioiiCaii, 

iv.,  ."i7l. 
\iiijiu«.  i.,  4'»H,  Kco  .\iiajno. 


(intiq. 


.\iiin 


IllVli 


4:a 

Aiisaynias,  Cent.  Cal.  trilie,   i. ,   lUV.i 
401;  location,  i.,  4i'>4. 


Antfl) 


l)n 


.-)!).■ 


Anti'loin"  I'cak, 

Aiilicinitics,  Cent.  America,  ii.,   HO- 

IS;   iv.,    I."l:{'.»;    v.,    ."iS-til;     M(\j. 


can  IU>|inlilic,  ii. 
iv.,    l4.Mil4;    v.. 


MO-.-il;  iii 
i.">-H;    New 


.•{OS; 


M. 


ico,  i.,  .">;i7-S;  iv..  tiH)-(>Sl!;  (  alit'oi- 
Ilia  ami  Noitli   \Ve.-.t,  iv..  ('iSs.74.!; 


Mi 


ssipi-i    V 


lllCV,    IV., 


r440(t;  V. 


!>:<-.■•,  114;   IVrii.   iv.,  701-H(M;;   Itia- 
zil,  v.,    l'-':i.     Itiliiio^'rapliy  of. 


-4,     l."»()-l,    •.»S0'.»4,    'M 


:VM)  \, 


4s;{,    »!'_M-."i.     See   iianics  of    states 

iintl  localities. 
Ants,  i.,  410,  4-.'S,  r,C>S,  7(i-J;  ii.,  17(J. 

•.WAt. 
.\oa  (.Mia),  Naiinafe.stival  ehara<'fer, 

iii.,  :m. 

.\|iaclics   |.\|iatscliees),    one    of    the 


tour  tan 


into  wliicli   tlic  Ni 


Mexicans  are  tliviijeil.  Manncr.i 
mill  customs  of  all  its  nations  and 
trilies  descrilied    to''ellier,    i.,    47.'l- 


"I'JCi;  id 
4S0-4;  . 
i.,  4S7.!CJ 


vsiiiue,   1 
Iwcllin;;;' 


477-0;  dn 
i.,  4S.-)-7; 


fooil, 


\vea|ioiis,  I. 


4!»:{-(; 


i.,  40ii-.'iiH);  iin|d  Is  ainl   manufact- 
ures, i.,  ."i(Hl-."i;  lioatsaiul  |)ni|icrlv. 


1.,    i)0.i-li;  art,     1. 


,iot; 


men 


t,    i.,  .")(I7-HI;  slaverx. 


UO. 


11;  women  and  maniaLrc,   i..   .'ill- 


Is,  i.,  ."il,"ii; 


l.i;  amusemeii 
aneoiis  ciislonis,   i.,  ."1 


|. 


17 -Jl;  n 


il.  i. 


;i-4;cl 


eine  aiiil  Imna 

i.,  .VJ4-ti;  location  of  trlKe: 


r>,  .'lOI-O;  ill 


laractcr, 

i7;i. 

iO;t-."i:  m\lli.,  iii..  i:i' 


l.'t.'i,    I70;  Ian;.'.,   iii. 
.\|ialacli 


."ist,  .■io;t-nii;». 


dill'usioii  .if,  v..  -JOSO. 


1.,    iii.,    'M,     l'J7-130;    .\|ialamu.  t'dit.    Cal.    trilie,    i.,    im. 


4<ll; 


ition,  i.,  ■\'i'A. 


Aiiimal- 


rnl|ilure  01  inia;.'es,  n.,  7 


"lO- ;  .XiiMii,  sialioii,   .\/lcc  mi''ration,   v. 


I;  iv.,  '24,  ;iO-."il,  KMI  I,  H-.'-U,  I'J'J 


.•{•-•4. 


I:t7,    Ki.lH,    I7:{,    I7."»,    IS.S-O,    •JKl,    .Vjianco,  station,  .\/tec  mi-iali \, 

■.'•.'(i-.'n,  •j.Ti,  .•ti7  •JO,  :<s(;.s,  4.ifi,  mi; 


0.    4Sl--'.    4SS,    40.{.    4!>7-S,    r»(M».l, 

."iio-'jo.  ."as,  .■i4s,  ."i7."i,  ."iO(i-."(. 

.\iiiui|ia\anios.   Cent.    Cal.   trilie,  i.. 


:i(i.'l-4i)l;  location,  i.,  4.Vi. 


.\iikl 
H7 


e-ornaincnls,    1.,    ,17 
iii.,  'AS.\ 


4;    ii 


!.".«•, 


.\iiKutcliin,  i,,   147,   see  Ilaii  Kiit- 


<  Inn. 


\iil\>.'niules  (.\iilyj,'niJHteii,    .XiiiyK- 


Vol.  V,    U 


.•f.'.t. 

.\|iaiiccai|,  a  Tolti'c  iiolile,  v.,  ■J."i4. 
.\|iantccutli,  Naliua  1,'od,  v.,  IIKI. 
.\|iasco  i.\|ia/.co),  station,  .\/.lcc   mi- 

^;ralion,  \. ,  .'<'2;i-4. 
.\|iataiiines.  Cent.  Cal.   trilie,  i.,  .'<li.')> 


401; 


locatioi 


4.-);j. 


.\|iaupisi.  I  cut.  Cal.   laii^'. ,  iii..  ImO. 
.\|ia\tle.  a  Nalina  ncsmI,  ii.,  'J7-. 
.\|iay,  Ciiit.   .Viiier.  laiij;.,  iii.,   7ti<l. 


Hi 


G12 


INDEX. 


f\|H«*«.  Xortli  ^frx.    irWto.   i..    "•J-iM : '  Ari-^jio  (Arizjif  \   villa;.'r.    Scinnra.   i. 


liMiitimi,  i..  <>l  I :  M'c  aUo  MiMikt 


IK  ).>-(;. 


,\|«llai',     .Salniii    jihut-    in     tt'tii]ilc,     Alilliiiirtir,    i..    (iS,    l'.>-„'.    •J74 -".,    r<*i' 


iii.,  .■«; 


."HU,    T'-'tJ,    7<'!t;  ii..    .»<I7.. •)(»((. 


i:{  ». 


\|til.    •flit.    <'al.    trilK',   i.,   .'{(J.'J^Ol ;    Ari/mia,  iiatimis  ami  ttilM>.   i.  4  •_*•_'. 

4(M-t>,  it;*-.""."!.*!.  .")!»I-C.(i;t;  iiivtli..  iii 

7.".-s:{.  i:f.'-(i.  170,  .vjtis;  lan^  .  hj. 

yXiW.\,    (J7I-4,   (ibO-t;;  aiiti.|  .    iv. 
<illi-44. 


kitil.    <  fill,    t  ai. 
liN'atioii.  i.,  4.'>\. 
AjHiala.    town,    Oajai'a,    iii.,    71;  v. 


i'lia|>.  \. 


k|IO|l 


•w.  i..  247. 


A|M.tli....-i.-i.    ii..   CIS.   C.il.l,   r.W.    Sdl; 

iii..  --'.vii.  :{•_>.  L'7i,  :<(is.  .•{•I'.i,  ^.■.7, 

47:{;  v.,  •_'<»."..  -Ji'ii.  •i4!»-.')0,  L'.V>,  -Jti^i 

rliaji.  \i. .  \ii.,  xiii. 
A|Hi/(>l4'i>,  a  iiii^Niuii  ill   (Viif.    ,Mf.\., 

i.,  »i7-.'. 
AiHi/iiii:illiill.  iiaiii(>  of    ('lialcliiliiiit- 

liciir.  iii.,   '.U'u. 
A|i|>ariliiiii->,    Mcv.  hist.,   v.,    4((7-0. 
^\|i|«'al.  rij:lit  of.  ii.,  4:U-7,  44."),   (!.')(!. 
A|>|ilf-trff  <  "ove,  i..  .'itH 


Ark. 


iiivtli..  111.,  (!(!,  7<i,  7!'.   li".'>:  V. 


14.  H(;-7.  :<--'7  il. 


A|iiia-<tii, 


ffiit.    Cal.    trilK?,   i.,   3ti;»- 


4<H;  liii-atioii.  i..  4.VJ. 
Ac|iiaiMisli,  trilM'  of  N'notkas,   i.,  17"i- 

■_'0S:  I.H-atio.i,  i.,  •_»<.'.'». 
A<|iiariiis  .Mii'iiit.ii>:s.  i..  •'i!)7. 
A<|ua'>  talicnttv,.  South  (a!.,  i..  4<M>. 
AiJIIfillKt-,    ii.     Kl'.t.    ."iti;{.    .")(i.")t;;   i\. , 

I -J  I.  .14 1--.'.  447.  .")i.'-.'-4,  CI  1,  7'.IS,  .Sdl ; 

v..  42-2,  4.VJ  .{. 
At|uiach.   Nahiia  till.',   v.,  '.'C4,   48( 


Ai|ii 


iiirifiit  Nahiia  lionu',   \. 


•J_'l,  MfX 


Ara.  il(ili«-cl  l.ini.  ii.,  2l-_';  v..  IC. 
.Vraltic.  lai';:..  Irai-fH.  iii.,  7d."t. 
Ai'ain.'iriiia.  Ilomliiras.  aii(i<|.,  iv..77. 


.\ikaii.si.s  Itivrr,  i.,  4t'.4,  .V.ij.-J. 
.\rks.  i.,  U:*,  sec  .\iikH. 
Ariiiiiilillos,  ii,  7-0. 
Ariiifria,  Coliiiiii.  aiilii|..  iv..  .""J. 
Armor,  i.,  M).  !M»,  10.">.    ICo,   IvJ.  j.-o. 


!!.•{.-),  4:«i»,  .Vtl, 


■  i,s,   C, 


::i.  7i. 


ii..   4(«-8.   4HS,  4'.M»,  74'.'.  7"'<i. 
Ariiiorifs,  ii.,  4I."»,  ."»78. 


.\rii 


W, 


'1" 


.\niolto.  oil,  i.,  7"i.S. 


.Arrii 


iiiiiaiiha 


liai.Di 


iiaca,  aiiliii.,  ix..:i7t. 


.Arrows,  sfc  llosvs  and  .\rriiw». 
-Vrrow  i.akfs.  i.,  l'.VJ.  '2i,4.  •J7I-'J.  '114. 
Arroyo  Itjaiico.  i.,  4.">7. 
.\rst'iials,  sff  .Xriiiorif.s. 


^\rt,    I! vpcrliort 


ICO-I.    IC. 


'_';t.S-<l, 

riO(i-7, 


M 


i')S;    (  III II III- 

I7l'.   I  !••-':!. 

r\ir;in-.     I.. 


>4.")-(»,  r)C4,  .">s:!  I;  M. 

i..    '-'4,   C;il;  ii.,    4I-J.    47.f- 
;»CC-.">!I7;  v..    'J.").S;  Cc:!!.    .\in 


>.>•_;   I\. 


70<»-l, 


.•C-,s.    7C'.l:    ii. 


r4>-vj: 


-.1111 

IVS,     < 'fll 

44)1 

loratioli. 

'ai 

as  Itay,  i 

(ill 

1.  town,  ! 

fh. 

11  ,    .■•>.>. 

IV., 

sin; 


i.")-:<cr);   I 


t'niviaiis.    i\. 


t.    Cal.    trilie,  i.,  ;{C;i- '  .VrtfljiiowHkojt's.  tril f  .Mciii- 


i..  4.VJ 
!I4. 
North  ("ill.  !..  44(5. 


701 -J 


;H:  \\ 


I'. 


i:t7.  I.".7-H.   171.   177-!t.   I!MM.   -.'(LS, 


;i  ♦.  Ji-'s,  ■.',{.-..  MA  4. 


.'-:i.  :to'.iii. 


S7-!M;  location. 


II. 


.Artemisia.  ( 'int.  I  al.  t'onil, 
.\rt('/Kiitslii,     tril 


I..  :!7l. 


M>      Ol       I  Ullll'll. 


I  I4-.'I7:  locjilion.  i..  1 17 
.Arlsniilsh,    i..   .'lO.'i.  sec   l\:ii 


kscfiisioii  liner 


Cli-J.  Cii.V 


:{»i-:».  XAi,  :\-:i.  risii-i,  .-is.}.  4.".i,  i  .\s.eties.  Nalmas.  iii.,  4:!(;-7.  4»i  J. 


4r.o  I.  .vj.s,  ij,-.s,  7i:<. 


Vse^'iiantr  (.\sei|naii;^i,  tril f   II. n 


Arcli:i-i>lo;.'y,  iatrodiiftory,   iv.,    1-14;  i      dalis,    i.,    l.")C-74;   loc.iiiiii 


il. 


.\iitii|iiitii 


Ash 


Ar.hite.  tiire.  ii.,  .m:{-H!»,  7.s;I-!I4;  iv. 


Ii,     el     se 

llwejlinys. 


.V)-CO: 


see    also 


i.,    ll'C,    -JIM.  :t!i.V7.   4I'.>. 


r)iiii;  ii.,  'J77,  .'<07.  .•U>s,  Ciis-lo.  t;|.-». 
CI 7,  111' I,  71 


1 1 1 .  I ... 


Anil  .S|iring,   Nt!W  Mex.,  aiiti<|.,  iv. 

(•4.1. 
Areit'  .-i    iHtliiiiiaii  ilanees.  i.,  774. 
Ari't''ie>,    >cirtli  Mex.  trilte,   i. ,  57- 


H':  !• 


Ill,  I.,  lil.'l. 


Ar.U't/i,  villa;:e,  Soiiora,  i.,  (KM5. 
Ariv'ames,  North  Mex.  Irilie,  i.,  ')7-- 

Kl:  liM-alioii  i.,  (iiO. 
Aripas  (.\rii»ei.  Lower  Cal.  trilie,   i..  !  .Association,  element  ol   | 


.\shoi'hemie,   Ceiil.    Cal.    Ian;:.,  iii.. 

C4.S 
.\sia,  ori^riii  frnin,  v..  .'iO-."!.'!. 
.Vsit'iilic-hiilii  .Mounlaiii--.  i.,  .V.»7. 
.\siiiliiiil,    South   Cal.    trilii'.    i..  4ii-.'- 

'.'•-•;  location,  i.,  •».■<». 
.\s|iiaiiiU|UL',   Cent.    Cal.    laii^'. .    iii.. 

(m:I. 
.\sM,  l,oworCiil.,  fooil,  i..  ."iCI 


iKKi-71;  ioc,  i.,  (JU4;  laiig.,  iii.,  08 


liiure»>,  II., 


i 


.■>.')-l». 


INDKX. 


CI.) 


AsHtuifa-*.   ("(III.    'ill.   Iri 

401;    Iniiitioii.   i..    ill 


'MV.\-\  Atlantis,  iiri,'iii  tlii'nrv,  v.,  I". 


A^>tliiiia.  i.,  -fST,  t't'T. 

AsiriiiiiCiiv,   i.,    .■>S4;  ii.,  .">()(>■•_'•-';  iii. 


37 1;  IV.,  4!M; 


rKK'.-S;  %.,  ■\.M. 


Asiic-ia-'iia,  South  ("al.  trilx',  i.,  4(h.' 


•_••-»:  I.xaliitii,  i..  4t;(t. 


Siiialr 


A-'iiiM'iiiii    Siaiiori,   villa;,'! 

i..  t;i4. 
Atalava  i'asllc.  <  Juati'iiiala.    ii.,  7HS. 


At 
At; 


ilc'aiil|iii.  III. 
iiiial<^Mali/tl 


4  •-'(», 


\lli'aliiiali-ii. 
alma      |-i'li;,'ii>iis 


f.-ast,  li..  :»4I:  iii.,  4-.".». 
Ataiiiatalii),   fnri-.-it,     .Mirlioacaii,     v., 

-.17. 
AtaipcM,  (Viit.  Tal.  trilic,  i.,  :<(1:<-4(>1 ; 

liiratiiiii,  i.,  4'>-. 
Alrliacr,  i.,  14-.  m-c  .\tklias. 
.\ti'akari  (.\tcarari),   iiaiiir  nf  Coras, 


.\tl,i|.ol(  o.  a  litv  III   .Matlall/.iiii'o,  \., 

4;;:{. 

.Vllialiiiali'o  (.\tl<']iual<'i),  Atalcaoljio, 
.\tlaoiiiilo.  .\tli-aoalot,  Naliii.k 
iiiontli  ainl  fi'>ti\al,  ii.,  •<()■*),  •'•<'!'; 
iii..  .TtvJ.  4l!»  •.'(». 


Atl 


laca,  \  I'la  (  rii/,   aiitii].,   iv. 


»•: 


.\tlii'alaLMiiaii    I  .\tlii'alai|iii.'iii,    .\lli 


lal.M 


Ailill. 


in(|iiiaii. 


.\llii! 


Iar|iaii,    .\litalai|iiial,    station.    A,.- 
tiT  ini;.'ialioii,  \ ..  .■(■_';t-4. 
.\tliliM<-t/ian,  a   inosinrt-   ot    .Mt'\i  o. 


I.,  I>(.">. 


.\lli 


town,    riiclila. 


I!7I; 


I.,  <>. 


At. 


III. 
>tl 


:i'.». 


f  III 


r('|iiiiifi'atl,  v.,  L'fi,,  iiaint' o 

mar  ii. 
.\iriiio/tiil  Att'iniii^tlii.  Nail  11.1  nioiitli. 

ii.,   .•«7.   ."I."!!!,   .">ll:  iii.,  .TKi. 
Ati'iniialii'ratl.  Naliiia  titlf.    ii.,    I.'IS. 


.Vii'iianiitK 


Tot. 


mar  station,  v. 


•-'iCI. 


Alfiico  (.\tt'n;;o).  villa;.')',  Mcxiro,  ii. 


.'iiiil;  station, 


A/t 


(•(•    ini;,'ialion,   v. 


.\ti'|ii'tla<',  station,  A/tec  iiii;,'iali<'ii. 

\.,  :{•_'.•{. 
Ati'|>oi'a\i\ililiiia,  Naluia  danct',  ii., 

;{l.'4. 
.\tlia).as.a  l.aki",  i..  144. 
.\tlialiasras,   iiaiiK-   fur  ( 'liciu'wvaiis, 

i.,  114, 
.\ililctif  S]>orts,   i.,  .V>'J 


,).S() 


•j.si),  L".c>.!»,  7i:M4.    Sii 

.Viniiscnu'iils. 


.\tilan,  ilfiiaitnicnt  of  Oaj;ica.  i..  tiSd. 
.\tit,  (Inatciiialan  i|iu'('ii,  iii.,  7'>;  v.. 


I'll 


'I' 


rS!l;    IV. 


IL'I; 


.\titlan  (.\litaii,  .\tilal-liin  ii),   town, 

tiiiatciiiala,    i.,    7ts!l;    iii.,    7.">;    v., 

t'lia|i.  .\i. 
.\titlaii    l.aki>,    1. 

I'liaji.  si. 
Atklia  Islaiiil,  laii),'. ,   iii.,  ."'.l. 
.\tklias  (.Mi'liatT),  triln'ol'  .Mciits,  i. 

.S7-!I4:  locati i.,  .s7,  l4l-'_';  Ian;;. 

iii..  .-)7.s-'.t. 
All.  Naliiia  ilay,   ii.,   .".ll-l-J,   .".If.-r 
.\tla<'aiiiaiii.   iiaiiic  <>f  (  lialcliiliiiitli 


lii|.,  iv..  4»is-!t;  hist.,   v.,  •_'(>•_•,  4:*< 

4»;t.  4<i;{,   t'.t'.t  ,".(t4. 
.\iliiia\  oacali,    hualitv,     I'lU'Ma,    \. 

4',HI. ' 
.\tiiahs    (.Xliiaks'i,    liilaiiil    tiihc,    i. 

•_'.">4-lll;  lo.atii>n,  i.,  •-'.".1.   .•Il(»:  -^v 

iiicniioii,  i.,  "JtiO;   laii''..  iii..  .'(.sit-iU 


.Vtiias   (.Mitci 


la.- 


.\ti 


lacn.    inlic    i  i 


'riniii'h.    i.,    I14-i:t7;     location,    i. 

llli,  l.Ci,  14'.);  s|ici-.    men.,    i..    l.'t. 

.\tiia  Itivrr.   naiiic  of  (oiiin'i-   i;i\ci 

i.,  :<S,  I4!». 


.\to.'h 


ijiaii  I  .\toi'|iaiit,   jii'oviiicc,  \  (  i.i 


V 


t'lii/,  1. 


;{  1: 


»•-'(». 


.\tolf  lAtollii.  .S.'ihiia  ilrink,    i.,  il'.Ci, 

7tNi;  ii.,  ;C)."i. 
.Vtoiialt/in,  iiaini'  for   l>/a\\  iii<laii(l.i, 

v.,  41.-.. 
.Vioiiaii,    station,    ( 'hichiincc    iiiiLrra- 


tion,  v. 


'.•4. 


.\toiiatinli,     Naiiiia    a;;.'     of     xvaliT, 

ii.,  .MI4;   iii.,  Oil. 
.Vlolonilco,  station,  .\/lt'i' nii;:iatioii, 

v.,  iMis,  ;fj;i-4. 
.\toto/tli     ( Atotoi/.iiil,      a      Mi'xii'aa 

|)iiii('i'>s,  \,,  ;Uti,  .'{."i.s,  .■{7'J, 

I  district    of    (iiicrrcro,    i.. 


AloM 

ti7s. 
Alialo  l!i\cr,  i.,  7'.M!-7 


.\ii: 


'II,  t  all  torn  i.'i  iii\  tliic  |M'isoiia;.'i', 


III 


Iii. 


.\l 


iipcn,    nioiintain, 
>l!t. 


.Mi.l 


loacaii. 


cue.  III. 


:<li 


Atlacohnavaii.  city,  Mexico,  v,.  lO'-V 


All 


iciif/ona,  \va 


t.r  I 


lIV,    III 


.■{(i!». 


.\ilaciiihiia\an,  station,  .\/tfc  iiii;,'ra- 

tioii,  v.,  ;Vj4. 
.\tlaciii/.oa\an    Mountain,    iiaiiic    of 


i 


acubasa,  ni., 


40.1 


.\t/aciialco,  [larl    of   .Mexico  c'.lv.  ii 


.■.ii;{. 


.Vl/capot/alco,  station,  .\ztec  nii;.'ia- 
tioii.v.,  .'I'Jt.     See  al-o  .V/capu/.alco. 
.\t/ih    \\  iiiaU      t'awek,     <  akclii<|iii  1 


till 


e,  \,,  ciiap.  XI. 
Au;,'nries,    ii.,  i'.m,   ,'{Si»-',(,-t,  4'_'7!    iii. 

4:is, 
.\iija\.  i.,  4.V.»,  see  ( ijai. 
.\uks  (.\rksi,  triiie  of  'I'liliiikeets,  i. 

t>i;.||4:  location,  i.,<H>,  14:(:    Iuiil-. 


oil 


IXDKX. 


Aulintars.  fViit.   f'al.   trilji',   i.,   .1f.:{- 

4<>l;  lociitiiiii,  i.,  4.'i4. 
Aiiliiiir,  -'icll  u-ii'(l  as  niiiiK'y,  i..  .lH."i. 
Aiixidii.  Soiitli  Cal.  trilif,  ».,  4()*2-'-'2; 

liicatiiiii,  i.,  4."))S. 
Aiitliiiiilii'M,  list  t»f,  i.,  xvii-xlix. 
Aiitlaii,  ilalisni,  aiitiij.,  iv.,   'u'2. 
Aiitoi  lillidii,  <>ii;;iii  tlicnrv,  v.,  ll'D-.'VJ. 
Aiiva|>uiin's,    Niirlli    Mcx.    triU-,    i., 

r>"7i'-!ti;  lociiiiiiii,  i.,(;i:<. 

Aii/ar,  ('ulifiiriiiaii  iiivtliic  |i<'rs()iia;^'i-, 

iii..ltir>. 
Avatanak  Island,  i.,  141. 
Avataiiaks,   trilx!   of  AUnits,   i.,   87- 

1)4;  location,  i.,  141. 
Av«Matl,  a  Tolti'c  chief,  v.,  24.'}. 
Avenues,  see  Streets. 
Aviaries,  Naliiias,  ii.,   l(!.'{-(i. 
Avilix  (Awilix),  t^iiiehe  trod,  ii.,  048; 

iii,  .">(),  477;  v.,  I.sl,  cliap.  xi. 
Awiinees,   Cent.    Cal.    trilie,   i.,   JUi.'J- 

4<ll ;  location,  i.,  4.")(». 
Awi;,'iias,  Sontli  Cal.    tril)e,    i.,   40'_»- 

*."2;  location,  i.,  4ti(). 
Awls,  i.,  407-S;  ii.,  710;  iv.,  710-rj, 

740. 
Axalo.  villa;;e,  Cnerrero,  i.,(>77. 
Axaiicalii,  liatii  houses,  iii.,  'A:\'. 


.\/('alI.\()clii;l,  a  Tolti'c  princess,  v. 

:i\A. 
Azcaxochill     (.\zenxochii),    siaiioii 


A/t 

of  Malinal 


ec  nn'M'atiou,  v. 


e- 1,    V. 


S4(»; 


.•{•Jl;  111 


|irnu('>-.  n| 


Mexico,  v.,  .'{.kS;  aTejianec  princess 
and  iiueen  of  Tezcuco,  v  ,  4'JI. 


.\/ti 


CO,  town,  .Mexico,  ii.,  ijOO. 


.\/ta|iil|ietiati,  mats,  iii..  ,'(.°>.'i. 
.\/tatlitexcan,  ii  Tailotlae  chief,  v. 

.\/taxelli,  tassels,  ii.,  320. 


A/ti 


Nal 


.\\avacatl,    tli 


I..  1)2.);     II. 


.•l.-)0. 


kinj;  of  Mexico,    v.,    417,   424-.'{."), 
4!»!t,  rm,  cliap.  X. 
.\xcalma.  Nahiia  title,  ii.,  1S7. 


'.M», 


see   .\caii 


ht/in 
■t.-l;  iii. 
'M,  .V.t-tiO,  rMl,    CM,    (177 


.\xcaiiht/in,  v 
.Vxes,  i.,  71!»;  ii.,  4>S0,  .V)7 
71.;  iv. 

.\xix]iatli,  Naliiia  medicine,  ii.,  .'iOO. 
Axoiiiieiitzin,    Acoihiia     iiriiice,    v., 


47.1-r)2r>; 


410. 

Axpitil,  i.,  4.")H,  see  I'axjjili. 
.\\iias,  trilw!  of  .Apaches,  i., 

.spec,  mention,  i.,  482,  .")(K>,  'iW. 
.\yacachtii,  rattles,  ii.,  2S!>.  2!K{. 
.\ya;,'iias.  North  .Mex.    trihe,  i.,  r)72- 

Dl;  location,  i.,  <>I2. 
A  vail  haal),  Maya  intercalary  years, 

ii. ,  7<)2. 
AyatI,  N'ahiia  mantle,  ii.,  .'{(US. 
Ayauhcihmill  (.\yamhi;^iial),  aMex- 


ii  an  (iiieen,  v. 


:«;;<. 


.\\  hiittisaht,  i.,  2'.l."),  see   I'.hateset. 
Avotziiico,  town,  Mexico,  ii.,  ")(i,S;  v., 

"4'.l.-). 
.\\tcliarts,  trihe  of  Nootkas,  i,,   17.")- 

'2(»S;  location,  i.,  2!l."). 
.\zacot,  a  (Quiche  «'hief.  v.,  eluip.    xi. 
A/capiizalco,   citv,    .Mexico,   i.,   (>7."); 

ii.,  104-.'),  2i!»-2(),  47.');  v.,:ni,  :{20, 
;u4,  ;j4,j-r)8,  '.na-d-i. 


imi    iiati ii.,   <l()-(;j!i; 

'.»;!.");  iii.,  .V)7-8;  mvth.,   ii., 

2(H>-7,  24."i-(;,  :«»2-4i,  ;{.s.s-'.»7.  i;(i4-.'), 

()IO-l!t;  iii.,  .V>-70,  lOO-I.H.  ll!i.2:«, 
128!»,  I81-2:M,  2;t7-444,  4t;'.i-70, 
.'ill-l.'),  .").'{2-<»;  lan^'.,  iii.,  .Vi7-,S.  (;;{0- 
I,  ti(iO-7--',  ()80-*2,  7I:M4.  7l<i,  7i'.»-2ii, 
7'-';{-:i7;  antiij..  iv.,  ,")04-2:{,  .Vili  (11; 
hist.,  v.,  ,'«»7-.")10. 
Aztetl,  Nahiiii  medicine  stone,  ii., 
tilN). 


Azlh 
(i7(i 


III,  aiicu' 
ii.,  I-. 


lit  h 
.">;  v. 


nine  ol 


f  .Vztc 


I. 


.'I.  ;{(i.V(;.  :(.'•.••.■>. 


\zto;^iiiha  .\i|iiiyaliiiacatl,  a  'i'luNcal- 


tei 


rhicf. 


4!»H. 


A/uzu,  vUIai'e,   South  Cul.,  i.,  41)0. 


B 


r>aali,  a  Za])ntee  captain,  v.,  cli.ip.  x. 


i/ajiotec  cajtlaiii,  v.,  cliap.  \. 


liaah 

Itaal-I'eor,  ('hallic-woiship,  iii.,  ".■.(il. 

Iial)el,  mvth.,  iii.,  (!7-8,  77;  \.,  17  1'^, 

21,  200,  2(l!t. 
ISalieles,  Norili  Mex.  trihe,  i.,  ,")72-'.ll ; 

location,  i.,  lil  I. 
ISahiacora.  villa;re,  Sononi,  i.,  filHi. 
Mahiamares,    North   Mex.    trihe.    i., 

.'")72-!)l;  location,  i..  Ill  I. 
Itahiiies,  trihe  of  'rinneh,  i,,   Il4-.'i7i 

location,  i.,  145. 
liahispe.  villa;;e.  Sonoia.  i..  flOi). 
Hahos.  North  Mex.  trihe.   i.,  .■i72-!il; 

location,  i.,  <ilO. 
I!at)osari;;aines,    North     Me\.    trilic, 

i..  572-lM;  location,  i..  (ill. 
I!a<'a.  villa;:!'.  Sonora.  i..  (i(is. 
IJacahs,  Maya;,'ods.  ii.,  (IIK".  C'.Ml;  i:i., 

4()2,    4l!(i;    rulers  of  Mayapaii,    v., 

cliaii.  xiii. 
I!acaile;^uachi,     villay;e,     Si)iiciia,    i., 

(>(h;. 

llacalar,    locality    in    Yucatan,    v, 

chap.   xiii. 
Hacaiiiy.-iluia   (Ilaipoa),    villa;,'e,    So' 

nora.  i.,  (UNi. 
I  IJaeaiiora,  village,  Sonora,   i.,  liOiJ  7. 


INDKX. 


ca:. 


r.a'liiiiilKi,    Cliilnialma,    autiii.,    iv.,        7;   ii..   •-'070;    iv.,   2.W;    v.,    171  0, 

tM»4.  IS  J,   :V.'0,   V.V2,  .  hap.  xi. 

r.ac-iTac-,  villa;,'c.  Shiikim,  i.,  <!(K!.  Italla)>iillas.  i.,  "iit."),   .see  IScilaniol.i^. 

Ilai'iiat/i  (Itaciiai'lii),  villa;;c,  Siiiinra,  {  Italiista,  Nahiias,  ii.,   111). 

i..  <;ih;. 

Itai'Duas.  Cont.   <'al.    trilw,    !.,   H(i.'{- 

4<)l:  locatinii.  !..  440. 
D.ii-iiiii  (Uacmi),    villa;;!',   Siiiiiirn,    1., 

(MIS. 
Iiailu'<';<,  of  rank,  see  Iiisii;;iiiii. 
Ilail;ri'r'<.  Mava  f<i<«l,  ii.,  7-iil. 
I!; 


i.,   (:•.',  I'.Kh  ii.,  ;«JJ,   710;  iii. 


•.VM,  .T<0-4I. 


l!a;,'ioi>a.-<,  tiild?  nf  .\iiaciics.   i.,    I7;{. 


VJtJ;  111 


iV.tS;   Ian;:.,  iii..  («,">. 


Ila;.'iianics,     North    .Mcv.     trilic,     i., 

"i7--01;  loi-alii.ii,  i.,  (ill. 
l»aliai'rcha-<.    trihf    of    .\|iiiflu'^,    i., 


47:»-V-'(;;  I 


neat  loll. 


(00. 


liaidar      (Havilari-),      K.skiiiitt     wkii 


hoat. 


I.,  *'>0. 


Itaiilarka.   Kskiino  small  huat.  i.,  ('>(>. 
Ilaiiifs  Sitiiiiil,  ilrit.  Col.,  aiiti<|.,  iv., 

741. 
r>ai|><ia.  i.,  IKMt,  sec  Itacaiiiyahua. 
I'lijada  I'liiiit,  i.,  '_M7. 
Ilajiii,    ( iiiaiia jiiatii,  aiiti([.,  iv.,  ,''>77. 
l!ak.-r's  l!av.  i..  .•{04. 
ISakhaial,  loialily,  Yiu-at;iii,  v.,  diap. 

\iii. 
I'aklimi  <'liaaiii,  Mava  ;^o(l,  iii.,  4(>7 


liallii  Ki  I'iMi'u-,  (dat  Valli'v  IV-opIr 
Ciiit.  (ill.  Irihe,  i.,  aCIJ-JOl;  1...  ii 
lii.ii,  i.,  US. 

Itallii.strailcs,    \'iicatan,   aiitit|.,    iv 


-•••.7, 


:o,  •.':{." 


Hal  .Mas.|iu-,   Nahiia  feasf,   iii.,  j'J'.i. 


liai.- 


iiiii.s,  1.,  .)S;i,  (;oo-7(Hi;  11.,  .V.)i». 


l!aiiiai|s,    (iiiatoiiiala    Irilto,    i.,    (iSil- 


'II;  loratioii,  i. 


I>:iiiihiii) 


.'.s;?.  W2H. ::{ 


I,    <•)•>;  II. 


ssii.  :<so,  ;<os,  4<Ki,  410. 


liaiiiii^chiia,  Siiiiiliia  ;4<iil.,  iii.,  ISO. 
it.iiiaiiiichi,  vi!Ia;,'t',  .Sninini,  i.,  CiOi;. 
J!;iii.ina,  i..  (L'4,  tJ04,   (107,   710,   7;tO, 

7.VS-0,  77."». 
IJaiiattt'cs,    trihi-    of    Shoslimios,     i., 

f_'_'-4-_';  li.iation,  i.,  4(il. 
I5anila;,'c.>i,  tirt's.s,  i.,  717,  7.VJ. 
ISaiiils,  'i'owkas  iiiarria;,'c,  i.,  ~:V2. 
Maiiks  Islaiiii,  i.,  -.MM. 
Itaiiiiat'ks  (Itaiiiiocks,  Itoiiucks^  tri1>o 

of  .Shoshoiifs,  i.,  I'J^J-ll'J;  liicatiiii', 

4  10  I ; 


I! 


.M 


iv;i     sorcerer,      ll 


(;.V.»; 


fotiiiilorof  Coiiaii,  v.,  ehap.  xi.   Sot 


Ci. 


I'lalain    II.,  ii  Cakchiijiiel  ruler,  v. 


I'll 


i!,ilaiii-.\;,'ah     (l!alam-.\eal>.     Halaiii 

.\eaiiil,    t^ilii'lie    'Jd    Treated    man, 

iii.,  47;  v.,  LSI;  (Quiche  kin;,',  elia|>. 

xi. 
llalaiii  ("idolt,  .Miiva  nation,  i.,   (iS7- 

711;  ii.,  (>;10-S(i:t;  hist.,  v.,  ehap.  xi. 
Italani  Coiiaehe,  a  </ii:ih(''  prinee,  v., 

ehap.  xi. 
r>alaiii-liMiit/e,  (Italam  Kieln')  (^liehr* 

1st   created  man,   iii.,  47;  v.,  ISIj 

t/uichi-  kin;;,  ehap.  xi. 
Italanicha,  .Mava  nation.  i.,fiS7-711; 

ii.,  (;:«tS0:i;  liist.,  v.,  chap.  xi. 
r.alhit/,  Cnatemala,   aiitiq..   iv,.  Kll. 
llajehi-,  South  .Me\.  driiiU.  i..  (if!.'). 


lial. 


ii.,    l(»l,    .V)."i, 


also  Terriices. 
iiald  Hill  Indians,  i.,  444i,  ,suc 

lolalis. 
Itald  liills,  i.,  44t>. 
r.ale  Uaiieli.  Cent.  Cal..  1.,  4.-)l-2. 


See 
Tcho- 


li/.e,  IV. 


i:ii», 


Hell 


Bi 


i.,   tti.'i;   special   nientio 
laii''.,  iii.,  (i()l. 


infers,  see 


!• 


IJapaiicorapinaniacas,     North     Mc\. 


trilie 


i.,  .">72  01;   loeati 


Bapt 


t;ii 


M 


fxicans.    I.,    (itil'J.    (iiil; 


li.,    •JliO,    •J70-S;    iii.,    .•l(i!).7(i,    4:i'.i; 


.M 


ivas,  11.,  (IC't,  (;s-_*-4. 


Itaijahol,   ('akcliii|uid     hand,   ]iriiiic, 

and  family,  v.,  ch.np.  xi. 
Uaiahara,    Konia;;a  dwellin;,',  i.,   7*. 
Itaranoir  Island,  i  ,  Ol'i,  I  !.'{. 


it; 


irliarism,  see  Sa\a''ism. 


Itai'liasco,  used  as 


IS; 


iroi-r-siioiis 


Nal 


III,  1..  (tiO. 


iiias,  II..  ;i70. 


ISai'hote,  chin-oinament,  ii.,  .•(Tli 


tarclav  Smini 


".1.1 


:07 


Hark,    II viierliiireai 


101 -.1. 


IIS,  r_>;{,  i;f(i-l:  Ciilnniliiaiis,  i  , 
IC.oi,  I7i».  I7--':1,  170  S(i,  isj;, 
ISS,  101.  •JOl,  •-'II,  -21  t  l.'i.  lMs,  'J-jt, 
'2:to-:<,  •_':{.'.,  •-•.■)7.  •-'oo,  --'70,  •-'7--'.  •-•m;; 

iii.,  l.'iO;  < 'aliforniaiis,  i.,  ;{iiS,  ',i~\'., 
;\S2,  tOCi;  New  .Mexicans,  i.,  4M, 
.'•.(KI,  .-((c.'.  ."117,  ."•.•v.',  iVt.-i,  .".(;:{;  M(\- 
icans,  i,  CmO;  ii.,  174.  .V.i'.l;  ten;. 
.Ameiicans,  i.,  O'll,  (107,  <10!l,  71'- 
1(1,  7 IS,  7--'^-',  7'-'4,  7^-Ni,  7.". I,  7"  I, 
7(10,  7(l(i-7;  ii.,  7'-*7,  7.'{4,  7."rJ,  Vtii. 

Iiarnacles,  food,  i.,  •_M4. 

liarrieadcs,  .-.ee  l''orti(icalions. 


Ilashoiics,  i. ,  4."iO. 


ee    iin^hiimnes. 


•alls,  "'anies  \\  ith, 


X>'A,  :VX\,  ,")S(i-     I'.a-iroas,    North    .Mcx.   trilic,  i. 


I 


01;  location,  i..  (i07 


i 


I' 


CIG 


I\I>KX. 


I!ii>l;(t^,    iryiicrliiircMii^,    i.,  fll,  1(»;},    ni-m-on  Hill.   P.iili^li  Culuiiil 


I(i7,    1-".>;    <'iiliiiiiliiaiis 


»lil,    Mil- 


Hi-':{,  '      tin  .    i\ 


r4o 


I'Ki,  i;-.',  |S.'>,  liM*,  -'l;i,  --'I."..  •_'•_'(»,  I5(Mil>.  Ily|.«ii»(n:iii.s,  i.,  7-.' :{,  |-J8, 
-•;U,  'J«i-7.  '-'(111.',  -JlO;  ralifi.riii- ,  l:il.  1X1;  ( •..|iiiiiliiaii>,  i.,  17'.),  Is-j'; 
IS,  i.,  3:{!l,  ."{1.'),  :{7»-.".,  :tSlL',    JOil,        Calilxniian-.  i.,  ;i:U.  .'{47,  :{iis,  .isi- 


4--'it:«>,     1.11;    N.w     Mcviiaiis.     i. 

r>(»(>.  :><»»,  ."i:{it,  .".i:i.  .-.i;;(-i.  .-.77;  Mia- 

iraiis.  i.,  (J-Jt,  t;,ii    t;:!:i;  ii.,  4.s;{, 

(ijii,  (Hit;  Cent.  Aiiii'iiiiiiis,  i.,  7-4, 

7<!(i. 
I'>a»>|ia,  North  M('\.   laii;:,,  iii.,  707. 
I'.at^.  i.,  .•«»:»,   5(11,   Hi-2;  ii.,   74;{;  iii., 

4S4. 
I'.atali,  .Maya  title,  ii.,  <!:t(). 
l»alcMnlakaii'<'-<,  Cent.   Cal.   tril«<',   i., 

:{<;:i-401;    location,    i.,    448;    Ian;,'., 

iii.,  ()17. 
ISatcnaii,    aiK'ient    (luat.     trilie,    v., 

eliap.  \i. 
llaliis,    llv|ierlioreaiis,     i.,    S:{,     111; 

Coluinl.laiis.     i,     -Jdl,     '.'((.V     L'l'.t, 


.T.li!.    4J4-(>;   New    .M 


4s-_'  :i,  .")».");  Mexicans,  i.,  C: 
i'elit.  .\inrriian-,  i.,  (jKl,  71^ 


e\iiaii>,    1  , 

•  Ml': 


II.,  »!S4, 


'>(». 


IVans,    i.,   •_';{4.    4S!),    XiH,    'ui. 


(ii.'J,    (I'M,    71 '.I,    7''H; 

:j4:{,  ;»47,  .sv.,  7iHi'.». 

'.ears,    i,    .lO,    r>7,    7S. 


:!M),  ;!(H». 


'.M.    17i>.  ls7- 


8.  •_':i(».  -zryH,  •jdi,  ;w7,  .'i.v.i.  411..  i;. 

4-_'(;,    4:!S,    4!»1.    4!>(;,   .V.'d;  ii.,    .-ijii; 
iii.,  SO,  01 -.S,  l.')0.  .'>4(;. 
IJearrre.lv,  i.,    447,   4.'.()-l,    4<;-';  iii.. 


(U.S -0;  iv. 


Iiearil.- 


:;{."),    •-'S4-t);    Califiiriiian 


;{.-.(;,  .'lo:),  4iO:  N( 


.M 


e\i(ans,    i.. 


4S7.  .V.M-'J,  5r)4,  r)C.'.l:  .Mexieaiis,  i., 
«)-'(i-7,  (!:W-40,  {>:<{,  (1(17;  ii.,  171-L', 
'J(iS,  -JSO,  .-{K;.  .•i70.  ."{Sit,  ;t!ii',  :.7l, 

r».s7 


nO.Vd,    li-.'l;    iii  ,     Xi'-H,     •Mi,. 


4:{.v. 


+47 


■>•_'.■>-(■., 


<'ent. 


Anierieaiis,  i.,   (IOC,   70!*,   7--'--',    74:{, 
7(>0;  ii..  ti41,  (illO,  (iSl,  73.'),  7f>0. 


W 


ir. 


l!eeal,  \'ni'al.'in,  antiii.,  iv.,  '.'(iL*. 


I 

lie.l.- 


iec'.incliei 


r»i,  -.'."(O,  .■.44,  (;:to,  (;.'>( 


r-.'t;  li.,    2.V.I,  .-.7 


I'.attl.'s, 

Jl.iltleleiiiuleenianeh  (Meatwlin), 

Irilie  of  Slinsliwaiis,  !.,  :*>">1  01;  lo- 
cation, i.,  ;il'_'. 

H.iltlenients,  Naliiia  arcliitecture,  ii., 
."i.'iCi.  .")7S    '.SO. 

ISalueari,  ortli  Mc.v.  Ian;,'.,  iii., 
707. 

Jlatiieas,    North    Me\.    trihe.  i.,   .'")7-- !  l>eeii,  'r/.eiicial  <lav. 


I..  4(i  ■ 
."(.■>■  i;.    X\ 


117,    I.-.7.  17 
.■{t;."i  7,   4o-.'-: 


"»7:{.  (.10,  (;.'•_',  (;4ii  s,  cso,  714;  ii., 
;{7o.  •i-4,  7;5oi,  Hdi'. 

I'ear  Lake  IIJMr,  i.,  144. 
1)1 'an fort  Itav.  i.,  .V_'. 
lieaver,    i.,    Sd.    117,    1-J.'5.    ]Xl    S.V.K 
•J44.  '-'iM.  4-_'4,   4:{0;  iii.,    01         i:;ti. 
IJcaver    Imi.,     (Thick 


triU- 
tion. 


.f  TI 


■U 


114-:t7;    1. 


.M. 


114,    144;  Ian-.,    iii., 
iiinlains,  i.,  4(17,  4(i.S. 


)N>. 


ncatan,  .'inllii.,  iv 


>-(.li'.l. 


,.S(.-,. 


I'edaliiii.ireks,    Cent.    Cal.    tr 


:(ti.{-40l;  loiation.  i.,  4.">1. 


.ees,  1.,  it, 


(i.">0;  11.,  (;oo,   701 


ISeeatee,  Che|'e\\yan  fooil,  i.,  U.S. 


01;  location,  i.,   (ilM 


II.,    ,{>,. 


>;  si.eciai    men 


tion 


r.">-S;  I 


iiiir..  III.,  (ioo. 


IJatiico,  villa;re,  Soiioia.  i.,  (iO(>-7. 
r>al/..  'I'/eiiilal  (lay,  ii.,  7(i7. 
I'at/.a.  (j'iucIk''  prince,  v.,  cliap.  \i. 
Ilat/.nl,  Cliia|ian  iiiontli,  ii.,  7<>i>. 
J!an/iii'i;;aiiies  (I)a/anri;;aincs|,  Nortli 


M( 


tril 


llie. 


r)7-'-01;    locati. 


(il-J; 


<liec.  icieiition,  i.,.")7(i,  ."iN.'>. 


lieheailin;.'.    Naliiia    mode    of    sar 


tic 


ii.,  .•{i>4,  .•{•_'7,  :<:{•-'.  IVM 


r.cll.ellahs. 


04, 


l!clhlcool;l 


i'leleh,  Ciialemalii,  anti<|.,  i\.,  I.'il. 
r>elelie(jlal.  (,»iiiclic prince,  \..c  liap.  \i. 
Jieleheh     Cili,     t^llliclie      piiuci-,     v., 

chap.  xi. 
r.eleheh    t^ueli,    Quiche    jiriiicc,    \., 

I'liap 


I'.ayai,  locality  in  ( Iiial,  \-..  chap.  xi.    IicIcIh'I)     T/.i,     Quiche     jniiice,     v., 
r>a\  aiiieo,  ancient   honi ;  of  the  W'a-        cliaji.  xi. 

llcl.'m,  riiel.lo  villa-o,  i.,  oOO. 

I'.i'len,  villap',  Soiiora,  i.,  (io.'>,  ('lO"^. 

lieli/e  (iialize),  i.,  70;{;  iii.,  7i!l;  i\-. 


iiacaces,  v.,  ;> 


II. 


iavanio  Kiver,  i 


rO(i. 


trihe   of    Isth- 
mians, i.,  747-.S.");  location,  i.,  70(1- 


l>a\. linos     llavanos 


(I'. 


r. 


,;  laii^'.,  111.,  , 


!t4. 


i\  ila 


re.  i.,  (lO,  see  l.aiclar 


r.ayette  Jtiver,  i.,  4(1.'!. 
I>ay.!,'na.  poisonous  plant,  ii.,  7-1. 
J5a\iiia    I'oinos,   Cent.   (  al.  trihe, 
;( i.'>-40l;  locaticni,  i.,  IIS, 


l.'IS-O. 
f'.elize  Itiver,  aiiti.|.,  iv..  I'iO. 

nellai-oola.sdiellahoolas.n.lla-liclioo- 
las.  Iteli>.'llalis,  liellal><'llali>.  IM- 
laliolla-..  I'.ellat.onahs,  r.ail.'ilM.ii.i-i. 
trihe  of  ilaitlahs,  i.,  1,")(J-174;  loi  ,i- 


INDF.X. 


(in 


tioii.  i..  ]')'>.  •J:I4-"i;  sjicc'.    incntiaii, 
i.,  I.i.s,  loii,  n;!»;  laii-..  iii..  (iiiT. 
IJfll.s,  i.,  ~iC>,  7.;  >;  ii.,  •i'.iO,  .•Mil,  .■{•_'4- 
•">,  7t>ii-7,  7.!7,  7;'.i-.">(t,  7^7;  iii.,  I'.'ls, 
;{_'t.  :fs.i;  i\.,  :>.">( ;. 

IViiii:-li;iiii  liav.  i.,  '.'(IS,  •_"_»!,  '2'M. 

'•Its.  ;.,  :i:v.i,  is.;.  .Viii;  ii.,  :«i(i. 

i»«'ii,  .    'i_\ci<lay,  ii.,  7">"»-(i,  7t>il. 
liciU'irii'-.  Sdiitli  (  ill.,   laii;.'.,   iii.,  (iSfi. 
l!clii-.\oiii)s  (( 'ajiiiu'-.,  ( 'iijiiliiis,  Nr\i- 

clia.-*,  Ni'.\it/asi,   Soulli  .\1<'.\.  Irilic. 

i.,  (■.r)-7il;  liicaliiiii,  i.,  (iSII;  N|MTial 

iji('iitii>ii,    i.,   (id.S;    laii^. ,   iii.,  7.VI; 

lii.>t.,  v.,  ('Iia|i.  .\. 
rii';i(iiiiU     .\iiiis  (I{fiili<'k),    i.,    l.">'i, 

•-".it-.-i. 
IJi'iiii^'  l!av,  i.,  '.Hi,  Ml 
IScriii;:  I  -If,  i.,  IM. 
Hfiiii- .Sirails,    i.,    2S,  37,    Jl,   f'.:V !. 

i;f.l;  v.,--'S. 
I'.cnics.    i.,   r,o,    7(5,   78,  !1(),    '    '  .  V2:\. 

li;-.i-:i,     INI,    l.s7-«,    I'Jl).    '.itH.  214, 

aj'.t.  -j::!.   -Jl;!.  201 -7,  :i.3,   iW'J-lu, 

;U."),  :!7;i  1.   MMi.  427,  4.iO,  ooH. 
Iiclaiiias.  .Micii  laraii  |irii|ili',    v.,  .'.il. 
Ilfti'iilliai,  sec    .M  a  Ilia;,'!'  ami    V.'itiin 

>Iii|i. 
Iictliii;.'.  M'c  ( laiiil(Iili;_'. 
licliiiiikcs,  Cciii.  Cai.   tribe,    1.,  3(.;:{- 

4I>1;  Imaliiiii,  i.,  447. 
li.'tiiiiiki  Nalic.v,  i.,  447. 
Uu'iiaiias,    Niiilii   .Mi'\.  tribe,  i.,  iJ7"J- 

'.II:   loratic.ii.  i.,    (;il. 
Itililiii^iajiby, 

Aliiiaiii/.   Mi'iii.  tK'  MetlaltDyura, 
iv.,  4.".s.li. 

Aliiiara/,      I'l'ntibiiai'aii,     in     hi., 
-Mfiii.  I'arliiMa,  iv.,  .'i3(). 

I'alilwiiT.s    .Viuii'iil    .Viiii'r.,  iv.,  2. 

IJiisraiiii,  ill  ltiiliiii!^iiir.~ilJt'uiii  Cal., 
iii.,  Hil-2. 

Itiiliiriiii,  liJi'M,  ii.,  r)32. 

JbasM'iir  ill'  iMiiii-Kdiir.:,  IIi>t.  \iit. 
Civ.,  ii..  111!,  321,  131;,  oM,  CM  '>; 


l.")3-l. 


lirassciir  i 
aiii),   ii. 


Il-   I 


liiiirliiiiii' 


-M.S.    Ti 


r.Mt. 


Jlia^sciMili'  ItiiiirlHUir;^,  I'lijinl  \'iili, 

iii..  42-4. 
lirassi'iir   dc    liiiiirliniiiLr,    UccIut- 


I'lics  siir  It'.--  liiiiiicN  ill'  r 


'I' 


iv.,  2'.t3  4. 
Cari-ri.   (!iro  ili'l   Muiiilo,   ii.,   5.'!l, 

.")I4-.-). 
('atlH'rwiHid's    \'i"\vs    of    AiK'ifiit 

Miiiiiiiiii'iiis  ill  '  •'iiiral  Aiiicriia, 

iv..  HI.    lUi,   •J'.i2-.3. 
Clianiav.  iliiiiii's  .\iin'r.,   iv.,    .' 17, 

2!ll.   3111. 
('iiiU'\  t  liiiiialiMijiai'a,  v.,  rj2-3. 


Di'iinV   Ms.,    .Xiicicnt    I!i'iiiaiii>  in 

N'aiiiiMiMT    l>liiiiil  :.'•..',   !.'.    (ill., 

i\.,  737. 
l)iiiii(iii'iirs  jicscrts,  iii.,  lxil-1. 
|l|||iai\.  ifclalinii,  iv.,  °.',iii-l. 
I'ricilrrii  lis-lial,      l.c^    .Mi-niiiiir;ils 

lit'  r\'iiralaii.    ill    Nmnilli'i  .\ii- 

iialt'^  ilt'»  \'iiv.,  1^41.  toiii.    xtii., 

iv.,  III1-7. 
i''iii'iili'>  y  liii/inaii,    l!t't'ii|>ilai'itiii 

I'lniitla',  ili>t.  (tiial.,  i\.,    II. 
(■aiiiiilo.  Itiiiiisot  l'i>|iaii,  ill  Aiiit'i', 

.\iilii|.,  .Slit'.,  'I'raii.-ai  t.,   vnl.    ii., 

iv.,  ,S0. 
(iiMlilia,    .\llt.   .Mt'\.,   ill    Sim'.    .Mt'.\. 

(it'll;.'.,  tiiiii.   ii.,   iv.,  ir.i. 
Ill  rnra,  Ili-Nt.  (It'll..  i\..  Ml. 
llit'rri.    Ikiiiiia.s  ilt>   .Mmitt'   llt-al.   in 

.Mu.--t'ii  .Mi'\..  tiiiii.  iii..  i\..  4111. 
Ixllilxi.i-'  ■  1,  Hist.  (  hit  li.,  iii  ,  t;4. 
•liHit's"    .luifiit  .Viiit'r.,   iv.,   .'^2;  v., 

.liiariiw.  Iii>t.  (iuat.,  i\..  Ml. 
K'ili'.,'sbiiri>ii;;li,  .\nt.  .Mt-x.,  iii.,  Ilil; 

iv.,  2'.il;  \.,  M. 
La.-iCa^as,  .MS.,  Ili>l.  A|iiilii;:t  lira, 

ii..    r,K.\,    (177. 
-MulliT.     Aiiit'rikaiiisi'lif    I  rii'li;;i- 

iiai'ii,  iii.,  273-:iii(i 
Miilli'r.     ('Iii|is    ti'oni     a    (ii'iniau 

W  iirk>liii|i.  iii.,  43-1. 
Niirmair^  llaiiibii"-.  i\.,  1  l")-'i. 


i' 


iilat'iti,  ( 'arta,    iv. 


I'alariiis,  l)t'siii|i.  (Jiial..  in  'I'cr- 
iiaiix-( '<nii|iaii>,  Ui'iuiil  ill'  \-uK-., 
v.,  7'J. 

I't'it'z,  ( 'riiiii(lii;.'ia  Aiit.  ili'  \'iifii- 
taii.    ii. .  7.')"i. 

I'liiilt'ili.  l'x|>liii'alii>ii.H,  iv.,  132. 

rri'.si'iiil".'^  Ili.-l.    ('iiiii|.    -Mfx.,    ii., 


«;.s.3. 


ir.2,  171.  410-1. 
itaiiiii'i'/,   .\tlas,  .Mt'J. 
Hill.     I  (f.-Mriiitimi  nt   the   lliiiii.s  nf 

an   .Xinit'iit   ('i(y,  iv..  2MI-1I1. 
Salia;;Mli,    Hist,  (it'll.,  iii.,  231-f;. 
.Saukill^.   ill   M.l\  it's  (  Ills,  nil   Mt'X. 

Ili>l.  ami  .\iilia'iilii''v.  iv..  ini-ii. 


Siirual"-.  Stem 


inli-l  ii(i;;i'li. 
■s,  i..  l.M. 


M. 


Sii|iln'iis'  (  ('III.  .\im'r.,  i\..  Hii- 


-•  ^ 


iii'ataii,  iv.,  lltl  s,  221 


Sli'|i||rl 
2'.i2-:!. 
'ririiaiix( 'iiiii|iaiis,   \'iiy.,  si  rif  ii., 

Imiii.  i.,  ii.,  431). 
.Miiiili'ii|ifiirilt.  Mi'jiiii,  iv,,  3'.il. 
\  I'Vtia,  ili>l.  .\iil.Mt'i.,  ii.,   I  to. 
Uaiili'.k.  \iiy.   I'itt.,  iv.,  I  l.l 
W'alilt'ik,    l'ali'Mi|iii'.    \\  .    ll.'t. 
NVi'st  liiilisilii'  Sjiifulii'l,  ii.,   1  II. 
Xiiiic'iR'.--.  Hist.  Iml.  ( iiiat.,  iii.,  12-3. 


G48 


INDEX. 


Zavala,  in  Aiitir|.  ^fcx.,  iv.,  111-5. 

Ziiritii,  Ka|i|ii)i°t,  in  Ternaux-Coni- 
]pMns,  \'(iv.,  si'i-ie  ii.,  toni.  i..  ii., 
■ins-;*. 
l{ililic>;,'raipliy,  (ioncral, 

List  (if  Works  iiuotrd,  i.,  xvii-xlix. 

Nati\(;    Ivcconls,    ii.,    {)'23-3:);    v., 
110-2,  lil2-:t. 

.Spani-^li  historians,  ii.,  158-00;  v., 
\\2'X 

Works  on  Antiiiuitii's,  iv.,  2-4;  on 
Ixnial  anlii|.,  iv.,  ITiO-l;  on  Clii- 
ajias  anti  I'alt'mpic  anliij.,  iv., 
2i'.t-'.)l;on  ( >aja(  a  anliij. ,  iv. ,  317- 
K;  on  Mitia  antiij.,  iv.,  i('.l()-l;on 
Xoi'liicali-o  anti(|.,  iv.,  4H3;  on 
Arizona  anti(|.,  iv.,  C21-5. 
llirani   (Uiran),    village,   Sonoru,    i., 

OtW. 
Iti.hvcll's  liar,  ('al.,  anti<i.,  iv.,  707. 
liij,'  liar,  IcM-ality,  Nortii  < *al.,  i.,  U'k 
lii;^  Cliamisc,    loralitv,    North    ('a!., 

i.,  IIS. 
liill  Williams  I'ork,  i.,  iln,  597;  iv., 

C.Ki-l. 
liill  Williams  Mts.,  i..  598. 
r.iri'li    Imlians,    i.,    147,  sih^   (icns  <lc 

lioulcan. 
liir.ls,     i..    ;t9,    50,     73,     79,     89-i»l, 

1C.2,  1711-1,  189.  200,  211.  213,   215, 

229,    373,    375.C,,    ,522,     5(;i,    571-5, 

025;  ii.,  I(i3-(1,  315,    352.    372,   750; 

iii..  132-1.  2(;s,  2«0.  301-2,  4iiO. 
Iiiriii|iii'ta,   Isthmian  Ian;.''.,   iii.,  791. 
liisMrc,    ilceomiiiised    plantains,     i., 

721,720. 
liiticT-root,    Inland   trilu's'    food,   i., 

2r,5. 
Itillcr  l!oot  Mts.,  i.,  252.  317. 
liillcr  llool  \'alli-v,  i..  313,  317. 
liiliiHicii.  i..  40S;  'ii.,  751,  7(19. 
Iti\a,     V(';;ctiilil('    i\\i',  i.,     753;     ii., 

371,721,734. 
Jiji'likousUcji's,  trilic  of   Alt'uts,  i., 

■87-01;  loiation,  i.,  141. 
Mla.k  «  urion,  i.,  597. 
lilark    Mi'sa,    i.,    595,  si'o  Mo''(dIon 

Mts. 
niark  Mis.,  i.  .597. 
lilack  Itiv.M-,  i.,  793-1;  iii..  782. 
liladdcrs.   i.,   81-5,    101,    18(1,   211-15. 
JJlani'os,  North   Mcx.    trilic,    i..    572- 

91;  location,  i..  Oil;  )ril>c  of  Isth- 
mians,  i..   717  85;  Iccation  i.,  791- 

5;  Ian;,',  iii.,  793. 
lilankcis,    i..    lUil,    159.   105.0,  182-3, 

192,  r.H.  211,  215  10,  22:1.  23'J.  217, 

4ns,   131,    502-3,    .505,    541-5,    582. 

021.  <::»». 
Ulankcl  (reck,  ('al.,  aniii;.,  iv.,  VOO. 


l$l('\vficlcls  T.apMin,  i.,  793-4. 

IJIi'wIicids  liivcr,  i.,  793. 

liliss  Collection,    Me.v.  iJcii.,   anti'i. 

iv.,  501. 
lilood,  as  food,   i.,   55,   492;  ii.,    311; 

sacrifices,    i.,    0G5,     723,    IJO;    ii. 

310,  707-8,  719. 
lilood-lctting,  see  I'hleliotomv. 
lilow-piiie,    i.,    027,    '^(J()-2;    ii.,     ill, 

474,  4',)1,  720. 
Mlulthcr,  i.,  51-5.  57.90. 
Mine  Mts.,  i.,  25 1,  319,  401. 
Mine  Mock,  i..  418. 
Moats,    llviicrlioreans,    i..   59-01,   79, 

89,  I()0-7.  i;!0;  (  olumliiaus,  i..  If.C, 

8;   172,    1SS.>)2,   2115-0,    21i;-17.  22<i, 

237,     247-9,     271-2,     2SS;    (  alifo; 

nians,    i.,    338,    315-7,    3s2-5,    Id'-i 

9,     135;    New    .Mexicans,     i,,     .5(l.'i 

511,  .503-4.   .583;  Mcxiiims.  i..  0:;i 

058;  ii.,  380,    307-9.    414,    501;  iii, 

312;    ('eiil.      .\nicricans,    i.,     O'.i'.' 

724-(),  711,  707-8,  7s3;  ii.,  739;  i\, 

231. 
liolioles.  North    Mex.   trihe,    i.,    572- 

91;  location,  i..  012. 
Mocalinas  Island,  i.,  004. 
Mocaios,    N<irlh   .Mex.    trilic,  i.,  572- 

!)1;   location,  i..  Oil. 
Moca  dc  (jhiadra,  i.,  173, 
Mocadcl  'I'oro,  i..  781.  79l-(;. 
liocav  Itivcr.  .intin..  i\..  27-8. 
liochhcafs.  Cent.  Cal.    trilic.   i.,    3C3- 

401;   loiali i.,   151. 

Mochica,    Mnvsca  cnilurc-licro,    iii., 

209;  v.,  24.' 
Mocoal/.i  (Irande  !Mts.,i.,  0(l5. 
Moconis,  North   .Mcx.   trilit,   i,,   572- 

91;  location,  i..  Oil. 
Modeo-a  llav,  i,,   305.   308,   37o,   39s, 

4r.l,  452." 
liod,\   linrniny:,  see  ( 'rcni,ili(in. 
lioily-iminliM;;',  see  I'.iintiii;:. 
lii'ihcm      Ciillcli,     Ncohi'Maiii      evil 

spirit,  iii..  545. 
lioisais  liiver,  see  Moisc  Itivcv. 
Mois  d'arc,  .\paclie  hows  of,    i,    l!1l. 
Moise  City,  i..  403. 
lioJM'  llixcr  (  Muis.iis),  i.,  403. 
liiik.'il,    \'ucataii.     aetiij.,     i\.,     211; 

hist.,  v.,  chap.  xiii. 
Molaiios,  Cent.  Cal.'rilie,  i..  3(^3-1111; 

loc'ition,  i,,  303. 
Itolarios,  ,1  disc  1,  ii'.iliii..  i\..  577. 
Iliilh'in.  i.,  453,  se  •  \'ol\oii, 
If.olon  /acah.  Ma,\a  ;:'od.  ii..  702. 
r.ololchnn,    scpnlchi'i',   Chiapas,    m:i- 

tii|.,  iv.,  353. 
Itoionchen,     \°in'alan,      aiili>|.,    i^., 

218-9. 


INDEX. 


0-49 


PmiNoii  .lo^rapinii,  i.,  ".92,  o94,  GIO;  i      4S1,    -,31-2,   HIS,   W.i 


'Ml 


'.1;    ii. 


111.,   t  11;   iv.,  .j'.l7-'.(. 


at;4. 


>(iiiai'U> 


i..   lii:t, 


('('    liallllilCKM. 


Itiiiiaiiartc  l!i\iT,  iii.,  (JlU. 


IJnlicry,  of  N'aliiia  jiiil.u'i^>^.  ii.,  ll-'.-iT 


Iti'ick 


1.,   ;)i).i-li;    II.,    .)  I(S;    1\  . 


17:t, 


Ii 


II 


.v|" 


leans,  i.,  4H,  58,  7'2-3,  ;      17'.*,  rjOi),  .")n;t,  .".21 ; 


AiU.U 


7'.t,     HH,  ',)(». 1,  'J7,    lOl,    nil;    fnill 


i!iiil( 


.M 


iiiiau't'. 


laii:- 


Kil,  1SL>,  iH.-.-fl.  iss.i),  I'.il,  [  Itrid.rcs,  !.,   .■.;(l,   C'.i.t,  7\^;    ii.,    .'W7 


201,  211,  211-1.-).  2;t.-)-(l.  27(l;Caiifc.i--  I      lU,  r,c,2-;i,  rjC;  iv.,  ;ii:i,   ;{7;t,  4.1'J, 
niaiis,  i..  3ll,:i(;M-',t,  :i77-H.  :i.s7,  4(i:t,      .j2s-(;,  c.'.ki. 

•1II7-H,    l2l-('.,    i:il;  Ni'w   .Mi'xii  aiis,  I  Itiidlcs,  i.,  270,   l.'is.  .-,(il,  72(1. 


4S2,  ."):t2,    ;■),■.;(  j(;;t,  r)7'.l;   .Mcxi- ;  I'.rist.d  li.iv,  i.,  7(i,  7lt.  l:i',i. 


(■,2;),    (;:il,    <;.■>.■),    ('.(w;    ii.,  1  I'.rila.  Ni( 


372,    HIS,    .JlilMiOii;    ii 


'.(;  Ci'iil.  i  lii-iliNli    ('ill 


iira;:ila.  aMlii|.,  iv. 


<»). 


iiiiiliiii 


•al    j;r.i;.'ia- 


717,   7.-)2,   7(11,  7ii5;  1      iiliv    "f,    i..    l."<2-;{,    lii',;   inlialntiil 


.Aliicncaiis, 

ii.,   (;2:!.    CHI,    7i;),   732,    742;  Mi 


Nal 


alley,    ;iiilii|. 
lua-i,    ii 


,111. 


7H2. 

II,    .V.IS; 


Cul 


iliiiliiati> 


1-1  ;!21:  iiiMli 


i..    170-1,    2..2-3.    '..is.l-l;    iii. 


1 !'.»-." 


Mavas,  ii.,  (;'j(l-7,  7(;m-70,  773.  son.  I      am 


il9- 


laii;,..    iii.,    t!ol-3]; 


liimlliciail'', 


Ni'w  Mt'.\iriins,  i.,  .541, 


|(|.,    IV,.    (Ill 


fl-11. 


.-.i;i- 

Itoots, 


SI 


IOCS. 


lotv,  war,  i..   r)S1.2,  7(il,;  ii 


■4(!, 


II  iiiailiis,  Niirtli  Mi'\.   trilii'.,  i.,  572- 


itl;  l.icati 


CI  3. 


r>  isijiic  (Ic  ( 'uutailiii',    I'vprcss  ;;n)vt'. 


.M 


cMi'ii,  aiitKi 


I'liitaiiv,  i.,  3s-'.l,  323-4,  Cl(i-17,  ()«5-C; 

ii.,  HS-DO. 
r.ottlcs.  i.,  1C3,  215,  030. 
rMiiiriifvilli',   .Missi>si|i|ii   N'ajlcy,  aii- 

liil.,  iv.,  7.V'i-'.i. 

iws  ainl  .\ii(i\\  ■<,    Hv|i('il)iir('aiis,  i., 

.■/.»,  7'.l,  '.Ml,  101-5,  W'.i;  (•.iliiiiiliiaii.s. 


I! 


lirilisli    Mii.-icmii     ( 'iillcitiiiii,    Mt'x. 
Ii('|iiililii'.  aiitiij.. 


Hriiii/c.    .Mcx.    Ili'inilij 


520,  557. 


•  iC2. 
Ill',   aiitiii 


MniDiii,  < 'fiitfdtl  sviiiliiil.   iii..   3,-)l. 


Wm-I 


iiii'jttiii. 


liriii'i']nirt,     tiiwii, 

305. 
I'lriiiiii.  villa''!'.  .Siiutli  (al..  i..  4C(>. 


linisli  (' 
1 


Cal 


I. 


iiitii|. 


inisliuiiiiii.     ilurlliii 


't,    1. 


i('(!. 
lis. 


371-2,   IS.-, 
iiiiiat/M,      I 


/uliiiril     iniii'i" 


Mlllills,   Cent.  Cal.    tlilie.    i.,    :H;3-l(ll; 
iiii-at  inn.  i.,  l5o. 
ICI,  ISH.  211-15,  235.   2CS;  «'ali-'  liiieiaii.  .MnMinitu  meat  nnU.  i..721. 


fiiriiiaiis,  i..  3ll-:t.  377-,S.   4o7,   431- 


3;    N, 


.M. 


i.,   41I3-.5,  541. 


5C2,  57S-!h  Me\ii;ins,  i..  C27,  C.55; 
ii.,  3;i.'i,  [1,1.  4()S-!I.  lilK,  C'2()-l;  iii., 
'2si),    2;il,    3(IJ.  371-2,     101;  v.,  325; 


liliekeve  1 1  ill,  Caiil'.il' 
7(13.  70(1, 


ma.  aiil  ii 


limkev  e 

iv..  707 


i; 


iiviii".  ( 'aliiiiiiiia,  aiitii|. 


Cent.   .\ 


ineneans,    I, 


(i'.iC,    722-3, 


700-1,7711;  ii.,  (.711,  720.  712-3. 
;7I.  (130.  7(15;  ii.,  707. 


liilWlS,    1. 


113,  lCI-5.  171  2,    1110,  200- 


1.  2(i5,  310,  3S2.   120.  537,   7( 
IH2,  (121;  iii..  303;  i 


1,);  II 


II.). 


liiaeelel-..  i..  l,S2,  5.511.  571,  ClU;  ii., 
21tO,  372,  37C-7,  (135,  732,  750;  iii., 
23H,  321. 

ilvaiiis.  iiseil  fur  tannin;,',  i.,  271,315. 

Ili'anilin;.',  i.,  701-5,  771. 

llia-.s,  nrnaineiitsnf,  i.,  122,  211.  25S. 


Itiiiliis  Inlet,  i..  301. 
Iliieiiaiian    lliillnw  , 

tii|.,   i\.,  707. 
I'.iiililiiiMii.  tiaees  in  .Vniei'..  v.,   10-2. 


alitiiriii.'i.    iiii- 


Vista,  villa-e,  Ceiii.   Cal  I'l 


Ilia,  i.,  4." 
iiiiiralii.  i.. 


I.5S,  2(:o,  2C3,   2C5,    121- 


430,  432,  4SI,  41(1-2, 
niillaliis,  tiii f  .s.iiaiiti   -,   i.,   253- 

HI;  liie"tiiiii,  317. 
l!M'.^aliit,i,  Ulliiniis,  aiilii|,  i\..    IS. 


Ill 


a/ieiw. 


(ilt7 


lilllllllll; 


re    Dwelli 


U'j.-*  a 


ml  'IViii- 


5s|,  C'JO,    Miilliiiii.  i,,  153, 


Vnh 


(111(1,  CHS.  7M7;   iii..   3311. 


llia/(iM  Uiver.  i.,  5,i2. 

Illea.l,  i.,  331(,    373-1;   ii.,    175,  3.54-5,  '  Itiimlles.  m\\ 


Itnll  Creek,  i,.   IC. 
IliilJiiin,  .Mav,,    i;iilil.  ii..  750. 


also  'i'lirtil 


It 


Uii\- 


i;-u 


iliap.    XI. 


iliale  lisliiii':.  i. 


1)11. 


Ilieast-|iliiles,   i.,    10.5,  7(ifi;    ii.,  40(1,     Hiirial,  II vjierliii'-eanH,  i.,  Cii,  hC.  li;t, 

712.  -  -     .    .  - 

Ilreast-wiirk-*,  see  l''iirlilii';itiiiiiH, 


113.    nil,    1: 


13'2-.1 


IS.llj 


111 


I'ecli-i'liitli,  1. 


iS-ll.  3;iO,  3(11»,  480, 


( 'iiluinliian-<.    i,.    17.'-3.  2i5-(l,   2'JO, 
217-0,    28-i-lij    i\.,    737-!ii   Calii'iir- 


G.'O 


INDEX. 


iiiiin-<,  i.,  n.'n-OO,  nnf)-?,   420.1,    Klil-iCai'alotl.  ;,'ifts  of  iiiaizo,  il..  ?.?,!. 
•10;   New  .Mi'\ii'aiis,   ].,  ')2'l-\,   r>">l-    t '.icaiiia,  a    < 'liicliiiucf      |(iiiiii'    ainl 
f),  r)i;;)-7(),  .>Si)-',in;  Mcxifaiis.i..  (11(1-        kiii;;i.t'  'I'c/riicn.  v.,  171-7. 
1,   <1C>7-S;   ii.,    2KK  '■>'■>-.  •iii:i-2:t;  iii.,  i  Cacaiiiaca,   h>\\\   <it   Clial.-..,    v..    :il't. 


;{i;t-7,  Mi.rji^-i:);  v.,r,7,  .'U7;  Ccin 

Aiiiiiicaiis,    i.,    7iil».    1  H-'t,    7WJ-1; 

ii..     <;.".;.    7'.»N-I0J;    iii.,    I'.H). 
JJiirii'a^.  triltc  nt'   Ulliiiiiaiis,    i.,   717- 

H">;    ioratiiill,   i.,    7IIS;    -.iii'i'ial    llH'li- 

tiiiM.  i..  7sl:   laii'_'..  iii.,   7',*.f. 
riUiUc  Canal,  i.,  l")ii. 
Jliiriiiii;:,    raidivfs,    i..    -litS;  ii..  ;jjO. 

H'.t;  iii.,  ;ts('>-S;  sec  also  (  ri'iiialiiin. 
liunita.  'raiiiaiili|ias,  aiili<|.,  i\.,  o\i7. 
r>iiiiii>  .Mt,  i..  "i'^"). 
IJiislimiincs  ( rii>limi('s.   I'lijnui.   I!a- 

sliiiiir-c.  Musliiim-i,  ( 'fill.  <  al.  tiilx', 

!..   ;ti;i-l01;  I.M.,  i.,  ir.O;  iau;,'.,  iii., 

(Ul). 
I'.ulf  Canal,  i.,  1SI. 
Unit'     I'liiirii',    W'asliiii^'ton,    antic|., 

iv.,  7;i:). 
liiitli'i'   liill,    MiN>issiji|)i    X'ailcy,  aii- 

tii|..  i\.,  7r>i. 
IJiilti'  Coiiiily.  Cal.,  anlic|.,   iv.,  7(t7. 
Itu/./ai'il,  ( 'alifornia,  iiiylii.,  iii.,  V>>i. 


raai'ai-  (Cacaf,  rancac),  !.,  •iSS,  name 

of  Point  <  '(nicc|Mioii. 
'aii,u'na>.  i.,  .'till,  sec  Cayiisi'. 
'alian,  Maya  ilay.  ii..  7")*'>,  T'iO. 
'alinan's,  tiilicof  l>liiiiiiaii.H,  i.,7i7- 

H't;   icii'alioii,  i.,  7lll. 
'a'tciic'ra  \  alley,  i..   'I'.T). 
'alu-.jis  (( 'aliczasi.  North  Mi'X.  tiilii*, 

!.,   ")7li  '.H  ;    loralioM,  i.,  (iili;  ^lu•^■ial 

nit'iitioM,  i.,  'ut'i,  ris.'i. 
'alpi'^on  \'alli'\ ,  i.,  I'm. 
'aliinal,    (InatiMiiala     tiilu-,    i.,    <1S7- 

71 1;  loiaiioii,  i.,  7S!). 


auialuili 


'I'il 


ia\. 


a       Cakrliii|iii'l 


inh'i-,  \.,  cluiii.  M. 


all!    Itianco,  Co^^ta  Uii-a,  antiij.,  iv. 
21. 

alio;;li,  ii.,  7i'i7,  sec  Calio-^li, 
alioira,  \illa'_'(',  Sonina,  i..  (UK't. 


aiiia, 
iKiai 


Istl 


iniirii  tith'. 


70. 


iliial'.an.    (.hiii'iii'  ciiltiin'-lii'io,    v, 


112.  I.    IS  I; 


ancient    eitv,    (iiiate 


la.  ell 


Ilia 
alMie.:iia-.  South  Ca'    irilie,  i.,    lO'J 

•JJ;   joialion.  i,.   |f,(l. 
aea';'nat,  ea  ao,  ami  name  of  Niea 

i;iH-  III  ;.oi|,   ii.,  7l:t,  7is,  7'JI;  iii, 

aeahiinilli,    Nahiiii   \\ai'-laiiil-<,    ii, 


Caeaniatei'iihlli,      a     'I'eo-Chirhiinee 

ehirf,  v.,    IIMI. 
i 'ai  ao   I  Coco,    (ocoa),    Mexicans,    i., 

(i2'.:    ii.,    ;M7,    :'.h\.2.    (iiii;    t  ,.|,i. 

.\nieiicans.  i.,  (;'.tt-.">,  7(M),  7J1.  7.il. 

7:i'.t.  7"ili,  7(iS:  ii.,  C'.i-J  :t,   7(i7.  7ls. 

l'.»,  7:i:i  I,  7:;(;-7.  71'.i,  7'.i:.. 
Vi -aria,  \i!la'.;e,  lluiaii;.'o,  i..  (111. 
'acaii>.    Norlh    Mr\.    tiilie.    i.,    'iTJ- 

'.M:   location,  i.,  ill  I. 
'aca>tes.   North    .Me\.    tiilie,    i.,  ,")7J- 

'■M;   location,  i..  Till. 
'acat,  i.,   I'').S,  >(•(•  ( 'aacae. 
'acaxll.iii,    Tiascala.  ani  ii|.,    iv..  177. 
'acaxtii,    Naliiia    liaskets.    ii.,    .'iMi, 

;(.•_',  Ultl. 
'aclieiiahs    (Cachaiiej.'tacs,    Cjianii:- 

taes).  Cent.  Ca'.  Ililte,    i.,   ;ii;;i-|ii|; 

location,  i.,  -ll'.l,   l.'.2:!. 
'ache  Creek,  i.,  :i(:2. 
achi.  town,  ^'llcalall.  ii..  H'm. 
'ac|iiii|ia,  1  >iiranL;o  jinii.    iii..  17'.i. 
'acho|io-.taleN,  Noilh   .Mex.  Iiilic,  i., 

rj72-'.il;  location,  i.,  til  1. 
'acii|iie,  name  for  chief,  i.,  •'J^l  "i. 
'acilan  Niiiiey,  i..  U72. 

actli  (Cacjes),    .Mexican  sainLiI-.  i., 

flJO;  ii.,  ;ti'.'.l. 
'aciiiiiaxei  lieiii,     (,l||icli(''     kilii;,     \., 

clia|i.  xi. 
'ac/olt/in,  v.,   ."ijli,    M'e   Call/nni/in. 

ailet  liiver.  i..  :io7. 

ailimas,  Noilh  .Mex.    tiiiic,    i.,   ."mJ- 

'.11:  loialion.  i.,  i;i:t. 
'ae.  hi,  Cnalemala  tiihe.  i.,  (;^7  7ll; 

liMalion,  i.,  7s-<. 
'aechicolchi,   (liiat.    laii^r.i    iii,  7ilii. 
'a,ufs,  ii.,  l(;;t.:isi;,  (;."i7. 
'a;;na'-;nets,  Lower  California  irihc. 


(;.7ll 


iiioii,  i.,  i;:i:t. 


I.,  i))ii-( 
alia-l'alnnia.    (,iiiiclie     Ul     woman, 

iii..   IS. 
ahliaha,   a   (liiateinala   teiii|ili',    \., 

chali.  xi. 
alii  Iniox,  a  (jhiiche  ruler,  v.,  cha|i. 

xi. 
ahitus,   North    Mi 

'•11;   locaiiiin,    i., 


\.    tnlic,    1. 


lei'ial    men- 


lion,  i.,  ."i7:M;  laii,i;,,  iii..  il'i7.  *>'~ 

i;7s.  7otllii.  ^ 

ahooh   (Caho^^h),    'I'/emlal   day,    ii. 

7i.7. 
aliokia.  Mi>--i-,si|i|ii   \'alley,  ;iiilii|. 

iv.,  7ili!  7. 
ahroc-.  (Kahriik-l.  Nmlh  <  'al,  trit"' 

!.,  .'IJ7-('il;   loc,  i,,  ;I27,    I  l"i:  .-|icri;i 


iiicnf 
3.')ii- 
17,  i: 

ir.j; 

Cahto 
:i<i2  II 

r.iiinill 
wio- 
ler-. 


ixi)i:x. 


GDI 


ifion.  i.,  n2",  n2,  nan,  3tl,niS,  iralaioinanas,    rViif.    CJ.    fiil.i'.    i. 


a'.ii-l.   :!;i2  :t; 


lilMll. 


ii.,   '.»(»,   lir>- 


17.  i;i7-;i,  101,  r>2l;  Ian-.,  iii.,  (Ml, 
(i"»2;  iiii;,'iii,  v.,  I'J. 

laliiii  I'liiiiDs,  ("flit.  Cal.  tiihc,  i., 
:ir,2  lui;  IdratiiMi.  i.,  ;!i,j,  lis. 

raliiiilliis  iCiliiiillas,  Cai'villas,  Ca- 
wing. <  'iialiiiillas,  ('ill  I  nil  las,  ( 'owil- 
Icr^.  Kaliwcvalisl.  Smilli  ( 'at.  Iri'ic, 


KIJ  i-';  l.i.at 


Icill,      I. 


KfJ,    1' 


(Ml,  •;(;(!,  (;77-7'.»,   71 1, 


III.  I  J. I. 


iliiiiiiirliM,    Niirth    .M('\.    trilii",    i. 


'.M: 


i.,  (iil'.l;  laii.i,'.,  iii..  7(i7. 


it.uaiii,    a 


.Man 


II'    lil'inri',    \., 


'I' 


lirlti,  ( iiiatcniala  Ii 


"i; 


7('ii). 


li'jiias.   liilic  III"    .\|iatlii's,    i.,    17li- 

"liiU;  Ixiati i.,  r>',i2. 

ii;;iiar:is,  trilii'  of  .Ajiai'lics,  i.,  47.')- 
.".Jfl;  |iM'ali(ni,  i.,  .V,)2. 
iill(iii\,  i.,  lil'.t.  >(■(>  ( 'a\  iisi'. 


.■<il.i-l(»l;  liM'a!iiin.  i.,  .Kl   IM. 
Calauuiila,     lluiiiliira.-,     aiitii).,    iv, 

71 -J. 
('alaiiiiiiva^     (( 'alaiiniiias,      ('alai 


lis    I  .ilalii 


ih-,   (all.- 


Call; 


I 'I" 


lui.dliMMa^.  (  allli \a-. 


( 'atiila|ii(n\  la-.    I\ala|in\  a--.    Kala- 
liiiii\ali>.  Kaia|)iiiiialis,  l\rlii»ii\a--. 


nil' 


I 


nxa^i,    tniM'   nt     (liun 


i.,    Ii'i2-."i(i; 
;t()',)l(i; 


itmn,    I.,     -J'j:),    :ili|. 


tiiiiaiii's,  till 

N"i;  iid'aliiiii.  i. 


f  I- (I 
7'.»7. 


ilniaiis,  I. 


iimi,  villa;:!',  Sunlli  ( 'al 


l".M. 


lines    (( 'ajniios),    1.,  (ii;M,  (Isl), 


Itrlll   .XiPihis. 
ai|iiliii,  Siintli  ( 'al.  trilic,  i.. 

Iii'iitiiin,  i..  I"i'.'. 
a jni'iiiiii's.    Irilic    nf    .\|iail 

l7.i-')Ji'i;    spi'iial    nicnliiiii, 


102-22; 


i.,   4HM; 


II..  (IS'i-d, 


ikani,    (^>iiit'li('-( 'ak('liii|ni'l    nimitli, 

ii..  7t;(l. 

ikriii.  (iiiad'niaia  trilii',  i.,  (1^7-71 1; 


iM'alion, 


7.SS. 


a!«riiii|iirls     ( Ka<'liii|iii'lsi,      (inati 


mala  I niic 


i..  <iS7-7ll;  ii.,  (;:t(i-Hii:i 


iii'almn.  i.,  i 


s>i.;»:   ii.,    121; 


h|M'n,i 


jMrial    inciitiiiii,    i.,    221, 
'22(i,   21.S  ;);  lanj,'..  iii..  CJ'.l-.'ti). 
ila|iiMiy;i.  ^lls.,  i.,  liii.S;  iii.,   (;;I7. 
ilaslliKrlfs   (( 'alastliiiitisi.   Irilic  nf 
Siiiinil  linliaiis,  i.,  2lii-22;  Inratinn, 
i.,;iti:(. 

ilavcias  ('i(iiii!v,  ( 'alirinnia.  anli|., 
iv.,  7ii:tl. 
ilavt'ias  ('ii'ck,   Calil'iiriiia.   anlin.. 


IV..     I 


ii:i. 


ilaNcnlas.  Cal.,  aniii)..  iv.,  7iil. 
ila.vninani',  Cent,   ('aiil'iiniia  laii; 
iii.",  ('.."id. 


llr...   V 


■la  ( 'ni/,   am  ii 


IIS. 

llrlir.    ( iiiali'liiala.   aiitiij..    i\..   1 '. 
illrllitllllt'liil 
•l'.)l. 


iirala;;lla    ;:im1,    111. 


llili'ia.   Is!l 
ili'iliilii.'i  l>a\. 


nun.'' 


iiitn 


ili'l  .\luis,  a  'riiiaii   kill;.',  \.,    rliaji. 
xi. 
Calcinlar,  II  \  iicrliincaiis,   i.,  IIS,    i:;."; 


(  iiiiiinliiaii 
fiirni.in- 


I. 


.iiii 
:.(I2  22;   iii 


i.,   V.i-2  :i. 

i.,     IIS;     N.'N 

.-.i;i,  r.si:    M 
2.".  1-2,  2117, 


2(  I-.);   (  all- 
V    Mixiraii^, 

isi'Mlls,     ii., 


iti ii.,  121.  i;.!2.  (,;IT.S.  Clii- 

,  7.12,  7i:i.  7I(!,  V.VJ.  7(12.  7r.ii 


r:i(i;  inyili..  iii..     |s;t  j;  lany;. 
ri;(i-2,  tt''S,  772-:t;  anliii,.    i\.. 


1211. 


il;  v..(;2- 
;t,  I'.lti,  r,i2.  210;  Ci'iil.    .Vincri.aiw, 


1. 


(-'I,  ( 


I. '.I;   II 


(  ali'iiil.H  stiini' 
iv..  .'iii.V'.l.  r)2 


.M. 


.1>  21; 


l:il;  llist. 
ikl 


eh 


[\K    \l..   Ml. 


ikhay.  innniitaiii   ami   Im  I,    ( iiialc 

niiil.i,  \ . ,  i'iia|i.   \i. 

ikis.ilia,  (,)iiii-lii''    lili    Woman,    iii. 


ikli 


.\ 


lan  i.'iiii 


( 'aliliirnia.  caily  iM'rn|ialmii  nt.  i. 
2'.l;  iiali'iiis  anil  irilics.  i,,  :I22-I7(i 
ni,\lli..ili..l'".S-l(;',l,  r)22-i;;laiiL'.,iii. 
r»i;."i.7,  ti:i."i-7'.i;  iintii|.,  iv.,  tis.s.7l;i 
Naliua  mi^'ialiiiii,  v.,  221-2. 

(  alil'iiinia  (inll,  i..  (1111-2;  laii;;..    iii., 


ikiil^i,     liiralily,      Cnalrmal 

rlia|i.   \i, 

ikv  ar.  ( Inali'inala.  aiitin.,  iv 


(;i;7 

j.ir. 


701  .-.;    1 


Minmiarv, 


»7.'t,   st.it i 


M.\. 
(.•iiiilii'  ini- 


;:i'aliiiii,  rliap.  \i 


l:il. 


imiriil  rilv.  \..   rliap.   \l. 


.il.ina>li.     I. 


■I sit,     .")(), 


1(1 


(  aliliii'iiians,  uni'iit  tlir  scm'm  ;.;i'iin|is 
iiitn  wliii'li  till'  nali\i'>  111'  till'  I'a- 
cilic  States  are  ili\  iilril.  Inrateij  in 
(  alil'iiiiiia.  ( •li'uiiii.  iilaiiu.  NeN.nl.i, 


(;2ri,  C.VJ,   (;'.I7,  7iil.  7(l"..  7l'.i.  7:;i; 
7-'s.  7:!s,  7r.(i;  ii.,  7i:i;  iii..  2H. 


am 


il    It: 
I  :i2    .'tiC. 


ill,    lielwerll     lalitmle--    l.t' 


snliili\  iili'ij  intii  iniii' 
l.ilin.issa  (('alia  \\'a--sa.  Kiilaliii-'  families,  tin-  N.ntliein  ('alifnrni- 
i-ai,   Siiulli    (al.    Ililie,    i,,    102-22;^      aii^,    ('eiilral    ( 'alilnlliiaiis,    Sunlli- 


iiii'iiliiiii,    i. 


I'i'ii   Ciilil'iiiniaii-i    ami   Nliiislnnu'ri. 


I 


i  i- 


G52 


INDEX. 


Afaimcrs  ami  cusfoiiiH  of  oacli  dc- 
mtHu'iI  M'|iaiat»'l\,   i.,   .'VJ'_'-470;  ln- 
t'atiiin,  <li\  i^iiiiis,  ami  trilial  liiniml- 
ari.-H,  i.,  .TA'-ii,  44'.'-70;  iiivtii..  iii..  | 
l,-i.S-f;<l.  .■)•_'•_•-»!;  v.,  14,  lU;  liiii''.,  iii.,  \ 


.»(;.) 


(."{.VTit. 


('alili»riiiaiis,  Ci'iitral,  iim>  (if  tlic  fmir 
faiiiiiifs  iiitii  wliicli  till'  ('alitcir-| 
iiiaii-^  arc  liiviiliMl.  Maiincrs  ami 
ni>t<iiiis  (if  all  its  iiatiiiiis  ami 
trilics  (li'-^i'i'ilii'il  t<i;:clln'r,  i., 
.■{(>1-J0I;  ]iliy>i(|iii-.  !.,  .■<()4-7;  liic^s, 
i.,    .'{((T-TI;     clwcl  Mill's,     i.,    ;{7l-;<; 


fix  111, 


:{7:{ 


i.s-i ;  \\('a|>i(iis  and  war, 


:tSI-'.';  I..,at 


i.,  •<77-H|;  iiii|ilciiiciits  and   ii 

fartiir 

crtv, 

si 


:w-.'-.-); 


Its  and  |irii|> 
''iivcniiiicnt    am 


slavery, 

ria^rc 


,  .'tS.'i-S;  wiiiiicii  and  mar- 
.'tSS-'.l-J;  iiiiiiiscim'iits,    i., 


:«>•.'. 4;  iiii'diciiic.   i.,    :t!l4-.');  l.iir 


I. 


•.i'Mi 


I'liaractcr, 


lal, 
;V.»7  4(»l: 


ItM'atiiiii,   i.,  .'{(ll-.'J,    t47">7;  iiivtii. 
i.,  :<'>7.  4(M):  iii.,  W-lKl,  .VJi'-C;  laiij:. 
iii..  (;44-.V). 
('alifi(riiiaiis,    Niirtlicni,    ())i(>   of   tin 


iir  faiiiiliivs  into  w  liicli    the  ('ali- 
li\  iiU'il.    Maiiiicr.s  ami 


crmaiis  arc  i 


cU'-tiiiiis    of    all    its    nations    ami 
trilics  ilcscrilicil   to^rctlicr,    i.,    ,'f_'(i- 


(11;    ]iliy>ii|i 


:f.'7-!>:  ilr 


.'{•-'".•  .'{l;  il\\cllili;:s,  i..  .TU-t;;  fonil, 
i.,  :!:t(;-tO;  iicis.inal  lialiits,  i..  :{»(>-|; 
vcaiioiis  ami  war.  i..  .'{41-4;  iinplc- 
iiiciils  ami  iiiaiiiifai'turcs,  i.,  ;tl,'i: 
lioals,   i.,  .'U.'i-li;  |irii|icrly,  i.,   .'(47: 


piM'riiiiiciit   ami   sla\( 


i.,   -Ml'M 


iiiarriairc 


iml    woiMcii,    1..    .'It'.)-.")! ; 


aiiiu--i'iiiciits,  i.,  .■{,"•1-4;  iiicdiciiic, 
i.,  ;{.VI-(I;  iii.,  I(!0;  liurial.  i.,  .'{."iil- 
(!(•;  cliarai'tcr,  i,  .'{liO  I ;  liHalimi,  i., 
.•(•J(i-7.  4f-'  7:  iiivlli.,  iii.,  Midi,  I7.">- 
7.  .vj:t.4.  (i;{s;  \]\u-j..  iii.,  (i;t7-4:t. 

• 'Mlifonii.iiis.  Siiiitlicrii,  one  nf  (lie 
four  f.iinilics  into  wliiili  tlic  ('ali- 
fiiriiian^  arc  di\  idcd.  .Manners  ami 
ciisionisof  all  il>  nations  and  trilics 
(IcMiilicd  to^'cllicr.  i..  41 1'J  •-'•_';  |i|iy-  ! 
siiiuc,    i.,   4(C-':i;    dress,    i.,   4(i;t-'4: 


dwcllin.v's,  i..  4(^l-."i;  f I,  i.,  4(t."i-7 

lici'siinal   lialiils,   i.,    4(17;  \\('a|ioii 


ami  war,    i. 


4(>7;  i 


nijiieiiieiits  an 


iiiaiiMlarliires.    i.,   4(>7-S;  Imals,   j., 
40S!>;    iiro|icrty    and    piMTiiinent, 


4IMMI): 


4I()I: 


women   and    eliildicn,    i.,    41-'  I. "i; 


anuiseinent- 


4i.vr 


nicilii'iiie 


i..   tls-l'.i;  Imrial.   i..  4l'.lL'l;  eliar- 


arler,     1. 


fj 


loeatloli,     1,,    40'J. 


l.'iT-n'ii;  iiiMli.,  ill,,  .s:f'i.   I'J'J,    1,'U. 


oL'.i; 


111.,    (i.'iiiil,    U7t  !». 


■iliniava,  a  ritv  of  Matlaltzimn,  \ 

4X\. 
alispidliims  (('alisji(ds),   i.,  ;(l:i.   v,. 

I'eiid  d'Orcilles. 
aliiicnjja,    villa;.'e,    S.nitli    Cal..    i. 

4<;i). 


alkinii,  a  |ii'ovincc  ot    i  inatan.   \. 
elia|i.  xiii. 
alkoliins.   trilx'  of  'riniuli,   i..    Ill 


.•«7:  1 


oeation. 


I4i;. 


ilia  Wassa.  i.,  4.V.I. 


•Calal 


allciiia.\   (Callenicnx,  Callii 


IIIM~-,l 


:«>7 


Kilh 


alii.  Naliiia  eiilend.ir  si;iii, 
.">ll-l'.»,  .-iKi-r;  iii..  (I'.l. 


>al 


ina  .-eiiiinarv,  ii..  'Jo| 


almccac, 
•-.'44. 
aloiidnis  I'anclii),   Vera    Cruz. 


Il'l.,    IV. 


4ti;<. 


alpaii,  locality.  Pindila,  v.,   I 


al|ii\contli, 
al|ii\i|ii('s, 


Nal 


;.")(i. 


Nal 


lima  title.  \. 

ma  revenue  olllici^. 


al, 

II.,  •.'.•!(■•.  4-J4. 
al|iiillec,  head  of  citv  coiimil.    Na- 

liiias.  ii..  l'-.^. 
aljiiilli,  ward  of  a  citv,  Nalina-.  ii.. 

■-'•_'4. 
a  I. 

'.VM,  -MX 


|iiiyauht/in.     Culliiia    kiii'. 


alt/ont/in,  Taraseo  kin^''s  title,  v., 
.".l(i. 

aliiae,  niayordonio.  Mayas,  ii..  ii:i7. 
alvcrt  Isla'ml.  i.,  '-".M. 
al/,  ( 'oliiiuliia  |il,int.  i.,  "Ji;."!. 
aiiiaeli.il,  (.hiiclii'  chief,  v.,  ili.in.  \i. 


II 


imlii    piilile-.> 


aiiiac-liva 
47. 
aniajal.  villa^'o,  Soiitli  <'al..  i..   !.">>. 


lid    1 


onios   I 


Cent.    <  al. 


trilie,  i.,  ;{(ll-40l:   loc,  i..  .•!(;■.•.   lis. 
anialot/,    (.^hiiidie    ni\tliic    annual. 

iii..  47.  ^ 
amass  (Camas,  C.'iniasli,   Caniiuii~~, 

Kaiiias,     Kaniiiss,    Kaniasli.    i,hi.i- 

niasii),  an  cdildc  root,  i.,   'Jit,  -<  .'i. 

;i4((. 


Prai 


i.,  2(!.'),  'MX 


ainaxtli,    Nalina  pid,  ii..  .'!(•.'{,  ■'ti' 
l.">;  iii.,  I'.l.'i.  •-Vid,   •J'.l.'i.  4(t:(;  v..  •.'4:i 

•_Vi;t.  •jii'j.  I.S4,  4.s,s.  4;»;i  ."iiii. 

ainavoas,     Isthiniau    sodiiiniics,    i. 
774." 

ania/otz,  Quielie  yod.  v..  17'.'. 
anideii  Miiy,  i..  4f!.   I'.i  ."i(». 
aiiicy,  Ij'iiiclie-CaUcliiiniel   day.    ii. 


aiiileyka.  Konia,u'a  dress,  i..  ' 
aim'ia,  town,  .'sinaloa,  i.,  lillS. 


nipeclie.   ii.,  (i. 


ant  II 


IV.,  ::i;;i-... 


aniiiinis,  laii;:.,  iii.,  7''l. 


iM>i:x. 


G.':! 


<"aiiiipi)    Saiifii,    l'\iii;i!,    ;iiitii|.,    iv., 
17J. 
ail,  tj>iii(ln''-(  'akiliii|iii-l  day,  ii.,  7<!7. 


itiv.T.  i. 


II. 


(< 'aiia\  iii'si,    Niirtli    Mrx. 


trilic.    I. 


'.'I; 


liii  atimi. 


(;i;{. 


anal  r.aial).  Maya  ;,'<'"1.  iii.,  4i)t!. 
anal  ilc  la  liciiia  (liciila,  lU'i<lii),  i., 
•J'.IJ. 

ana!  lii"  l'riiifi]io,  i.,  '2!H. 
anal;,    i..   ."):{'.•;   ii.,   .•{('.•,    .Vi:?,   .V.'T-S, 

7»:t..j;  iv.,  r,:i-2,  i;:t."),  (;7(i,  H'.m!,  4-_'oI; 

w'c  aUn   .\iiiiL'iliictM,    Kxcaviition.s, 
li'i'i;4atiiin. 
aMainliuii,  ('liia]»atiec  f;<iil,  iii.,  4.')S. 


a:iailiiiaiiii-<, 


Cent.    Cal.    tril 


10,     I. 


Ill,   II  (iiiatf 


:ti:|  1(11;  io/atiiiii,  !., 
aiiiiif.  i.,  4."(S,   M'c  ( 'a; 
aui'lialii'l    (I  'ani'lialii'li 

mala  1 1  IIm',  v.,  i'lia|i.  .\i. 
amlirlii/    (I 'aiuiicM'ZI,    i.,   7S7,   sci- 

( iaiic'lirlii. 
aihllc  li-li,    i.,     K;--',    1(14,    l!»(>,    'Jl-J, 

•-'I  Mi;. 
anilj"-.  i..  \r,-2.  1(14.  I'.td.  (i!t7-S,  7<:">. 


,iUi||r^!lck-i,   111. 

411,  4-':!. 


'.(•J 


aiii',  I. 
:-2.:;  ii.,  ;! 

I.". 


Hi.  (;-'7 

i.i.  ."IT 


14;  iv.,  ;J7<; 


(;;»•.>-,•{.  717  IS. 


;i,  7i:t. 


,S.>:  111. 


M'c  al^o  lii'cds. 


1 1 /a   k 


litlf 


II.,  (i.'l.i;  V. 


I'll,'l|l.     Mil. 

aiiiniairi),   ti 
i..  4  lit. 
aiiiiilialisiii, 


line  iif  ItiiNsiaii  ItixiT, 


llv 


v|>('il>iii('aiis,   i. 


Kv;, 


rjii  I;  (■..liiiiil.ians,   i.,    i7(t-l,    ISK. 


'JiL' ; 
iiiaii 


111. 


•_'!",»;    iii..    IV),  l.'ii';    t'alit 


i..    ."(7 


cir- 
,'fS(|.l.    4'JS,    4:i:i4; 


.Hill.    ,")7t!. 


(!, 


")4ti-7;  Ni'«  .M 
<!;    M. 


cxiraiis.  I. 


(12.), 


ii..  17<!, :«»,-.,  :{(i.s-!t,  :ui,  :r)7H, 

;t'.i4  7,    4:{|.    *)-2ii;    iii..    41,!,    44;t-4, 


417;  <  'I'lil.  .\ini'iii'aiw.  i..  (I'.tfi, 


:i. 


7.V.I;  ii.,  <I.S!i,  7<i!l-l(i,  7'-''>;    iii.,  47'J 

4SS. 

'ai.  ■■  !!i\.T.  i..  .SI'i. 
aiiKi's,  >i'i-  Itiials. 
"ariciii    i'iiilailii,    I'lali.    aiilii|.,     iv. 


,ll|ii|iv,   II. .  .)< 


aiiii» 


(;.T>.  (!4i.  7S'.I 


N.iilh  Mcx.  tiilx',   i.,  .■i71  '.tl; 
liii'atiiiii,  i.,  lil  I. 

aiiiiU,  l,ci\M'i  Cal.  (rilii',  i.,  ,V)()-7I ; 
I; 


ilii: 


III..   (IS) 


nut  It'll,  \  illa','1' 


N 


iar;»i;iia.    i. 


'.I-J. 


annas,  Nortii  Mc\.  trilii-,  i.,  .">7l'.ll; 
liii'aiiiiii,  i.,  (il  I. 
anl^,     (^luii'lii'<'aki'lii(|iii'|    clay,    ii.. 

"''"■ 
.lnatrliiilic,  si'i'    Illiliil-ll|l(lK.'l'. 


Caiiaciirci),  Imaliiy,    .Mii'lniacaii,   y. 


.IS. 
apanay,  vi 


Ik 
M 


Ciiit.  Cal.,  i.,  4." 


a|iaini>a,  Mcx.,  aiilni.,  iv. 
a|>t'  .Vviimir,  i.,    14(1. 
ape  lialliiir.>t,  i.,  4.">. 


.'Ao. 


ape 


ill; 


llll'U,    \.,    (>(). 


ape  ( 'ant  in,  v.,  (i(! 


nratan,   antiij.,    i\. 


ape  ( 'atiH'he,    \' 
•-'(11. 
ape  I>i.^appiiiutinent,  i.,  .'{t)4. 


Flail 

:«••_•;  iii.,  (Il.y 


eiv,    I. 


_'IIS, 


Id  II.   -JJI. 


ipe  ( irarias  a 


Hi 


IS,     1. 


•|l,    7'.l.{-4. 


ape  lliiniiiiras,  Ian;,'.,  iii.,  7S'J 


Kinscnsteni,  i.. 
l.i^Siini,  i.,  I.'fs. 
Limkcint,  i.,  ■J"J7, 


;{(I7 


ape  MeiKlociiiii,  i.,  4-lS. 
,ipe  .Mml^'e,  i.,  •.",I7-H. 


.ipi 


M'Wellllalll 


7(1.  14(1. 


Niirtlininliei'laiiil,  i..  I7.'<. 


iipe  ( lit'cncl,   i..   "JKl 


-'•-'.•>.   -JlfS,   •2111. 


iiM'  I'riiiee  I 


>i  Wales,  i.,  <;:{. 


Ii 


iMlneV.  1. 


41. 


ape  i;..iiian/ciir,  i..  711.   IM). 
ape  St  .lames,  i.,  -.".IC. 
ape  San  I. mas,  i.,  ,">."i7.  (!(>4. 
ape  Sei.lt.  i..  17(J.  -'.Hi. 
ape  spencer,  i..  I4'J. 
ape  'I'l.wn,  i,,  "i'Xi. 

apilla  lie  la  I'ieilia,  near  I n,  Ni 

aiM;,'iia.  antii|.,  i\ ..  ."I-',  (il . 
api.le  Ites,  tril.e   i.f   S|i.i..!iiiiU's, 


4l'.'-  I'J 


atii.ii,  I.,   17(1. 


inips,    ('eni.    Cal.    tii 


4(11 
a|i' 


liic-atinn,  1.,  4."ivl 
Mat- 


\  heihii. 


aptl\  es.  tiealment,  ol  ; 
leans,  i.,  S(l,  lOS-'.l;  ('(.liimlii.in-,  i., 
l(;i,  ISll,  \'X>.  •_'(;;•;  C,ilit,.iiiians,  I  . 
:!ll,  :is|.  1117.  i:t:i;  New  .Me\icaii~. 
i..     lltS,    ,".(MI,    .".l.'t,    ,".S|  ;     M.Aieali-. 

i.,  (;■_'!»,  (Ud;  ii..  ■_'I7-Is.  ;{(i(;s.  ;t-.".)- 
:{(».  4(i_',   4 lit,  4JI'..    iJs  ;tL',    i:.;t  I, 

(i-MI;   iii.,  :{S(!  S,  .'till;   v.,  .'11'.'  :l.   II  1; 


Cent.     A 

ii..  (i.".(l,    7(11.  7( 


meiiijins,    I. 
Ki 


:;t,   7(il 


I'll,   I  ii>  1 


apmliiii,  Naliiia  ili'ess.  ii.,  ;((;!(, 


4 »," 


iilapa,    V  ('111    Cru/,     antii|.,    it 


iiaea,  Miis(|iiitii  ilrink 


aiaeii 


I,  at  <  'liielien,  N'mataii,  aiiti 


IV.,  •.';ii-.->. 

ara  ( ;i;;anlesea,    at    j/anial,    ^'m■il■ 
tan.  aiitiii..  i\.,  '-'Mis. 


'I 
araniari'.;iianes. 


ti.illi 


:i!l|; 


iiatinn. 


M. 

<ii;t. 


\.    tri'ie 


aiainiunais.    Ninth    .Me\.   Iriln 
071  ".11 ;  li)eatiiin,  i.,  (ii:{. 


!  ! 


654 


INDEX. 


<';irasc;in'!,  CtMit.    Ciil.   tril>o,   i.,  3(!1- 


401 


;   liiiatimi,   I.,   4.)'J. 
i>k.i   l.a'^'iiKii.  i. 


'.i;». 


iiiii.'iii  li'iicrs.  I. 


iinili's,  Istl 

,ira\aii-i.  ii.,  ;{SII,  nST-S,  ;('.tl,  7;{7-S. 

an'itah.     lociilitv,    (.juateiiialii,    v. 


iMli 


iiiiaii    ]ir(ivince,    i.,    ('.t.'i 


aiiliays.  Ninili  .Nlrx.  triUo,  i.,."i71-!)l; 

liM-at  lull,  i.,  (i\'A. 
a  I'll  MX  I,  i.,  \2'2-'.i. 

iiilis,  trilx'  iif  Miisiiuitns,  i.,  71 1-17; 


1. 
i.,  7 


■i:«.  7!t:{: 


l».  7IS. 


spt'i'ial  iiiciitioii, 

7-.'s,  --' 


"U,   7l"'-<>;   liiiii,'.,    ii 


iiiilaliH,    I., 


■»7-s:.: 


iiii'iitioii,  i.,  7">'.t,  7iU,  771. 


:{|,  7r.-(i 
rs'J;   trii»o 
Hpui-iai 


ail<ii>aiMis, 


(Viit.  «"al.  liil>e,  i.,  .'Uil- 


Kll; 


""•aliDii, 


4VX 


ariiiclcitc    <  let 


k,     Ti 


III 


l\ . 


r.'.n. 


iniitiilipiis,   an- 


aniii'lo 


Va!l 


i'li'v,  1.,  4.">4. 


arpciitfr's  Kariii,  Simili  Cal.,  i.,  4fi(K 


ariiiiiii,  1.,  4.">.'{.  sc 


f  Kaic|iiiii('s. 


anii'i's,    1. 


.)S7.   (it><i. 


7nS;  ii.,  .ISC, 


7.'!fi;  M'c  also  'raciillics. 


ani/a 


( iiiati'iiiala.  aiitH 


IIS. 


arii/a^  ((iar/asi,  Nurlii  Mi'\.  tiilic, 
i.,  .■)7l-".il;  liitatioii,  i.,  ."i7J.  (ii.'t; 
s|i('i'ial  iiu'iitiiiii,  i..  'u'A,  r)7."),  ."iss, 

airiits,    llaiiiali'4   cultivalo,    i.,    If!-. 


InltM. 


.•{(II. 


ar^oii  <  'ily,  i.,  4<)'.t. 
arson  Lake,  i.,  4(!7. 
arsini  Itivi-r,  i.,   4t)(!. 


\all( 


V.  1.,  4<i4. 


artakas,  i.,  4.">S, 


Siinl 


aitliai,'iiiiaiis,  .\iiu'iii"iii  origin  tra- 
ces, i.,  IS;  v.,  77. 
aruaiias.  i.,  4."iS,  si-c  Sjcinis. 
aivilkis,  i.,  4.")7,  si-i'  I 'aiiuillns. 
iiiN  iii^',  set'  Sciil]iliii'iv 


<  'iTi-aiia,  al  Za\  i,  V 


iiratan,  an- 


ti< 


m;{. 


a>a  ilt'l   .\ili\ii 


it   rxiiial,  Yuca- 


tan, aiiti<|. 


iv.,  1 '.!.'- 


asa    Icl    l'!iiain>,  iiaiiiu  of    Casa  del 


IcIlVlllll,    IV. 


I'.l-J 


i-^a  (Ifl  tJolicriiatldr,  at  r\ii:ai,  Yi 


calaii,  aiitii|.,  iv. 


l.")l-(i, 


■  liisiiiia.  at  Katiali,  N'ufataii, 
aiitic|.,  iv.,  ■_*(t7-S. 
asa  lie  .Moiiias,  at  I'.Miial,  Yuoatnii, 


aiiti<|.,  i\ 


1 7:ts'.». 


asa  (Ic  Montfxuiiia,   iv.,  ii'2\,  iiaiiii' 

<if  ( 'asa  (iramlc,  .Ari/niia. 
asa  (If   I'aliPiiia.i,   at  I'xiiial,  Yuca- 

laii.  aiitiij.,  iv 


171- 


(.'asa  At'  ■|'iirtU''a.s,   al    Ixiiial,  Yuca- 


asa  (Ic  la  Vicja,  »t   rxnial,    \' 


Ian,  !intiii.,  iv.,  17"_'. 


ii'-:\- 


a.sa   (iraiii 


It  /i 


ti< 


\y. 


•-MJ-i:{;    .\ 


I.N  1.    1  iic.-itaii.  aii- 


M/iiiia,   anil. 


IV.,  (;_'i-:tJ. 

asan  ( Irainli's,    (Iiiatfiiiala.    ant! 
iv. 
CIH-U. 


l:U;    I'liiiiiial 


iiiihna,   aiitii 


1..    i\ 


asas   lie    IMfdra,    iiai 


I'al 


(•iic|m',  IV. 


•_'!»(). 


IC    applli'd    I. 


asalic,  .S.iutli  ('al.   tribe,   i.,    JdJ -.'J; 
local  iuii,  i.,  4.'iS. 
asasano.  .Mcxic.iii.  antin.. 


ascai 


lii\crs 

aHcailc 


If  Cinal,  i.,  I7:{- 1.  •-".14. 


r,Ci 


hid 
Mt- 


laii.s,    I. 


;{_'ii,  -.,•(•  i>.. 


i.,    l.-.l- 


JOS,     -.''J 


•-'.">(».  ;{its,  :{!!>,  :{■.•!■:{.  411. 


ascai 


ici: 

dc  1: 
dcs.    1, 


;in;,'c,  .SCO  (  ascai 
iver,  i.,  .•t-.'il. 


.Ml- 


icalitv,    <  ircLron,   1. 


ilic,   1.,  4nj-'.'j; 


'2:\'X  -.MS,  :{()4. 
ascili,   Si.iitli  (  al.  Ir 

lociiiiiiii.  i.,  l.'i'.t. 
asc's  Inlci.  i.,  ;{til. 
asiiH'i  Kasliiml.  Ivskiino  Ions  ii  Ii 


llli 


sj;{. 


assava,  .Mo^ijuito  food,  i.,  7111,  7J|, 

"•■'•'■ 
aslant'da  ( '"llcclion,  .\Iex.  I!c'[i..aii- 

li(|  ,  i\.,  'ti'iO. 

astcl    I'oi 


Cent.    Cil.    t 


rilie,     1. 


.S(;i-4(ll;  location,  i.,  :W<2.  4  is. 


ast. 


II 


i(»!i,  !:{•_'. 

ast  i  111 


yperliorean    di\  isiuii 


.Mont 


c/nnia.   lU'.ir 


'I'llVt:'- 

pci',  ( lajaca.  antii|..  iv.,  4_'l. 
astlcs,  Viicatan,  aiiti.|.,  iv.,  ■_'■_'( l-;iii, 

•-'r):)-7. 


ilach 


I>.dii;rc 


ataicaiias,    Norlli    .Mex.     triln 
."»7I-'.M:  location,  i.,  (;i;{. 


ataiiani<>|iiii|ne: 


i.  North   .Mex.    II 
ition,  i.,  tlilt. 


'ataract  Kiver,  i.,  .Sill. 


atara 


•ts,  N, 


lima   cure  lor,    ii. 


atarrli,  see  ( 'olijs. 
ataiilitlix,  v.,  '.".»!>.  see  I 'ocaiililli. 
aler|iillars,  i.,  .')(il,  7'!-. 
aliilacklas,  |i.  ;{(l!»,  see  ('aliilali 


aililaciinuiiis  (( 'atlil 


Calli- 


ii'oniatiiiis),  trilie  ol   (jiiiiook-,  i. 


■_'l'-J-.')(I;  location, 


.•((iii.  .•JUS!!. 


atlilaliaws,    trilie   of    ( 'liinocd^-^,    i, 
•-'•-'•.'-."itl;  Idcalion,  i.,  :t(IS, 
atlilakalieckits       (( 'aliilakaliikil-^. 


trine  o 


f  Cli 


,">(l;   loci- 


tail,  imUt[. 


Uio-ti. 


tioii,  i.,  .'{(Mi,  .•{17. 

atliiainets  (( 'atlilanialis,  ( 'atlilaimis 
Catlilaiiiux,     Katlaiiiat),    lrii)c    "t 


INDKX. 


c:. 


ijy 


riiinooks.   i.,  C22-."0;  liM-ntiuii,    i., '('awnpcs,    Cent.   C':\].   trilio, 


.'."t,  'MH,  'M>~;    s|i(''ial  liifiitiitii,  L,  lill;  liiratiidi.  i.,  -(.'id, 


;:{:t;  hu 


Ml.,    (ijll. 


Cax 


t'athl 


lliaiiii'iiaiiirMs      | 


Call 


ipa,  \  iTa  (  ru/,  aniii 


.^l;l■ 


J-J(! 


ilaiiaiiiiiii-    <'aval 


II. 


n<i 


I'axil, 


iinn^, 
<  'him 


..ks 
'MK  .•{OS-it. 


Ivatlaiiiiiiiiiiiiiisi,    trilio    i>l  ,  ( 'a>  l>at/,     a     ( 'akrlii<|Ui'l    iiilcr,     \ 


."lO;  location, 


'liaji. 
j  ('a\f''uas.  .^iiiilli   Cal.    tiilic,    !..    lU'J- 


2"-';  iucaiiciii,  i.,  4."i'.». 


('utlilaiiai|iiialis.    frilic  of  ( 'liiiii'nk? 

i.,  •-••_'•_'■.■)();  Iiiialioii,  !.,  ;{im;,  ."{(IS.        |<"ayf.vus,  l.i.wcr  I'al.    ti 
( 'atlil.i|ici(itli'>  (( 'allila|((iiitli'-<.  <  alllc- I      71;  laiij:.,  iii..  (i^ 


ilir,    1. 


tli's,    Katla]iiirlli's,     l\atlila|Mirt-  J  t 'av-lliiiiali|iii,  a  ( 'ak(!iii|iiil   ]iriii( 


Ifs,   (j>uallila|»iili"<i,    tiilic    <(t   ( 


I'liaii.  M. 


:$()i;.  :i(i.s-<»;  lau; 


L'l.'-'-.'iO;  liicalioii,  !.,  .•{01,  i('avimi>.  <Viit.  Cal.  tiil> 


Catlila; 
\  as. 


Hiiiveas,  1. 


,111.,  (i-Jd 


location,  i,,  .•!(;:;,  l.'il 


:!(;i-ini; 

III''.,  iii.,  (i.'i*. 


aiapi 


Cayiioli,     a     Cakiliiijutl    niicr,     v., 
i'lia|>.  \i 


Callilascos    ((.'atlilascoiisl,     trilw     ofi'avo   itatonci,  Vuc.,  aiitiii.  iv.. '2i(l. 


Cliiii 


•-'■.'•.'-.*.0;  loc,  i. 


:«).- 


Catlila>-^is,    trilio    of    Salia|itin.-<,    i. 


•J.-a  !tl;  location,  i. 


;!l'0. 


CatlilatlilastCatlilathlalas,  Catlilai'k- 
las),  trilio  ot  Cliiiioc.ks,   i.,   -Jl'J-.'iO; 

location,  !.,  :{o(>,  ;{o;». 

( 'allilcvacliovadis,  trilic  of  ( 'liinooks, 
L,  '-'•_'.'-."iO;  s|iocial  nioiition,  !.,  •J_':{. 


«'afs.  i. 


I.">S.  .■>(( 


Cavotcs.  Soiitli  Cal.  trill 


local 


ioii.  i.,   l."),s. 


i..   in-2--2: 


Kvi 


('ayiii|iicis,    i.,    •JUT,    •_".».■■>, 

t|i|ots. 
Cayiiso  (Caiiiriias,  Cailloiix,  CayooM- 
Kvooso,  l\.i\  ciii-io,  Ka\iwc,  Kvii.iis 


Skviis 


W  vciialsL    liilaiiil    trili 


Cat>aiiiiiis     (Ciitsaliniiii^K     tii 
ShiL-liwaiis.  i  .■_Vil-!U;   Inc..  i., 

Catllo,  i.,  -Ji;;,  -JT.'J.  .'lO.'i,  TiU,  ."iTii 
Im'.I.  T-J.'i. 

CattI 


lO       o  I 


.-•s:». 


III 


ciiutlos.      1. 


:»(>», 


SCO    Catlila- 


|lootl 


Cal  iijaiics  (Calii\aiio-i),   Nortli   Mcx. 
Irilio,  i..  ."iTI-'.M  ;  location,  i.,  (lil-l-J. 


( 'aiiac 


.M 


;i\a  caliinla 


r  si 'Ml,  ii.,  7o:{, 


.'id.  Tdil-I ;  iii.,  l-_'_'. 


I  '.iii^i'wav' 


ii.,  41  ».   ."ii 


li..  2it2-;»;  iv., 
■>si)  '.til;  v.,  4-J-_'. 


!1  •-',  .-id.'i,    I'M); 

:{.v_'   ,"iiHi.  .v.'T,  ."(T;), 


Cautery,  i..   »l!».  70!».  71i!17. 
(a\alc|ioch      (Ca\vato|i<'cli),    (^)iiicli 


iiilfr.  v.,  cliap.  M. 


Cav, 


•JSC,    ."i; 


!.'t. 


i.")(!.    ,")(!0,    .")7'), 


li>.  (i'.M.   Cto,   (;:il-'.»;  ii.,  LMl,  (f.'2, 


iii.,  si-o; 

:{7_'-:t,    ^:v^ 

Mi.  (llM-ti, 


117.  P.'o.  i:!s,  nds, 


.■■)S7 


.v.i: 


Ca\iari>    llaiilali  food,   i      |fi:i. 


Caxil 


iianio  o 


f  CI 


nil.  II..  (i 


i.,    'J.'iil-'.ll ;    locMtiiiii  anil  iiaiiio.   i., 

•_'.")},  •.*7:t.  ;n<!.  .•{!'.•;  s|iocial  iiionlioii, 

i..  •_•.")!  I ;.  --'."iS.  •_'(;o,  I'd.'i.  •_'i:7  s,  -271  4, 

•J7ii.  •-".»' I;  iiiMli.,  iii..'.Ci.  l."ii;;  Ian;:., 

iii.,  ti'J.">ti. 
Ca/caiics,  North  Mcx.  Irihc.  i.,   ."171- 

'.11;  location,  i..  (;7-.';  Ian-  ,  iii.,  71'.'. 
Cazonziii    (Ca/onl/iin.     i.,    ."i|i!,    sic 

( 'all/.ont/in. 
Ca/.o]Mis,  Cent.  C.il.  trilio.  i  ..•idl-HU; 

location,  i  .  4."i'J. 
Coacall     i^iol/al'oall     (<^)iicl/al.datl 

Chalcliinitl.    'I'liiiiii  .<iip,    a    'I'liltcc 

priiico,  v.,  'J.'it  ti.'{.   tsi, 
Coalcoi|iiiii,  ciiy,  lloiidiiras,  iii.,4S."i; 

\'.,  chap,  xi 
('ocat/.in,   a     Toltcc    |iriiico,    v.,   211, 

•Ji:{. 

Coi'oalliillinicl.ioall,  Naliiia  (li\iiiln;i 

ni.u'ii,  ii.,  ;{">:'. 
Coil.ir,    Ciiliiiiiliians,    j..    l,"iil,    Idii  I, 

l(i4-(l;    ISl,    l,s:{..-),    I'.lj.    \W.    --'I--'. 

•Jll.  '-'Ki,  -JIU,  •.'.•{.■),   •_';i7.    •-•'ill;  C,i|. 

ifoiiiiaiis,   i,   ,'U1,   4;{|;    Mexican'^, 

ii..    II."),    "••"i7;  Central    .\iiicricaiis, 


Cavi-cias,  North  .Mox.  trihc,  i.,  '>1\-'       i.,  <!'.•'.',  7"-'.'i. 


'.11 :  location,  i.,  til  I. 


Ca\i/iiiiali      (Cawi/iniah),       (^'iiicJH' i      tii|.,  iv,,  7ii'2 


I  Collar  Hank.  .Mississi]i|ii   \allc>,  an- 


]iriiicc,  v.,  oliaii.  xi. 
Cawok  iCavi'Wl,    (.•iiicln''  roval   tilh 


Collar  <  'itv,  I'liili,  anti 


ii.,  (;»;{-4;  V. 


chap.  XI. 


Cawinal    (Cavinall.  ( iiiatoiM.'ila.    an- 

ti^.,  iv.,  1;{1 ;  hist.,  v.,  chap.  \i. 
C.awios.  i.,  4.')7,  SCO  Cahnillos. 
Cawiicliaiis,   !.,  l"J(i,  soo  Cowitchins, 


I  'oh,  (ii'ch,  tjliioii,  *,iiioj  I,  Nlaya  iiioiit 


\i 


n. 


.i7-H. 


Coliatclios,  South  Mox.  Irilic.  i.Cll- 


"0;  Ian;;.,  iii..  7lil. 


IColih 
I     M 


Nahuas,  ii. 
ivas,  ii..  (17'J. 


■|1;  iii.,   4;'.:!; 


(.'oliar.s,  i.,  ;{;i4-,"i,  775-li. 


G5G 


IXDLX. 


fcltali''.  iii..  Till,  ''f'o  TzoikI.iIos. 

•  oils,    Aiiurii-aii    i>ri;;iii    ilu'urv,    v., 

IM-JJ. 
<Viiitiit.  ii..   ri~n-2,  "tSI;  iv.,  ]iiissiin. 
(c  .Mi<iui/tli,  Naliiia^'ixl,  ii.,  310;  iii., 

Ceiii|iMiiIii     (Z»'iiii>i>ala),    city,    Vera 


Cru/.  i.,    « 
43t; 


l>4.i;   II.. 


113,    r.70:     iv. 


'2t»;{;  station,  (liiiliiiin-c 

liii;.'ratiiin.    \.,   '2'M. 
(Y-iii{Miarra\iii'li,  (liiatiMiiahi  {iriiac, 

v.,  i-liap.  xi. 
< 'ein|><ialt(-)ic<-,     iiioiiiitaiii,     (.hijaca, 

v.,  .")•_•!». 
t'c'iiial.   iiami-  for  cast  Yucatan,  v., 

ciiap.  xiii. 
Ccnicilla.   a  iiicilicinal  licrli,   i.,  fiHH. 
<  'ciii/.is,  Nnrtli  Mc\.  trilic,  i.,  .">7i-!M. 
t'esi-cis,  Naliiias,  ii.,  Itil;  iii.,  335-((, 


V.  '2'.y2. 


:U7. 

<  "cii-ii^  III'  ( 'liic  liiii 

< 'eiit>'i'tia[>i\<iii(',  Naliua  oiliciul,  ii., 
4:t7. 

Ceiiiciitl  (Cciitciitl,  Ciiitciitl,  T/iii- 
tciiil,  'r/iiitcutli,  Naliiia  j^'tidilcsH, 
ii  ,  --M  ».  .'{.'il^,  :V.il--2:  iii.,  ;U'.»-(i7. 

Centi/ciiiac.  lucalitv,  Cent.  America, 
v.,  :{|'.i. 

CiMitla.  V.   t'niz.  aiiti<|..  iv.,  4.39-4.3. 

t  'cntli.  ilricd  cnrii,  ii.,  ."147. 

(^'eiitral  .\inciii;iiis,  (iiic  of  the  seven 
jxri>u|is  into  which  the  natives  of 
tiic  I'aiilic  States  arc  iliviilcil,  lo- 
catcil  in  <  Inatcniala, . Salvador,  Nic- 
ara^'ua,  liie  .\lo~i|nito  Coast,  Hon- 
duras, Co-la  liica.  anil  tlio  Isth- 
mus of  I)aricn.  or  I'anania;  suhdi- 


d.'d 


iiiiii    tl 


f 


iiinilu's. 


til 


(inatciiialan>4,  .Mosijuitos,  and  Isth- 
mians. .Maiimrs  and  customs  of 
eaiii  di'scrilicd  separately,  i.,  (i,S4- 
7!I7:  ii\ili/cd  nations,  ii.,  (I.'{((-S().'{; 
location  ami  trilial  lioundaries,  i., 
<iS4-s,  7si:-''7;  myth.,  i.,  707-S,  740; 
ii.,  (Iil.'t;  iii.,  4j'.V),  74-.">,  4(>I-.">(I7, 
.->4-.'-4;    Ian;. 


71-.3. 


,")!»-!).• 


;uiti<|..ii..  Ilfi-IH;  iv.,  l.".-i;«l;  liist., 
v.,  l.")7-8S,  2_';$-34,  chap.  .\i.,  xii., 
xiii. 

( 'entral  <  'aliloniiaiis,  secCaliforiiiaiis, 
Central. 

Central  Me.xicans,  sec  Mexicans, 
( 'entral. 

Cerbat  .Mts,  i..  "I'lT. 

L'ereinoiiies,  llvperhoreans,  i.,  8.1-4, 
llD-II,  li:t:  Colnmliians,  i.,  lii*.)- 
70.  1S7,  lH!t.  -Jiy,  -J.-IJ,  LM."),  'JflS, 
2S4;  Califoniiaiis,   i..    Ill-l."i;  Ni 


'\V  I 


Mesicans,   i.,   iV_"J-4,   .*>4l'-:!,    .■)r).3-4; 
Me.xii'ans,  i.,  (j;j(i-7,  (idl-.'t;  ii.,  144- 


.'•7,  104-.S,C.M-fiI,  270^.  .3.')U.  :N!»o7; 

iii.,    'J'.t7-:{iK»,  ;tl."i,   .'iTot;;    rciiirai 

Americans,    i.,  (i!i;,  7-'.» :!;{,  74<i-l. 

744-,'),  7.S--.3;  ii.,  (;(;s-7o,  t;,sj-4. 
Cereiis  j,'i;,'anteus,   liotanical  name  of 

the  I'itahaya.  i.,  .VM. 
Ceris    (Ceres.    .Seris),     North     Me\. 

tribe,   i.,   .■»71-'.>l;  location,  i..   ."i.'-j. 

()04o;  sp«'cial    mention,    i  .    .■)7:{-4, 

.57(i-<l,  iVSi,  ."i,V{-.">,  oSl,  .").Slt  IMt;  Ian;:., 

iii.,  704-;"). 
reri|uin,  city,  Iloiidnras,  iii.,  4s.". 
Cerralvo  Island,  i.,  ti04. 
Cerrito  de    Montezuma,    near  'I'lpa- 

titlan,  Jalisco,  jinii(|..  iv.,  .">74. 
Ccrrode  la  Cnidad.  fort  iticat  ion,  (^»ue- 

retaro,  antii(.,  iv.,  .")."(U. 
Cerro  de  Cosconiate,  near  Zaiiatei>ec, 

((ajaca,  anlii).,  iv.,  ;{74. 
Cerro   de    los   ICdilicios,   iv.,  o80,  seo 

liluemada. 
Cerro  (iordo,  i.,  (114. 
Cerro  de  l.is  .liintas  ((,iuiotepec),  Ou- 

jac.'i.  antii|.,  iv.,  41s-'J0. 
Cerro  del  .Maiz.  i.,  til."!. 
Cerro  de  la   .Malinclie,   Mexico,    aii- 

ti.p,  iv.,  .TIS. 
Cerro  de   las  Navajas,    Mexico,    aii- 

tii).,  iv.,  TiH-"). 
Cerro  Prieto,  i.,  (i(»4.  (!7.'i;  iv..  .".|".i. 
Cerro  de  San  (!rej,'orio,  tluanajuat'i, 

antiij.,  iv.,  ")77. 
Cerro   ilel    Tesoro,     Mexico,    anti'j  , 

iv.,.'>4S. 
Cerro  di-  las  Trincheras,   .Suimra,  an- 

tii|.,  iv.,  (m. 
Cerro   del    \'enado,    Oajaca,    antiii., 

iv.,  .37.3-4. 
('esiiia,  dried  meat,  i.,  (I'.t.'i. 
CetecpatI,  Uinj;tif  ( 'oliuai\ilaliuacaii, 

v.,  4(il-2. 
Cexeninnth,  i.,  '2'X'i,  see   I'.xcnimiitli. 
Cliali,  (.,|uicli('-  montii.  ii.,  7ii)>. 
Chaliiii  (Chahin),   'i'/endal  dav.    ii., 

7<I7. 
Chac   (Cliaac),    Mava   <,'od,    ii.,  iiM', 

(i!K>-.3;  iii.,  4(i7,  47.3. 
Chacala,  .lalisco,  antii|.,  iv.,  ."(7-. 
Chacal  Hacah,  Maya;.;oil.  iii.,  Jili;. 
Cliacch(d),  V'ueataii,  antii|.,  iv.,  lM'.', 

'2(18. 
Chachii.  iii.,  1.">.3,  see  l\i>litsainali. 
Chacha^ruarcs,  North   .Me\.   tril'c,  i.. 

.'i7l-!ll;  location,  i..  (ill. 
CluK'U,  Yucatan,  anti'|.,  i\.,  •Jllli', 

27(». 
Chaclan,   Cent.    Cal.    trilie,    i.,    .'JCl- 

401 ;  location,  i.,  4.">.3. 
Chaciiouitan,  name  fiu'  ^'ncatan.  v., 

22.S,  cliap.  .xiii. 


INDKX. 


r.,-,7 


riiacit  IJisor,    New  Mcx 


CI 


iv.,  (I.V_'  (, 
iiU'uai.'ii, 


iiV),    aiitiq. 


era    Cni/,    aiiti 


4ti:{. 


IV. 


Cliac    Xil>   ("liac,    riilfr  of   Cliiclieii 


lu 


•li 


ip, 


(')iailukiiil.  iiilic  of  NootUas,  i.,  174- 


'2t)S;   loiMliiili 


'.l."i 


:{(;i- 


("haj:iiritfs,  I'ciil.  Cal.   trilu', 

401 ;  liHatiiiti.  i.,  4.Vi. 
<'lialiallia,    (jiiii'lit-    lioiLselidlil   iii»\> 

iii..  LSI. 
Clialiallt',  Max  a  iin'ciisc.  ii.,  7<>'_'. 


(  iiaiiciivva 


lis.     II 


•"><•;  liicati'iii, 


if  ( 'IliliniiUs,     i. 


t  lialiiiaiiu'sM  'liaiiiiaiics),  Nortli  Mr\. 
Iiiltf,   i..   :t-\-'.)\;  Icali i.,   (;i--'. 

(lialias,  Naliua  iialimi,  i.,  (117-41; 
ii.,  I.'{:t-)l'.'t);  jiiratjiiii  ami  iianii',  i., 
(;7">;    ii.,    I-J.'i-C;    hi.st.,    v.,    ;{()7-lO. 


;{Si»-4-J 


.■■.o;{- 


(  lialcat/in,  ;i  Tciltcc  |iriii('o,   v.,   'Jll, 


!l.{. 


.'•_'(»,  •-'»;{. 


<'liali'liiiilia|iaii,     aiii'ii'iil     iiaiiK-     fn 


Tl; 


i^iala,  \. 


•J  II 


a,   ISk 


(  lialiliiiilii'iia,  a  .Nh'\i<'ali    iiiililc,    v., 

.SJ(». 
(  lialfliiiilicuccaii,  N'cra  <'ni/.,  aiitii(., 

iv..  4:u. 
ilialcliiiiitc   (("lial.liiliiiitztii),  a  i>ii'- 

ci.iiis  si.Mii',  ii.,  L'.v.i,  ;;."i(i,  ;(7-'.  (Hx;, 
:.".(»,  -^71,  .S(f.s,  :{,s."»,  ;{!Ht; 


707;  111. 


il.  •-'.■ 


('Iialrhiliiiitiii'iic     (I  'lialcliiliiiiiliruc 
viiliiia,     < 'lialiliiiilii'yt'ji'),      Naliiiii 


n 


;^imIi!i'>s,  ii.,    iMiO,    .'lid;    iii 


;{(;■ 


iial/,    a   'riiitcf   cliicf,    v., 

ili'iiiiilinciii't/iii,  a  Mexican   priii- 
rcss,  v.,  4I',I. 
<  liali'liiulili'iii'liiia,  Naliiia  sac  riliicr. 


lali'liuilii 
!t:{. 
liiil 


11..  4;fo. 


I  liali'liiiilitlaiict/iii,    lonl    of    ('<ivii- 


liiiaiaii,  \. 


.•M'.». 


<  liali'liiiili  'I'latoiiai'      (('li.'iicliiulitla- 
toiiac,     ( 'li.ili'liiiilillaiii't/iii,    (lial 
<'liiiilill;iliiic\t/ili,  'i'lalrli  ill  lit  land 


ziiii,   'rojifc   Uiiij;,   V. 
:ill.  .•{L>t;. 


LM.V 


L'dd, 


Miali'liiiili    'I'laloiiac   II.  (Clialcliiiili 

loiia),  Ciilliua  kin;-',  v.,  'J.'u.  ;{;iO-l. 
<  iialrliiia|ia,  town,  Salva'ior,  i.,  7^7. 
'  liali'liiuii,  i.,  '_*!l.'t,  st'c  ( 'lialrliciMiit'. 
I  liali'itan,  ilislrict  of  (Inati'inaia,  i.. 

7S!I. 
'  liairo,  |prci\  iiicc  ami  town,   .Mexico, 

v.,  ;il(l.  .•t'JI,  ;iS(i.   101. 
'Iiali'o    l.akc,    Mexico,    aiiliq.,     iv., 

r.l7-S;  Iiisl.,  v.,  -M'X 


VuL.V.    a. 


'Ii.'ilni(>caciiial!         (riialiiKvacioinl  i 
Naliiia  ^o(lile>s,  iii.,   'Xiii,  A\ii. 
Iialones,   Ci-iit.    t'al.   trilx 
■  '.,  iii.,  (;.'•;<. 


i.,   .-{(Il- 


401;  lai 

iialo.-as.    Soiitli   «'al.    trihe,   i.,  40-_'- 


location. 


4.V.I. 


'lial>|iicnos,    Cent.     .Mex.    Irilio,     i., 
<>l7-44;  Lin;;.,  iii.,  7-."). 
Iialiila.s,  Iii  lie  of  Cliinooks,   i.,   '_'•.'■_'- 
"HI;  location,  i.,  ."{OS. 
Iialiiiiiii,   Cent.    Cal.    trilie,    i.,  ;{(;i- 
401;   location,  i.,  I.Vt. 
liaiiKiican     iCliiinalai'an),     Cakclii- 
i<l.  iii.,    4.S."!  I;  v.,   cliaip.    xi. 
■   "     ■      ■        ,    i.,   747- 
ocation,    i.,    7!'">;    laiiL'.,    iii., 


1(111 
liaiiie,   trilie  of   I>iliniian 


;•». 


iianiilali.   loc:i!itv,    Ciiateinala,    v. 


I'll 


ip. 


i;i  Mts.,  i.,  7.S(;. 

Ila.  cil\ ,  <  'liiapas.  i.,  (LSI. 


Il 

liaiii|>oton  I  I'otoncliaiil,  cit\,  N'lica- 

tan,  \.,  ■_'■_'•;,   di.ip.  xiii. 
'liaii,  X'oian's  aiice.-.|o|-,  iii.,  4."il;  v., 

(111. 
'Iianalial,     Ciiateniala     laii^'.,     iii., 

7(ii»,  7ti-'. 

lianaii  ((iiiaiian),  T/emlal  day,   ii., 

7<I7. 
'lianate  Mis,  ].,  .504. 
Iiancales,  North  .Me\.  trilie,  i.,."i71- 

Dl;   location,    i.,   i;i  I. 
'Iiancel    a^^iia,    nieiliciiial    lierli,     i., 

4I'.>. 
'li;iiieili.    Cent.    Cal.    trilie,    i.,    .'i(ll- 

401;  local i«iii,  i..   iM. 


Iian;;iiene 


■»7-s.-| 


local  i 


trilie  of  Ml 
i.,   7IS. 


iiiuaiis,   I. 


'liaiiit;lacs,  i.,  4."i;i,  .-cc  (  acliciialis. 
Iiaiits,  see  SoiM's. 


Iiaiitiinv  al 


M 


I'  a  ikiiice,  11.,   (I',I7. 


liamNappaiis,  inlieol  Sali.iplins,  i. 
•J.Vl-'.ll;   location,  i.,  rijd  1. 
liapels,  ii..  .Vi."i,  .'iSS,  7;iS;  iji  .  •_';i'.i. 
liapin^o,  .Mex.,  antiij.,  iv.,.")J7. 
Iianleis,  i.,   170;   iii.,   loO. 


lie    Ml, 


r,]:\. 


Iiapopntli,  a  kind  of  pilch,  ii.,  .'!_'_;!; 

ill.,  :;t;i. 

hapiiL'tacs,  Cent.  Cal.  trilie,  i.,  ;!()l- 
401;  location,  i..  4V-'. 
liapiilco,    Ciiateiiiala,     aiitiij.,     W., 


•h 


la pill  1st a;;iia,  I  lomliiras,  anliq.,  i\ . , 

71. 
hapiillepec  (Cli;ipollepecl,    town    in 


M. 


ii.,  Iiiii 


111.,  'J!IS;  ar.l; 


iv..  .-iO-_';  hist.,  v.,  ■-".»." 
I,  .•{40. 


!i-4.;t;to. 


ni'l 


658 


INDEX. 


riiapiiltopocuil^iiiiilfo  (Vctzincn  , 
lily.  Mcxini,  iii.,  l'4S. 

('Iia]>iiliic!i.  IIiiii(liii;is.  antic|.,  iv.,  71. 

riiar.-ic,  villas;!',  Si>!Hira.  i.,  (iOS. 

Cliaiai'tcr,  ll\  |ifilM>ri'aiis,  i.,  (iS.  ,S(>-7. 
!t:{-4.  Il.tl'l.  |-_'0,  \-2-2,  \:iX  I.T.-7; 
rnliiinltiaiis.  i.,  l7:i-4,  -.'(tCS,  •J-_>0-'J. 
L'l'.l.")!),  '.'S'.MH;  Caliluriuaiis,  i., 
3(in  I,  .■?!t7-40i,  4-J-2,  44(1  •_•;  New 
Mexicans,  i.,  ")'24-(>,  .").V)-(i,  .")7<l-l, 
fi'Jil-l;  .Mcxi.'aiis,  i.,  IM.  (i41-4,  (KIS- 
7i»;  ii.,  470,  (i-Jii-it;  Ccntial  .Xiiu-ii- 
laiis,   i.,  70'.t-ll,   74."»-7,   7S4-r);   ii., 

8o:i;  iv.,  ij(;-7.  i:{i,  u-j. 

Cliaracii,  Tarasi-o  kiiiLT,  v.,  .">1('>. 
(.'liant.al,  i..  'JlO,  4(14.'  r,:\.\  iuU.  72--', 

7.VJ;  ii..  174.  4.s:i  (i.-)l,  710. 
('hari'ck(niiii.  North ("ulifoniia .^pirit- 

I  .m1,  iii.,  177. 
Ciiarcva,    North  California  jjoil,   i., 

S.V-'-'.J;   iii.,  !I0,  Kil;  v.  I'.l. 
Charities,  ii.,  (!•_•.'{,  (;;i7;  iii,  4.'$1. 
Charms,      IIy)ierl)oreans,     iii.,     141, 

144-.");   Coriiml)iaiis,     i.,     171,    '2S4; 

iii.,  l.'JO;  Califoriiians,  i.,  41S:  New 

Mexieans,  i.,  ~y2'2.  ."iSS;  Mexicans. 

i.,  (J.'U;  ii..   14."),  -im.  :{(»(»,  ;{17,  .Sl!». 

3i'8.  :W4,  :$.")0,  477,    CO-':    iii,    'MH\ 

Cent.  .\nieri(';»ns.  i.,    7.'<4;  ii.,   ()',t7. 
Charnel-house,    Nahuas,    ii.,    4.'J0-1, 

r)S.')-(i. 
Cliaron,  Naliiia  tnyth.,  ii.,()Oo. 
Chart,  see  .Ma|>s. 
Chase,  see  llnntin.LC. 
Ciiast.i.  trilie  of  Cliiiiooks,  i.,  222-50; 

location,  i.,  SOS. 
('hastay,  i.,  'XX\,  see  Shastas. 
Cliastity,    lly|ierl)oreans,    i.,    6,"),   SI. 

12."!,  "i:!2; 'Coiuniliians.    i..    KlS-'.t. 

1<»(!-S.  218.  242,  27S;  Californians, 

i.,  o.')l,  4:!7;  New  Mexicans,  i.,.")14- 

!.■),  ")4'.),  iiCt't,  .'iS.");  Mexicans,  i.,  (JfJl- 

2;  ii.,  14.S,   2.")1,  4(;!»-70;  iii.,  4;r.-(i; 


j  Cliiivin  (le  Ilimnta,  Peru,  antii|..  iv., 
i      Sdl. 
Cliawtenh  llakowas.  Cent.  Calilorni.i 
'      trilie.  i..  ;t(il-40l;   location,   i  ,  447 
1  Chayeii,  Cent.  Cal.  trilie,  i.,  :{(;i-4(i|; 
I      location,  i.,  4.");{. 
[  Chayher.  -Mit  j,'ml.  iii..  ">21. 
I  Cliaykisaht,    trilie    of    Nootkas,    i., 
I      174-20S;  location,  i..  2'.t."). 
'  Chayoiiiiies,    North    .Mcx.    trihe,    i., 
j      r>71-!»l;  location,  i.,  (ill. 
Che,  tjKiiche  month,  ii.,  7(i<i. 
Cheate  Kiver,  i.,  .'{04. 
Cheatlees  (Chealitocs,  Chetkos,  Chit- 
cos),    North    California    trilie,    i., 
.S2(;-(il;  location,  i.,  44.{. 
ChecatI,  Toltec  chief,  v..  24:t. 
Checaylis.  i.,  .SOl,  see  Chch.iiis. 
Chedocluijfs,  Cent.  Cal.  tribe,  i..  .'fill. 

401;  location,  i.,  44'.l. 
Cheek-hones,    l!y]ierliorcans.    i..    4t;, 
ll(i;    Colnniliians,   i..  I.')7-S.    177-.S. 
210,    22,")-(;;    Californians,    i.,    IfJ.s, 
.'{(!4;    New   Mexicans,   i..   ."i.'tO,  .")7.'i; 
Mexicans,  i.,  (il!l;  Central  .Vnieii- 
cans,  i.,  (iSS,  714. 
Cheek-ornaments,  i.,  717,  7"'^. 
Cheen.  ii.,  7'VS;  see  Chen. 
Cheenales.   trilie  of    Soiiml    Indians. 

i..  208-22;    location,  i.,  2!i!l. 
Cheese,     South    Mexico    cnmmcrcc, 

i..  (!.")(). 
Che;^(ie,  a  sand  insect,  i.,  742,  778. 
Chehalis     (Che(diaylas,       (  lieca;.  lis, 
Cliihailis,     ChicUecles,      Clickili~. 
Tsihailish,    Tcheilicli>),    nilic    c.f 
Sound  Indians,  i.,  2( IS -•_'•_';  loialicMi. 
i.,  200,   .'{01,   .'lO:?;  s|iecial   iiieMtiuii, 
i.,  214;  Ian;;.,  iii.,  (il8-l!),  t;2(). 
Chehalis  liiver,  i.,  20!t.   ;;(;:{. 
Click    oc    Katun    (l.alii    oc   Katun', 


Central    Anieric 
(ial,  ().")".),  ()7"). 


ins,    1. 


7(«;    ii. 


C^hatalliuic,  Nahua  medicine,  ii.,  500. 


Chatcheenie  (ChatchciMiee, 


Chal 


llcliu- 
oJ-74; 


ni).    trilie  of  Ilaidahs,    i.,    1 
location,  i..  2!).'?. 
Chatham  Souml,  i.,'.)(;,  142,  15."),  171. 


Chati 


South  .Mcx.   trilie.   i..  (144- 


70;  location, 


(I'Sl; 


tioii. 


(i4(!;  laii;;.,  ii 


siiecial   men 


/.)•-'. 


Chaudieres  (Chualpays.  Kettle  Fal 
(/uiarlpi,    Schrooyel|ii.    Schwoy 


.Ml 

Chek 


iva  (livisioji  ot   cvcle,  II 


7(12. 


[•h 


tnlie 


of    Salish, 


2."i2-!ll;  location,  i.,  lUX 
Chekilis.  i.,  .'{(W,  see  Clieiialis. 
Chelan  Lake,  i.,  .'!l(i. 
Clieles.  Iiramh  of  tln^  Mavas,  ii.,  1 1 


12(i.  ();W;  v.,  chap.  .\ 


Cliellv  Cafion, 


.")<)();  N( 


M( 


intKi.,  iv.,  (151-2. 


CI 


,\<' 


lemakanc 


M 


Issioll, 


•m: 


Cheine''ualja,  South  California  Ian; 


(i 


Clieme;riie,   South    Califi 
iii.,  (i77. 


IIIL'. 


]ii,    Sliuyel])i,     Wlieel|io).     Inland    ('hemejiue  Cajuala,  South  California 


Coiuniltian  trilies. 


tion. 


"lO-Ol; 
1 


202 


,  .'{14-15;    special   nieiit 
280. 


Ch 


111.,  (i' 
''lie    Seliita,    South  California 


lanir..  iii.,  <)77. 
Cheniehuovis     ((_'heiniliiievis,      C 


iNi>i:x. 


iiioliiiovis,  riionioltnowas.  niinicli-  ;  rhiiliac  flioli.  Mava  ''ml,   i 


C59 


liuclii 


<  liiiiM'liiit'Miis,     (liiiii-    (  liii'liaiirli 


tirataii,    atltli 


rliiii 


vcsi,    IrilK- 


.f    Ml 


|l.■•ll|«lll•^<,     1. 


:;{;m. 


4"_''2-4"J;  lidutidii,  i.,  4»it>i  laiij;.,  iii.,  Cliiclifii    li/a,    ^■ll(■alall,  aiiti(|.,    li 


iv.,  •_'•_•( l-.{7,  •-'74-.".,  '2S:,;  hist 
'>-(),  cliap.  xiii. 


W'.l. 


('lii(liilii|),  Soiitli  Califiiriiia  fiilx- 


4(  »•.'•_'•-': 


iicaliiiii  1..   4.'i;t. 


(.'liicliiltiialc.  iiaiiif  (if  Ca^a  (iraii 


♦;t;o,  (i77-!>. 

riifii  (Clieeii),  Mava  iiioiitli,  ii.,  (500, 

<'Iii(Iii;,r;,i|,j,   ti.vvii.  Nicaia^riia.  i.,7!'- 
C'liPliewvaiis    (Atlialtascas),    trilie   of :  ( 'liitliilnial/iii,    Imil   <if    'I'lilaiifiii 

Tiiiiii'^i,   i.,    1I4-1;{7;  Incatimi    and' 

iiaine,  i.,  114-lfi,  I4(:  s|M'('ial  iii<>ii- 

tioll,  i.,   llfi'JI,    l.'i.')-!);   iiivtii.,    iii., 

518-l!t;  v.,  14;  (>ri;,'iii.  v.."  •_".'. 
rii('|Mi,  l.stliiniaii  iiroviiu'c,  i.,  ''Mi. 
('liciii)liar,     l.sthiiiiaii     iiruviiu'c,    i., 

7'.»(!. 
Clu'po  Hivor,  i.,  70fi-7. 
I  lifiiikt'f,  laii^.,  iii.,  73**. 
(  hi'ritkt'i'  Flat,  Cal.,  aiiliq.,  iv.,  707. 
Clii'rrifs,  drinks  made  from,  i.,  707; 

ii.,  7i'4. 
(liftlil,   Tliliiikot'l  ?,'<»!,  iii.,  103,  14C). 
Clit'tkos,  i.,  44:<,  «•<•  Clicatti'i's. 


CI 


.\ri/oiia.  aiitii 


iK'hiiiit'ia 


illiUi'os,  v.,    .">1 1 ;    >(•»• 


\\ 


iiiiai'iicc.s. 


iriiicliiiiiccailalli,  a  district  of    Mcx- 


Cli.'tl 


cssciltlllis, 


Nortli     California 


trilii',  i. ,  :VJti-(ll ;  locatiii 


44J 


Cliettro  Kijtili',  New  Me.sito,  luititi. 


1.,  .).{7 
Clietiilul,   Yiicata 


ili.st. 


II,  atitin.,  iv. 


Ml; 


v.,  Cllilp.    Xlll. 


trilic    of 


local  i( 


Clievcriclics    (( 'iliaricln 

Shoslioiies,   i.,   4l'L'-4"J 

4»it. 
"hiaii,  seed,  ii,  317,  4S7,  000. 
t'liiaiitla,  town,  (iaatcuiala,   i.,   7^>7. 
t'liiapaiiccs,    Maya    nation,    i.,  CA't- 

70;    ii.,   t;30-S()':{;  location,   i.,    (Wl; 

ii.,  rjO-1,  I'JO;  spci'ial  mention,   i.. 

(;4s-'.).  t;r)4,  (i.">s,  am-,  ii.,  044-5,  7'-'ti. 


30,   7(!: 


i(i(i- 


/;     mv 


til.,  iii.,    4.">S; 


lan^'..  iii.,  7.V.t-(i3;  liist..  v.,  l."),S-0!t. 
•-"_M,  •_'-J7-3t),  440,  473,  chap,  x.,  k\., 
xii. 

CliiapjiH,  Nations  and  trihes,  i.,  (i4r>- 
70;  <i73,  ().Sl-3;  ii.,  I'JO-l,  T-'fi,  030- 
S(l.'{;  myth.,  iii.,  4.").S;  Ian;;.,  iii., 
7.V.t-(!3;"  anfiii.,  ii.,  110;  iv.,  "JSN- 
.'ttM;  hist.,  v.,  l.")S.ti<»,  -i-Jl,  •.••.'7-3(i, 
440,  473,  chap,  x.,  xi.,  xii. 

Chianhtla,  Nahiia  title,  ii.,  441. 

Cliiawar,    ancient    city,    (Inatemala, 


ico,  V. 


ills. 


Chichinjecatl,   Chiihimec    kin;;,    iii., 

'JIO-.'>(»;  v.,  '.M'.t-JO. 
Chichiniecailalpa\at/in,    lii;;h-prie>t. 

of  Cholula,  v..';f4!l. 
Ciiichimecatl     'leculitli,     Cliichimec 

imperial  title,  v.,  .'{lit. 
Chichimecs,  N'alina  nation,  i,,  (117-44: 


ii.,  l3:{-0L".t;  Ii 


icalion  ami  name,  i 


(;171H,   t;7(»,  073;  ii..   101-.".,   Ilm; 


Spl 


•ial 


mention,  i..  (!•_'■_'.  O'.M,  C-JS-'t, 


(i32-;<.   (!43;  ii.,    lt;7  7.3, 


L'OI- 


;U4,  .304-."!,  411.  oo(;.  ('.u'.i,  oi-.'  i:! 

mvth.,   iii.,    Kl't,    4(13;    laiiL'.,    iii 


7'J4-n;  hist. 


•_M.s-'j(i,  •_>;{7-.">(»,  •>',! 


4!>0.  .">tl7,  r)|(l,  .">l!t.  chap.   x. 
Cliichimec   Cnlhnas.    Nahna    nation 

i.,   (il7-44;    ii.,    13.3-(;'J;t;    hist.,   v., 

24J,  '2^H 
Chichimec-'i'ollecs,     Nahna     naticn 


hist.. 


4S4-7 


Cliichimec    ^Vanacace^ 


W 


iiia- 


Chichit/in,  lord   of  Tencaca.  v..  IM't. 


Chichtii 


nsical  iiislniment.  ii..  '.\'M' 


■U 


ip 


Chiawat,  I'inia  devil,  iii..  .V27. 


Chic  Kalian,  .May.i  feast,  ii..  7("». 
Chickeeles,  i. .  ,'!():!;  see  Chehalis. 
Chicklezats    (Chickle/alilsl,    tr 


Nooika.-' 


174--_'OS;  I. 


I  lie  o 
atinii,   i. 


'.to 


Ch 


Nah 


Ciiiliirias,    Mava    llolv   ' 

4(ii>. 
Chic  (Chine),   T/endal  clay,    ii.,  7(>7. 
Chicacotra,  Isthmian  Ian;;,,  iii.,  704. 

7(iO. 
77.>;  ii., 


iicoapalnaca/niini|iii,   .\ahna   mu:- 
tary  d.iaU,  ii.,  4(f.'. 
Cliii'oliiiahiiimi<'llan      ( Chiciilin.Mih- 
mictlan).  a  <li\  ision  of  .M  id  Ian,  iii  , 
401,  .">34. 
in,    iii.,  !  Chicomecnatl    (Chiconiecouati),    Na- 


Chicehan,  .Maya  day,  ii.,   7.").">-(i, 
Cliicha,  drink,   i.,  ()3(),  70'>, 


CI 


hna  ;;oddess,  i 
liconio/toc,  ancient  home  o 


iii..  :!.VJ,4-_M. 


pf  .\/tt 


.iSd  ; 


list. 


Ml.,  ."iS,  07  ;  iintii|.,    IV. 

v.,  ISS.  I'll,  |<.»7,  -2{t:i  •_M0--J3,  -J-'S, 


307,  3_"_'-(i,  4-J_'  4. 


Ch 


uconahiiapaii  it  liiciinaliiiap:in 


ih 


i).Na- 


Cliichac,    suhiirb     of     Cliiiinix,    v.,'      hna  river  of  deall:    ii    (i(l.">;  iii.. 'iSS. 


chu^t.  xk 


<JUicuiii|iiuuhtli,  Ul 


lord. 


3' 


660 


INDEX. 


«'lili'niir|iii.ivitl.  \alina  j;o(l.  iii.,  41fi. 
riiirciii    'rmiatiiili,    'I'liltrc    kiii;^',    v., 

•2V2,  -Jl'l. 
Cliii'iiiatas  (Cliifiiriitiis),  Nmtli  Mcx. 

trilic,  i.,   .'iTI-'.M;  localioti,   i.,  tiO'.l  ; 

siiccial  iiifiitioii,  i.,  'u'.i, 'u'.*;  laii;;., 

iii.,  707. 
( 'liici(ziaf.'at,  Ni('arav''iii  ;;iiii,  iii.,4!tl. 
I  liicMiic,  Istliiuian  jximI,  iii.,  4'.l!t. 

<  liiciiras,  N'ortli  Mcx.  trilic,  i.,  .")7l- 
<ll;  liiratioii,  i.,  nil!). 

riiii'iiiat'.  ('('lit.  Calii'iiniiii  tiil>f,  !., 
:?fil-J(ll;  liK'atioii,  i.,  4."»4. 

<  'liicfs.  set'  <  liivcriiinciit. 
<'lii,i,'iiiit  ('!"s.Iii;,'iiiiii  Mis,  i.,  140. 

< 'lii;;i)li()in,  ('akcliii[iifl  city,  v.,«lia]>. 

xi. 
(  lii^ii.ii'im  (f"lii<;naii;jua,  Tzi;,'"iHi;,'iO, 

naiiK!  for  /\vaii;^a,  v.,  .">!(!. 
< 'lii;,Miaii,  ( 't'litral  (  aliriiniia  trilii',  i., 

;i(;i-M»l;   liiralioii,  i.,  4.">.T 
<'iiiliailis.  i.,  :{(i:{;  x-o  ( 'liclialis. 

<  liiliualiiia,  Nations  and  trii:t's,  !., 
47.'{.VJ.">,  ")71-'.»;{,  <;04:  niytli..  iii., 
17>S;  lan^'.,  iii.,  .'><).'l-4,  .">s;{,"  t)t;7,  710, 
71<i-17;  antiii.  iv.,  (io.S-lJ. 

< 'liiliiic-cliiliui,   South   Cal.    trilic,   i., 

10l'--_'-J;  location,  i.,  -.'•'.!». 
< 'liiluiillan.   ( >ajaca,  antii).,  iv.,  373. 
t'liila,  i'lichla,  aiilic|.,  iv.,  |ti.')-(i. 
(  iiilani  Caiani  (Cliilani  llalaui),  liigli- 

|irit'>t,  Maui,  v.,  diap.  xiii. 
fiiilaiics,  M;.ya  iliviiicrs,  iii.,  473. 
t  iiilapan,    ]ir(ivincc  in   (iucrrero,  !., 

i;77;  v.,  412. 
i'iiilcat,  i.,  14-J,  see  t'liilkat. 
(  liilciiaiitla,  Mi'x.,  anti([.,  iv.,  '>i'.). 
(  liiMliirlli.  sec  Women. 

<  liililrcii,  H vpcrltoicans.  i.,  (Jfi,  Sl-'2, 
<»•-»,  nil-','  117,  l-'l,  131-3;  Colnni- 
hian.s,  i.,  1(!1»,  17S,  ISO,  I!t7,  l-'Ol. 
•2IH,  •2i-2.  L>7!l-S0;  < 'alifornians,  i., 
3.')()-l,  37!>,  3!K)-1,  41-.'-l4,  4.37;  New 


Mcxi( 


>I3-14,    .>lS-!».    .")(•)(; 


58.");  .Mexicans,  i.,  (i;',:}-.'),  lU',\--2,  (W.I; 
ii.,  1S3,  '-MO-r)!,  'Jf^S-.".,  ■J71-S1,  .3ii."). 
()•.>(■>;  iii.,  331-4,  .•t70-<!,  3'.>-J,  3!ll-."), 
4'-'l.  4_'S,  43(1-7;  t'ent.  .\tnerii',iM-. 
i.,  703-4,  734,  773;  ii.,  (.('.1-4,  (;7-'-3, 
(i7S-.S4,  7-'!». 


Chile  {.\|i),  n'll  yo\i] 
(i.")-.»,  dlil-."),  7-M, 
347,  (!00;  see  a 


.,  0-_'4,  (W). 
•'.):  ii.,   17."),  313. 


IsoP  _. 
(Miilians,  origin,  v.,  '22. 
(hilicothe,  town,  ISritish  Colunihia, 

iii..  (!1,3. 
Ciiili  Cnlch,  Pal..  anti(|.,  iv.,  704. 


Chilili.  villi 


I '..'(' 


New  Mcx. 


,)•_'/. 


rhilkat  (niih'all  River,  i  .    1  \2.    I  H. 
Cliilkals  (<'iii!k;iiit>i.  irilie  ol   Tliiin- 
kects,    i.,   '.MI-114;    location,    i.,   ilii, 
1  fJ;  Ian;:.,  iii.,  .".7'.i. 
Cliilkoleii  riain.  i..   I.'i(i,  -Jli-J. 
Cliilkotins  (Tsilkotin).  triJH'  of  Tin- 

neh.  i.,  1I4-.37;  location,  i..  II,"). 
Cliill.ites,  trihe  of  .Soinnl  Imiians,  i., 

L'(»s-'.''_';   location,  i.,  30.t. 
('Iiilhickitte(|na\vs,    Inland    trihe,    i  , 
•-V.l'.ll;     location,     i.,    3J(I;    .-|ieciiii 
mention,  i.,'-V)S,  -JtiO,  •J()7,  •-'70,  -'73, 
'Js;,  3J(». 
ChillMlahs    (( ■hillulas),    Norlh     Cal. 
trihe.    i.,   3l'(i-()l;   location,    i.,   44(;; 
special  nu'ntion,  !.,  3.")7,  3(11;  lani;., 
iii.,(il3. 
riiillwayhook  I,;ike,  i.,  •2<)8. 
Chill  way  hook  Kiver.  !.,  L'HS. 
Cliilhva\  liook>,  trihe  of  Nootka.--.  i,, 

I74--JOS;  location,  i.,  -".ts. 
Chillvcliandi/e,  tiihe  of  Cliiuook.--.  i., 

■-'•.'•J-.")0;  location,  i.,  ;tO!». 
Chilnci|natcdli,  a  ;:riiel.  ii..  ;!."i."). 

Chills  (Chiitz).  trihe  of  Clii ks,  i., 

•-'■-'■-•-."»0;  location,  i.,  .303(1. 

Chimaknnis    (Cjiinaknmsi.    tril f 

Sound  Indians,  i.,  'JOS-'-'i';  io.aii 

i.,  .301'. 
Chimalcau    ((."hinialacan),    sie    Clia- 

malcan. 
Chimalco,  station.   A/tec  mi-ratinn, 

v.,.3--'.3. 
Chimalcuixintecnlitli,'ri'()-Cliicliinicc 

leader,  v.,  4S!). 
(^'Iiimalliuacan  .\teneo,  station.  Toltcc 

mi;,'ration,  v.,  •2\'2. 
Chiniallimiean   TIachiaIco,    Mexico, 

antiij.,  iv.,  4!t(). 
Chimalli,  .Niexican  shield,  ii.,  40(1. 
Chimalma  (Chimalmani.  Nahua  ;:<>d- 

de>s,  iii.,  L'.-)();   v.,  •.!7.  SS.  2X1 
Chinialniat,  t^niche  ,uoddess,  v..  17-'. 
Chimal|ian,  station,  .Vztec  mi;;rali'ii], 

v..  .32.3. 
('hiin;il)ianocan,     ward    of    Tczcui  o 

city,    v.,  404. 

Cliimalpanecs,  Nahtia  n.ition,  v.,  .3.'!,S. 

Chinial|iopoca,   kin;,^  of    .Mexico,   v., 

3(!l-(!,  3S0-();  kin;;  of  'I'lacopaii,  \., 

4-'(l,440. 

t"himalipo[)oca     Codex,    .see     Cotlr\ 

ChimaI|io|HK'a. 
Chimal(|nays,    North    Cal.    trilie.   i., 
.3'_'t;-(il;  loc'.,  i..44(;;  laii;;..  iii ..  (143. 
("himaltecnhtli,kin;,'of  .Matlall/.in -n, 

v.,  43l'. 
( 'Iiimaltenan''o.  town.  ( inatcinala.  i., 


Cliihlith 
ii.,  58tt. 


Nal 


Ilia  musical  lustrumeiit 


7'>!i;  v..  chap.  xi. 
(.Miimaltizatl,  paint-stoi 


4S7 


f'liitn.ntn 
a;.'e,  n 
'  iiinian 
I  liimaii  I 
(  hiniciii 

e\  is. 
(   llinieilii 

(  iiinicliii 
hne\  I- 

(  iiimehw 
line\  i'. 

(  liimnap 
napnn~ 
locatioi 

C!iinip-ai 

<  'irini-'\ai 

s.iiii^, 
Ch\  iiisc 
of  Maid 
I -■>.'»,  •Jit; 
1">7-S,  I 
♦>(t7. 
<'liin   (Ca\ 

(f77. 
Cliiiialialii 
Cliiiiameil 
Cliin.'iniita 
7'>l ;  ant 
Cliin.'iinita 
Cliiuaiiiii! 
vralioii, 
< 'hi  nam  pa." 
•34."»-(;,  ,-)7 
Cliinandi',;:', 
Cliin.intecs 
i.,  (i44-7<l 
mention, 
7(;(t. 
''Iiinantla, 

4I(;. 
Cliinap.i.  V 
(  liinarra.  .^ 
'liiiiax.  'I'z 

of  chief. 
'Iiincila,  n, 

.'.Id. 
<;iiiuday,  N 
Chinese,    si 
i..  170;  ii 
44-.-.  I. 
''liini;:eliiiii 
i(;3-(;. 

•Iiinipas,  > 
ill;  h.cat 
tion,  i.,  .-) 

Cliinof.ks, 

<  hinnook 
Tshinnk), 
into  whic 
vidcd;   ni; 


iNni'.x. 


Olll 


III 


:<•»:. 


.''_'"J-.i<(;     |>li\  >l<|ili' 


T'liimnniafl.   Xahiia    inviliii    pors  m- I      its  nations  ntnl  trilic-- dcMrilicil  !• 

a-r,  III  .  •_'»'.».  "  ..--.. 

I  liiiiiaii  lti\  I'l'. 
(  liiiiia|ialiiiTa 
I   IlillirlilMVi 


il,  N,:liiia  ^'Mil. 


!..   4';(; 


n 


iii..  «is. 
It'liicllll- 


ri 


IIIDIIII'cllll 


(   IlilliriliMW.    i.,  4."i(i. 

t  iiiiiii'liiU'Vais,    i.,    -Ititl,    see    t'lii'iiic- 

lllU'N  Is. 

(  liiiiicliw  liiu'lics,  iii,  (>77,  SCI-  ("iicnii'- 

Inu'v  is. 
( 'iiiiiiMa{>Mins  (( 'liii:iiiali|iiiiiis,  Ciniii 


iia|iiiij>i,    liilaiiil    till 
iiicatinii,  i. .  .■{■Jo. 


IC,     1. 


!.'>(i;t| 


CI 


illii|>~alli  I'l 


•iimsala,  i.,  '2'X]. 


<  liiinsvaii.-    (( 'liiTiiiiioN  ails,    riiiniji. 


Cliiri 


("1 


iviiiscvaii 


s,    !"■ 


n, 

iliislici>iii-.|,  tlilir 
tif  llaiilaiis,  i.,  l."»."»-74;  loialiiiii,  i., 
I'm,  •_".»:{;  s|)cci:'.i  iiiciitiim,  i.,  I'_',"». 
l.".7-8.  I(i.'>,  171,  174,  •.'!I4;  laiij;.,  iii., 
(>(t7. 

('iiiii  (Cavil,  Maian),  Mava  ;;ini,  ii., 
(i77. 

(  liiiialiahiil,  ti)\vn,  ( Iiiati'inala,  i.,7s7. 

Cjiiiiaiiit'li,  .\c'ii!iiiia  'ji'iu'ial.  v.,  V.^'J. 


•-•■-•4  ."•:  liifss.    i..  •.••J(;:i(i;  .iwi-llm--, 

i..   ■-'.■{l-'_':  I I,   i.,  l.'.'r_'-."i;  \\ta|iiiiis 

:ii|p1i'Iih'IiIs 


iiiit    war,      I. 


!;i.-.i; 


and  iiianiilai'liirrs, 


i..  •SM> 


ix.at- 


i.,   '_';{7;    |ir<i|ifit  V    aiul    fiiiiiiiuri  r, 
i.,    •_';{S  !l;  alt.  i.,  :'.'M;  ;:ii\  (iriiiulit. 


-•40:    sLi 
lia;^!'  ami  wunirii.  i. 


i.,   -.UO  I:    I 
.'41  :{; 


nar- 


niciiis, 

iii^tiiins 

•J4:.ti 


:4:i 


niiM  ciiaiit'ous 


■J4.");      1 1 II 'ill 


iiiinal,    I. 


!47'.t: 


rliarartrr, 


•Jl'.t.'iO;     liiralioll    lit     till 


i:.i,  •_••-'■-',  :!oi-io;  iiiviii 


Ml.,    '.'•>■(> 


i:t7,    I.V)-(i,  .">llt;   v.,  I'.l;  Ian;;.,    in. 

f.'Jti-;!  ^. 

<  liiii-iiiiiaiiicnts,  i. 
Chii 


i.'t:  ii..  :i7ti 


Tli 


i|>aluM 


ii|ninu's,  I.,  t)77,  sn 
<  liiiis.  naiiic  till'  .\tljali 
Cliiiitiilt',  aniiiiatir  jilaiit,  i.,  (>.'i4. 
Cliiiiwutnialiki-,    riiiia  ;:iiil.  iii.,  7S. 

Isll 


( 'lii|iiri|i(' 
( 'iiilii>i'liii> 


iiiiian  ;;iiil.  in.,  iW. 


(Viit.    (  alifi 


Iribi 


<  liiiianiita,    (iiiali-n 


ila,    li 


111''.,     ui 


,fi 


antiii 


IV. 


II.-.. 


Ciiiiiaiiiital.  t.diiiln'  I'ii'fs,  ii.,  (i4.'{-4. 


Cjiiiiaiiiitl    l.aki',    statimi. 


A/.t. 


CI 


.iraliiiii.  v., 
iiiiani|ias. 


■ASA. 
Iliiat 


in;;    ^'aniriis,     ii. 


:{4.-.-t 


),  .)(.);  V. 


•.u:>. 


Cliiiianili'i:a.  town,  Nirarauiia,  i..7'.I^J 
Ciiiiia  litres  (I'l-ni'/),  Si  lilt  li  .Mi'.\.  tli  Ik 


i.,   .•{fll-HIl; 


CI 


ii.    (Ciii  r 


at  Hill,  1.,  4.-1L'. 
il 


ii|i|\a 

(iiiati'iiiala,  v.,  cliaii.  \i 


ixalii,      iiiiiiintaii. 
li. 


Clii|ilt'iai's,    Cent.    Califnriii.i    tiili 


i.,  :{t;i-4<>l;  li.rat 


lull,   1.,   -li 


lll|Mi;;alia, 


Cliii 


i|iaiii'liii 
liaii  trilie, 


I-t 
•krl 


i.i. 
iiiiiaii   tnun,   i. 


uck-i 


iiilaiiil   Coiiiin- 


.IJO-'.tl;  liiiatiiiii,  i 


ti4t-7<>;   lir.itiiiii,  1. 


IWI; 


iiicntniii,   1. 
7'iO. 


(.-.-.  I -•-';  1 


111' 


Cliiiiaiitla,  town,  Oajaca,   i.,  (ISO;  v., 

4l(i. 
Cliiiia|ia.  villau'i".  Sminia,  i.,  <!0(!. 
Cliiiiana.  N'mtli  Mr\.  laiiLT.,  iii.,  Tit. 
Cliiiiax,  'rzcuilal  day.  ii.,   7l>7;  iiauii' 

lit"  I  liicf,  v..  If.  I.  Is7. 
Cliincila,  iiaiiiL-  fur  'r/iiitziiiitzaii,  v., 

.■.It;. 
Cliinda,v,  Navaji.  evil  s|iirit,  iii.,  171. 
Cliiiii'sf,    siiiiilaiitics    in   .\iiicriraiis. 


Cli 


:{17. 
iiMiti'as,  Cent.  Califnriiia  tiilii',   i 


iiil-till; 


It  mil,  I  ,   t.Mi. 


<  'liiijiiaiilitli.  lord  nl  .M  i/i|i 
( 'liii|iiaviiu't'liit,     (..tiiirlu' 


'1 
I'liaj 


I.  \i. 


Clii<|iiiiiiiila,  ]iniviiirc,  (  uiati'iiiaia,  n 

i'li.i]i.  \i.,  .\ii. 
Cliiiiiiiiiiiilas,  trilii' iif  ( liiati'iiiala.  i. 


CI 


'1 
(Ml  ,  I  I  ;  li 


iiiiiiiiiai 


t,  N 


,  1..  7S'.I;  laii;.'.,  ill. 


icara^iia  ''nil 


I  (id. 


iii..  4111. 


A/t 


t'l'  nii"ialiiiii, 


170;  111.,   tJt" 


-S;  v.,   .•{.•{-40 


cau'iln'iiK'iii  ^'iid,  iii 


44-.-.  I. 
Cliiiii;;chinicli,  A 

1  (;:?-(•.. 
Cliiiiipas,  Niirtli  .Mr\.  tril.c.   i.,  .".71 

111;    liicatiiiii.    i..  (iO'.l;  sjifi-ial  iiit'l 

til. 11,  i.,  .')7">.  •->s.->;  Ian;;.,  iii.,  711. 
Cliiiiiiiiks,     (Clii'iiiiiiks,     Cliffiiiiiiki 

Cliiiiii'iiiks.   'rcliiiimik.     'ri'lii-iiul' 


( 'iiii|iiiiiliii),  statioi 

v.,  :{■-■:{. 

Cliii|iiiviiii,  a  i.laiit,  v.,  rlia|i.  \i. 
Cliii|uix.  amii'iit   iiaiiii'  t'nr  <^»iiitlii-^ 
and  tiiwii  ill  ( Iiiati'iiiala,   \.,  iliaj' 


Ciiira  Island,  Cusia  Itiia,  aiiti 


Cliiiira;;ui  .>Its  (Cliirir.iliiiaj,    i.,  IT"', 

.-.'.IS. 
< 'liiri('a;.'nis    (Cliiiui'.iliUfs),    tri' t 


ilii's,  i.,  47:i-'i^Jii;  1' 


IC.    111..  .. 


( 'liirii'lii.i.a,  ( liiali'iiiala  tril 


,11. 


(;>i(i 


:il:  I. 


'r- 


liiiiiik  I,  niu'  lit   till'  iniii'  ta!iii 


lii's    CI 


rs7;   laii;;.,    iii.,    7'" 


iiitii  wlin 


h  tl 


C 


ilniniiiaiis  art'  ili- 


iiriiiiaxa    (Cliinniival,    musii-a 
stniiiiciit,  i.,  7'|->,  7."t'S. 


1  iii- 


viili'd;  inaiiiR'rs  and  i/Ustonis  uf  all  i 


G02 


INDEX. 


;i|iiis.  trilx'  (if  Istljiiiia 


.S.>;  liiii;,'. ,  111. 
Iiiriifiii,  in'iiN  iiii'i' 


<Xi. 


iMli 


lis,    1. 


lliilis  l';ilia:'ia, 


'1- 


iv.,   l.)-"2l :  liist.,  v.,  cl 


iii'ii|iii  IniliaiDs,  trilicof  Istlimiai 
747-!>');  siM'cial  iiu'iitioii,  L,  7.' 


I. 

•1.  7t)7,  7(!'.»,  7S4. 


liii'ii|iii 


I, 


i''<iiiii,  1..  /'.•.) 


Iiini,  Iriltc  iit°  Istliiiiiaiis, 
liii'atiixi, 


iH 


17-8.- 


,  7".»:.; 
I.,  (iS.V 


an.:,'.,  in.,  / 
sec  N'liiiias. 


!»4. 


."lO. 


hiriiiiias,  II 

liiscl.s,  i.,  IS4,  i.s'i,  •_';{7,  :u;{;  ii. 
liistla,  \'i'ra  ( 'riiz,  aiitii|.,   i\.,  44."t. 
liilaiiiiliiiaiiy,al")(li'  of  A/.tct'  V'eniw, 
iii.,:{77. 
Iiilclicali,  !<iit<'1iiii  I'lai 


i:vj 


llltr 


i.,  44:?,  sec  Clicattciv 


liitiiliil,  ('ak('lii((Ui'l   city,    v.,  chap. 
.\i. 

liitwinit,  iii.,  (M.I,  soc  Siniilkainccii, 
liiudiin,  S'uitli  ("al.   trilic,  i.,  401' 


litcatioii,  i.,  4."i'.t. 


lUC,    11..    ()i7,   sec 


(•|ii< 


liiiiliiiaiilitia  (('liiuliiiaulitlaii),  city, 
Mexico,  ii.,  441 ;  v.,  47<). 


Votil 


ilCCS 


tor,   iii.,  4.") I, 


lllVlll 

v.,  (I'.t-7l. 

liixual,     localit,v,    (iiiatoiiiala,    v. 
chap.  \i. 


lixov   liivi 


1. 


IS'.)-  v.,  cl 


lap.    \i. 


liiyoc  (jliicli  1'",1i.l;ii^-,  a  ( 'akcliii|iicl 
cliict',  \.,  diap.  .\i. 
lii/os,  Noitli  Mc\.  trilic,  i.,  .")71-'.H; 
loialioii,  i.,  (ill). 
'lilia.;iiiiitcs,  ('rschnau'iiijiitcii,  'I'scli- 
iiaLtiiiiitcii),  trihc  of  Koiiia.^as,  i., 
7U-87;  location,  i.,  7<l,  141;  hiiijf.. 
iii.,  .■)7f). 

'lioaiii  Chaili'la  i'oinos,  Cent,  ('al- 
il'uriiia  ti'ilic,  i.,  ;i(il-4i)l;  localioii, 
i.,  :{(;•-',  44S. 

Iioclidiiis,  trihc  of  ("hinooks,  i., 'JiIl'- 
.-)(i;  location,  i.,  .'{l»".». 


C'li 


OCllOll 


tcs,      Clioch 


111. 


(.)•-';    sec 


t'huchoii),    i.,    (17 
'I'lapaiiecs. 

hockrelataiiH,    Xorth  Cal.  trihc,  i. 
.•(•-'(Idl;  lo.'ation,  i.,  44;t. 
lioco  Hav,  !.,  7'.*7. 


loco  Moiiiilaiiis, 


•4<). 


hocolall,  chocolate,  ii.,  ;tr)!)-(;0. 
hocos  (( 'hoeoes),  trilie  of  lsilimiaii> 
i.,  747-S,T;  location,   i.,  74'.t,  7'.lii-7 


special  nieiil  ion,  i.,  / 


Jll, 


rs... 


hoi'oiov,    ( iiiatcniala,    aiiti(|,,     i\., 
i:il. 
hocoyan,  station,  Chichiniee  iiii;,'ra- 


tion,  V. 


'.t;l. 


Chocrelcatans.  trihc  of  (^hinooks, 

•_'•_'•_'•.")(!;  location,  i.,  'M)S. 
Chociiyeni,  Central  < 'alil'oriiia  lai 


("1 
<"h 


iii.,(1-j7. 
lociniiiinees. 


Cent.    Cal.    ti 


;{(il-4iil ;  location,  i.,  4.-(ii, 


M: 


va  ilaiice,  ii.,  (i'.t-i. 


Chohopiins,  Inland  Coluinliian  t 


i.,  •-'.■)l)-;il;  lociit 


niii', 


loll,  1.,  ;ii^ 


Ciiois,  town.  Soiiora,  i.,  (ids. 
Choitccii,   Cent.    (  al.    trihe,    i.,   .'fill. 

4(11;  location,   i.,  44'.). 
Chokeninics  (Cjiokiaiiiaiives),   Ccni. 

Cal.  trilic,  i.,  .'ti;!  -iill ;  loc,  i.,  4.Vi-f;. 


Ch 


okis|iL;-na, 


South    Cal.     t 


nlie,     1. 


4(l-J-'-'i.';  location,  i.,  4(iii 


Choi: 


liiiii 


alilv,    Ciiateiiiala. 


('holes,  South  Mc\.  tr 
location,   i.,   (il.">,  (iS-J 


',  i.,  fi4l-7ii; 

rS(i;    spcciiil 


iclilloii,  1.,  ()(),S-',1;   lii\  th..  III. 


4SL>;   I 


111;. 


Ill 


r(ii».  7fi;i. 


Choliciis,  South  Cal.  trihc,  i.,   KCJ  •-'•.'; 


icalKni,  1.,  4."i!(. 


Choliolaii,    city,     I'uehla,    see    Cli^ 

iiiia. 
( ■Jioloina  liiver, 
Cliolos,   trihc   o 


locat 


f   Istl 


ion,   1.,   (SM)-, 


iniians,   i. 


aiiL 


III. 


<M-ri. 


Cholosoc,  South  Cal.  trihe,  i.,  4IIJ  •JJ; 

loialion,  i.,  4."i!(. 
Choliila  (Chollolan),  citv,  I'lieliiii,  !., 


(i2L'-, 
iii., 


ii.,     l|-_'-l:{,     ItJ,    .'SS'.I; 


L'4(»,   -JIS-!!, 


4(;!l-7il;  V. 


list. 


!4;    aiill'i 
.  v.,  •-•(Ill 


:.),s( 
ip, 


.•h 


'I, 


l»7,  4.v,»-(i:{,  4s;i-.-i(rj 


CholiiltecH,  Nuliiia  iiat 
il 


lOII,     I.,    (l 


ii.,  I. •!;(-(;■ 

:i;ii.,  Il'ti 

iii.,  I'.C),  -JIO,  •-•IS-l):  laiiLi-.,  iii. 

hist.,  v.,  •Jtlil,  -JliS.  •_V.S-(i7.  •Jl)7,  ;{(I7 


special  iiieiilioii,  i.,  ii'JL- 

1 4:;,  .VSS-',),  (i-Jl);   nivth., 

M; 


10,  4.V,l-(!:t,  4S,-)-.-)ll 


I,  cliap.  .Ml 


Choliitecs,  t  luatcniala  Irilie,  i.,  i'' 
71 1;  location,  i.,  (iS.S,  7'.||;  ii.,  p 
special  incut  ion,  i.,  711;  laii,L;. ,  i 


hist. 


•h 


Ml.    Xll. 


Clioniiha,  (^'i  iclie  iM  I'reateil  wcm 

iii,,   IS, 
<  'Inn  it  ales  (Choinlals,  ChoiilaU,  C 


(laid, 


M 


i\a  nation,  i.,  (iS7 


(I.KI-SiKl;  location,  i.,  (I't.'i,  (iss,  7'.Hi; 
ii.,  Ill;  special  niention,  i.,  ilHJ  7, 
(i."il-;{,  (iil.s,  71)7.  711;  laim.,  iii..  7^:!, 


!)l  L';    ami 


•.\-2'X    -VivS,    (ill; 


hist. 


chilli,  ii. 


Clioiitalcuatlau,  (lucrrcro,  aiitii|. 
1-J4. 


INDEX. 


CG3 


Clioomcdoo.H  ffliimcdocs),  Coiit.  Cal. 

tiilic,   1.,  ;{(>l-4l)l;   liM-aliiiii,  i.,  -l.V!. 
Cliiiiiiuli'yas,  ('fill.  Cal.  trilic,  i.,  ."{lil- 

4(11 ;  lipiMtiiiii,  i.,  45(!. 
Cliiiiiiiimli,  Cent.   Cal.    tiilio,   i.,.S()l- 


401 


Kial  inn,  1      i.")(l. 


CliiKiniwits,   ( 'int.  ( 'al.  trilx 


■M',:i- 


4(11 ;  liiiatiitn,  i.,  4."i(!. 
(.'lii>|innMis|i  (( 'ii|innni>li).  Iiilainl  <'ii- 
luNiliiaii  trilic,  i.,  'J.°i()-',M  ;  location, 


i.,  :il 

•2711.  •. 


7;  s|ic(ial  mention 
!S7,  -'s;i. 


;i-4, 


("lioii,   Noitii   Cal.   triltc,   !.,   3i.'(i(i 


location,   i.,  4  Id. 


Clionmii, 
4(11;  1.1 


Cent.   Cal.    tril)^ 
at  ion,  4.")4. 


;{';i- 


()(i."). 


Cliorolc,    Sontli    Mc\.  tlrink, 

Cli"rolc;,'ans  (Ciocoto;,'a  i,    .Maya   ii:i 

tion,  i.,  (iS(;-7l  I;  ii.,  (i;{(»-S(i;i';  loca 


tloii,  i.,  (iSS,  7'.(1: 


Njiccial   mention, 


i.,  7(»'.t,  7.V_';  laii''.,  iii.,  7'.>l-;{:  iiist. 


cliaii.  .\ii. 


Clioi'tis,  (iiiatcmala  trilii',  i.,  (iS(i'-71 1 


locat 
Chot^ 


rs'.l;   I 


Ion,  I. 
Sonora,  Ian; 


III'. 


Ill 


111.,  7(l(t. 
,  7-'0. 


<  'liotocoy,  ( inatein.ila,  aiitii(.,  iv,,  l.'U. 
Cliouiliilla  Stiver,  i.,  4."t'_*,  4."i."). 
Cliowcliilla-;,  Cent.  Cal.  (rilte,  i.,  .•Jf;:i- 

•((M  ;  location,  i..  4.")."). 
Cliowelas.  Cent.    Cal.    trilie,    i.,   'M'A- 

4(U ;   locitioii,  i.,   l.")(). 
Cliowecliaks  (Cliowe^hal'. ).  Cent.  <  'al. 

tril)c.  i.,  :<i>l-l()l;  location,   i.,  44'.t; 

Ian;.'.,  iii.,  fi47. 
Clio\vi--iia,  Soiitii  Cal.  tiilic,  i.,  4()'_'- 

L'-J;   location,  i.,  4(i(». 
Cliri-'toxal,    I)on,    Niiiail)  iirincc,    v.. 

elia|i.  \i. 
('liristv Collection, Mexican  iiciniidic, 


anil' 


'.». 


('Iila'..;aliik  isiaml,   i.,  i:i!». 


I  'lmal|ia\  ^ 


;{|.' 


Cliainlicn 


('liiiaiiaii,  locality,  (lajaca,  i.,  (ihl. 
Ciuicliictacs,  ('eiit.Cal.  trilie,  i.,,'i(ll- 


401 

( 'liMclimi 


neat  Ion,   I.,  l.'iK, 
!.,  ()77.  sec 


■I'll 


i|iali( 


(  lniciiiiai|iiL'He.  I.,7'.l7.sce  ( 'nnaciinas. 
I  liili'nnas,  i.,  7>l."i;  see  Ciiiiaciinas. 
( 'liiicliiira,    Istliinian    Iiiiilt..  iii-.  7!U. 


t  'linen. 


M 


iva  ilav,  II. 


."i."i-(),  7()0. 


( 'lineti  l!i\cr,  i.,  7'-"i. 
Ciiii-aclinik    l!ay   (Cliii 

cliik,    rsrliii'jalHki.  i.,   i;f!»,    i4'. 


:acli,    Cliii''a- 


(  lin,ual-.cli 
( 'lui;ali>''lii" 


■II  ManiN,  i,,    l.'JO. 


K:> 


tM'l 


ICII, 


:'  'lin-at>lie! 
sclin;'a/zi. 


'I'sd 

cliiiu'at-  I 


111- 


I'liili,     'rscliii'^iit relies,    T.'iciiii'^'alsi,  , 
rscli;,'al/i,     '['--rliimal^i'lii,     'I'scjiil-  I 
pil-ikaJM,    'I'scliiikiclii,    TsclMikts- 
I'lii,  'roliiil.>*ki,  TuMki),  tiilie  ol  Ko- 


iiia','as,   i.,   f>'.)-87;  location,    i.,   ~0, 

I'M;  .s|iecial  mention,  i.,  7"-'-;i. 
Iiiilimal,  ancient   city,   ( inateiiiala, 

v.,  clia|i.  .\i. 
'linlidins.  Cent.    California  tril)e,  i., 

H(ll-40l;  locati.ni,  i.,  4.".;{. 
linltnnes,  cisterns,  Vncatan.  aiitii|., 

iv.,  •-'.")•_'. 
'Inline,     a    Cakcliii(ui'I    ]iiiiice,     v., 

clia|p.  \i. 
'Iiiiinas   (  Ka<liiiniasi,     .Sontli     Ciil. 

trilie,   i.,   40-_'--Ji.';  location,   i.,   4.kS. 
'Iiiimliias,  Cent.    .Me.x.  trilic,  i.,  (il7- 

44;  location,  i.,  (!77. 

Iiiiniilalia,   a  ( iiiatcinala    trilie,    v., 

clia|i.  \i. 
'iinmiiaclie.  South  Cal.  trilie,  i.,40"2- 

'J.2;  location,  i.,  4.'ilt. 
'Iiiimiiclin  ((  luimiiclin),   .Sontli  t'al. 

trilic.  i.,   4( »•.'-'-'•_';   location,    i..   4.V.». 
'Iinncana.    at    Kio  daina,    \  ncatan, 

antic(.,  i\.,  'Jiil!. 
'linnemiics  l(  liiineinines).  Cent.  ( 'ai. 

trilie,  i.,  .'((ii  401;  loiatioli,  i  ,  ;{(!;{, 

4.")(i. 
'Iiiinliiiliii,  \'ncatan,  aiitii|..  i\,,L''_'0. 
liiinkin,  .Maya  miil-ilay,  ii.,  T.'"). 
'liiiniia|iniis,    i.,    :)20,    see    (liiiniia- 

|innis. 
■|iiiii-Zak-Yoc.  ( Jiialcinala   trilic,!., 

tiS(i-7l  1 ;  location,  i.,  7>>7. 
'liiipailnres,     islliinian    sorcerers,  i., 

7M). 

'Iin|iaii,  I'cni,  aiitiii.,  iv.,  sol. 
'linpcan.    Cent.    Cal.    trilic.    i.,    .'iiil- 

401;   lo,-atioii,  i.,  4.Vt. 
'liii|iiiiniics.  Cent.  Cal.  trilic,  i.,  I{i;i- 

401;    location,     i.,    4.")0;   laii;.,    iii., 

cut. 

'lini|nanai|iia  KiM'r,  i.,  7'.lii-7. 
Iinrcliill  Kiver,  i..  I  tl. 
'Iiiirinnlcc,     (eiil.      t'al.     Iiilie,     !., 

.'ItlilOl;    locall i.,    I'l.'i. 

'Iiiisatles  l!i\cr,  i.,  .'!_'l. 

'Iiilscan,    Cent.    Cal.    trilie,    j,,    ,'{(i|. 

401 ;   location,  i.,  4."i;t. 
'Iiiitcliins,  ( 'cut.  ( 'al.   trilic,   i.,   .'Kil  - 

401;   loealiciii,  i.,   l.VJ. 
'liiilimal.   ancient   <'il,\,   ( iiialeniala, 

\.,  clia|i.  \i. 
'Iiulsaiii,     'riniieli     evil    sjiliit,   iii  , 

I IJ. 
'luna-'l'/ak,     ancient     cil\,    (Jnale- 

iiiala.  \.,  cliaji.  .\i. 
'Inn  i-.M  ii.^iiia,  ancient    cii\,   (iiiale- 
niala, v.,  cliit|i.  -\i. 
'liwiiciiamaju  (( 'liw  acliamii  i.ii.  <  'cut. 

Cal.  trilie,'  i..  ."KII- 10);  loe.iii.in,  i., 

41!t;  Ian,-.,  iii.,  (MS. 


i 


CC-i 


INDEX. 


<'livn;Hi«,   ('(Mil.    r;il.    Irilii 


101 


•at ion,  I.,  4.VJ. 


viiisc\aii>,  i.,  ■_'!•.■(, 


CI 


:t(il- 


iiiiisvaiiH, 


ial('U]iaii,  iii..  .'tii'J,  sec  ( 'iualcucalli. 
i  (llalaiii),  <i»iiiclii'-('aUi'liii|iu'l  day, 
ii.,  7i!7. 
ilt.  Mava  ilay, 
iliakiliav,    a     ( 


.").">■»;,  ~(H). 


V 


A 


V 


tainilv,  v.,  cliaii.  \i. 
'iliaiiclii's,  i.,  4(il,   sec  ('li('\('ricli( 
'ilii\ii',  ('aki'lii(|iicl  inonlli,   ii.,    7* 


INola,  tiiwii,  Ni 
i.'(7,  .">4*;  aiitii], 
mill,  Mexican 


M( 


,  ()7:f ■•». 

i.,.VJ7. 


irunn,iMlinc|ianinlii'aii, 

A/ti'i'  N'cniis,   iii.,  ,'{77. 

ii'nvt',  I'nclili)  |iiii\  incc,  i. 


llldiU 


ni<)a|iatli,  a 
il 


nii'ili 


licrlt,  ii., 
ii.,  (is;{. 


'2(i8. 


ihoni,  name  >>l  a  lr( 
ilinai'oatl  (( 'ilinai'iiliiiat  I,  Ciliual- 
fi.il!),  ii.,  i;tS;  iii.,  ;t.'((l,  ;t(i;t;  sec 
( 'ioai'oatl. 


nill,  Nalina  nn>ntli,  iii..  Hit. 


ihn:nii)liualii\  ,in,     cit  v. 


Noill 


■it 


.M( 


i: 


iliuai|ii.ii|iiiili,    Naliiia    in'il'slc.'isi's. 


II.,  •J(t."i 
iliiiati'l/iii,    a 
.'ill. 

'ilui.lll; 


'I'l.lli 


I>nnci'ss,    V. 


nnaca'^ipK 


Nal 


ma     prit'st- 


■ics,  II.,  •_'(!. I. 


Nal 


iliuallaM'i 
'i.i|i.  ii.,  V." 
imaiiiiii  l!i\('r.  ill.,  .")'(."> 


Ilia   title,   II. 
ip. 


.V). 


imaleiMiliI  Ii,  a  'i't'o-t  'liirliiniee  cliief, 
\  .,    I'.li). 


inn, 


M; 


iva  ila\,  ii 


.">."»-(!,  7f!l). 


iii<>iitii;.'a,    i.,701,  see   ( 'liipnile;.'aii 
idiiilali',  i.,  7'.H,  si>e  <  'Inmlale-. 
iiitlinaliiiatl.  Naliiia  ;;<ii|.  il..    I'.lj. 


aetii,  Naliiia 


ilav,  11. 


.11  I'j,  .-.k; 


17:  Ml.,  "i.Vj 


iiaetoiial,  Naliiia  ]iiip|iiiet  .ind   •xml. 


Ill,  '.:.>";  V. 


I'M). 


i|iattcilial     (/.i|iattii\al  I,      Nii  aia;,'u,i 


,'iMliless,  III. 
rceen,  i.,  M, 


I'.IO 
),  see  Saisis. 


allcv,     aii- 


I'.'i.  litil!;   ii.,  '_'7S->.t. 


ircleville,     Mi.- 

ti<|.,  iv.,  I'i'X 
ireiinieisiini,   i 

(i7'.t;  iii.,  •».•{',»  Ji I,  .■)i»7:  \.,  .vs,  "Hi-;, 
'iries,  i.,  Il.">,  see  Saisi.-*. 
'istfTiis,  see  Iteseiviiirs. 
'ilaii  (i>atii,  a  ('akeliii[iiel   nilei,  v., 

•liap.  x' 


iti 


iiiliintiiiii. 


It  (  liae  (• 
'itiii, 

:n(i. 

'il  ilia 


M;i\a  ;;i>il,  ii.,  (i'.t7. 
,   Maya  temple,  ii..  (IlKl. 
leiillnia    aineslial    faiiiiK  .  \ ., 


tmial 


I,  name  u 


f     \\ 


iletiill. 


'itlalatmiae   (('itlalialonai'i,     Nairn, i 

;:ih1.  iii.,  ."iS,  7l'. 
'itlalieiie  (( 'itiailiiiieiie),  Naliiia  ;.;ii(l 

(less,  iii.,  ,-)S,  7il. 
'illi,  Naliiia   ;,'ihI,   iii..  (11. 


itl    (( 


iv.ii'iiall 


!(;;!. 


(  ioaeiiall. 
'iiiaiieinai'ili,   a   eoni'iiliine,    ii.,   'Jil."i. 
'inallaiitli,  a  wife,   ii.,  lidl  .">. 
'iinlad.  see  ( 'enii  ile  la  (  iinlail. 
iinlati   Ileal,  eity,    Chiapas-,    i.,7>!l'. 
iiilla,  town,  tiiieiferu,    i.,  (i77. 


i.  i!i/ation,    i. 


;{  I,  :i:M, 


IV. 


in; 


iiiaeaMe/.illii,    ( iiialemal.i,    aittii|.,l       (il.">i'i;    pliases  nf,     ii.,     I  Sil;    ;^eM- 

eral    view  of  eivili/eil    iiatimis,    ii., 
Si   I •_',-.,  SO »-."). 
(laekaiinn   (( 'laekaniis,    (lai 


'inaliitoli,    a    Caki  liiijiiel   eliiel",    v. 
eliap.  \i. 
'iiiali.a--,  i.,  (107.  see  Sinalnas. 
'iiieiiaii     N'/aiiina,     ,Mc 

(I'.k;. 


IV; 


CI; 


nkainiis. 


C 


CI. Ilk. I 


Klaekama>l,    trilie   n|'     (' 


'iniliiiaj,  Siiiii 


Cal.    Il 


■KI'J 


it  inn.  I.,   l.V,). 

;{70;  iii.,  i;!."'. 


Illllll^S,    I. 

;!IIS   III; 
.•iO',». 


•J'J'-' ."ill;  Inealidii,    i,,  •.••.'.!, 


-\" 


nienliiin,    i. 


•_'•-':•. 


'inteile\(ilina,    Naliiia   ealeiiilai-si'Mi  '       ,'t(IS-IO. 


( 'iark.imas    (( 'laekaini 


,)   i; 


ainl  '.;i»l,  ii.,  .Mii, 
'iii/iea.  v.,  .">|(i,  si'e  /int , 


Clark-tars,  i.,  ;<0S;  see  Cioi  1 
Clalirlcii.iiis,  trilie  111'  Cliiii 
•_'J'J-."pii;  local  inn,  i..  .".iMl. 


-lai> 


'liiai'ual  I  (Cinaeii.'itl,  ( 'limaeiMi  I,  ( 'i 
vaeiiati,      Cil'iiaenlinai  I,       Cilinal      Claiiiiai|iiali,    trilie   ul'    ( 'liliinoks.   i. 
fiiatll,    Naliiia    j^iuldess,    jind    tiile 
(if    siiiireme     iiiil'j:i',   ii.,     I.'N,    'Jiilt,    C 

■i;ii.  (.'(K;  iii.,',T>o,  ;t(!;{-(;. 


."lO;  liicaiiiiii,  i.,  :iOS, 


lilUs 


k 


^lal 
't  'JOS; 


Iii  he  (if   Ndcil- 
iliiiii,    i.,    17''. 


Ciiiapipilti,  a  deilied  wniuan.  iii.,  .'((!'_'.         '_".Wi,  "J'.IS. 
('io;iteui'alli^Ci,ilenpaii>,  Nalina  plaee    Clatl.ims  iCJalains,   Ckilliim 


ot   piaver,  iii.,  .'tlJ'J. 


am,  ;"i  I 


iliii 


('icitilla'iiai'a/ipie,    l'esli\al     d,iiiisels,         iniiii.  trilie  nf 


'I'm-IiiI 
lidialis,    i. 


ii.,  J^iS.   Id  I. 


'JOS-'JJ;  liiiatidii,  i. 


JUS,  :;;' 


;ttt'; 


INDKX. 


(id 


sppcial  iiiciitioii,  i.,  'Jll-i:!,  "Jld-IT.     ('Icliiisc  (( 'lilinnO,   tiilic  of  Nunikas, 
•JJ(I,'_'_'J;  rii\  111.,  iii.,  I.Vi.  .VJ-J;  Ian;,'., 


111.,  lilts.  111,). 
rialliiiM-.  i<'lalliiii>l.  trilicofNiiiitkiis 


171-JilS;  I.Malion. 

inns,  i.,  'J'.).');   sec  ( 


riall 

<  laini'l.  i.,   I  l.'t;  .set'  Klaniatli. 
('lainiM'tiiinirlis,    tiilic    uf    .Siniliil    In- 
■  liaiis.  i.,  •_'(IS--_'L';  IcicaliiHi,  i.,  '.W.i. 
(if   ( 'llillimUs,  i.. 


( 'laiiii>iiiinii-<li.  In) 


.'.'■.:-.">i», 


ilKin,  1.,  .'tO.'i. 


flains,  i..  IC.t,  ISIi-S,  '2\:\. 
(laninialas,    tiiho    nf    ( 'liiniiiiks,    i 

•JJJ-.")!!;  In.atiiin,  i.,  :!()(i. 
I  'laiinaliiiiiiiainniis.  trilit'  lift  'liiiiook 


I.,    'J.'--.! 


I;   h.iMl 


i i..  ."ills. 


( 'l.iiiliarniiiinainiins,     tiilu'     iif     ('lii- 
niinks,  i.,  -.'JJ  ."ill,  Icicalioii,  i.,  'MU>. 


■4-_'(l.S;    local  inn,  i, 
('iciikilti',   Irilii-  lit   N.H.tka.s 


I7t- 


•JltS; 


Cli. 


Iiiratiiiii,  I., 
ml.s,  i..  ,•!•_'(), 


V.'i 


CI 


ickilals,  1. 


1-  Klikcl.its. 
Kliki'lats. 


Cliilas.s  (Clirlaisl,  liilii'    cif  llaiiljili.s, 
i.,   I.Vi-71;  Imaiinn.  i.,  'JUi'. 


( 'lill'-( 'aiviii;;s,  sec  llirlii;,'l\  |iliiis. 
Clinialc,  i.,  II;   ii.,  I J  ."i."i.  .s7 '.III;    ||v- 

(  iiliiinlti- 


licrliiircans,  i.,  :<.s,  lit 


i.,   I.'.;i.   |.")t;;  (' 


."CM;  Nf 

:.7-';  .Ml' 

.•ill.';  iv. 
A 


.M. 


Mians,  I  ,  (ill) 


;ilitiiniiaii>,    i., 
,    i..   •t7-'.   .V.7, 
lilt;  ill.. 
>7  S;      Ciiilial 


iniTiiaiis,  1.,  li.S.i- 


■t7 


i;{.i 


Cliirkslais  (CliNkstai-).  tiilic  nf  Cjii- 


Cki 


Cast!' 


Clarcnii-  Stniiis,  i.,  1  l.'t. 

(  laikaiui'i's,  i.,  ;||||;  sci-  ( 'l.ii'kanias. 


Clarl 


r   lilMT,   I. 


.•fl 


Class  ni-iiiiciiiiiis,  ii.,  I'.i-j  I,  i;:!s,  (ii<), 
Cii;;!,  Tiiis. 

CI  .-silsiClalsiMs,  Mar.iws,  M.ikalisK 


-'•-'•_' -."ill;    Inral 


Hill,    I.,  '.'AH'i 


I  nix 
Ii 


111    SoiiimI     I  mil, ins,   1..  'JSIl-'J.'; 


iii'iii,  I,,  'jiis.  ;tii_'-:t; 


tiun.    i.,   ■Jill  II, 
laii;,'. ,  iii.,  I'lilS,  r>|."(. 


|ii'iial  iiii'ii- 


( 'lalsi-.iiiia- 


li'ilii 


.t     Chii 


1. 


iii'alinn,  1..  .'till;   laii'',  iii 


(i'Ji,, 


Clatsoii  I'liinI,  i..  :iili) 


Clatsdiis  (I  "liit- 


'I 
CliiiM 


ik 


M' 


Tlal^ 


nils),  tlillf  of 


."ill  ;   li 


M'allon,    I, 


';t,  .•till,  ;i!W!  ;  s| 


it'i'ial   nii'iiliiiii, 


-Ii, 


ll'.l;  laliu..  111.,  ll'Jl! 


Clawrlsiis,  i.,  '.'",).">;   src  (   Inw  I'Isiis. 


(  laws,  a^  iinia 


nnnls,  i.,  I  17,  l-.'il,  l.'iS, 


I'.lii,  ,".si»,  7.v_'  ;t;  ii.,  .■17-':  m,,  .'I'.tS. 


<  'lav,  si'i' 


Karlli 


ClaviM|iiiit "    (  Klaliiilii|iialil -,     Klaim- 

.  i|iia  li's,  Kla,\  'iiniils. 

'ri>ii|iiali'lil,    li'ilif    nf 

l7l-'-'i>'i;  Inialii.ii,   i.. 


niiati' 


K 


iiMiiiatrli, 


IS,     I, 


Nunik 
17.1 


),  'J'."!  I  ;  slier, 


lllll,  l',ll,  •_'II7, 
( 'la\  iii|iinl    Siiiiin 


ini'iiliiin,    i.,    \'i 


i.,  I7."i  Ii,  '-'!'.1 


itiis. 

Inns,   i. 


'-",)•-', 


Kl 


III': 


nth,    nianiilai'l  lire  .iikI    i-nninu'iri 


1.,  .),S'J 


Jii,  ilii 


iliii'i  ;  II. 


'.I,    JM- 


',  sec  I  Mi'sH, 


l>i 


Clal- 


lotliiii 

'lnlsn|is,   i.,  ;{IIJ, 
liiii;;lii'U  allliali>,  tiilii'nf  Cliiiinnks, 
i,,  'J'_'-_'  .">!>;  luialinii,  i.,  illl'.l. 
liiMT,  ( 'iiilral  t  alil'ni  iiian    fnml,    i., 

:t7:t-7. 

invi'idalc,  tn\\  n,  ( 'I'lilial  C.ilii'di  nia, 

i.,   I  111, 
'Inwi'tsiis  (I  'lawi'tsils).  111  111'  nf  Nniil- 

kas,    i.,     171  '-'IIS;   Inrati i,, -.'II."), 

'lulls,  Cnliiinlii.ins,  !,,  lilt,  -JXt;  Cal- 


itniniaiis,  1  ,  .'ti.'t,  .'177  *<,    111 


•Cil. 


•i;t;f;  Niw  .M 


cMiaii 


i..  UK!  I.  ."ill, 


■ill'.', 


.>! 


s.;i;  ,M 


I'Mcaiis,    I  ,    il'J, 


II. 


4ilS-",l;      iii. 


•'SI  I. 


'.•I; 


Crii||,ll 


.Ainiliraiis,  i.,   ,•-'"-',  7<il',  7ii;i. 
Cliiiisiis,  Inlaiiil  < 'iiltiniliiaii  Irilii',  i. 


•J.'tll  Itj  ;   Incalinli. 


ill  I 


I  'ii.li'llrrll.   (  'llirlliinri'    rliirf, 


:ii 


( 'nai'inlcs, 


Nail 


na  jiiicsis,  11,,  (HIS, 


Ciialiinn ;iiia,    riNcr,    Miilmaran,    v, 

."illS. 
( 'nahiiila,  < 
liilii's,  i. 


Ii'scri|il  lull  aii'l  Incal  mil 


,1'jii,  .)',i;i 


.III.:  ,    III. 


.■(Ii,'t,  ."i',l|;    ailliil   ,    IV,,  ."I'.IS  llllll. 


(Irani  iiii'ss,  ll\  pciliorcaiis,  i.,  ,S|,  S,'l;  ]  ( 'n,iliiiillas,  i.,  -I.''i7,   si-i'  ( 'all  nil  Ins. 


( 'nliiniliian 


IS7-N;  Calll'nini.iiis,  I  ( 'naiii'iii'iiil 


i.,  I.'lil  I;  New   M.'\iiaiis.  i  ,  lil'J-.'t; 


(iilO, 


|mIIi,  siiakc-lillraiiliilnti',  n. 


.Mc\iraiis,   i.,  (I."ll;    ii,  '-'I."!;  Ci'iilral     Cnll| 


lai  h.  siiaUi'ipilc 


ililhlnir,  II.,  lillll. 


,\li 


ii'iiiaiis,  I,,  lillll 


,iiil 


(   n.'icii 


lili'^,    Nnllli     .Mexican    llilie,     I. 


Clear  I, 


iii.li; 


Ills,   (  ciil  lal  ( ';ililnr- 


'I  '.II  ;   liicalinii,   i.,  Iii  I. 


Ilia  tiilie,  i..  .'Ilil-  (III  ;  Inciiinn,  i,. 
.'tli'.',  t  l.S,  l,")l;  special  inelilinii,  i., 
.'{Ill,  ;tlI7-H.  ;tS|'J,  .•l,S."i.(!,   .'I.S.S.ll,  .'tllli 

;<!)S;    inylli.,  iii,.  Hii-T, 
Clearwater  l!i\i'i,  i,,  -.■».'!,  ;tl7. 


(nat  nl  arms, 
71,  »(l.-.;  iii,, 
•l',ts. 

C(iiite]iiintli    (I  'nat'apei 


'\aliiia,   ii..    lllll.    Iii'.l- 
.'1;  i\.,    Iti7,   lii.t,   Isl, 


lilli 


neeieiit 


(if  snakes,  II 


.i|S;  III 


■>l,  '.'ll'J 


( 'nille|iec  (( 'njlllaelepei',  (  'liaullle|iec), 


,1 


COG 


INDF.X. 


statiiin,  A/tci'  iiii;_'riiti(in,  v.,  .■Vi:i-4, 
;{J'.l;  l-.i'alilv,  I'liclila,  v.,  4'.I0. 


(latcll 


lllllfCSS    (I 


f  Clialci.,   v.,   .'{11. 


ctali  l>laii(l,  I'l-ni,  aiilii|.,  iv.,  S(».")-(). 
oatl.  Naliiia  day,  ii.,  .">!  IP.',  ."ild-lT. 
(latlaii,  Naliua  toiiiplc,  iii..  4((();  v., 

4'_'(;,     47.S;     locality,     Oajaca,     v., 

(•lia|i.  x. 
iiallaiitoiia  (Coallaiitiiiiaii),  ii.,  .'il'); 


III 


I'f  Coallii'iic. 


\[ 


iiatlaii  I'l  N'ii'jo,    (iiieriTru,    aiitii(. 

iv.,  4L'4. 
iiatlaiifilitli,    iii.,    '2'ti,    sci-    Coaft 

pant 
(i;illa\  auliiaii,  station,  Aztec  iiiij,Ta- 

tioii,'  v.,  :t-_';j. 

(tatlicaiiiac,  v.,  'A'2'A,  see  Cnliuatlica- 
iiiai'. 

(latlicliati  (Ciiailvctiaii),  citv,  Mex- 
ico,   ii.,    lot.    Itl;  v.,  :{il.l,   ;{l(tll, 

.•n'.i-'_'i»,  ;i:i;r4,  :{s(i,  ;{ss,  -m.;. 

'oalliiiic  (( 'oliuatliciu',  Coatlyciii', 
('daily ace,  (  uallyate,  ( 'oailaiitoiia, 
CoatlaMloiiaii),  Naliiia  ;,'oil(le>s,  ii., 
aio;  iii.,  L'SS,  '.".tti,  407,  H'lll;  v., 
•J4-',  4--':t-4,  4S7. 

'oatlyace  (< 'oallyate),  iii.,  4(17,  4'20; 
Nee  <  'oatliciie. 

'oat/.acoaico 
eiialco. 


'_'7r>,    see   (ioa/a- 


iiatzon,  v.,  24^.  see  Coluiatzo 
oaxacavo, 
:{7".. 


Naliiii 

A 


II. 
I  coiirl    iiiaiille,  ii. 


(ia\al|>aii,  a  cliaiiilier  of  tlie  leiM|ile, 
iii.,  .TiS. 
oaxojotl,     temple,     'riatelillco,     v., 

4  ■_•!;. 

olia.  \  ucatati,  aiiti(|.,  iv.,  ■J.'{ii-7,  -<>ii. 
oliaii,  city,  N'eia  I'az,  w,  I'liap.  xii. 
ocas,    Ceiiiial     .Mexican     trilie,     i., 

(I17-I1;  locatiini,  !.,  (i7-;  laiiL;.,  iii., 

7-'i». 
ipcauliili(('alaiilillix,('oci)alilli),'rol- 

tec  piiuce,  v.,  •J'.l'.t. 
'oca/t/in,  loi'il  of  Quauli>[uelclnila, 


( 'o(  lioclilain,   (i»uirlic    pci--iiiia>;e,   v., 

eliap.  \i. 
Cocliloca.   localii,,  Mexico,   iii.,  •_'.");!. 
( 'ociholca,  locality,  N  icara^aia,  i. ,  7'.'-. 
( 'iiciuas,  tiilie  of  Istliniians,  i.,  747-!>.'t; 

location,  i.,  71III. 
Cociyo,  Zapotec  iroil,  iii.,  4o7. 
( 'oeivoeza  (< 'ocvoezal,  /a]iotec  kiiii.', 

v.,' 44;t-7.  r>;{i'-,-). 

Coeivopii,    k\w/  of   'reliiianlepei',   s., 

.■).•(:). 
('ock-li;,'iitinf,',  I'licblos,  i.,  .■).").'(. 
Cockles,  llaiilali  food,  i.,  Ki.'t. 
Cotlanias,    Noilli   .Mexican    tiilie,  i.. 


571  '.11 ;   loiatioii,  i.,  lilil. 


!>. 


«  ocoalitli,  v 

( 'ocoa-nul,  i.,  ('i'.t7 


diiptas,  Noitli  .M 


ihtli. 

i'.t.    7(i.S. 

exican  tlilte 


.see  <  "oca 
7I!>, 


■)71-".M;   1. 


ition,  i.,  M  I. 


inanie,  Sinaloa 


d. 


IS(». 


ocoican,  111. 


■_'.S'_'.  SIM'  t  'uknlcan. 


( 'oioni,   kill''  of   .Ma\a 


>a|iai 


^ 


chap.  XIII. 
'oi'oiiiaiicopas,  i.,  iV)."i,  .")',),"i:  iii.,  (is," 


.Ml 


icopas. 


Cocoinales,  Noilli  Mexii  an  tiil" 
r>7l!M;  location,  i.,  (ill. 


.M 


iva  nation,   ii.,  (l.'iO-.so:! 


special   ineiition,    li.,   I  I'.l. 
Sdl;   iii.,  -.'(iO,  -JSL*;  name, 


i;:<:{ 


llist. 


lap.  XIII. 


( 'oconooiis,  ( 'eiitral  ( 'alifoiniaii  1; 


;«il-40l;   Idcalioi 


1.  I..4.- 


laii;:. 


iii.  .(i.M, 
(  dcopas((  'ocopalisK  Irilie  of  .\]iaclie' 


I.,  47;{-.VJ(! 


i;  location,  i. 


!IS. 


:u',t. 


K'liees,    tnoe   o 


f  Ai 


V.M;;   local 


ion.   I.,    Ii 


'.IS. 


■Iiinicll,  Naliiiji  L'od,    iii..    11(1 


'ocliiniis      (Cocl 
•  'olllilies,    Cot- 


Cocli 


Mill 


I.     I 


OWIT 


47;!- 


Cal- 


iloniian  tnlie,  i..  .■■),"it)-7l ;  location, 
!,,  ."i.")7-'^,  tiO;i;  special  mention,  i.. 
O.'iS-'l,  ,'")(l.")-7,  ."1711;  invtli.,  iii.,  SH, 
I7(t.  .V-".l;  v..  •-•();  laii'i..  iii.,  (;S7-<.f_'. 

('ocliineal,    i..  (i."i!t,  C'.d.  (I'.i.S;  ii.,  4.S(i. 

Coliilas.    Noi'lli    .Mexican    liilie,    i.. 


■|-'.>l; 


location,  1.,  .■■(7-.  (il(7 


Cocliiti,    I'neldo  villa;;e,    i,,   .V.lil-()(M>; 
laiiu.,  iii.,  (JvSl-'-*. 


Cocori  (Cdconiiil,  villa;4e,  Soiiora,  i., 

(;(IS. 
("dcosiiera,  villai;'!',  .\i-i/oiia.  i.,  (!(ll. 
('ocoil,  Naliiia  [dace  of  saciilicc,  iii., 

.•{;t:». 

Cdcotlaiies,   Central    Mexican    liilie, 


i.,  (il7-44;   local 


loll.    1.  .    Ii 


Cocoyoiiies,  Noilli   .Mexican  tiilic,  i., 

."t7i-'.M;  locaii i..  (dd. 

Cociil.'i,  ( Jileilero,  aiilii|.,  i\. .   I'-V!  I. 
Cociilalepil.  ( liieriero,  aiiliii..  iv. .  IJI. 


•I 
oc\oe/a.  V. 


4i:{-7, 

food. 


(  'oclM 


1..  /<; 


Codames.    N'orlli    Mcx.   Iril 


le.   I.,  .1,  I 


!»l 


pecial  meiil  loii.  i. 


Cll. 


Codex  ltoloL:na.  ii.,  ")•'!<•. 


Codex  l!or;,'iai 
Codex   Meiido, 


>:to. 

.■i'j;i,  .■;is.40. 


Cddex  Cliiiiialpopdca,  v.,  l!>"J-l. 
Cddex   'I'elleiiano-jjeineiisis,   ii. 
Codex  N'alicaniis,  ii.,  ."r.'lt-.'Kl. 
( 'odex  \'ieniia,  ii.,  o.'Kt. 


i.'iO, 


Cieiirs 


dWl 


elie     (( 


Co'lll's     d'.\leiliesK 


Inlaiiil  Culninliian  tiilie,  i.,  'JoO '.il 


INDEX. 


gg: 


liicniioii  ami  naiin',   i..   -.'>'2,  31,'M4; 
s|n'ci,il  iMciitiiiii,  i.,  '2'S.  •_'«!». 
('<i'iir.r.\lciic  l,;ik.'.  i..  -'.VJ,  ;!1». 
(-'(I'lir  il'.VIfiK'  l!i\cr,  i.,  HI4. 
r..llins,  ll\  |(ciIm. leans,  i.,  (i'.),<);{,  li:); 
('.(Imnl.iaii.s,  i.,  IT-'-.'J,  •-'(i">-(i,  'JtT-'.l, 
'J.'SS;    Calil'iiiiiiaiis.    i.,    4l'(l;    Mexi- 
cans, ii.,  mr,.i;,  (ili-i-.',  diti,  diii, 
(i'JI;    Ct'iilial    AiMi'iicaiis,    i.,    744, 
8'_'-:i;  iv.,  17- IS;  .Mi.>sis>i|i|ii  Xalli-y, 
iv.,  77<i. 
('o;_'iiiiiarliis,    Niiitli    Mcx.    tiilic,    i., 
."•71  '.II;   loc,  i.,  tldtl;   Ian;.',,  iii.,  <!!•'.». 

'o.uvvi'li,  i.,  •-".tS,  sec  (.lua(ki)l!s. 

'dliali,  ( Inatcnialan  Irilir.  i.,  liSl!-7l  I  ; 
liicatiiin,  i.,  7S!t;  iiii;4in,  v.,  L'l; 
liisl.,  v.,  cliap.   \i. 

'(ilic'aapa  (< 'naaiiaii,  ( 'ii/i';ia|ian),  lo- 
talitv.  Mcx.,   iii.,  ■_'.">:!,  -J.VS. 

'iilmaiav  an,  statinn,  (  liicliiuicc  mi- 
^iialicin.  v.,  •_".»1. 

'ciliuartc|icc,  v..  .S'J.'i,  sec  ('iialc|icc. 

ulinaillinitl,  Nalnia  nmnlli,  ii.,  .'U-, 
.■)<»!». 

'iiiniaixtlaiiiiacaM,  Incalitv,  Oajaca, 
ii..   Kl'.l;  v.,    ll.">  1(1 

'tiliiial/on,  v.,  •_M.'{,  sec  ( 'nlinalzdn. 

'iiliiianaiiMJi,  ( 'liiciiinicc  jnince,  v., 
471-7. 

iilmanas,  Irihc  of  .\|iaclics,  i.,  47'f- 
.")'_'ii;   imaliiin,  i.,  .')l''.l. 

'dlMiainn'ol/in  i<  'iiiiiiaMacii\),a'ri>Itc<' 
nnlilc,  v.,  •.'7'-'  ;t,  •-'77. 

'iiliiial  it  l.ui,    siatioH,    .\/ti'c    ini;,'i'a- 

liiin,  v.,  :{•_•;{. 

'i)liuall,  Naliua  tiilc,    ii.,  IS'.l;  cali'U- 

ilar-si;;il,   ii.,  :iS'.(;  |iiics|c-.s,   \.,'J."il; 

Toll -liicf,   v.,  •J!t7.  .{."iD. 

'(iliiialliraniac  (< 'dalliiauiac,    Colni- 

al  l\  laniaii,  staticiu,    .\/.tcc   nii;;ia- 

tiiiii,  v.,  .'<.';t. 

iilinallicnc,  \-.,  '212.  see  ( 'cialliiue. 
iilLual/ni,  v..  '-'lit.  sec  Cdlinal/iin. 
I'linal/in,  luid  ni'  .\iniilc|iec.  \.,  4(l(i. 
iiliiiat/iin     i< 'i>linat/in,     ( 'niina/nn. 

(  iial /.iiM,  < 'uliMal/iini,   'I'liilec   liciti, 

V,,  •JI'J  i;i,  •.'4:{. 
'  liiual/iinlli,     Cnllma    |irinccss,    \., 

:t.".s. 

'niina\i)i'iiill,  'rolicc  lail>,  v.,  -!I7. 
'•ilina/iiii,    \.,    'Jl.'!,    --cc    (  iilin.il/nn. 

nlniill,  v.,  :t'JS,  see  <  'ii|iil. 
'iiliiiixi'as,  Naliua  Mali>iii,  i.,  iil7  II: 

ii.,     l,'t:t'ii'JII;  liicaljiiii    ami     name, 

i.,    (i7.s;    ii.,     I()!t,     l'.'7;    liisl.,    v., 

:fil7  10.  4ll-|-_',  .".(IS. 
'oilia,  Isliiniiaii  liil)e,  i.,  7I7-S."i;  lu- 

catiDii,  i.,  7'.l.''>;  sjiceial  nienlinn,  i., 

7(il;  laii'i.,  iii..  7'.i;t. 

'ililiels'   I'lailic,   i  ,    lli.'t. 


liiiH,  anlii|.,  iv.,' l."»-l(i,  .IS.'l. 

lileh.  Cent.  «'al.  trilic,   i.,    ;JGI-40!; 


Icicatmn, 


4.')(; 


tij.it.s.  South  Cal.    trilic,    i.,   4(l-_'-'_'-J; 

Idcatiiin.  i.,  4.">!(. 

djip  ('  djiilDi),  i.,   4.'iS,    .see    XdCdldC. 
djiiklesatiicli,  trilic  df  Nddtkas,    i., 

i74--_'(i.S;  Idcatidii,  i.,  I'll."), 
dianii  (  dliee  I'l'iiila,  ZapdU'e  |iiii  sts, 

ii.,  •-'II. 

dleani|pata,  niyal  lands,  Peru,  v.,  47. 
d|c|iaeii\atl,      sec    (ililct/aledall,    v., 

•-•4-'. 
dlclic,   ancient  city    in   ( iiiatcniala, 

v.,  cliaii.  \i. 
dlelii,  (iiiatcniala  trilic,  i.,   (>S(i-71l; 

ideal  idii,  i.,  7S,S. 

dids.     My pcilidi-cans,   i.,    S(!;   Mexi- 
cans,  i.',   (;ti7;  ii.,    .">'.•-',    ."I'.HI;  Cciil. 

.\nicricans,  i.,  74'_';   ii.,  7!M  "i. 
diei'lia.  Ideality,    l.dwcr  (  aliliiriiia, 

i.,  ."Hi! I. 

dlliiias,  see  ( 'iillinas. 
dlliua-'l'euetli-(^luaiie/,  .~ee  (^Mianc/. 
dlic,  Nddtkas,  i.,  l!(I4. 
dliina,   antii[.,    iv.,    ."i7'J;     lii^-t.,    v., 

47:f,  '>ii!>. 
dliinies,    i.,   .ViS;  iii.,   (1S7,    >ee  Co- 

cliiniis. 
dllais,    Hy|u'r1idieans,    i.,    !)7;    <'d- 

liiinliians,  i.,  170;  ( 'alilninians,    i., 

4-.">;  .Mexicans,  i.,  (l."i|;  ii. ,•_'•_'•_';  iii., 

'JMI.    '.".I.".,  ;i'J4,   :{(i'.l;    iv.,  •.'.•Ill;    Cent. 

jVnicrieaiis,    !.,    701,    7iit>,   ii.,   (iii."', 

(i.">7. 
'dllcues,  see  Sriiddls  and   I'.diieatidii. 
'ulmcna,  ( 'liiap.i-,  aiilii|.,  i\.,  .'{."i.'t. 
'didc,     Sdiitli   (ill.     Irihe,    i.,    40'.'  •_"_'; 

Idcat  idii.  i.,  -I.Vs  '.I. 
'dldiiiliia  (New  ( iianailai,  ant  ii|.,  iv., 

I. "••-'I. 
'didiiielie,   .Maya  dance,  ii.,    7I^-'. 
'dld|ieclil  li,    (tjliicc     |ililice,    \.,    4'.ll. 
dldi',  >ee  (  dm|ilcxiiin. 
'dldiadd,  ani  ii|.,  i\.,  717'itl. 
dldiadd  ( 'liii|iiild,  i.,   .")'.t,"i.    (i(HI;  an- 

ti(|.,  iv.,  (i4l  ."lO. 
'dldl-.idd    heseit.    i..    :!_'l;     iii  ,    ."I'.l,'!; 

Cal.,  anli.(,,  i\.,  (liMII. 
'dldiadd   lti\er,    i.,   4.")7,    !(!.">  S,    47."i, 

.V.ij:!,  .V.)."t-7,  (101  •-•;   Ian;:.,  iii..  ('Sii- 

(i;  antii|.,  iv.,  til'.l,  (ilO;   \..  ItJ.'l. 
'dldiadds,  Nditli  .Mcx.  trilic,  i.,  ."i7 1  ■ 

'.II;  Idcaliiin.  i.,  (ilO. 
'didllan,  ldcalit\,  /aealceas,   i.,  (i7l; 

iii.,  7I'.I. 
'dltiincd,  tiiwn.  Mexicd,  ii.,  ."iilO. 
iilt/in,    .Mallalt/ima  ;;dd,    iii,,    .Mil. 
iiliiinliia  Lakes,  i.,  ill  I. 
iilmnliia    iliser,    i.,    ll.'i,    |."il  1',    'jo;!. 


SI 


I  I 


COS 


INDEX. 


2l'3-4,  ■:.>r,.  21?,  i.ll-'J.  •2.^S,  '2.")l-n,    Comoi'.-imotos,   N'mtli  ^r.x.  tiil.r,  i  . 
'2S;»,  .•{!  i-ll.  ;{|l,  ;{I4,  :!lt).  :ilS,  .'{^O;  |      ")711»1;  Idcatimi.  i..  Ci;). 
iii.,  .")7'.*,  iil<'>. '>'-<i;  iv.,  7."it.  j  ('(niit'iiiiilns,    Nditli    .Mc\.   nilic,   j.. 

r<)liii)ilii:iiis,  olio  cit  tlif  seven  ;_'rini|is  \       '>7\'Xi\  locatinii.  i.,  (ii;{. 

iiitii  w  liicli  tlie  natives  of  the   I'a- ,  ('cMiLe|)escailiis,  Nidlli  .Mex.  tiilie,  i., 

cilii' States  are  divideil,  Iiicati'il   in  {      .")7I-'.M;  lix-atiun,  i.,  (!!'_'. 

Hrilisli     ('i)iunil)i;i,     Wasiiiujjjton,    ('Kniesacapenies,    Nurlli    Me\.    Iiilie, 


Ore,L,'i>n,  F<Ialn>  and  Muntaua,  l>e 
Iween  latitndes  41!  and  .")."i-,  snhdi- 
vicjed  intii  nine  families,  the  Ilai- 
<lalis,  Niioti^as.  Sound  Indians, 
("hinooks,  ShMshwajis,  K'ooteiiais, 
OkaiiaL'ans,  Salish  and  Sahaptins. 
Manners  ami  enstunis  of  eaih  of 
the  first  four  fannlies  ileseiihed 
se|iarateiy  and  of  the  last  live  to- 
p'tlier  as  the  inland  nation:*,  i., 
I  ."ii  >-:i  J I ;  location,  divisions,  and 
tiihal  honndaiies.  i..  I.")l)t;,  'Jlf.'- 
:»JI;  mvth..  iii.,  ."> I '.)••-'•-';  lan^'.,  iii., 

r)(i4-.".,  (;(U-;{4;  oii^rin,  v..  I'.t. 

Colnnins,    ii..   .").">.">,    .'u'l  \    iii,.   ,"104-."); 

aniii(.,iv.,  17, -'<>,  ll-'-l4,  T-'O,  Uii'  7, 

I7">,    ISD-l,   L'U!»,  •.'l-J-i'd,   -Ji-'it.    ...I), 

'24-2,  lUJ-.").  •-V>7.  ■-'74-."..  ;{;MI.  4(IS,  4 HI. 

41!t,   H:t.  4  IS.  47S-!>,  .")•_>!»,  ,j47-i»,  aSJ, 

r,'.)\.  ciiii.  7i:!;  v.,  .v.t-dO. 
'olnsii  Connty,  i..  4.">(l. 
'idiisas.  Cent'.  Ca-l.  tiihe,  i.,  3(;i-4()l: 

loralion,  i.,  'M>2.  4.")(l. 
"oKilles,  Inland  Coliinihian  triho,  i., 

•J.'iitltl;  location,  i.."2.V_'.   .•!I4;  spe- 

eial    nicnlion,  i.,  •_'()."),  '_'S0-1. 
•olviUe  Valley,  i..  :il4. 
'oinai'hos,  Cent.    Cal.   tri'   •,   i.,   .Stil- 

4(»l:  location,   i.,  ;{(l_',  44'.t;  speeial 

mention,  i.,  HSU. 
"omaLrre.  Isiliniiaii  I'ldvince,  i.,  IM, 
_  7<i'.t-7it,  7S-J. 
'omalnan,   (j)ni(he  ]ii'inee,   v.,  ehajt. 

xi. 
'omalii,   villas'!'.  Colinia,  i.,  (i.'lS, 
,'onialli,  earllien  liakin;_'-]iaMs,  i.,  (;;{(); 

ii.,  ;{•'>."). 
Conianclies  ( I'.nliaons,    Ilietans,   .le- 

tans,  N'auni,  Vetas,  ^■elalls),  tiihe 

of  .\|iaclies,   i.,    47.'f-.")-li  ;  loi'ati(Hi 


i.,  .">7l-!tl;  loiation,  i.,  (lilt. 
Cimieyas.  i.,  4.">7-.S;  see  1  »ie;,'iii  Mns 
Cnmi  jahnal,  llomlnras  rnleraiid  ;:o  1- 

<less,  v.,  eha|i.  xii. 
Com  it  an.  town,  ( 'hia|pas,  i.,(KS'J;  Ian;/., 

iii.,  7l>'.';  anti<|.,  i \ . ,  .'i.VJ. 
Comi/ahnal,    llonduias  ^^oddes.-.,  iii., 

4S.-). 
Commenioratioii,  Niilina  festival,  ii.. 

;{i',s,  .•{:m. 

Commerce,  II v|ierl)oreans.  i.,  'J'.i-.'ll, 
M't,  I(t7-S,  l-.'S-lt;  Colnmhians,  i., 
Ku,  liCJ.  -17,  •-';{.S-<»,  ii7;!-4:  CalifiT- 
nians,  i.,  4I{.">  ;  New  .Me\iean-.  i., 
.")(((!,    r)4r>,    ,"1114,    .-)S;{  ;   Mexii-.m^,    i, 

i;;u  :  ii.,  :wx  ;{7s-ii7.  nu,  ■t7:!.  ."..">> : 

iii..  4(i:{.  4l(i-l7  ;  v.,  4l."i,  4'Jl.   t.".ii- 

!t,  .">! )_'-.■{;  Cent.  .\ineri<ans,  i.,  ~tni, 

7-">-(>;  ii.,  <).").'{.  7'1">-S. 
Conimnnion,    Naluia   sacrament,  iii  , 

.'!2;t,  4()S,  410,444;  Niiani-uau-,  ii., 

71(t;  iii.,  4;)4. 
Conio;:re,  triiie  of  Isthmians,  i..  711- 

S.");  location,  i.,  7'.t">;  Ian;;..  iii..7'.'l. 
Comoporis,  North  Mex.  trilie,  i..  ."i7l - 

•,M;   Inc.,  i..  (iO.S'.l;  lau;;-..  iii..  7(t7. 
Coino.x,     Itritisli    Cidnmliia,     antii|.. 

iv.,  7:?!t-4(>. 
Complexion.  II vperltoreaiis,  i..  IJ  I  t, 

4.-.,  71--_'.  '.t7.  I'hi.  l-->7;  ColuiMhiaii-, 

i.,  l.'>7.  177-S, -J  10,  •-'•.',■..  lVm  il;  Cali- 

fornians,    1.,  :i2S,  ;{(i4-<i.  40-'.    \-2:'>: 

New    .Mexicans,   i.,  477-'.l.   .VJii-ltii, 

.V)S,  .')7;t  ;   Mexicans,  i..  (iii),  (iPi'-S; 

ii.,  (>'_'4-."i:  Cent,  .\mericans,  i.,  <;s,S, 

714-1.">,  7.')n-l;  ii.,  SOL*. 
Connix,  (Conionx,    Koinnx),  Irilie  of 

Noolkas,   i.,    I74'J(IS;  localioii.    i.. 

17."),  -'.•■")-7;  special  nieiilion,  i..  .(is; 

iii..  MH. 


i.,    47^,  ."i.H-'J;  special  mention,  i.,  ,  Conaihe.  (jMiidn''  ruler,  v.,  chap.  \i. 

477-S.     is:!  4.   4S(i,     |'.)|.(1,    lllll-,-)0(),  1  Cincalie  y   .Muca,    name  for  tlraiWc, 

.Ml!;i:t,  ,">  I  (.■-•.';!,   .VJ.Vli;    myth.,   iii.,        i. ,  .VJ.S.  ' 

170,    .VJS-'.I;  l.in;,'.,    iii.,    (i()0;{,   (i70,     <  ""iicepcion,  villa;,'!'.   Siiialoa,  i.,iliit. 

•  >7-.  I  Concepcidii  liay,  i.,  (10."). 

Coniiillan,  locality,  .lalisco,  i.,  (i7'2.       ('oiicepcion  Cnirimpo,   \illa,Li(',   Sono- 
Comaya;,'iia,  town,  Honduras,  i.,  700;  |      rsi,  i.,  (>07. 

aiilii|.,  iv.,  70-1.  j  Concepeion    de    Macoyahi)i,    \illa,L:c, 

Comhat.  i.,  lo.'i-d",   7'-'S  ;  ii.,  ;U0,  •JSd',        Sonora,  i.,  (i07. 

;'.;>.">,  .•I'.li;,   .||'.»,    l'-".l-;!0,  iii.,  4i;i-ir»,  ,  Coneha.LrnaCnlf.  i.,  7'.n;  v.,  ihap.    ^ii. 

t'JO.  Conchos,  North  .Mex.  Irilie,  i..  .">7I  '.M, 

loc,  i.,  .")7-,  (110;  spec,  nicniioii,  i., 
r)7.");  laii;,'.,  iii.,  (iSS,  71  1. 


Conihs,  i.,  •_'!(;,  (ill),  7")4;  ii.,  7")1. 


INDKX. 


(ICO 


C'i)ni'niiiil|)s,  Iiilaml  ( '(iluiiiliiaii  trilif,  ■      -17;  l"i".,  i.  71-,  70.T;  spec.  Tiniitiini 


1.,  •_'.")! i-'.tl;  liM-atiiiii  i.,  ;{|-_'. 
( 'iimuliim's,  M'c  Mairia;,'t'. 
•  ciMcliiy,  Mijt'  licro,  v.,  .VJ2-.'{. 
( 'tiiiciiiit',  ti)wii,  Siiimra,  i.,  (iOS. 
(init'iMlcratioii,  Naliiias,  ii.,  it'J,  lO,")-*!, 

i:i:{-4,  41H:     Mayas,    ii.,   i\Xi,  ()4">; 

v.,  cliaii.  xi.,   xiii. 
("(Hit'.--^iiiii,  II yiM'ilHiicaiis,  i.,  1"J4;  iii 


i.,  71S.  7--;  laii;.'.,  iii.  ,7^.'i 
("iMik's  Iiili't.    i.,    11(7,    i;i'.>.    I  r.t;   iii.. 

■)S8. 
('iiiiiiiacs,    (Kalitiyak,      l\  iiUliii\  ak  ). 

ti-ilic  lit  ('liiii(M)ks,  i.,  •J'.'_'-r>(l;  l.,ia- 

tioii,  i.,  :\t)\>. 
CiioiTs  raniiii,  I'lali.  aiitiij.,  iv.,  71">. 
< 'c>o|ifiatii>ii,  ii.,  ."i7-!l:  ii.,  71^. 


14.'t;  Mexicans,  i.,  (iii'J;  ii.,  (!(H,  lidS;  ^  ('iiii|is|)cllais.       Iiilatnl       (  (liiiiiiliiaii 
iii.,  'J-'O-.'),  ■J7t,  ;tS()-4,  v.,  SS;  Cent,  i      liil.c,  i..  •_'."i(l-!ll ;   loi^alimi,  i.,   .■fit. 
.■\iiu'rii'aii>,  ii.,   (Kilt,   t\l>>,  CfS.'!,  ''Xt;  \  ('(mim'  j'.ay,  i.,  '.MS,  -J.")!), 
iii  ,  47-.  4'.l|  .">.  I  Coosi's,  i.,  41'-',  M'c  Kiiwdox's. 


('iiiili>ratiini,  Mayii  |imiis1inient,  ii., 

(!->7,  fi7-. 
<  'iinuK  l!i\  I'r,  i.,  ~'M'}. 


Ctmt,    CiMit.    Cal.     triiii',    i,    .■{('il-KH 

Incatiiiii,  i.,  4">4. 
('ouliiiiais,  i.,  "J.V),  sfi'  Kdiilciiais. 


Cuiiii  aris,  Nortli  Mcx.  trilie,  i.,  ,">71- ■  t'npalis  (Cups),   Noitli  Cai.   niln',   i., 

<tl;  IdialiiPii,  i,  HI  1.  !      :VJi;-(ll;   Incatioii,  i..   If-'.   44... 

<  'onii,  prc>\  iiiic  in  Yiu'.,  v.,  chap.  .xiii.    ('"pal,  i.,  7"'.l.  7.'f-;  ii.,  -SI.  .'ill.  ;t!lO-l, 
('..njnrcrs,  sec  .Scn-ccicis.  j      :t'.i;!,  (i'.t4,  7(«).  7n:{.  7ns.  7|i.i,  7;i|;  iii., 

CoMops,  Cent.  Cal.   tiild',  i.,   301-401;!      :Mi».  ;!S1-l',  W2.  4|m.   C.'i;. 

Incalicin,  i.,  4.V_'.  iCupalis,    trilic  nt    Suuud    lnilian.-<,   i., 

<'.iii(|iicst,  see   \V;ir.  I      -JOW-'.'-.';  Ic.catiun.  i.,  ;;(i;{. 

( 'iHi-ccialiun.   N.ilinas,   ii.,    ^•21;  iii.,    < 'opalis  l!i\cr,  i.,  ;{u;{. 

•_",t7-s.  ;il  I,  ,•{(;•_•;  .Mayas,  ii.,  7"il,  7.S.").    Copalnx  il'alnx)  Kivcr,  i.,  .'{(C. 
('iinsipi|\iilla,  \'cia  Crnz,   anliip,   iv.,    ('cipalxucntl,  snap-lrcc,  ii.,   I'.M. 

4l7.  Ciipan.     Iliindnias,    anlii|.,    ii.,    IIS, 

Con^lalilcs,    istliniian    ( iovcrnnicnt,        7sl--;    iv.,  77-l<i,'i;  lii>i.,  \.,  .".(iCii, 

i.,   77ii;    Nalma   (iovcrnnicul,    ii.,        IS7,  cliap.  xi.,  xii. 

4.'i7-S.  1  ('iil)aiialiasl!a,    Tliiapas,    anliip,    i\  , 

('(in^nnipliidi,    llypcrliorcans,    i.,   ,S();        ,'i."i,'t. 

rnlnniliians,  i.,  •Jilt.  'Jl.').  •_'S7;  Cal-  ,  ('(tpanaluiaxtia,  Cliiapas,  anliip,  i\  , 

itiunians,    i.,  ;t.">4,   l.'t'.l;   New   Mcxi-  j      :{.")4. 

cans,    i.,    ,'»(iS;    Mexicans,    ii.,  T)'.),'!;  Ccipapitas,  Zajmlci' nnuiks,  ii.,  'JI'J. 

Central  .\nn'ricans,  i.,  'V2.  j  Cippiriidcli.   cliief,  ('liiapa>  ami  (ina- 

Contauions disease,  Mexicans,  i.,  ,^SS.  I      Icniala,  w.  cliap.  xi. 
Ciinleniciipn-,  Naiian  j,'iid,  iii.,  'A'Mi.       j  Cupil  il'idinill),  prince  of  .Malinalrn. 
Cintinence,  i.,  7<:-';  ii.,  14a,   7l'.t.  j      v.,  .'{•js,  ;t;{!>. 

Ccinllan,  localily  in  I'ntdila,  v.,4!M).     ;  Cupilli,  Nalma  crown,  ii.,  147,  .■i7"' tl. 
Ciinlores    (Contntnres),    North     .Mex.  ,  Copn,  species  of  tree,  ii.,(ls.'{. 

trilie,  i.,  .■)71-'.ll;  location,  i.,  (Il"2.       Copper.  Ilypcilioreans,  i..  .")'.»,  ''.),  IC 


Contra  Costa  County,  Calitornia,  aii- 

ticp,  iv.,  710. 
<'onvents,   Mavas,   ii.,  WJ,'};  Nahiiiis. 

v..  •-'.■•. S. 
Cookclianeys  (Choocchancies,  Choid;- 

chaneys),  Cent.  ('al.  trilie,    i.,   ;{(ll-j 

4n|;  location,  i.,  ."{lili,  4.')(i. 
CiinkinLT.     11  vperlioreans,    i.,    'h\    ."iS, 

ln:t,    |-.>:t;  'Colninhiaus,    i.,     KiL'-.'J 

IS7 

i 


107,  I-'-',  i:{');  Cidnnihians,  i.,  l!t(». 
•J.'i.'i;  iii.,  I.")l;  Calilornians,  i.,  .'ill; 
New  Mexicans,  i.,  ,")74;  .Mexicans. 
ii.,:i7-'.  .'IS-J,  IOC.  40',i-|o,  47;{  s,  ,V.7. 
."I'.l'.t;  i\.,  •J7.S,  .'ilCi,  .■f7;{,  .■17('>,  ."s."!.  Ill; 
Cent,  .\nii'ricans.  ii.,  71-11.  7l'.i. 
l'>\;  iv.,  (17;  .Mi>-issippi  \alle\, 
antiip.  iv.,  77S-'.I,  7s.'!;  I'crn  anliip. 
iv.,  7'.t'-'l. 


S7,  -I,'!,  -•'II,  "-Jii.-i-fi;  ( 'alifiirnian--,  Copper  IndiansfTantsaw  hot  I  >inneli ', 
.,  :t;t'.t-40,  .•<7;M'',  40(1,  4'JS-;iO:  New  tnlie  of  'rinneh,  i.,  Illl.'17;  loci- 
Mexicans,  i.,  4S'.t-!CJ,  .VIO,  ."idl,  ,"i77- '  titm,  i.,  114,  144;  siiecial  nieiition, 
S;  .Mexicans,  i..  (I'Jd,  (l.'i,'t-4,  (l."i(l;  ii.,  i.,  110,  IMd;  lalij.'.,  iii.,  ".S."). 
17">,'l"' 1-7;  \  .,400;  Cent,  .\ineiicaiis,  ( 'upper  .Mine  .\pai'hc>,  trilie  of 
!.,  (104-,'».  7'-'0-l,  7"iS-0;  ii.,  7'-*'-'-5,  i  .\paches.  i.,  47:t-">-'(l;  U»:,  i.,  .V.ii. 
Cookoose  (Cdokoooosci,  trihe  of  Chi-    Coppermine  Itiver,  i.,  4'J,   I,")-!!,  lO-T.O, 

nookH,  i.,'_''J'.'-,")0;  location,  i.,  ;{07.     i      .V.l,  (14,  1 14,  i;i.S,  14  I. 
Cookras,  trilie  of  .Mosijuiios,   i.,  71 1- ,  (""liiicr  liivcr,  !.,  (Mi,    llii,    \  12,   II'.'; 

j      iii.,  ,">S8-l). 


070 


INDKX. 


('.i[iiinni>li,  i..  317,  see  riio])unnisli. 
('.i.|iiillc  lliviT.  i..  3i»S,  44-_'-:{. 
(...iiiiltlis.  i.,  ■_'".»(),  sec  (.liiiickolls. 


i..  44;{, 


'riiiiiiiiiiis 


('>.i|iii/at'liil)alii,va   Cnzaiiiiatao,    Za- 

pittfi-  ;,'ii(l,  iii.,  44!(. 
CcMjiiuiitaiis.  name  of  Tliliiikeot  tlaii, 

i..  lii;»,  I4:{. 
('lira,  riiiia  basket  boat,  i.,  r>44. 
C.iial,  i..  .'>S.{,  (;■_»:{,  7.V2. 


Ciistalmutox,  ('liia|iaiioi' j;im1,  iii..-j,>>. 
Coslanits,  i.,  4.V<,   see  Olilmies. 


Costa  1 


ilea,  aiitii 


-M-.-.. 


»  i.ra 


-.    I. 


<al.   nil 


10,    1.,    .)' 


-.(i-71; 


l.iraliuii,  i..  (■><»:{;  laii''.,  iii.,  ()>S7-'.»,'{; 


itiiMi,  i.,r)7l;  NiiitliMex. 


spei'ial  men 

trilie,  !.,  ."»7I-'.»I;   Itiiation,   i.,  ()07 

Ian;.' 


III. 


(itM-S.  (;7.S.  7<»(i.  l\\)--2-2 


("enl.  MeNican  trilte,  i.,  (n7-44;   io- 


eatliiii. 


(171- 


ial  mention, 


i..  (i.;."),  li.'C,  fWO-l,  VA'A;  v.,    ")»>!». 
Corariis,  Cen'.  .Mex.  tiihe,  i.,  017-44; 


1. 


atii'ii,  I. ,  <i 


(Viiiliiva,  i.,  •_•'.»:{;  Vera  Cruz,  aiitiii., 
iv..  4.14- "•. 

(Vinlova.  Ilernaiidez  do,  arrival  on 
coast  of  Mex.,  v.,  47(!. 

Conls.  llyiierltoreans,  i.,  01;  Coluni- 
liians,  i'.,  Iii5  (i,  KS.Vl);  Ne.v  Mexi- 
cans,  i.,  "kS'J-.'I;  Mexicans,   ii.,  4S4, 


Costa  liicaiis,  trilie  ol'  Istlimiaii^.  i., 
747-'^'>  :  s|ieciiil  meiilinii,  i..  7.'>4-."i, 
7t>l,  77,"i,  7><(>,  7S4  ;  laii;:.,  iii..  ."i7'_'. 
7ii(l,  7'.':{;  hist.,  v.,  cliaii.  ^''■ 


Cost  rowers,   ( 'cut.    < ' 
4l)l;  location, 


tril>. 
.■{tl.!.  4.">t!. 


Cosiillieiiteiis,    North    Cal.    trilx 


imu: 


I ;  location. 


14: 


;  hi 


.i.i-<);  Ian 


•.l--_';  Cent.  A 


mericans,  i.,  /(i(). 


Coriliici  (Corilii/it,  (liiatemala  trihe, 
i..  71)1;  hin-.. 


( 
(;s(i.711;  locati 
I'M. 


Corn,  Coliimhiaiis.  i.,  '2'M;  New  Mex- 
icans, i.,  ■">i().  .y.v.\,  .'i.'w,  r>.">o-i,  r>77, 

."isl;   Mexicans,  i.,(i"J4-(i,  (ijl'-4;  ii., 

:!17,  riis.U'.t. 

Corn  ( "n 
Corn  islaiiil. 


Valh 


4(i8. 


I.,  , 


15,  7n 


Coroiiailos.  Cent.  Mex.  trihi 


ca: 


4-1; 


iiion.  I.,  (>/_'. 


Coronation,    .X/tec 


147 


.Ts'.i.  HIS,   4'J.'..   4'JS,  4;i7,  455,  501; 
(.>nicli,'s.  ii.,  <;41. 


Corozoniil- 


res. 


_  uleiicy,  Coiiimhians,  i.,  lot!,  17<i 
•_'Jl-.">,  -'>4;  New  Mexicans,  i.,  477 


i.'>.S.  .">7."{. 


.!»4. 


('or|nis  Christ  i  Hay,  i.,  .I' 
Corralitos,    Chihuahua,    antiii.,    iv., 

(1114. 
Cortes.  Ilernaii,  arrival  at  ^'era  Cru/, 

v..  4 7 '.IS'.'. 
Cortes,  .liiaii,  (^Miiche  kin^',  v.,  chap. 

xi. 
Cosispas.  Inhinil  Coliimliiaii  trilte,  i., 


•_V><»-'.>I  ;  location,  i.,  .'tl" 
lie  of  .Aiiad 


osninos.    trilH 


i.,  47.S 


Cosnmnes  Iviver, 

<)4S-<t. 
Cosnmnies    (Cosnmnes).    Cent.    Cal. 

trihe,  i.,  ;)(il-40l;  hxatioii,  i.,  4."xt: 

la  11.1,'..  iii.,  (i4'.l. 
Coswas,  Cent.  Cal.    trihe,  i.,  .■{t;i-4iil: 

location,  i.,  4,V>. 
Cotastla,  \'eia  Cruz,  aiitii|.,  iv. ,  44.">. 
Cotejeli,  Cent.  Cal.  trihe,  i.,  ;{t;i-4til; 

location,  i.,  4.").'{. 
Cotonois,  i.,  811;  see  Kooteliais. 
Cotsehimi,  iii.,  ()S7,   see  Cochiinis. 
Cotter's  Creek,  i.,  .'{17. 
Cotton,    New  .Mexicans,  i.,  ."itrj.  ,Vt4, 

.-):{l--_>.  .VW,  .-)44,  574.  ,-|SJ;  .Mexicans, 

i.,  ()•_'(>- 1,  (i:{(»,  (;4s.,">(>,  *;:,:,.  tM7-s, 
(i()7;  ii..  :{('i:{-'.t,  4M,  ■■>7-'-:{;  iii.. --Ml; 
Cent.  Americans,  i.,  (;s;).'i-.>.  C'.it, 
7ir>,  7'-'.'{-4,  7.">l-'_'.  7(1.''.  7t;i'';  ii..  71S- 
H>,  T2(\-[K  :V2,  7.V-'. 
Cottonwood,  Norlht  'al.  hoats.  i..  :!-|i!. 


Cottonw 1  \'al!ev, 


I.,  .">'.t7;   IV. 


Cotuha, 


t/nich 


Cotuha  11.,  t^lnichc  kii 
Cot/ales,  North  .Mex.  t 


kliiL;.  \ ..  cliaji.  \i. 


nlie,  I. 


ocation, 


nil. 


Cotzhali 
iii.,  47 


1.,  (I I'-', 
tiiiicl 


le    mvtliic    am 


ri'.ll; 

liial. 


I  otzumaljruapan,  viUaue,  ( luatemala 


1. 


r.ss. 


Couneils,    Mexicans,    ii..    |;{".».    IsS.'.i, 


i;  V. 


■lis,   |--'(t,  4:!S-<.I,  41-.',  411J- 

Cent,  .\niericaiis,  i.,  7"-;  ii-.  <ill- 


I; 


(i4(!,  ti.'i,'). 
Count  ill'',  see 


.\rith 


luetic. 


,  trihe  of  (  hiiioi 
ion,  i.,  :«»'.). 


.11': 


Nal 


imis, 


ii.,  17o,  4i:!-l  1,  n;: 


Coupes 
local 

Couriers, 

Court-eticiuette,  Naliuas.  ii.,  |s.">. 

Court-martial,  Naliuas,  ii..  4IS.  U'J. 

Courtship,  11  vperhoreaiis.  i.,  i:{4;l'o- 
liiinhians,  i'.,  I'I'J,  \W.  'J4l.  ■J77-S: 
Californians,  i.,  ;U'.t-.'i(l;  New  .Mex- 
icans, i.,  5ll-l-.»,  .")47-'.>,  ")(!.■>;  Mexi- 
cans, i.,   (i;V_'-:{  ;  ii.,  •2."il-.">;  Ceiitnil 


•J(i ;   location,   i.,  47">,  ">'.tS  ;  special        Americans,  i.,  7'-".*-'t-;  ii.,  (!<!( 


mention. 


47.S. 


Colls 


Cowish),     food.     Inland    C 


osos, 


<'enf.  Cal.   trihe,  i.,  3()1-401  ;        Iiimliiaii  Irihes,  i.  •2(;.->. 


lucuLiuii,  i. ,  45(j. 


i  Coutaiiics,  i.,  Itll,  .see  kooteliais. 


INDEX. 


C71 


foiivaili',  i.,  :?!11-'J,  .")S."i. 

CiiMiji,  Siiiitli  (';il.,  laiij;. ,  iii.,  CiSli 


( 'ovi^ 


■MS,    1.,   () 


Tl 


iiKancc: 


l'(i\vj,'lialiii^,'c'n,  luimo  for  I'l.alaskas, 
_  i.,  87. 
('((wialis  (Cowliiiillas),  Ccnfral   Cali- 
foriiiaii  trihi',  i. ,  .'{(il-till;  lncatiiui, 

i.,  :{(i:{,  i.v;. 

("i)\vi('liiiis  (('awitciians,  ("nwaitz. 
cliini,  • 'ii\v(';;aiis,  (  nwcwacliiii,  di- 
wilrliiiis,  Cipw  itcliciis,  (  (iwitiliici, 
<  "uw  itfilicr.  Kaw  ilclii'ii,  Kaw  ililiiii, 
Kawitsliiii,  Kciw  itcliaiil.  trilic  ot 
Nootkas,  i..  I74-'_M»S;  l.ir.,  i.,  17V(;. 
'21l.")-7,  ."{III*;  lan^'..  iii.,  (iOS. 

("owicliiii  (Ckw  itrlicii,  Kawitt'liiii) 
\all.'y,  i.,  17.">.  1.'!I7. 

("owilltTs,  i.,  4.')7,  Nt'c  Cahiiilla.s. 

Ciiwlitz  (Cowlitsick,  Kaoiilis),  trilie 
of  Sounil   liiilians,    i,.  "JIKS ■•_••_•;  Inc., 

i.,  '_'(»;•,  •2<»'.),  :{(»:{-4,  ;{|<i;  s| 

tioii,  i.,  LMO,  •_'•-'(». 
("owlit/.  Itivcr,  i.,   L'O'.t,  •_'•_':!,   .•{ti;{,  :{(>."i 
Cows,  N'a\ajo  property,  i.,  4.S'.I. 
( 'oxaiiat/ili       .Aleiiratl,       Cliicliimt'i 


ICC.    IllCll- 


I' 


;{1-J. 


("oxcallaii,  locality.  ( liii'iTcro,  i.,  (»77. 
Coxcotziii,  'I'oltci'  kin;;,  v..  '_'.">7. 
Coxcox,  Naliiia  Noaii-invlli,  iii.,  (iii, 

1)8. 
Coxcoxtli  (Coxcot/iii,   Coxco.x),  Ciil- 

liiia   kin;:,    v..    i:?,    .'Wtl-l,    .'i:!'.l- 4 4, 

4!l--'-."i. 
Toxoli,  ( Jiiatciiiala  Ian;;.,  iii.,  7(10. 
( 'oyaliacoii,  (^hiiclu'  prince,  v., diap.  xi. 
Coya   .Mama    Oella,    wife    of    Manco 

Capac. ,  v.,  4(!. 
("oy;r;ii;ica,  Meilicinal  lierU,    ii.,  ''Xt. 
Coyoiuiaian,  see  ( 'oynlinacan. 
Coyol,  v..  •.'!l!t.  see  Nanlizotl. 
Covolx.uilnini,  (lan;,'litci'  of  ( 'oalliciie, 

iii.,  •-".»(;. 
Coyote  ilivcr,   i.,  4."r_'. 
Coyolenis,   tiilic  of  .\paclies,   i.,  47'i- 

.VJfi;  location  ainl  name,  i.,  474,  o'.Mi; 

iii.,  .-)'.)t;  sjiecial  mention,  i.,   t'.l.">. 
Covot<'s,    North    Mex.    trilie,    i.,."i7l- 

tll ;  speci.il  nii'iilioii,  i.,  Ill  I. 
Coyotes,    .Sontli    Cal.     fooil,     i.,   4(>."i; 

I'nvtlis,   iii.,  7.")-(i,  ,S.V,s,  "Kt,    Il."(-I7, 

l:<7-!»,   Kil,  .")l,-)-S;  v.,  I;i-I4. 
Coyotl,  v.,  '.Mill,  see  Nanliyotl. 
Covniinacan     (Covoliiiaianl,      to\Mi, 

.\le\ico,   ii..  .-.(1-i;  v.,  -Jll."),  •Ml,  4(fJ. 
Co-ynknk  Itivcr,  !..  I4H. 
CoviKHiilla,    town,   ( inerrero,  i.,  (177. 
Coyyo,  Cent.    Cal.   (rilie,  i.,  ;j(il-4(tl; 

location,  i.,  4ri4, 
Cozaana,  Zapotec  god,  iii,4r)7. 


roz.aliy    Pall    Ttes,     trilie    of    Slios 

lioiies,  i.,  4-L'-4'_';  location,  i.,  -KJd. 

Co/anialoapaii,  prox  ince,  <»ajaca,  v. 


Co] 


iraap; 


41-.'.  41'; 

( 'ozc  'apaii.  iii. 

( 'ozcapetlatl,  Naliiia  collar,  ii.,  4(14. 
Cozcai|iiaiili,  Cliicliiiiiec  chief,  \. .L'll.'t. 
Cozcanuaiih.Teo-Chichinicc  chief,  \., 

4!  Ml. 
Cozca<|iiaiihc()    (Cozcaciiaiilico).    wta- 


tion.  .Vztec  nii''rati 


;{24. 


Cozca<|uanliteiianco.       ]ir(iviiice      in 

South  .Mexiio,  v.,  441. 
C(i/cai|naiilitli,    Naliiia  day,  ii.,  olL'. 

r)l()-17;   .\coiliiia  chief,  v..  '.io'.i;  lord 
of   llnanhtlan,  v..  4(;'.'. 
Cozchiiatl,  Naliua  ;,'re;ives.  ii..  -1(14. 
('ozeotlaii,  locality,  San  Salvador,   i., 

7!M». 
Cozolmecatl,  medicinal  plant.  i.,(;4(l. 
Cozuinel    Island,   ii.,  7'.l--.'i;  iii.,  7(il: 

iv.,  •J.V.l-(i(l,  L'lJd. 
Crati-apiile.  Nootk;i  hows  of,  i.,  188. 
CraKs.  Nahna  food,  ii.,  .'{."ili. 
Cradles,    Columliians,    i..   '.'IS.  •J-J7-8; 


Calitornians 


:WI;  N( 


.Ml 


cans,  i.,  ;Vl|.  ."i(!.'{.  o(i(i;  .Mexicans, 
i.,  (i.'W;  ii..  ■27o-(l.  "-'SI;  iii..  ."i.VJ. 

Crean,  Mos(|iiito  Imat,  i..  7-o. 

Creation-iiivlhs.  1!\  pe-'iorcans,  iii., 
IISKMI;  C'olmiil.ians,  i  .  ',t4-,S;  Cal- 
ifornians,  iii.,  S:{-!14,  l(i-_'-."i.  "ai-'J, 
■>l'.t;  New  .Mexicans,  iii.,  7")-8;{; 
Mexicans,  iii.,  r).")-74;  Central 
Americans,  iii.,  44-."i4,  7  Co;  v., 
17 1-',    I '.KM. 

Cremation,  II vperlioreans,  i.,  ll.'J, 
I'_'.")-(i.  i:{'_»,  r:f4-.");  Colnmhians.  i.. 
l7-'-.'{.  •-'((."i-tl;  Califoriiians.  i.,  .•(."id- 
8.  :{".t(;-7,  4'JO-I,  4:f!l;  iii.,  87:  New 
Mexicans,  i.,  ,")•_'■_'-.'{,  .Vm.  ."itlK,  ,"..S!»; 
.Mexic.ins,  ii.,  (;(!7  II,  (Ii.'>--M;  iii., 
•-'4(1;  Centra!  Ameriiaiis,  i.,  780, 
7s;{-4;   ii..  7'.I8.  ,S(M>  1. 

Crescent  Cit\.  .North  California,  i., 
44.->. 

Cricki'ts,  Lower  Californian  food,  i., 
.■|(ll. 

('riers,  Californi.ms.  i.,  1 10;  New 
.Mexican.s.  i..  oO'.l.  .VJd,  ."itd;  Mexi- 
cans, i..  (i.'i'.l-iKI;  ii..  4;!(;  7:  Cential 
.\niericans,  ii.,  (!4(!;  iii.,  '-'II,  :.'4."i, 
•-'.Vi. 

Crimes,  see  (lovernnieiit  and  names 
of  crimes. 

Crocodiles,  Nalinas.  Inintin;.',  ii.,.'{."il. 

Cross,  ii.,  tll'.l.  7'.l.'<;  iii..  i;i.\  •-'(i8,  •_'74, 

•JS4,  :<:(•_».  .S48,  X)ii,  .•{(ill,  :ts.-i,  4.">r), 

4(;S-70,  "lOd,  ."iO!l;  iv.,  ,"-H,  '2r,i, 
•J()0,  .•ni-lL',  .TW-S,  :{74,  4078,  4lL', 


:ii 


G72 


INDEX. 


437-S,   -liil.   4S1.   408,    '>0.%   .V14-5,  Cucrnavaca  (QuiTiianapa,  Qualm 


57-_',  .->74,  );74;   v.,  •-'.-),  4H,  -illO. 
('ri)>.s  Siiiiiiil,  i.,  !•»;,  I  l-i. 
CricswiTs,  iiiln'  of  tliiidaliM,  i.,  155- 

74;  locatiori,  i.,  •_'<•_'. 
Crown.  .Mcxi.aiis,  ii.,  147-8,307,  .T22, 

IVM.  .T.'Xi,  404  .■>.  441;  iii..  .'Ul.  ."m, 

3.")-'.  .•{.jf),  :!.v.t, :{(;'.».  ;{.s."»,  ;i!K)--_',  ;{'.»(!, 

407-S.    4lll-_';    Cent.     Anieiicaii«, 

i.,  70-J;  ii.,  <;:{."). 
Crowii-laiicls,  Naliuas,  ii.,  ■J'J4-5. 
Crows,  i.,  40.");  ii.,  71'!;  iii.,  07. 
Crii/.;iilos,   tiilio  of  .\|)achi's,  i.,  473- 

.")i!(i;    location  and    iiiinu',    i.,    475, 

,">00:  s]i('('iiil  nicntioii.  i.,  47H. 
Cii  (V>u),  Nahnatt-niiile,  iii.,  102,240, 

202. 
CiiaalitcTnalti'fa,    (Miatoniala    tribe, 

i. ,  ()Sii-7ll;  location,  i.,  7S7. 
Ciiacliicliiii'.s,    i.,    (;|4     ssec    Ciuaclii- 

rliilcs. 
Cuacliil;:o,  station,  Aztec  iiiij^ration, 

v..  :{2;{. 
i'liaipie  KiviT,  i.,  r)07. 
Cuaiilit(,'|ii'i',  \. ,  ;i24, sec  (\)Iiuactepee. 
Cuautia,  town,  Mexico,  i.,  072. 
CiicaiPiis,  iii.,  (!S,"i,  see  Ciiliuanas. 
Cncliaus,  i.,  ."i07,  see  Vunias. 
Ciidiaiiticas,    tiil>e   of    .\iiaelies,    i., 

47:f")20;  location,  i.,  .V.»2. 
Cncliians,  Centr.il  California  tribe,  i., 

;{(il-4()i;  location,  i.,  iXX 
Cncliinocliis,    .N'ortli    .Mexican  tribe, 

i..  .'>7l-OI;  location,  i.,  (112. 
Cncluiniai|uii|,  t^>niclle  j^od,  v.,   175.  ;  Cnextecatlicliocayan,   station,  Aztec 


tia- 

linae,       (^uanlinabnaci,      localiu. 

Mexico,     i.,    (i;{7,     070:     ii..    IdO; 

antiii.,  iv.,  481-2;  v.,2(m,  ;uo,  .'iOI- 

2,  40t>. 
Cuernos  cpieniados.   North    Mexican 

tribe,  i..  571-01;  location,  i..  Ol.'i. 
l'ues(.Maeoyaliuis),  North  .Mcx.  trilic. 

i.,  571-01;  location,  i.,  (107;  Ian;:., 

iii.,  707. 
("uesninas.  iii.,  085,  see  Vaniaiab>. 
Cnetlachtlan,    ancient     jirovincc    iu 

Piiebla  and  \'era  Cruz,  v.,  417-10, 

4(iO-70.  400. 
Cuetlaxcoapan      (Cuetlaxcohua|ian), 

town,  Vera  Cruz,  i.,  070-1;  v.  .405. 
Cuetlaxoeliitl,    Cliichiniec    laincess, 

v.,  311. 
Cuetzal  (Quetzal),  Culhiia  Kin;:,  v., 

HIlO-l. 
Cuetzpalin,  Naliua  dav,  ii.,  511-12, 

51(;-17. 
Cueva   (Cueba),    Isthmian    ]irovince 

and  tr-'ie,  i.,   747-85;  location,  i., 

740,   705;  special   mention,  i.,  75.'{- 

4,  70O-1,  704,  700-70,  770-80,  7M; 

lai};,'.,  iii.,  704. 
Cuexcomaixtlaliiiacan,  locality,  .Mex- 
ico, v.,  472. 
Cuex](atehieueiHil,  Naliua  scalp-lock, 

ii.,  401. 
Cuexteeas,  i.,  074;  v.,  208;  see  Iluas- 

tecs. 
Cuexteeatl,  Naliua  chief,  v.,  208. 


Cuchuiinitanes,     ancient     name     of 

mountains  in  (juatemalu,  v.,  eluip. 

xii. 
Cucomo;;iia     (Cucamou;j;a),     villa^^e, 

South  California,  i.,  4(i0. 
Cucuican,  ii.,  110;  iii.,  281;  see  Cu- 

kulcan. 
Cucnletes,  tribe  of  -Viiaches,  i.,  473- 

520;  location,  i.,  508. 
CucuUo,  ii  .Mexican  beetle,  i.,C49. 
Ciicuniatz,  see  (uicnniatz. 
Cucunumic.  I'ericni  ;:()il,  iii.,  84. 
Cucuipe,  viilaLre,  .Sonora,  i.,  000-7. 
( 'ueba.  see  ( 'aeva. 

<'aecallzin,  iii..  .■)85,  see  Xiuhtecutli. 
Ciu'chiiitli,  Nahiui  military  mantle, 

ii.,  402. 
t'uecopan,  ii.,  5t')3,  sec  Thuiuechiuli- 

can. 
<'ueitl,  Nahua  petticoat,  ii.,  3(18-9. 
Cuela[),  I'ern,  ant  in.,  iv.,  707-8. 
Cuelca jen-ne,    .\pachc   tribal   name, 

i..  474:  iii..  .504. 
Cuem'ame,    loealitv,    Zaeateeas,    i., 

G14. 


mi;:ration.  v.,  324. 
("next Ian,  province,  \'era  ( 'riiz.  v. .  420. 
Ciilia.  Quiche  roytil  palace,  ii..  (itH. 
Cuhtzuteeas,    tribe    of    .Apaches,    i., 

473-.*)2(i;  location,  i.,  .")02. 
Cuhuac,  Toltec  city,  v.,  205. 
Cuhminas  (Cuhanas.  Cnca]p.ls),  tribe 

of   I'ueblos,  i.,  520-50;  laiin.,  iii., 

085. 
Cnicacak'o,  Nahua  sehool-house,  ii., 

243. 
Cuicatees,  South  Moxiciin  tribe,  i., 

(i44-70;    location,    i.,    ()81;    speci.il 

mention,  i.,  (i52;  Ian;:.,  iii..  75-'-.'i. 
Cuii'illos  (Cuiztillos),  buri.il  niouiii!>, 

iv.,  551,  50.3. 
Cuicovaii,    Nahua   dance-house,    ii., 

200.' 
Cuicuetzcatl,  Tlascaltec  ruler,  v., 407. 
Cuilajia,  locality,  Oajaca;  Ian;:.,  b''. 

740;  antiij.,  iv.,  ,38,S. 
Cuilco,  village,  (iuatemala.  i..  787. 
Cuilton,  Toltei'  noble,  \.,  2.')4. 
I'uismer,  iii.,  ()85,  sec  Vaniajabs. 


INDEX. 


G73 


Ciiitlaliuao,  citv  in  Mexico,  liist.,  v., 

•2oA,  :{07-n»,  :u(i,  :u;<x  4o.">,  4.">4. 

Cuitlaliiiat/in,  ii  .Mexican  prince,  v., 

4(>-_',  4ti4. 
Cuitlatecs  (('uitlate(|ues,  Ciiitlateclii, 

Cnillaiiiiais,     (jhiitialiiiacasi,    Na- 

liiia  iiati.iii,  i.,  ()l7-44;  ii..  I. •{.■{-(;•_". I; 

liicatioii  ami  name,  i.,  (i~S;  ii.,  U)ll. 

IJT. 
rnixlalinac,  Mi/tec  dialect,  iii..  "49. 
(.'iikiiican  (Cocolcan,  Tncnlcan,  Kn- 

kulcan),    Mava  ;,'i)il,  ii.,  ().{;{,   (>47. 

(J!t'.l-7tK»,  70.".;'  iii.,  \:\.\  •J(i(l.  L'Sl--.'. 

4f);{,  4(i.');  v.,  •_>;{,  'iLMi,  cha]!.  xiii. 
Cnlhuacan     (('i.iiinacan,    Culiacan). 

ii|. 


citv.    Mexico,   ii.,  <)<»,    llV);    ant 


iv.,'2'.t."i-(;,  .")(ii-i';  hist.,  v..  it;:i,  iss. 

2L>1,  •J4_',  •-'.">.'..  •_'(;i-S7.  •2!t.")-.SJ0,  .{u'.'i, 

3;{i>-i,  :«4.  :m,  404.  4'.i.'-4. 

Culiina  'recniitti,   Mexican  imperial 


till 


e.  V. 


•AW. 


Cuiw,  folunilMaiis,  i.,  l(i.*.  100;  Mex- 


!1 
icans, 


ii..    174-.").  4S(>,  4s:{-4;  (  ent. 


uiu'ncans. 


ti!l7.  701. 


('\n|iiiarat/.i    (Cnciniaruclii),     villa;,'e, 

Sonora.  i.,  tiOli. 
Cnrari  (I'rari),    Istinnian  jioison,    i., 


rii:{. 


Curils,  fiiod,  .\|iacli< 


4S'.). 


(    IMi 


.Me.li 


Ciiricaucri    i(  Hiinacanery),    Tarasct 


''oil,  ami   Ii 


iL^h  ]iriest,  II. 


M. 


>;    III. 


44.".;  v.,  .".II,  .-.14. 
Cnricaten,     kiii^'    of  Miclioai'an,    v. 

Ciiriiiciiaro 


Ach 


ilil\ 


M 


ichiiacaii.  v. 


.".IS. 


Culliiias  (riiliiuas),  Naliua  nation,  i., 
()17-44;    ii.,   i:W-(;-J!»;    location    ami 


name. 


f>7">;  ii.,  101,  1-. 


•special 


mention,    in.,    ;i07-8;    l.iii;,'.,     iii. 


hist.. 


.see  (  nlluiacan. 


Culiacan,  v.,  '2'2\,  see  ("iilhnacan. 
("ulisnisnas,  iii.,  tiS.".,   see  N'amajal.s. 
Cnlisnnrs,  iii.,  t.S.'),  .see  Vaiiiajaiis. 
Culiil,  Cent.   Cal.   trihe,  i.,  :i(l  1-401; 

location,  i.,  4.".."). 
Cumaclien,    locality   in   Micln.ucan, 

v.,  r.i;j. 
Cuinatz,  (iuatcnuila  trihe,  hist.,  v., 

chap.  xi. 
Cuinliatwas,      Central      Ciilifornian 


Cnrinj;h<'ia,  town.  Soiiora.  i..  (IdS. 
Ciiri|iajaii,  person  in   .Michoacaii,  v., 

r.nt. 

Ciirreni'V,  Hvperl.oreans.  i.,  Ins.  1.').'?; 
Colnnil.iaiis,  i..  I'.l-J.  •-'17,  ■-'.■!!•;  Cal- 
ifoniians, 
New  -Mi'xicans, 


:u7,  :{«.".,  4(»>.>.  4: 


M.-K 


cx- 


icaiif^ 


1.,  »;:{7 


:{si- 


M 

tent. 


Uiiericans,    i.,  /(Hi;  ii 


■Mi-r.   .M 


IS- 


sissippi  \'alley,  anticp,  i\.,  77S-'.i. 
Cnrients,    eil'ects  on  N.    W.  coast,  i. 


.SS,  l.-.:i:  v..  .".•J-:t. 


( 'iirtain^ 


Nal 


mas,  II. 


■,S-2;  Ma 


vas,  II. 


trihi 


.Sr.1-401:  location,  i.,  4.".7; 


lan^'.,  iii.,  (!;{H. 
Cuiiihn  ( KniiiUii),  Mava  month,   ii., 

7.".7-S. 
Cnmorah,    locality,    New   York,    v., 

lOl--.'. 
Ciimpas,  villaire,  Sonora,  i.,  (!()(!. 
Cumi|iiekis,  tril.e  of  .Nootkas,  i.,  174- 


20,S;  lo.ati 


■_>'.».). 


Ciinishcwas    ^Ciiinshawas,    C\imshe- 


ars,  Konnichaonast,  tril.e  u 


t   Ui 


ilitlis,  i.,  l.".,")-74;  location,  i.,  '-".rj. 
Cnin  I'ml.ahs  (Cumiinii.alis),  tril.e  of 


losiione? 


i.,  4±.'-4-_';  h.cati 


SI 

4(il». 
Cumnrii.a,  villa;,'e,  Sonora,  i..  (iOl. 
Cunacnnas    (Cliiiciniai|nese, 


Ch 


lias 


tril.e  of    Isthmian 


747- 


S.->;  location,  i.,  707;  .special  men- 

tion,  i.,  785. 
Ciinai,  I'iina  dialect,  iii.,  ('.8.".. 
Cuiias,  trihe  of  Isthniiiiiis.  i.,747-S.". 

location,  i.,  70(!-7;  special  mention. 


Ciiriirn,  llc.ii'liiras,  antic|..  i\  .  71. 

Cnscatlan,  name  of  Salvador,  ii.,  I'J.'J. 

Ciishnas,  Central  Californi;in  tril.e, 
i.,  :{('.l-t01;  location,  i.,  4.".1;  lan.u., 
iii..  (;.'.(). 

Cnshooks,  tril.e  of  Chinooks,  i,,'2i2'_'- 
.")0;  location,  i.,   :{(I0. 

Ciisiyaes,  Lower  Californian  sorcer- 
ers, i.,  .")(;7. 

Cnstepeipies,  Cliiajias,  antiip.  iv... '!."..'). 

Custom-houses,  Naliiias,  ii.,  .".(.4. 


Cntaneous-i 
i.,    f.S; 


liseas 


II 


viieri.oreans 


exicans,    i. 


M 


cans,  1. 


.Mexicans,     i., 
(i.TS;    Cent.   .\i 


".(In; 


Cntaias,  tril.e  t.f    Isthmian 


S.".;  location,  1. 


I'.t. 


Cntecos,  North  Mix.  trihe,  i.,  ".71-01 ; 


location,  i.,  lino. 


Ciil;_'aniv 


tril.e  of    I'nehli 


IS,   I.,    o_0- 


( 'n\  an 


aii'j.,  Ill-,  •)*<•). 


la.  I. 


4.".0.  see  Kn\;im. 


1.,  <8<.;  laiiL 


III. 


04. 


Cuyamaca,  villauc,  South  California, 

i.,  4.".S. 
Ciiyaniani|ne,  I'liel.lo  villa;.'e,  i..  .".■_'7. 
Ciiyamn,  South  Cal.  tril.e,  i.,  40i'--_'-'; 

location,  i.,  4.".0. 
Cnvnpnri,  hi^'h-priest  of  Miclioacan, 

v.,.".IS. 
Cuyntlan,  Colinia,  anthp,  iv.,  57-. 


Vol.  V.    43 


C74 


INDEX. 


Cwzi'ntlati,    iiaiiio    of    Salvailur,    v.,    Dclits,    Maya   laws   Cdiicfniiii;.'.    ii,, 

rliiip.  .\ii.  ().")!.  (l.'iK. 

('iiz<'(i.  I'ciii,  aiitii|.,    iv.,   S(M;  v.   47.     Orinralioiis.    Nalnias,    ii.,  ■2'i'2,   •_VS4, 
Cycle,  N.iliiia  calfiniar,  ii.,  ."VJT.  •'•<•■">;        '.i'.i'2,  'Asil.  .M.">-(i,  .')71-'_'.  .">SL':f. 

v.,  4(i.'f;  -Maya  ralfmiar,  ii.,   7<il-.").  ,  Ucfuys,   liiiiitin;:  aii<l   li>liiii;.',  i.,  .").'), 
("yiiiL's.s,  i.,  "JU;  ii.,.M7;  iv.,  i>()-_',  5:27.        iH),  l.s."),  I'lJ.S.  SM;.  .•{7.")-ii.  .">7'7. 

Di't'p  r>av,  IJriti.-li  Coluinliia.  aiitici,, 

iv.,  74 i. 

D  DftT.  Hyin-rhtiicans,  i.,  r>(),  .".">-7,  77s, 

117,  l:{.">;  < 'c>liiiiil)iaiis,  i..  Iii-J,  is7-'.i, 

D.'lciilia,  Tstliiiiiaii  ^rixMess,  iii.,498.        '-'tH.  •Jll.  '-'):{.  •j:{(»l,  -J.-fl.  'J.^s.  lNii. 

1).i;.'^l:(1s,  i.,  l(»4-."»,  It)4,  KsS.  |      •2<;:{-4;    <  alit'oriiiaiis,  i.,  :t:!(i,  .i:;!;.;. 

J)aliii(ilialics,,    CiMit.     ("al.     trila-,   i.,  ;      .'M4,  :{47.  .■{(■.7S.  ;{7;f.  40;i,  4(1."..  4L'4-(;. 

.■{<'>l-4ii|;   IdiMtiiiti,  i.,  4.">l.  \      4-J.S;   New  .Mo.icaiis,  i.,  4si-4.    I'.IO, 

1)alici-ti'iia,    (Aclii'tu-tt'iia),     tril.c   of  i      5;{.'S,  .V)!,  ri74,  .")77  ;  iii.,  NO;  Mc\i- 

'riiiiii'li,  i.,  Il4-i;{7;  lor.,  i..  i4!».  raris,  i,.  (il.'(»-l,  (>:.'.'),  fr27,  (i4s,   (;.".(i; 

Dalle,  I  Dallas),  i.,  l,-.l,  ii'_>L>,  i;'_'7,-':iO,        iii.,   l-".».    i:{l  •-' ;  ( Viit.   Aiinri.ai;-. 


•-'."iS,  -JSK,  ;!U4. 
Dams.  SCO  Weirs  and  laiiliaiikiiients. 
i)aii    ('raiiiiil)i,  ( iiiateiiiala    trilie,    i., 

()S(1-7I1;  loiatioii,   i.,  7S1(;  lii.-il.,  v., 

eliaji,  .\i, 
Dailies,  IIy[ierl)on','iiis,  i.,  ()(>-7,  S4-."i, 


i.,  C.iU-.'.,  7--'l;    ii.,  70S,  72U-1;   iii., 
7(t-l. 

Deer  ( 'reek,  i.,  4.")(i. 

Defoniiiiv.  MeNicaiis.  i.,  ."SS,  (;.'{S;  ii., 
.V.l-J,  tli-i;  Miiya-.  ii.,  CM-J. 

De;:otlii  K 11  tell  ill  ( I.oiiiliellX  ).  tlili(>  nf 
!tj;f,  ll-_',  11!I--J0;  iii.,  14.".,  .">i>7;  i  timieli,  i.,  1 14-:{7;  loealioii,  i.,  14i;: 
i'nlmiil.iaiis,  i.,  170,  l;t7--tM>.  -l'-',  j  special  l  lentioii,  i.,  Iiiil,  l:{l,  ):!7  ; 
'J4:!,  '-'Sl-l.';  Califoriiiaiis.  i.,  .S.".1-'J,  j  luylli.,  iii.,  141-'_»;  laii.i:.,  iii..  ."i.M'.. 
:i'.)2-:i,  .•{'.17,  411,  41(;-I7;  .New  .Me\i-  De;,''iitliee  Dinees,  name  tor  Kiil.liius, 
eaus,  i.,  ,">1,".-1(),  .").")()-•_',  .".(.(I,  ,")!S()-7;  I  i. .  ll'>. 
Mexicans,    i.,    (i,T).    ti(;4;    ii.,    lU."},  j  Del   Norte  Coiiiitv,  i.,  4-i:i,  44.". ;  iii., 

•jCio-i  -.'ss-Di,  .sii-iL',  .Tj.-j-s,  :v_'!t-;ii,  I     itii. 

.'{.T{-4.  ;;:57-S,  ;t4(»,   :VXi.  r>St\,  (!17-l!l,  '  Del  Norte  Valley,  i.,  .VMI. 


:ri4,  .■{.".■.»-(l(>;  iii.,  .SMi.  ;illl2,  4011-111. 
4-_*(;-7.  4-Jil:  v.,  4.S(;;  Cent.  .Amcri- 
eaiis,  i.,  (;il7,  70.')-fi,  70!),  7;{:>.  7.'>.'.-S; 
ii.,  CM),  (iS!»,  (11)7-8,  700-1,  7o:i,  707, 
710-14. 

Da|'aralio].os,  North  JIcx.  trilie,  i., 
.")71-!»l;  location,  i..  (ill. 

J)arieii,  Natioiisaiid  tril.es  descrilicil, 
i.,  747-8.".;  location,  i.,  7'.*4-7;  spe- 
cial nieiitioii,  i.,  7")1,  7."..'f,  7<1".,  7'i'.i, 
771,  7S4-.".,  70(  ;  lanj,'.,  iii.,  7'.i;!"). 

Darts,  llvperlioreans,  i.,  110;  New 
.Me.xiciin-    i.,  .")(!■_',   r.S"-' ;  Me.\iii>iis, 


Delii;,'e,  myths,  \ .,  l.'W  ;  llypcrlion- 
aiis,  iii..'  KHI,  Kt;!;  v.,  14';  (  aliloi- 
liialis,  iii.,  bt),  iS>S,  .".47-8;  v.,  II; 
New  Mexicans,  iii.,  7().  7>S-!t;  \..  I  1; 
Mexicans,  iii.,  (.4,  70,  7-;  v..  I'.'-ll!, 
'20,  r.tl!  »,  -.'Oil;  Cent.  .\liiericaii>, 
iii.,4ti-7,  74;  v.,  i:!-14;  rcnniaii-, 
v.,  14-l(i. 

Deo/aciialicu,  station,  (^iiiclic  ini- 
tiation, v.,  cliap.   xi. 

Derricks,  Azteis,  ii..  ."..".(i. 

]  )es  (  liiites,  Inlanil  ( 'olii'iiliiaii  trilie, 
i.,  •_V>0-!U;  location,  i..  :f_'0. 


ii.,   ;{,'!.'.,    (OS-lO;   iii.,   404;    Centr.ii;  Des  Cliiites  Itiver,    i.,   ^Cd,    ."l-JO;  ii! 


Aiiiericiiis,  i.,  721.',  7(iO-2;  ii.,  720, 

7ii-t 

Dale,  istliinian  drink  fidin,  i.,  77r». 
David,    town,    Istlimiis,  aiitiij.,    iv., 

1(;-I7. 
Deaf  and  Diiinl.,  at  Coinala,  i.,  G38; 

laii;;.,  iii.,  4. 
Dean  (anal,  i.,  21)4. 
Death.  Hyperl.vireans,  i.,  7*1,  f*;?;  Co- 

liiinliians,    i.,    172-S,    247-8;    Cali- 


(ilJS. 
De>ertion,   jiiiiiisliineiit   for,    ii.,  4|s, 

74ii. 
DcMTts,  i.,  1.-.;!,  .•124,  472. 
Desnlalioii  Suniid,  i..  l>..!-4.  'JIN. 

De>poii>iii,  ii..  (ii,  Ks."),  1:11-2,  (;;;(. 

De-tnictioii  Island,  i.,  'MH. 
De\elopinent,  causes  and   principi.'- 

of,  ii.,  l.s-so. 
Diamond  Kiver,  i..  4()(!,  .".I>7. 


foriiians,    i.,    ■•?.")4-(>(l,    420-1  ;    New  i  Diamond  Spring',   California,  iiiitii|., 

Mexicans,  i.,  .".Olt  10.  .V24,  .".CO;  Mex-        iv..  70."). 

leans,  iii.,  12!»,  401-2;  Cent,  .\mer-    Diarrhea,  i..  '287.   742;  ii.,   r.ll2.  (ilH). 

icans,  i.,  744-.".,  782-U;  ii.,  0.")7-0;  iii.,  j  Dice,  tranil.lin;:,  ii..  .•{00. 

r);{-4.  Didiies  (Didiiis),   Lower  Cal.    triho, 


1.,  .Vi(;-7I;  ],„■; 
iii.,  (;,s7-l».'{. 
Die-nefios       ((' 

I 'ie;,'ei"los,     I  Iii 

SoiiiJi  Cal.    ti 
tioii,   i.,  402, 
tioii,    i..   40IM 
Ian;,'.,  iii.,  (;s4- 
Di,'u'ers,  trilie  of 
4'2;  location,  i. 
Ian;;.,  iii..  oi;). 
Di'.;otliis,  name  i 
I'iiineh,  i..   I  1.",,  : 
l>ili.;iiiha.  \illa-v 
l>irians(|)iriasC( 
(i8ii-7ll;     local  i 
myth.,  iii.,  4!i;i; 
Diiionio    (Dirioiii 

ia;,Mia,  i.,  7!»2. 
Discipline,   pricst- 
4.{.{.  4 .{.".-(!,  47."i. 
J)iscoidal    stones, 

iv.,  701 -'2. 
Di.seasc,  >co   Medi 

disoa>e. 
lUshcs,   Colnmliia 
2;{ii;  C-iliforniaiii 
4.  702;  .Mexhaii- 
4S;{-4;    Cent.    A. 
701;   ii.,    72;{,  7.V. 
Disi.licdieiice,     pni 
2t'2.  '24(;.  4 IS- 111, 
Disiair.  i.,  K;.".;  iii., 
Distortion  ..f  |'liv.> 
ans,  i.,  72,  117- KK 
l">8-lt,     I, Si -2,    22 
-Mexicans,    i.,    .")." 
<i'22;  Cent.  .Vnieri 
7.SI-2. 
Ditches,  see   Mxcav 
Divine  ivjprescnt.iti 
.'{111 -27,  .•{.■{l-;{,  ;{;{ 
;{  1 ;{. 

Divi.^h.iis,   of  iiatio] 

124. 
Di\orce,  Nalinas,  ii 

Marria;,'e. 
Doitors,  see  .Medici: 
Do,;,'-i;il,s,    i.,     144, 

(liiineh. 
Do;,'  Kiver,  i.,  ,'{20. 
Ho:,'-i:ivers   (Cascjhl 

land   C<.liiniliiaii  i 

location,  i.,  .•)20. 
Do^'s,    llype|■l.o|■eall^ 

iii.,     l(i4-(;;     Colnii 

I  till,    171,    IS2-;{,    '. 

l.'<!4,  207,  2S.".;  Ne 
r.Od,  .TIS,  .-.44.  ,-.(; 
(>;{4;    ii.,    Go:i,    Gil 


INDEX. 


675 


i. ,  iiofi-T  1 ;  liiiatiiiii,   i.,  C>0?>;  laiijj., 
iii..  (WT-'.U. 
l)it'L;iaM'iiis       (('(Piiu'vas,       l>c;.'uilicis. 

S.Mitli  »'al.    tril.i'.    i.,  4()L'-l.'J;  lota- 

tinii,   i.,   4tl'J,  4"i7-^;    i>|>i'i-ial    tiicii- 

ti i.,   4(('.i-l(i;    myth.,   iii.,   ;"»•_'."): 

ian^'. ,  iii.,  (iS4-t;. 
l)i,'Lrt'rs,  trilif  nf  Slioslioiics,   i.,  4'J"2- 

4'_';  loi-aticni,  i.,  4(>4;  iiaiiie,  i.,  .T.'ti; 

laii;,'. ,  iii.,  (i(ll-2. 
])iL;iiliiis.  iiaiiic  l(ir  Kiilcliiiis,  i.,  11,"). 
J  >iiiin'li,  i.,  1  !.">,  .Hfc  'riiiiifli. 
I  >ii  iaiiilia,  \illa;;('.  Niiara;:iia.  i.,  "!•-. 
])iriuiis(l>iriaN|,  ( iiiati-iiiala  trihc,  i., 

(iSti-711;     locaticin,     i.,     (iSS,     7!»l'; 

iiiyfli.,  iii.,  4!t;{;  v.,  iliap.  xii. 
IHridiiio    (IliriniiR'),    viliauc,     Nica- 

la-iia,  i..  Tit-'. 
I)i-.ii|iliiic,   prii'sts,   iii.,   .'W8-40,  427, 

4:«.  4:<.")-(i.  47:i,  4.s'.». 

Discoiilal  Mtiiiii's,  '.  alifiiniia,  aiiti<(., 
iv.,  701-'.'. 

Piseaso,  soe  Mediiiiu'  and  iraiiie  of 
<li>faM'. 

Dislics,  CKliiiiiliiaiis.  i..  KU-.'),  ]<»(», 
•J.Si;;  Californiaiis,  i.,  4;U;  iv.,  (I'.t;!- 
4.  7l>L';  .Mexican-^,  ii..  •2sr,,  ;{(il,  47">, 
4.S.S-4;  Ct'iit.  .\MK'iicaiis,  i.,  ()!)7, 
7(tl;  ii.,   7--';{,  7.V-'. 

])i-;i)'iM'(liciici',  |iiiiiisliiiifiit  of,  ii., 
•.'Hi.  •-'4C>,  4 IS- hi.  (;i;-_'. 

I)i>tair.  i.,  Km:  iii..  :r--'. 

1  •i>toiiiiiii  iif  I'liysiiiiic,  H\  jicrliore- 
aiis,  i.,  7-,  !t7-l<Ml;  ( 'l>lllllllpiall^,  i., 
!.">«-<»,  LSI--.',  '2-21'-'.),  L'.">il-7;  Nfw 
.Mexicans,  i.,  .").">!>;  Mexicans,  i., 
(\-22;  Cent.  .Vinerieans,  i.,  717;  ii., 
1M--2. 

Ditelies,  see  l''.xcavatic(ns. 

l)ivine  ivinesi'iitativt's.    Nalmas,   ii., 

;{iii-.'7,  .'Wi-:},  :{:i7,  ;«'.•;  iii.,  ;5i»'.i, 

Divisions,   of  nations,    i.,    ;{t!-7;    ii., 

l-'4. 
Divorce,  Nalmas,  ii.,  •_'(!•_'-.'{;  si^e  also 

Marria;;e.  I 

Doctors,  see  Meiiic  int'  and  Sorcerers.  ' 
Dou-Uilis,    i.,     144,    see     Tlilii.-clia- 

(linneli. 
D.(^'  liiver,  i.,  o-it. 
l)oi,'-l!i\('rs   (Cascade     Indians!.    Tf- 

land   ( 'oliiniliian  trilie,    i,,  '.'.'(O-itl ; 

location,  i.,  .'ti'H. 
Do;,'s,    lly|ierlioreans.    i..    C'J-.'?,    IIS; 

iii.,    I(i4-(i;    Cohiniliians,    i..     l.V.l. 

1()(),    171,    lS_'-:i,   --'(IJ,   I'll.  i.'l,-)-l(i, 

i2(i4,  'it)7,   -S">;   New    .Mexicans,    i., 

.Wli,   r)lS,    ■'>44.   .".CI;    Mexicans,   i., 

G.'U;    ii.,    Ctt."),    tjll,  (J14;    iii.,    12!», 


.1P>n,  .1!>i?.  .".IS;  ('ei;t.  Americans,  i., 
(iliC.  7<)i>.  7IIS,  7-_'.{.  7-'iS.  7ti<i;  ii.. 
(;!»■_'-:<,  7n;{-4. 7Joi;  iii.,  4(;(;. 

Doii-wiMid.  nsed  fur  medicine,  i.,  l.'(!4. 
I 'idinie.  i..  ti07.  see  Kndeves. 
Dolls.  Konia-as.  i..  SI-'. 
l>oliires,  ( iiiateinala.  antiii.,  iv..  I,'?S, 
Itolores  de  .\;^na  lalienle,    villa;,'e, 

Dnranj,'!!,  i..  t'>14. 
Dolores  |{i\<'r,    i.,  4ti,"i;  I'tal:,  anti((., 

iv..  :xi. 

I  )oinestic  animals.  Nalmas,  ii.,  .'!.">.■{. 

!)onkeys.  rueldo<.  i.,  .')44. 

Don  reilro's  Mar,  ( 'al.,aiitiii..  iv.,  7().'l. 

!>oors.  iiyiierlioreaiis,  i..  .">!.  74;  Col- 
iimliians,  i.,  *J.'<l-'2;  <  alifornians, 
i..  ."i.'U-."),  ;{7-;  New  Mexiians.  i., 
4S(i,  "t.'t.'i,  ."):<.">;  Nalmas,  ii.,  ,")."»(>, 
")7.'{;  Miiyas.  ii..  7S4-.">. 

Doraclios  ( I  (oraches),  trihe  of  Isth- 
mians, i.,  747-S.");  lociition.  i..  7*.'<); 
special  mention,  i.,  7">'.>,  7<i(J,  7S()-1; 
Ian;,'.,  iii.,   7114. 

Dorv.  .Mosi|nito  lioat,  i..  7-."i. 

Dos'l'.il.aci':-  .Ml.,  i.,  ,■.'.».".. 

Dos  i'lielilos,  vil!:i;,'e.  South  Cal.,  i., 
4.".!t. 

Doiii.;h,   Nalma   oH(  rin;;s   and   idols, 

iii.,  '2II7-S.  :n.".-ic.,  ;{;!(!,  ;U4,  :!i7, 

MX,  408,  4'-'.".. 
Don.Ldasranal.  i..  '_*!>:!. 
I)o,i;.'las  City,   (  al.,   anti'i..  iv..  7il7. 
Dove.  Naluui  d(duj,'c  mvtii.,  iii.,  (ifi, 

(;S-!». 
Down,  see  T'ciithers. 
Dowrv.  .Mava.  marri;i_'e,  ii..  fir)('i-7. 
Drake's  lijiy.  i..  ;{i;."..  ' 
I)r;ima,    llyiierlioii  ans.    i.,    <.),S;    (  ol- 

uiiiliians,  i.,  170.  •Jdd;  (alifornians, 

i.,    'M'.i;    New    .Mexiciins.     i.,    "),s('i; 

.Mexicans,    ii.,    iiSC,    •_'!t|-'_';     Cent. 

Americans,  i.,  7(*">-l',  7.{t>-S,  774;  ii., 

700,  7I1-I--'. 
I  )rawl(rid;:es,  see  I'.rid.ires. 
I>ra\\ers,  .Mava  (ll■e^s.  ii..  7-7. 
Mreanis,   i. , -jOL'-.-J,  7-';i,   7:;4,   7tl;ii., 

•J II,  :w. 

Presden  Codex,  Mayas,  ii.,  771-'-'. 

l)ress,  ori;,'i,i  and  si;;nilicance  of.  ii., 
77-S;  livperlioreans,  i..  4(i-.')0,  (ii, 
(!7,  7-'-4',  SSO.  I(M)-_'.  Il(i-I7.  \2-2, 
U'."),  I'.'S,  i:{|-;{.  i;r.;  Colnnil)ians, 
i.,  1. "),'{,  l.".S-(;o.  170.  I7'.l-S'-'.  •_'•-■:)-.•{(», 
•.'.".7-!>;  ('alifornians,  i..  .•i--".l-;;4,  :<.'>•_', 

.s,*)S  0,  :{(i7-7i.  :{s7-s.  4o;<  t,  4io,  4i(j, 

4'_'.'{-(i;  iii.,    ItiCi;  New  Mexicans,  i., 

4SO-4.  r,:M-:i,  r..")0-i.  ,"..".s  '.i,.",t;7..">7:!  .">; 

iii.,  ISO;  .Mexicans,  i..  C.-JO-;!.  UtS- 
-)l;ii.,  144-".,  170-so,  '.'07,  •-'l.'M.'., 
24:i,    2'.R»-1,  298,  30.'),  307,   314-15, 


!(   I 


i 


u 


G7G 


INDEX. 


3 1 8-31,    Xr^■4,  337,  .3f)3-77,    3!r.-(;, 


401- 


413-14,   4'J.S-'.t.  (i()4-.S,  (iU-KI, 


,V.»;  II. 


(i-Jl:iii.,  •J.V.I-CO.  3'.'4-5,  3:i3-4,  XV.), 
3.".3-(;i,  ;i(iO,  3.S.")-7,  3!M)---',  44»7-S,  411- 
l-'    4I()-18,  4'J.>-3,  4J.")-7,  433,    IX}-  \  Dveiii'',  i.,    Kit!,   .34:.,  503,  C.-.T,  Ci 


f.24,  0r)l-2;  ii.,  HiO-74,  .3.30.  ."..'l-T^ 
iii. ,  '2HK  -•'».");  Ct'iit.  Aiiicncaiis.  i. 
(;!CJ-3,  717-18,  731',  754-S, 
783-9 


4:{7:   (Viit.   A 


iiii'ni'aiis, 


()8!t-!):! 


24,  7(i(i;  II.,  .370,  4S(i- 


(().>-(. 


>,  /I.),  / 


3.!-7 


■-tl-.'i,  7.")l-4,  7ti4,  :  Dvsfiitorv,  i.,  iVJI,  708,  742;  ii.,  iliHi. 


782-3;   ii.,   (>.3."),  (i(;2-.3,  (583,    t)88-!t,  ,  DziiwiiiilaiKla,   Miztce  kill'',   v.,  41.' 


707,  71t»,  713,  72ti-.3.").  741;  iii.,  47.3. 


Hi. 


Drinks,  llyin'rliiircaiis.  i.,  7(i;  ("alifi'r-  ■  Uze-Yu.xkiii,  ii.,  757,  sec  Yuxl 


111. 


mails.  I. 


.3!)4,  4.37;  Ni 


.M 


u.\U'aiis, 


i.,  517,  54!(-.")0,  58(5;  Mexicans,  i., 

(■..3(;,  t;."»4,  (iG4-5;  ii.,  3.")!»-(iO:  iii.,  243; 

Cent.    .Anierieans,    i.,    700-7,    739, 

774-();  ii.,  703.  72.3-.">. 
Droit  (le  Seiiiiieiir,  i.,  .")84-.');  ii.,  ()71. 
i)n>nt!i,  see  Climate. 
Dn'wniii;,',  saeiilice  l>v,  ii.,  .30<),  .308. 
Drums,  i.,  01,  3<.>3,  5U>,  ,V>2,  .")8t;,  70.".. 


738,  7t>5,  7 
'.83-4,  713. 


E 

Ka;,'le  Pniivio,  i.,  44(1- 


Ha-li 


U),"..  172,  .VSO.  71('.;  ii.,  Ki'i), 


.327,  .337;  iii.,  7S-'.>,  12!t,  3.''t; 


i;!-4. 


Karlv    ( 


ouiitv, 


M 


ISSlSSlpllL 


anli(|.,  IV.,  7ti7-8. 


(2-3,  404-5,  412,  i  Kar-(iniainents.  Hyiierlmreai 


IS.  i..  '.17 


])riimsticks,  i.,  552.  705; 


203. 


Dr 


miUenni'ss, 


11 


('i)lninl)iaiis 


,V!" 


lerl.oreans,   i. 


ICO,    243;    Calift.r- 


iiians, 


3.54,  4.37:  Ni 


Mt 


a  lis 


I,  51.5,  517,  .")10-.")0.  .">(■>(;,  .■.8(;-7;  Mex- 
icans, i.,  028,  (;.35-0.  OlM;  ii.,  285, 
,333,  3(;0-l,  304,  40O-2,  (il7,  027; 
Cent,  .\niericans. 


128;  ('..Inml.ians.   i..  1.50,  182.  211, 
220;    Califiiniians,  i.,    .'ina.    .'{Cs-.i, 

V.t. 


420; 
.574-5;  .M 


Mi'xicaiis.  i.,  4s2, 


exicans, 


(i2.3,  0411-51 ;  ii. 


2!K),    .■{07,   372,    .305;   iii.,   23s,  .'jj  " 
300.  .38.".,  410';    Ceiitial  .Viiieiicaii.- 


i.,  O'Ol,  7r 


VJ-4;  ii. 


Eaiil 


I.  varidUs  uses  II 


i.  II 


701; 


.•{.">, 


ii..  Oil.  080.  004.  718,  724-5,  803. 
Drv  deck,  Cal,,  aiili'i,,  iv.,  707. 
Dry  Creek  Valley,  i.,  440. 
Dtclie-tant-'tiiiiii',  Ian;,'.,  iii,,  587. 
inne 


'Dl 
Dii 


i.,  1 14.  .si'c  'riiineli. 
i.,  .50,  577,  (i25-(),  700;  ii.,  351, 


721. 


Dnckwarra  Lni^ooii,  Mos(iuiti>  coist. 


aiitni.,  IV.,  2(, 


D 

Dili.' 


IIClllll''. 


almas,  ii.,  028, 


ilf,  ( 


iiatciiial 


cliaii.  xi. 


Diiiiu,  jHiisi.n  antidote,  i.,  70'J 


731  ,3. 

v|H'rlMircniH, 
i.,  51.  72,  7.5.  80,  107.'i:«l:  »',.liiiii- 
liiaiis  !.,  210,  212,  257-8,  271;  Caii- 
ifonians,  i..  ;i;{3-4,  300.  371-2,  -JOt, 


424,   42(>.    -1345;    Ni 


.Mexi 


i,  481,  5(H),  .5.32-3,  .".35-0.  .540;   .Mc\- 


iiis,  i.,  (i23-4;  (i3l,  0.".('-'J 


ii.,  317- 


18.  .372.  ,500;  Central  Americans,  j. 
718,   70(!;    ii.,  7.33-4,   750;    mylli-. 

i.',  ."pii2, 
:iii   sviMiiiil,    iii. 


iii.,  121-2;  IMiallic  \M(rslii]i,  ii 


Kiirtliiiiiake,    Mexic 


12".-;  e\elits,  v.,  403,  408,  472. 


I'.artliwtirk 
Katii 


I'.n 


nlianknieiiis. 


ly   I. 


5-0,  1()3.   187-8,  214,  200, 


Di 


iiiLicncss,  i.,  302. 


5()0-l. 


Diiraii'.'i.,  iiatii.iis  ami  trilies,  i..  571-    Eatin'C-hmises,  Nahiias,  ii.,  3." 


IM. 


01.  017-44; 


*V 


a!  mentiiin,  i.,  (i23,  i  |'',1),  Mava  ilav, 


II. 


,55-(i.  ,(;o. 


iiivlli.,  iii.,  170;  lam:.,  iii.,  0()7,  710, 


I  I'.c 


alclii't,  Mcar 


l^^llil    •J'Hl,    III., 


401. 


■|7-10;  aiiti'i.,  iv.,  000-1;  hist.,  v.;  j  Ivateiicc  (l',cate|ic,    l\iiecatc 


peel,  sta- 


Dnti 


'!' 


i\es. 


Dwanii--li,  trilie  of  Soiiiiil  ImliaiKs,  i, 

208-22;  local i. in.  i.,  ,300. 
Dwamish  Lake,  i.,  .300, 


D 


wami 


Oi  Hi 


ver.  I.,  ,300, 
iiias,  ii,,  183. 


Dwarfs,  N'aliiias, 

Dwellin;,'s,  llvipcrlioreans,  i,,  42,  .50-4, 
74-5,  .80,  102-.3,   118,  123-4,  120;  Co- 
iiimliians,  i.,  I0(»-1,  100,  183-5,  l!»l.     Kc;;ea^'an.  Central   Californian  trilu', 
211-12,  231-2,  2.50-01;  Californiaiis,  !      i,.  ,301-401;  location,  i,.  -151. 


tion.  .\/lec  mii'ration,  v,,  1121-4, 


Meat  I, 


401 


I',! 


lecatl 


I'lcatzin     ( l!clieca!/in. 


i;i 


lecat/.ini. 


Nal 
F.ccatI 
Keel 


ma  clue 


243, 


■liief. 


243. 


cmaclies 


(i'lcclemaclis,  I'kklc 
niaclies),  Central  (  aliforniaii  tiilic 
i,,  .301-401;  location,  i.,  .3(i;i,  45: 
laii''. ,  iii.,  0.">3. 


i..  .3.34  (;,  ,371-3,   404 


">,   42(i 


I'.cli 


ei'alzin,  v. 


'.ition,  I,.  -151. 
24.'i,  see   Ei'al/iii, 


.Mexicans,  i  ,  485-7,   533-8,   550-00,     I'.cliclioa,  town,  Soiiora.  i..  01  .s. 


075;  iv.,  GG8-(''J;  Mexicans, 


21,     Heheldut.s,    Inland  Coliiml.ian  tril 


IXDKX. 


677 


i.,  il.'O-Ol:  location,  i.,  .T20;  sjieiMal  '  I'.liutowa,  Sotitli  ('al.  frilv 


H)-2-'2'2: 


IllClltlOII, 


•_'ii(i.  •_'(; 


•.(•liila 


t,  Ccniial  ralit'nriiian  trilic,  i. 


ilioii,  ■l.")4. 


Kchiiali    (KUcliiiJi     Kkcliuah),    Mava 


1", 


,'t.l,  II.,  CM,  7;{S;  Ml.,  4(f_',  4W. 


!•: 


Xit 


Zlll. 


Kilikiiiios,    trilie   of    Tlilinkeets,    i. 


\)i\\l;  location,  I  l.'i. 
Ii|isi',    i.,    (]()(),  777; 


'.18;    ii 


!•: 


lion, 
ii 


cMiil),  II.,  (.)(),  see   r./aiiai) 


Ktlcliawtawlioot-diniH'li,  i.,    144,    siv 


1 

Kill 


ScavL-r  liidiai 


Cli 


it'iicw  van    oxinvssioii 


of 


coni|ilaint,  i. 


■a:>. 


Liiacation,    ('aiitoniiaiis,    i.,    4I.'M4; 


.McN 


icaii.s. 


•_MO-."il,  4(I|-L',  4!l-.*-.S, 


5:W-40;     iii.,     4:{-'.     4;(7;     Cciitiai 


Aiiicricaiis,  i., 
(id  I -4,  7H7.  7.SS. 


704,  7;u, 


II. 


Ediios  ( Kilii,  KciniiK  f.owcr  < 'alifor- 
niaii  trilto,  i.,  ■).">(i-7l;  location,  i., 
()04;  lan^'.,  iii.,  (iS7-!t:{. 

Edwards  (  reck  .Mountains, 


4(;; 


Kd/i 


lal),  II. 


.)(),    S( 


54, 


■(•  ll/anali, 
I-l« 


Kelis,    North    <'alili(inian    trilif,    i., 

■SJii-dl;  location,  i.,  447. 
Kid   Itivcr  trilics.   Ndrlli  ('aliforniau 

tribe,    i.,   ■"{•-'li-lil ;  special  inenlion,     i'.lik 

i.,  :wi-7,  .s;ti-'J,  :{(i'-'.  .•it;4,  ;{(i7,  44.' 

44(i-.S,  4.")!;  Ian;,'.,  iii.,.V.i;{,  (if.',  tM7.     I'l 
Eels,  i.,  '.'U,  XVX  1 

Eeinitcties,  ( 'eiitial  ( 'aliforniau  tribe, 

i.,  ;{(il-40l :  location,  i.,  .'ifi.'S. 
Eena;:lis      (Keiialis),      i.,      4H!,      8eo 

lilincks. 
Ei'stc\loi'lis,     tribe    of     llaid.dis,    i., 

|."i.">-74;   loratioM,  i..  "JiU. 
Ell'^ics.   N'aluia  burial,   ii.,  (lOfi,  Oil, 

(ii4,  (11(1  r;.  (i-.'Ol. 
E ,,  111  <  'anon,  i.,  4(17. 
K;,'.us,  food,  i.,  C'.Vi,  (>.V_>.  CIX.  7-_'(»,  7.V.I; 

ii.,  ',\')\\;  incili(  iiie,  ii.,  ,"',l!l. 
E^rvpt,    Aniericau    ori;',iii-l races,    v., 

.■•.•)(;H.  I 

Eliatesets     (.\\  hutti -alit ),     tril f    I 

Nootkas,  i.,"l74  _'0S;  loc,  i.,  '_".»."..      I 
Eliecatepec,  y.,  ;{'J4,  see  i'icatepec. 
Eliecall  (i;<all     IJiiMl),  Naliua  tlav,     I 

ii.,  ol  l-l'_*,  ."iliil7;  iii.,">7:  name  of 

«^uetzalcoall,  iii.,  •-'(17,  4'.i|. 
Eliecatonatiuli.  Naliiia  a;,'e,  ii.,  .')04. 
Kliecal/in,  \. ,  l4.'{,  see  l'",cal/in. 
Eliilials,  tribe  of  Sound   Indians,  i., 

'-'OH-'.'-J;  location,  i.  .•{i».'<.  1 

I'llineks  (l'',eiia;,dii,  I'ciialis.  I'ldilsik^  ' 

North  Cal.    tribe,   i,,   .'('.'(ill! .    loea-     I 

tion,  i.,  44(i;  !aii^'iri;,'e,  it.  ,  l>4„'.        | 


locat 


ion,  1.,  4fiO. 


l:i't.  see  lev  (" 


I  lie. 


I'.joni,    A 
■l(;4. 

i;k  I '..•I 

Kkclni 


ca'41'lieiiieni    Ut    man,   iii. 


Chac.  .Mi 


iva  ''oi 


( l^k 


Kd 


cliiialil,  II.,  )i! 


I,  ii.,  701. 


mall. 


Ilkei  liacab,  Mava  ''od,  iii.,  4(it'». 


i;i 


kulcniaches,     i. 
niaciics. 


4.V4, 


liccUl 


I'.iab  il'.lah),  T/eiidal  dav,  ii.,  7t: 


Kli 


irrovde.   Cent.   (al.    tril 


;(;i- 


401; 

r.i  Mil 


.It loll.  I.,  4."i.'{. 


It   .Masa 


iva,  .NicaraLjua.  ,iii- 


tl(|.,   IV.,  .'tl. 


i:i  Castillo,  Ceiitia  riiii 


era  <  riu, 


aiitiij.,  IV. 


44." 


I''.l   Horado  Couiitv,  Cal.,  aiitiii.,  iv., 

7<l.'). 
Ill  Fiierte,  town,  Sinaloa,  i.,  <1U7. 
lA  Ueiiditare,  roval  title,  .Miclioacan, 

v.,  511,  .")!'.>. 
I■■.ld'^!  Inlet,  i.,  :iOl. 
I'.lecli,  name  of   iiiontli,  Chiapas,  ii., 

7l!('). 
Illcniehutnkillanwaist        (Skvappe), 

()kana;zaii  ;;iid,  'ii.,  15,'!,  ,'»l!l. 
I'.Ieuiia\ciav,    Soiuli    t'al.    tribe,    i., 

40-2-'J'J;  li'ication,  i.,  4.")!t. 

s,    tribe    of    'riilinkcets,    i,, 


'.•4-114;  laiiL 


7!t. 


i/aiielb,  town.  North   I'al.,  i.,  44'J. 

Ijinaii.   South  Cal.  tribe,  i. ,  40l'-1"J; 

locat icii,  i.,  45'.t. 

k,  see  I  )eer. 
'.Ik  Moiiiilaiii    I'tes,   trilies   of    Slio- 

sliones,  i.,  4"_'"J-4'J;   loration,  i.,  4b',l. 

k  liivcr,  i.,  144.  41.'!. 

Ikwhahts.  tribe  of  .Sound  Indians, !., 

.'OS-'.'-.';  locatiiui,  i.,  .'iu.'i. 

Iliott's  l!ay,  i.,  .'ioi. 

losdc  |o;  AniniMs,  localit  v,  .\ri/oiia, 

i.,4(;',». 
'.Imiaii,  .South  Cal.   tribe,  i.,  40-J. •_•!'; 

location,  i.,  -150. 
.jdlcpec.  town,  ( >,i ja<'a.  i.,  <iSl. 
!loll,  boiled  mai/c,  ii..  .'i.Vt. 
'.iuaxcii,  South  Cal.  Irilie,  i..  40'_'-'_'-J; 

location  i.,  4.V.I, 
'nial,  N'licataii,  aiiti(|.,  iv.,  '.'til. 
'.nilialniini;.  i.,  7S0,  7.S"-'-:i!  ii..  i!o;<-4. 
'.mlianknieiils,   i.,  |s;i.  jr.',  '.'(i:!;   ii., 

."iill,    7-1:    v.,    4l'J-i;i;    anliij.,    iv., 

:t7'.i,  ."lOo.  .v.':t-4,  o:t(;-7,  ii:i'_'-;t,  7401, 
747.  75<i-7;t. 

"iMbrnidcrv,  dress,  i.,,'i,S4,  ti'.IO-l,  ~\i',; 

ii.,  .'Iii.'t^'. 
■■.merails,   i.,  r>s:\;  ii.,  I7:t,  .•»7'J,  4M, 
(iOt!;  v.,  ;t'J5-('i;  see  also  Chaichiiiile. 


078 


INDEX. 


Kiii.'tics,  i.,  Tin;  ii.,  ^(.'O,  rm. 
I'.iuUii,  Maya  liajiti     lal  feast,  ii..()S4. 
I'lmpiif,  A/ti'cs,  limits  (if,  v.,  47l-.'{. 
Mm  ai'iiai'ioii,  Taiiiauliiias,  aiiti(|.,  iv. , 

I'ju'ki'lkawa,  South  ( 'alifoniiait  triht', 
;.,  4(l2-'_"_';  Ideation,  i.,  4(;i». 

I'.iiesluirs  (I',iiee>liiii-s),  liilaiiil  Colimi- 
tiiaii  tritto,  i.,  I'oO-OI;  loeatioli,  i., 
;VJ(t;  speeial  iiieiitioii,  !.,  "274. 

I'jiii,  Aeai^i'lieiiieiii  title  yiveii  to  the 
Coyote,  iii.,  lii.'J. 

Kiiol>,  ii.,  7(»7,  see  KvoU. 

Ijiteeatook  liiver,  i. ,  .SKi. 

I'.iilerlaimiients,  set;  Feasts. 

Kiitiails,  i.,  4!t,  (17,  7:?-."),  104,  1(12-:!, 
:{74,  4-J4,  4!H»,  .■)()(),  -.112. 

I'lilieiicliiiieiils,  see  Fortilieatioiis. 

i'-m  iroiiiiieut,  iiillueiii'e  on  develop- 
ment iiml  pro;.;ression,  i.,  l.").'J-4; 
ii..  41-.">;  v.,  5. 

Epeoaiiuaenilt/in,  Nahua  priest,  iii., 
4:)4. 

Fpeoatl,  Naliua  drowniii^j;  sacrillee, 
iii.,  :{;«. 

K|peoatl,   Tlaloes'  lemjile,  iii.,  .324. 

I'lpiil.niics,  ii..  ."I'.I.S,  l\)i. 

i'Jpui'paMinh<|ni,  Nahiia  saerilieial 
(leeoration,  iii.,  .'{.'{.'{. 

Ili|iielehaean,  \'ueataii,  antii|.,  iv., 
211. 

I",i|uiis,  i.,  (i()4,  see  l'',iliies. 

I'.rmine,  (lr<'ss,  i.,  42."). 

I'lsraliiW,  North  Mexican  ti'ilie,  i.,571- 
!ll;  location,  i,,  (ill. 

I'seaiipiles,  cotton  arniur,  i.,  (i.'i."). 

Ksceiens(l'",seelleiis,  I'.sleiis,  l'',-i|cnes), 
(  ent.t'al.  trilie,  i.,  :tl>l-4l)l;  loca- 
tion, i.,  :tli.'{,  4."it;  special  nu'ntion, 
i.,  .'{Sd,  .S,ss-!i,  ;i'.iii;  Ian;;-,  iii.,  (m,-). 

K.Hi'oria,  pro\iiiee  and  trihe  of  Isth- 
mians, i..  747->S">:  locatnin,  i.,  74!>, 
7'.'."i;  special  mention,  i.,7.').'t;  lan^'., 
iii.,  I'M. 

1''.slii|nalcs,  i.,  '2'Xt,  see  Ivsuinates. 

F-kimos  ( I'.skiniantik,  I'lskinians. 
I'',si|uinnintsic,  ivsunimanx,  Innuit, 
Keralit,  I'skecnu,  l'si|nenio\vsl, 
one  of  the  live  families  into  which 
the  llyperl(orcans  an;  diviiled. 
ManiM'rs  and  cn-itoms  of  all  its 
nations  anil  triiics  descrihed  to- 
gether, i.,  4(l-(i!l:  |ili\sii|Me,  i.,  t."i-7; 

i.,  .">1>-I: 


liroNs,   i.,  4(i-."i(l;  dwelliiiL: 


food. 


ri4-(S;     iniplenieiils    ami 


weapons,  i.,  ."),S-!t;  hoals,  sled!,'cs, 
etc.,  !.,  iV.t-(i;t;  properly  and  com- 
merce, !.,  ().'<-">;  ;;(i\('rnmen1,  i..  (i."i; 
v'omen     ami     mariia'.re,    i.,   li.V'i: 


aniiiseinents. 


ons  mstonis,   i.,  (iT-S;   ;irt,    i..  (!^; 

character,!.,  (iS;  niedicinc,  i..  (is-i; 

hiu'ial,   i.,  (i'.l;  localit\    and    name. 

i.,  2."),  :i7,  40-2,    i;fs-'.l';  m\tli,,    iii., 

12S,  141,  .■")!(;,  oKS;   Ian;,'.,' iii..   ,■).-.:, 

.•■)7.V,S0. 
I'^slanairans.  (  Ventral  ( 'alifoiiiiantrihe, 

i.,  :{(il-40l;  location,  i.,  4,j4. 
I'slens,  i.,  ;{(p.'{,  see  Fsi'elens. 
Fsniischne,  Sontli  Californiaii   trihe, 

i.,  402-22;  location,  i..  4.")S. 
I'^snispcle.  Smith  (  alit'oriLian  trilic.  i., 

402-22;  loc;\tion.  i.,  4.")S. 
I'.s|iave.  Isthmian  title,  i.,  770. 
l-;spiiliiim,i,  South  Californian  tribe, 

i.,  41)2-22;  l.ication.  i..  4,")S, 
lls|iiritu  Santo  Itav,  Vncalan.  aiitii|., 

iv.,  2,-)4. 
{•'spiritn  Santo  T'li.  jo:i  ■  i".cliMnn\ai, 

xillau'e,  Soiioi  ,,  i.,    ■  •' 
I'.spirilu  Santo  1  -1.    i'.  t. 

llspita,  ^'llcat; '1,  ,iiiti'|.,  n.,2li;!. 
Msi|uiates  ( li^hipiat.  s),  iri'.ie  oi'  Xont- 

kas,  i.,  174-20S;  locition.  i..  2!n. 
I'!s(|nini;dt,  Itritisli  t '<ilnm.ii;t.  aiiti<|., 

i...  740. 
I"s(|nimanlsic.  i.,  II,  see   Iv>ki:iio>, 
l'lsi|iiimatha,  (inatemala,  aiitii[.,  i>., 

110. 
I'".si|niman\,  i.,  40,  see  I'skiiiios. 
Fstail,    South    ( 'aliforiiian    trilie.    i., 

402-22;  location,  i.,  4.")S. 
I'.storica,  a  stitdi  for  tliro\\in;_'  jave- 
lins, i.,  7lil. 
I'.stnc,   ."^iMith   Californian    trihe.    i., 

402-22;  ioealion,  i.,  4.")!l. 
I'lstufas,  see  Sweat  houses, 
litaminnas,  Chinook  pi'iest  .  iii.,  l."i(!. 
l'.thno;;raphy.  i.,  2.1,  !l."i(!,  I.V2;v..  I'l. 
Ft  ill  net  te,  orij;in  and  ellects,  ii.,  ~      '; 

Nahinis,  ii,,   17S-!».  2S4,   42it-l;    .i:i- 

yas,  ii.,  fi:!."!,  (Mil,  711. 
I'.tl,  Nalina  licaiis,  ii.,  'i'l't. 
Ft  la,  Zapotec  dialeit,  iii,,  7o4-."-  ( ui- 

jaca,  antiip,  iv,.  ,'!7."i-(i. 
I".t'/alli,    Nahua    1 1,    iii.,  ;!2."i,  ;!;!'•; 

see  also   Ft/.ili|uali/t  Ii. 
Ft/,ali|iiali/tli  ( Fcalcoali/lli.   Fl/acu- 

ali/lli,     Fizalciiali/tii,     I'.t/alciial- 

i/lly,    I'.t/alli,    Ft/aloiialil/tli,    lit- 

/alc|ualixtli,    Ft/,eiiia1i/tli.    F/.ilin- 

ali/lii,    F/ali|Ualli/tli.    FMil.|,i,ir,'- 

lli,  llet/,'ili|uali/lli,  N.'iliiia  iiioiith, 

ii,,  ;t24,  ."los,  ,-iO!»;  iii,,  :{2r),  ;iu. 

Fl/ittlan.  locality,  .Mexico,  \       lO!). 
Fnliaoiis,  i,.  ,'i02,  see  Cumiiii.  !.■    . 
I'.udeM's  (  1  )ohme.  Fililelies,  '■,     '■-■us, 


II. 


exicaii  trilie 


i|llis 


llevesi. 
71-01!   I. 


iCiu:     11. 


(!(i-( ;   miscellune-  | 


INDKX. 


(JTi) 


!i 


I 


\,   "2,  f!fK)-7;  s|i(>('iiil  iiicntioii,  i., 
".Sii:  liiiiu'.,  iii.,  <i!i'',  ti'.l'.i-TO'J. 

Kiliiiluiii  (I  llili'caii),  M'o<'aii(lli'-risli. 

Kiutallii  liivcr,  i..  :il!l. 

Kiijliorhia,  licil)  ii.mmI  for  siiako-liitcs, 

i.  r,->\. 

Kutiuacht'fs,  North  Califoniiaii  trilic, 
i..;{l.'(i-iil;  loialioii,  i.,  44-.'. 

Kiir»cs,  Nortli  Calitoiiiiau  Irilii',  i., 
.'iiil-dl:  loi'atioii,!.,  .'{liT.  144;  spciial 
iiKiilioii,  i.,  ;{;{()',  :US,  .TiII;  mylli., 
iii..  I(;i,  .V_':i-4:  iaii.i:.,  iii.,  Oil.' 

Kiil:ilis  (Kiitawh).  i.,4(i4-."),  sec  I'talis. 

I'lvii  .S|iirits,  MH'  SuiK  istitioiis. 

Kvoli  iImioIi),  'IV.ciKlai  (lay,  ii.,  TliT. 

Ilwcatof,  (jliiii'lic  cliicf.  \'..  c'lap.  xi. 

ilw  iiiti's  (I'iiitalis,  liiita  I  Ics,  I'iiila 
Villas,  Iwiiitys),  tiilic  ol  Sl'.i- 
slioncs,  i.  ,4'2'2-4'l;  local  ion,  i.,  4ti.'{- 
4,  4(l!t. 

lv\lialaiii|iio  ({"xlialaiiciiicii),  v.,  cliap. 
xi.,  hi'c  .\l(al;iiii|iii'. 

])xcaMJainii's,  iiilic  of  .Apai'lics,  i., 
47:i-V-Ni;  localioii,  i.,  .Vl'.t. 

Ilxravations.  i..   7  l-"i.    IJl,    ICO.   -J.'il. 

I'co,  ;m-.'>,  .•f;!7,  ;{7i-',  4-_'ii-7,  4S(;. 

,"i;{7-H.    .V)4-."):   aiilii|  ,    iv..    ;!1.    70, 
Il(i-I7,  I'Jii,   HIK,    17,-,.   -Jll-I-J,   2l\. 

'j.vj-s,  •_'(;;{,  '.'(I,-),  ;(44,  4{i7'.t,  44.")f;. 

4IS,  477-S,    4S4-,'i,   ,")(i:<,   .■.24-7,   li.V.t. 

(idl,  ()7ii-7,  7,'><',  7i!,"),  7iiS. 
Mxciiiimilli    (( \  xi'iiiiiiilli),    Irilic    of 

Noolkas,   i.,    174-'J(KS;    loralioii,    !., 

•J!  I."). 
l!\oi'iiillo-o-alixlli,    Naliua   rye    dis- 

cax',  iii.,  :t4'J. 
I'.xoliiiializlii,  ii.,  ."iOS,    sec   ill/.ali|iia- 

li/.lli. 
I'.xoll,  Naliiiii  lii'Miis.  ii.,  ;!.■)."), 
i:x]ploralioiis,    i.,   •_'7;t'_';    iv.,    ll-J-."il. 

■jsD-'.M,  ;i'.iiii,  4'Jii,  (i(C) (i,  i;i7-r.t, 
(;•_>•.'■.").  71 '.I. 

l''.x<|iiinaii,    Tiascaltcc  \\,ir  t'l'iciiioiis , 

ii.,  4:11. 
I  .'yackiiiialis,  i.,  .'!17,  >t'c  N'al^iiiia-. 
l'.yici|iii',    .\ca;;rlli'iiii'iil    lillc   of    l|ir 

ciyoli',  iii.,  I(i."{. 
I'.yak,  Koiiiaza  rvij  ■-iiiill,  iii.,   1  I't. 
llyaki'iiia  Nallcs,   i.,   ,'t_'0,   m'c   \,iki- 

nia  \'al!('\'. 
l',\coai',  slalioii,  .\/t('i'  iiiinialion,  \., 

:i2:i. 

I'.ycs,  ilyiMrlioicaii--.  i.,  I'l.  7-.  ll'i; 
('oliiiiiliiaii>,  i.,  I.'i7,  177'.i.  -ill, 
'-'•J."i-li.  iVi."!-!;;  Califoriiiaiis,  i.,  ;!'.'S  H. 
H.'>4,  ,'(iU-ti;  New  .Mc\ii'aiis,  i..  I77- 
-tl,  ."i'.'".i,  .V..S.  .■)7;;;  Mcxiiaiis,  i..  (Hit, 
(i4ii-.H;  ii.,,V,i',t,  (l'Jl-,"t:  ((Milial  .\imci- 
icaiis.  L.tlSS,  714-1.'),  7">i»-l;  ii.,S(c_'. 


K/alioali/tli  (Kzal(|iialliztli),  ii.,  .".OS, 

.si'c  i;tzai(|iiaii/lli. 
I'.zaiiali  I  lliiiali,  liilziialo.  Maya  day, 

ii..  7,"it>,  7(10. 
I'.zcoiiiarlias.  Naliiia  nation,  v..  .")ll. 
Kzlnialiuai'atl,  Naliua  tilic.  ii..  l."..s. 
I'^ztl('[iictiii,  TuotcimiK'a  triltc,  v.,  :2.so. 


V-.iro,  IIy|iorl)(>roaiis,  i.,  4('i,  4.S,  ~2.  >^s, 
I  l(i,  l'J7:  I  'oluMiliiaiis.  i.,  I.'i7,  1 1  <  ^^, 
22r>-C>:  I'alifoinians,  i.,  ;{l'>S,  :i(;.")-C.; 
New  .Mfxicaiis,  i.,  477-0,  .V_'0-;!0, 
.")7.'{;  .Mexicans,  i.,  (JIS-IO,  t;4(i-7; 
rcntral  .Viin'iicaiis,  i.,  liSS,  7l4-r>; 
ii.,  SO-J. 

i'"aiiilinL;-stoiu',  Mexico,  antii[.,  i\.. 
.■)40-l.' 

Kails,  i.,  ICu,  '-'17,  I'.iO,  l-^.'i-l;  ii., 
;{7S-0.  .•{S,->,  7;ill;   v.,  4I.'>. 

i'ainincs,   v  ,  4i:{,  4t;o,   I'.IO:  cliap.   \\. 

l-'aiis,  I..  ."(44.  701'.;  ii.,  4S.S.  (UC,  1\X 

l''.inla--iiia,  lloniinias,  hini.'. ,  iii.,  7^."!. 

l''ai'aones  ( I'liaiaiPiics,  'I'aiai'o.-iesi, 
tiilx'of  .\]i,icIh's,  i..  ■l7;{-."i_Mi;  loca- 
lioii, i..  474,  .V.14. 

I'asliioii,  tvraiiiiv  and  cH'ccIs  of,  ii.. 
7(iO. 

I'asts.  Il\  perlioreiins.  i.,  11',;  Iii.,  14-J; 
(•(dnni'l.iaiis,  i..  170.  •202:).  2U'>; 
iii..  l."i():  ( 'alifoniiaiis,  i.,  4141."i; 
New  Mexicans,  i..  ."('.'O.  .■)."i;i,  ."tSl; 
Mexicans,   ii.,   147.   '.'IK;.   '.'.".S,    l'HI, 

;!(i.!,  ;{i'j-ii,  :ti7,  .T!.">,  ;i;!!i,  ijs,  cos, 
(;i7,  •;■-'•-',  ii7s,  osi';  iii..  lm'.'.  ;!;!4-s, 
;ui;,  ;ts:{.  -m:,,  407,  4'-".>,  4ioi!  \.. 

1.'.").S;   Cciilia!    .\ineiieaii--,    i.,  fill,'!- I ; 

ii..  C.'.io  1,  (III."),  lliiO,  710,  711;  iii., 

471,  4S7,  400. 
I'ali;;nc,  Islliiiiian  |-cinedy  fi>r.  i.,  77il. 
I'au  aioiniies,      ('eiilial      (  aiifoini.in 

iiiUe,  i.,  .'t(il-l(l| ;  localioii,  i..  4."in. 
I'as,  Soiilii  < 'aiifoi-iilaii  Irilie.  !..   lO.'- 

■_'■_';   loiMlioii.  i..   I.MI. 
I  l'cM>ls,    ll\  peihoreans,   j.,  (1(17,  Sl-."i, 

O'J.'I.   mil  <',,lniiil.iaii-,  i.,  nil,  li.,", 

i'io7i,    iss.    101.   io;t.    100.  2\:\ 

•Jilt;  iii.,  I.-)1;  ( 'aliforniaii>.  i..  H.'iC- 
.")•-'.  110-11;  New  .Mexicans,  i..  .".IJ. 
.■|l.")-l(l.  ,V)0-1'.  .■)<i(;-7.  .■,,S(l-7;  .Mexi- 
cans.  i..  (i'J.S;  ii..  •_'.■)•_'.  'J.'i.S.  -JCO.  •_•(!(;. 
•Jii.s.  •.'7'J.  •J7(i.  '-'SO- 1.  •Js.'lil,  .•io-.'ll, 
.•!.i7,  :ioi-7,  4'js,  (ii'j.  (i'_M.  (;.':i;  iii., 
ii.'i.  :n;i-i7,  :i--'.'i-»,  ;t;t'j-is,  n.-a-nj. 

;iS,",-0.").    40l-i.'0.     I4i;.  4  IS;    Celillal 

.\nieiicaiis,    i..   7H0,  7.'1."),   77'-';   ii., 

(Ill,  (l.")!l,  (ill'J.  (i(')7-0,  1)71),  1170,  I)M4, 
(iS7-7l  1;  iii.,  4S4. 


C80 


IXDKX. 


Featlicr    IJivcr.   i.,  381,  4r)0,  4")!,  4:)"),  '      C.TO,  001-2,  fiOG,  70I-:2  ;  iii.,  ,-,(»,  4>--2  ; 

4.')7  ;  huiix-.  iii.,  •i4S-l(.  |       v.,  cIim]!.  xi. 

Fciillicrs,     llv|M'il>urt':iris,    i,    '•>,    ;>c   j  Fircaniis,  Nnotliiis,  i  ,  iss. 

1(»1,  lo.'i,   117,   128;    ('iiluint)iiiiis,  i.,     Firiliii;rs   u^nl  for  li;;lit.  ii.,  "iT.T. 

ir)'.i-('.0,    lOO,    17(»-2,    17'.t,    187,    200,    lM>ii,  II,\ ,  erlMiivaiis,   i.,  41)    "i")-!;.  ::i-t;, 

an,   2ir>,   2.")S;   Ciiiilnrnijiiis,   i.,  .'i;U,         90,    l6a-4,    lis,     12.i,    l-!l;    C.Jmii- 


."547,  :i(>7-7t»,  .•i77-H,  .•i81-2,  .•iH7-8,  .•t'.»2, 
S'.Mi,  410,  424-C.,  4;t4  ;  Ni-w  Mcxi<iuis, 
i.,  4S2-4,  4il5-0,  504,  ,')22,  r).U-2, 
.'^141,  T).-)!,  .-iJS,  574-5,  57',t,  58;{ ;  iii., 
IM);  Mcxiiiins,  i.,  (i20~;(,  (')4".t-50 ; 
ii.,  148,  174,  25;»,  2'.lo,  .•i07,:)14,;t2.i-7, 
;i;!.!-4,  .•i;i7,  .•»•..■!,  .-Ultl-S,  404-7,  484, 
488-'.tl,  572-3,  (•iOi;-7,  (115,  til'.t,  ('.21  ; 
iii.,  238,  301,  3l:t,  318,  324-5,  3.')0- 
»)l,  31)!),  385-7,  3',)0-2,  3'.t8,  400,  404, 
407.  411,  4ir)-18,  422,  42(1-7;  v., 
325,  515-lt);  (."ciil);!)  AiiiiTiciuis,  i., 
(V.)l,  702,  :o5-C),  715-10,  72.!,  72('., 
750-4  ;  ii.,  ti35,  041,  G'J3,  707,  720-30, 
741-3,  752,  7811. 
Fraliircs,  si'c  Face. 


biaiLS  i..  151),  102-3,  ICS-i),  171. 
ISIJ-S,  20i),  212-14,  232-4,  2;i-.!, 
205-0;  Ciiliroviiiim^  i..  323.  .'i.),'-!!!, 
374-0,  378,  40.vr).  427-.IO  ;  .\iw 
Alcxifiius,  i.,  482,  4^8,  5.;8-',),  ."i  o~2, 
570-8;  Mexicans,  i.,  024,  052.  (.55  ; 
ii.,  342,  352-3,  41.1  ;  iii.,  4I)-II  ; 
('(■niral  Aiiiericaii-.  i.,  01)4,  7'.i--.'l, 
758-00,  702,  7()8;  ii.,  05;i,  Oil,'-;  7()s, 
720-1    7.50. 

Fish  l'tc.».  trilic  nf  SIioi-Ikdics,  i  ,422- 
42  ;  liicaiiiiii.  i.,  470. 

Fitch's  Kaiicii,  i.,  44".). 

Fit/.liii;;h  Soiiinl,  i  ,  21)5. 

FiajiS  ii..  32.3,  405,  427,  )':(i7,  CA:,, 
(Hi),  O'j'.)-700,  710,  712;  iii.,  401, 
420. 


I't'ciiiHJitv,  >c('  Women. 

Feet,  i.,  'Jo-1,   177,  477-9,  520-30,  57.3,  Klalliow  I.ako,  i.,  252.  311. 

08;).  I'lalliow  l!i\er.  i.,  252,  203,311. 

Felices,  i.,  18.-),  718,  750  ;  ii.,  348,  718.  Kialliows.  i.,  251.  .311,  see  Koolenais 

Feiiehm  l{i\ci-,  i.,  400.  l-'liilheaij  I,al<e,  i.,  .31.3 


Fern,   liioil    and    medicine,  i.,  70,  214, 

.354. 
Feiiidale,  Califoinia.  aiili.|.,  iv.,  707. 
Fertili/rr,  .Ma\a  aLiiii'iilniie,  ii.,  717. 

Festivals,  see  l''eas|s. 

FelichiMii.  iii..  22,  3.3-S,  IO><-0. 

Fever,  i.,  21.5-li.  .304.  521.  554,  508,  588, 


Klalheaii  Kiver,  i.,  252.  312-1.3. 
l-'latheads,  i..  312-13.  see  S.-ili.-ii. 
Flaiteniiifi   the  Head,  see  Ilead-tlatlen- 

iiiK- 
Flax,  i.,  182,  185,308. 
Fla\iii);',    cu|itives,    ii.,    300,   .311,    332, 

42i),  431,  457;  iii.,  3(i8-i),  ;i,Vi,  355, 


0;)><-i),  007,  74.),  778;  ii.,  5i)2-.3,  500,  ;       413,  415,  420,  472 

500-0OII,  704.  ,  Flesh,  ].,  <)(),  127.  102,  187,  2S8-ii,  470, 

Filire,  vaiiniis  iim's   of,  i.,  558-0,  503,  '      721;  ii.,  71 1,721. 
574,  582-3,  0.3O,   048,  057,  007,  Oi)0,     Flies,  i.,  025  ;  ii.,  721. 


75t;    ii.,    303,    .305,    400,    484,    743, 

752. 
Fiddleiiiwn,      ('alifoiiiia,     aniiij.,     iv., 

707. 
Fi^is.  drink  tVoni,  ii.,  723, 
F'ililaes,  .Norili   Mexican  tribe,  i.,  571- 

i)l  ;  joc.'uion,  i.,  01 1 . 
Filniore  X'ajlcv,  i,,  408, 
Fine  ( iidd  ( lull  Ii,  i.,  450. 
Fines,  |iniiishiiient    li\',  ii.,  457,  05(')-i), 

073. 
Fii'i',    !!\  peilioreans,    i.,   51-2,   58,   7i), 


Flint,    i.,    50,88,    lus-O,    235,    .341-2, 
.377-0,  4.31,  434,   541,   5(;2-.!.    57S-0, 
055,  007,  722,  701  ;  ii.,  470-s(i,  557, 
742-3,  7.50;  iii.,  12i),  170,  208,  281, 
I'loallni;  (^arden^.  see  ( 'liiiiani|ias. 
I'loals,  i.,  213-14,  7r.). 
I'lood,  see  1  )chi,i;e, 

Moors,  i.,  25i),  .535,  718,755;    ii.,  \i:\, 
550,  572,  787  ;   'w..  125.  150,  |ri5,  lOi), 
273,  30i),  O.'iO,  0.5.3-4. 
I'"lorcs,  town,  dual!  mala,  iv.,  i;';l. 
Flore's  Creek,  i.,  44.3. 
111-2;    iii.,  i)0-7,    loi  ;    < 'oliiniliiaiis,  1  Florida,  iv  .  747;  v..  lid. 
I.,   I8i),   210,  2.30,  207;  ( 'alilornians,  j  Flowers,     i.,     308,    ;!00,    (31,    04i)-."(), 
i.,  330,  340,  .357,  .377,430   4.13;    iii.,  '       730-1  ;   ii.,   200,    315,  ,32S,    ;M0,    401. 
11,5-17,    15;),   547;     New    .Mexicans,  I       080,734;   iii.,  407,  42ii-l . 
!.,   408,   .502,   5li(-20,   .535,  5.37,  554,  '  Flunininl.'t,    reiiiral   Calilornian    tril.e, 


50.3,  577;  iii.,  172;  Me.xiians,  i., 
tilKi;  ii.,  270,  280,  .315,  .3;iO.  ,3,33, 
401,  58.3-4;  iii..  ,300,  .370,  .38,5-05, 
410-17;  v.,  320,  40,3;  ( 'eiilral  ,\mer- 
icttU8,  i.,  005,   72:i,   701-2,  782;   ii.. 


i.,  301-4OI  ;   location,  i..  453. 
Fint(>s,  i..  i>10,  552,   580,  7.38;  ii,,  31'' 

713;  iv.,  402-.3. 
Flyini;  iiaiiie,  Naiiniis,  ii.,  205-0. 
Flvinji  iiod",  Mi/.lccs,  iii.,  71-2. 


Fomc 

iein 
I'onec 


INDKX. 


FuiiuMitations,  T.i)\vi'r('iilifi(riiiii, iiH'tl-        "H'^-OI;  aiitic|.,   iv..  12J-r).  l^U,  '2T)Ti, 


iciiic,  1.,  .>(iS. 


.M 


ississiii|ii  \'allt'> ,  iiulii 


I'diiciliJis,  CiMitral   Ciilifoniiim   trilir,        7">i)-7,  7(12-5;   IVtii,  aiilin.,  iv.,  iS(i4. 


i.,  .S()l-40l;  localiiiii.  i.,  :tii:{. 


I''<irl  Maiil,  laii^'.,  iii.,  iiST. 


ImhmI,  iiilliiiMK'c  of,  i.,  IS,  4(1;   llyiicr- i  l^'oil  .Mi'Lc)ii;;lilii 


I,    I.,  r.M. 


Ipincaiis.    i.,    ,">4  .S,   7.">-'.t,   ItO,    10;{-4,  i  I'ort  Mojavf,  i  ,  4(/ 


lis,    1  •_'.{,    l-2.\    r.'it,    l.S."i 


III. 


147;  I  l"<ui  Ni 


Ciiliimliiaiis,  i.,  l.Vt.  1(11-4,  IS.'iS, 
I'.M,  212-14,  2.!2-.-).  2(:i-7;  Califnr- 
iiiaiis,  i.,  .Tid^O,  .S7."{-7.  4(>.")-7.  427, 
.'{.»;  New  Mfxii'ans,  i..  477,  4S7-'.»2, 
r):tS  40,  .V>.'),  ."i7(;-S,  .V.»0;  Mcxiians, 
i..  (124(1,  (UO-l,  (;.")2-4,  (;(i7-S;  ii., 
](;:!4.  174-S,  :{1S-I<.»,  .•!42-(;2,  .•<S4, 
(!12,  (ll.'>,  (!2;l;  ('fiitral  Aiiii'rifiiliH, 
i.,  (".".iKi,  7(>'.l.  7IS-22,  74:{-4.  7.'>S- 
(i(t.  7S()-;$;  ii.,  (!7!»,  71.V2.J,  741,  7!IS, 
SOO-l. 

I'dui's  I'rairic,  i.,  Hl.'t. 

Kootliali,  i.,  r.')2,  nsc,-?. 

l'i(c(t|iiiiitH,  of  ;,'o(ls,  ii.,  .'tH3. 

I'ooi-iacts,  Naliiias,  ii.,  4i;l. 

l''oi('i',  ai'tioii  ami  I'lciiiciits  <•*'.  ii., 
(i-lii. 

Forclicail,  llyiiciliorcans,  i.,  IKi; 
('olumliians,  i.,  177-S;  ('aliforiii- 
aii-<,  i.,;iiil-r);  New  Mcxiians,  i., 
477,  -'h'tS;  Mfxitaiis,  i.,  (il'.i,  (147; 
ii.,  (I'Jt;  Cciilral  Aiiioriiaiis,  i., 
(iss.  71  1-1."). 

Foii'st    Hill,    California,    aiitici.,    iv., 

7(ii;. 

J''ori'si    lloiiic,  Califoniia,  aiilii|.,  iv., 

7n7, 
ImhcnIs,  i.,  ;;s-i»,  111,  i,-,:t,  i:,(;,  ;i2;t-i, 

;is,".,  tl.'.l;  ii.,  SS.'.lil.  47J-2;  iv.,  2',IS. 
l''ori;  Lake,  i.,  :{()(>. 
l'"orni(alioii,  |miiisiiiiu'ii(  for,  ii.,  4(11', 

(I.")l.  (m'.i,  (i7.'>. 
I'ort  .\lf\aii.lcr,  i.,  lilO. 
Fort     .\ncii'iit,     .Mississi]i|ii    N'allfv, 

aiiti(|.,  i\.,  7."»i!. 
I'orl  lioirii',  i.,  |il2. 
I'ort.  lii.iM',  i.,   1(11. 
iMirt  I'.riiluvr,  i.,  MM 
\\nl  Colvillc,  i.,  ;ill. 
I'oit  ( 'onrKlciicc,  i.,  II  I. 
I'ort   llalLcll,  laiiL,'.,  iii.,  ■)S7. 
I'ort.  Ililvciia.  i.,   I.'iil. 
I'lirt  Hill,  .Mi>>iN>i|iiii  Nalli'v,  aiitii|., 

iv.,  I'i'i. 
J'tirlilicMiioiis,     ( 'olinnliiaii-*.    i.,    Id', 

i,U2;   Now  .\l('\ic,iii-i,  i.,   ,".:t|-(l,  ;il2; 

autii|.,  iv.,  r)S2-'.ii,  (iii;i,  (ii;i,  (i;i7, 

(;(.-,.(',  Ciil-.'.,  (17.1,  71.");  Mcxicaii.s. 
i.,  (liH,  (l.")V(l;  ii.,  111-17,  n.'iS,  r)ii2, 
ois;  aiitii|.,  iv.,  ;ii;s-',i  ;{7,"),  ;is;'-|, 
41J-i;t,    4;ll-:i.    4:i'.)-fll,    4il7.    4S(i 

,0 


iMlinlly,  i.,  ;U)1. 


4S(--7.  .l(i:i,   r..")ii.2;  v..   ",();(;  Crutial       (112 


l''orf    Itos.s    liitlians,   ('ciitral    (alifor- 
iiian  Irihc,    i.,  ;i(:i-l(l|,   I4'.i;  s|u'cial 

iiii'iitioii,  i.,  ;t04,  ;i(is,  :!Hi,  ;iss,  ;t>,),s. 
Fort.  Uiipi-rl,  i.,  17.">,  l',»()-l,  2'.tn,  2',is. 
J''ort    Siiii|isoii,     i..    l.'i."),    Ic7,    J73-4, 

2'.i;i-4;  laii^'.,  iii.,  6  7. 
I'ort      Walla     Walla,     \Vasliin.i,'toii, 

aiitiij.,  iv.,  7li"). 
l''oiiiitaiMs,  ii.,  5(1."),  .J71,  Ml;  iv..  4")7-.s. 
l''oiir,    'I'laiof     satri'd     iiuiiil)<'r,    iii., 
_  ;i4H. 

Four  Crci'ks,  !.,  3(i:t,  4.")(l-7. 
Fowl,  i.,  (I'.H;  ii.,  702,  7 IK,  721. 
Fo.vfs,  i. ,,")(),   2;")^,   ;m1,   f).')!,  (12.");  ii., 

71(1. 
Fox  Islaii.ls,  i.,  H7,  S!»,  141-2. 
P'rancis  Lake,  laii^'.,  iii.,  r)H7. 
l''rascr  Lake,  iaii;,'.,  iii.,  (107. 
I''ra..^i'r   liivor,    i.,  '.!."),    II.").    172,    17"), 

is."),  2.")1,    271,   27.S,  2'.l.')-7,  ;il2;  iii., 

(;i;i. 

Frederick  Souiid,  i.,  1  l:t. 

l''resiio    ('(iiiiitv,     t'aliforiiia,    aiitii|., 

iv.,  7i>7. 
I'resiio  liiver,  i.,  Hdlt,  :!'.ls,   I")"). 
I'lijoles,  lieaii.s,  i.,  (I'.il. 
Frill;,'!',    Naliiia  dress,   ii.,  llCd  7,  ;!',*, 

;t74, 
l''ro;rs,  i.,  4i:.").  57(1;   ii..  .'l"id;   iii.,    lld- 

17,  ;t(10,  4211;  iv..  21. 
Fruit,  i.,  2:i4,  2(1.'),  ;i:i;i.  r):is-!i.  .-,.|',»  .-,0. 

i").")'.!.  ">dii,  ,",74,  .'iTd,  dji-,",,  d,",.;,   (;,",s, 

<i;»l.  71111;  ii.,  ;)I7.  71S11».  72-'. 
l''iii'a,  i.,  222,  M'e  .liiaii  de  l''i;i  ,i. 
I'liiierals.  see  Itiiriai. 
iMiiiiiel.  Istluiiiaii  dress,  i.,  7.")l-2. 
I'lir,  i.,  2.i-:tl,  r,ii,  7:t  I,  n:i,    iki,   ido, 

is2-;t,  21(1.  2:10.  ;ii7.  12."). 

I'liniaees,  Naliiias.  ii..  .|7s. 
iMiriiilun',  i..  .")l.  (i;i2,  71S;  ii.,    171-5, 

572-;t,  7.sd-7. 
iMlliire,    i..    2  .'t;    ii..    del  5.    did,   (1|S, 

d22-:l;  iii..  ;ii-5.  1(11-2.   I(i."i,  .".1(1- 1 1. 
l''\  iiles,  ( 'eiilral  <  aliluniiaii  li  iiie.   i., 

'Hdl-lOl;  loealiou,  i.,   1..1. 


o 


(lal)ilaiies  ((!avilaiies),   Nurili    Mexi- 
can tril)e,   i.,  r)72l(l;    loealioii,    i,, 


Aiiiei 


i('au.><,    1. 


"<(i-7:    ii. 


i:t 


',    t  iauavit/,  iii.,  4 


77,  see  Ilaea\  il  ',. 


G82 


INDEX. 


ii.-<'i>li  Viilloy.  i.,  7nS. 
liiltl  t^iniiiihav,  CaUrliiqticl  title,  ii., 

(ilU. 
.alcl  Xaliil,  rak(lii(iiicl  n.yal   title, 

ii.,  lilO;  v.,  ciiait.  xi. 
iaiciia,    Mi.s.sis.sijipi    N'allev,  aiiti<i., 

iv.,  778-!). 
;ali!-Zilia,  hraiicli  (if  Ilocah,  v.,cliaii. 

xi. 
lalisico,  Piicltlo  villa-p,  i.,  r>27,  COil. 
ialliiiiiiiR'nis,     t'ciitial      Califuniiaii 

ti-il>f,  i.,  ;i<il-4l)l;   Incatiiiii.   i.,  :i'Vl 

4  lit;  special   nu'iitimi,   i.,  ;17'_',   UHil, 

3.1O;  laii.ir..  iii.,  (it;!-». 
lai|M)iis,  (( laijiitiies).  corridoi-iif  eoiin- 

eil-iiKiise,  Nicaraj^'iia,  ii.,  (ilti. 
ianildiiiLT,  II vpeiltoieaiis,   i.,    Il'2-i:), 

12-J;  Cnliitiii.iaiis,   i.,    Kl'.t,  I'JS,  'IV.I. 

2t:il,  2M»-I;  I'alifi.niians,  i.,  ii^it-t. 

'Ml,   •lirj-lC,     i:!7;    New    Mexicans, 

i.,   r)l(l.    '.)'t2-3,  C87;   Mexicans,    ii., 

'2'J',»-;i(l|. 
(lauieiiiMes.  Ccntial  ( 'aiifnrnian  (rilie, 

i.,  ;)iil-|iil;   liicalion,  i.,  •1">:!. 
(lame.  i..  ;!'.),  111.  I.")!),  l.".!'.,    IH7,   'Jli:?, 

;tj:!i.  ;t !7,  (>.")-(;,   rnir,   ii.,   ;}.")()- 1, 
{;:<•>.  cr.',),  (;'.i;i,  7-Jii. 

(lanciiil)i  (( 'anclu'liiz,  I 'an<'lievez, 
( lain  iii'hiiNci.  (Jnateniala  tribe,  i.. 
(lMi;-711;  litcatiiin,  i.,  7.S7. 

(lanel,   (^>uiciu'-( 'aUcliiipii'l    day,    ii., 

7(;7. 

(ianlens,  ii.,  .Wl,  r.7:!,  r,~r,,  7H'.». 
(iardnei-  (liannel,  i.,  1  ")■">,  '21U. 
(lailand--.    ii.,  ;;7'J,  (I'Jd;  iii.,  .'il.'t,  I'J!!, 

■liii. 
( iainienis,  see  Dress, 
tlaniciia,  a  inpe  l(iM'i;.'e,  i.,  (IDIl. 
(Jai/as,  i.,  ."i7li,  sec  Caiiizas. 
(iaulas.    .M(isi|uit()    liiiie,    i.,    711-17; 

liicaiinn.  i.,  71'1;  lan,u'.,  iii.,  7H;1. 
(Ja\ilanes,  i.,  (Ill,  si'c  (laliilanes. 
(Jeese,  !.,  7."),  IIIIM,  ;i:i7;   ii.,  7'Jl. 
(ti'.Lfuep,   Siinlli  ('alil'itniian  tiiiie,   i., 

iii'J-JJ;  local itin,  i.,   I.")',». 
(<ei;ai|ncl),   a    ('akclii(|nel    I'liler,    v., 

eliap.  \i. 
(leka'|iiciii,    a    * 'akcliiipiel     iirineily 

laniiiv.  \.,  eliap.  xi. 
(lelicc,    Siiiilli    ( 'alil'iiinian   trilie,   i., 

■lli'J-2i»;  locatiiin,  i..   I.V.t. 
(ieii),  Sontli  ( 'alil'innian  tiihe,  i.,  -IdJ- 

'i'J;  local  ion,  i.,   I"i'.». 
(!einex,  trilte  nl'    I'neliliis,   i.,  .^ill-.'iCi; 

liiealion,  i..  (Kill. 
(IiMiaii,  (eiitral  < 'alifoiiiian  tiilie,   i., 

;iilMl)l;  liiealiiin,  i.,   irill. 
(leiioa,  town,  Ne\aila,  i.,  lilH. 
( ieusde  Miiis,  i.,  1  17,  sec  Man  Knlcliin. 
lieasde  Hiiuleaii(I>ircli  Indians), trilic 


iif  'I'inneh,  i.,  111-37;  Incatioii,  i 

117. 
Jens  de    Unites,    i.,    117,   sec  'rniaM 

Knlcliin. 
u-ns    de    l''ou,    i.,    117,   sec    'I'ath/cv 

Ki.lshi. 
lens  de  Foux,  i.,  117,  sec  'rntclinne 

Kntcldn. 
lens  dc    l.arj;e,    i.,   117,   see   Nalclic 

Kntcliin. 
lens  de  .Milien,  trilie  of  'riiuicli,  i., 

Ili;f7;  locati i.,  lir..  117. 

leiir.v'etdwii,    <  "alifdriiia,    antii[.,   iv., 

H>'). 
lei>rj,'ia,   Mississip|ii  \',al!ev,  antiii., 

iv.,7(;7-S. 
!ein>,da  ( Jiiif,  i.,  '2')'i. 
Jer;^ecensens    (( leruneiisciis,    (Icrzu- 

enscns).   Central  ( 'alil'urnian  liiiic, 

i.,  liOl-lOl;   liicalicin,  i.,  IJC.I,   1.")^. 
lerL;nensens   (<  ler/nenscns),    i.,    l").', 

see  (!er;,'ecensens. 
!es|nrc-lan;jna,ui',  iii.,  'I'l.  .'i"i;. 
ieysers,   locality,  Califcirnia,   i..l"-.'. 
ihalasliat,    name    for    San     Nicolas 

Island,  i.,  -ID'J. 
llianau,  ii.,  7(17,  see  ( 'liaiian. 
iliocan,  name  for  raleMi|nc,  iw.'J'.ll. 
;li<i\\id    (lluey    /acatlam,    (Jiiapas, 

antii].,  iv. ,  'A'ti. 
;ianls,   i.,  7")(l;   ii.,   HOO;    iii.,  i;i.   i": 

iv.,    (I!).');    v.,    '21,    rj-,'.i),    llj),    J'.)7 

•Jno, 
lifts,  see  I'resents, 
li,u'  llarlior,  i.,  Itm. 
lijames,    North    .Mexican    trilie,    i,, 

ri71-'.il;  location,  i.,  (II 1, 
lila  (.\ila)   liiver,  i..  a'JS,  r.Ii.t,  .V.l.'.-',), 

(:ill-2;  Ian;,--.,  iii.,  iV.ll-."). 
liiilinj;',  see  I'lalin;,', 
lilenos  (Xilefios),  trilie  of     \|iaclics, 

i.,  •17:!-.")'Ji;;    location,   i,,    171.    .I'.'d; 

Ian;,'.,  iii.,  (iH,"). 
iiliinis,  Ct'iitral  < 'aliforiiiaii  trilie,  i., 

.•!i;i-lill;   localion,  i.,   l.")!. 
lirdle,  see  licit. 
Ii\  im,  v.,  7(1,  see  II  ivim. 
lix,  ii.,  7"i'i,  see  Ix. 
Iladialorial  Moiie,   ii.,  ."iSi',;  iv.,  nn'.l- 

10, 
ilass,  !.,  IS,  'is:!;  ii.,  rCtl,  ■"wit. 
Ila/inj;,    imtlerv,    i.,  Tidi.    (;',.S.   7<l'.i; 

ii.,  LSII;  iv,,  lit,  liH-n,  ItMl.  (.17. 
lienaxcnvn,  Sontli  ( 'alifoiniaa  Irilic, 

i.,  l()2-'i'2;  location,  i..  I'.'.i. 
Iloves,  !.,  'IHH-  ii..  2',IS.  7;il. 
line,  i.,  ill,  mO;  ii.,  IHl), 
ilnttony,  see  l'".atin;^', 
lniid/a\  (lit  linilui,   local'ts,  ( >ajae  i, 

i.,  (i7M. 


INDKX. 


G83 


iila;i,  li>riilil\-.  ( >;: 


laji 


Isll 


;:ira  i.,  (>i 


r,7S. 


iMiiaiJ   tiilii',   I.,    (IT-tS"); 


IiicatKiii,  I.,  iM, 
(iiiasai'cialt'd,   iii., 


l''»-C>,  SL'U    (ioaza- 


(ioal^ 


215.10,  .-,11. 


( ioa/aroali'ii  (( 'nat/at'oali'o,  ( loasaco- 
aico,  ( iciat/ariialrii,  ( iiia>ai'iialrii, 
<  !iia/ai'iial('i)),  iinvitict'  ami  livcr, 
Vera  ( 'rii/,  i.,  (11."),  Cdd,  (JSlI;  ii., 
11-2,  CV.);  iii.,  251),  •J75-(i;  v.,  251), 
2',»S.   121,   IT.t. 

( JodariiN  oils  ( II,  trilic  of  < 'hinooks,  i., 


'222-.")(l;  location,  i.,  lillT. 


( 


OLM'IC; 


skiiiios,   I.,   (I'J. 


(ioilri's,  i.,  r,HH,  (i;W. 
(iold,    New    .Mi'vica 


ri7:i-7,  iis-io,  4n;!-72,  r,n;!ii,  ci:). 

22,    <i2S;    iii..    210-211.   2J"i.;lil,  •.5'.i. 

27:!-l,  IM,  72i;;  v..  2ll-',i,  2.5,  2'.  I. 
3.')tl-l,    1(11,    -l-iCS;  Cfiiii.il    .\iiuii- 

ciins,  i..  7()l-2,  72S-;),  ',;i5.  7..!,  7. .5, 

75H,   7(11,    7(.'.i-7l,    7.SM;    ii..  (i:t(i- 

(10,  (Kli),  7:(ii-7,  710-1,  7.'SV-;ii),  7lt'.i- 
801 ;  iii..  7;i;  v..  cliaii.  xiii. 
(ioxican.    Nortii    Mc\ 


iciiii     fnl.c,    1. 


571-111;  location,  i..  Oil, 


( iraiiai 


la,   N 


uai;i;;iia,  aiiln 


(10;   New   .Mc.\iii>,  aiil 


i\.,   (171. 


( iranarifs,  .sec  Slorc-lioii>cs. 

( iraii-t 'liiiini,    rem,  aiitii|.,    i\.,   7li'S- 

HOO. 
Ciaiidc  Ifoinlc  \'alli\,  i..  251,  llllt. 
i.,   .511!,  ,5s:t;'(;iaii(lc  lie  .Smii  I'cd,,'.  i.,iUc.  i.,  (112. 


Ml 


i.,  (i:!l,  Ol.s,    (151,    (1, 


(i 


il  i;ivcr,  i.,   nil.   Ml. 


ii.,  117,  173-5.  2.S5.  2IMI,  ;!72.  370-7,  I  ( icaiivillc.  djiio,  aiitii|.,  iv.,  771 


3s2.    100-8,    473-;».    (lini;    iii. 


2N.), 


321;  antii|..  iv.,  310,   370.  3>3,  4." 
Central   .\  "        " 


I,   703, 


/.I 

50,   7>s7;    antin 


nieiicans,   i.,   rji- 
700-1*;  ii.,  7;!2,  71 


(1(1;    .M 


l.ssi?. 


■I" 


Vail 


r;!2,  712,  7r.»- 

IM,    2(1,    22-3, 
(  y,  antii|.,  iv., 


77.'S-ll;   rem,  aiili.|.,  iv.,  71i2-l. 
(Jol.l  iiliiir,  i.,  115-0. 
(ioldcii  ( late,  invlli.,  iii.,  .^1). 


(iold-ilai'l 


15 


'1; 


Mils,     tiilic 

location,  i. 


Ilaidal 


IS,      1. 


:l»2 


(!old  Mill,  ('alifoinia,  aiilii|.,  iv.,  70(1. 
( Joldsinitlis,   Nalinas,  ii.,   175-8;  iii., 

■111. 
(Jold      S|iriii;js    (inicli,      ('.'ilit'ornia, 

aiiti(|.,  iv.,  701-2,  700 
( lolovin  .Sound,  i.,  Ml. 
(iolovnin  ((lolowniiil  liay,  i.,  70,  1(1. 
(ioiioiilio'a,  sec  X'eiiercal  I 'iscasc. 
(loose  ( 'leek,  i.,    1(111. 


(i 


111. 


12-2. 


loose  l.aKc.  1. 

(lo.sii  I'tc  Lak 

liosli  I'tes  (doslia  I'tes,  (loslianles, 
(Ioslii|is,  (Joslioots,  (;,.>li  N'litas), 
tiilie  of  Slioslioiies.  i. .  12_'  12;  loca- 
tion and  iianie.  i.,  122,  Iil7-M;  spec- 
ial mention,  i.,  I2S;  laii^'.,  iii., 
(101-2. 

( Jossam|iiiie.  see  ( 'ntloii. 

(lonids.  i..  511.  551-2.  582,  030,  050; 
ii..  31IS,  l.sj,  701»,  7.V2;  v.,  elia|).  xi. 

(lo\('i-iiiiieiit.  its  relation  toiivili/a- 
lion.  ii..  Oil-d.  71-1;  II  \  |iei  liorcaii>, 
i.,  05,  ISit,l)2,  1001.  lO.*^.  121,  123  5, 
130-2.  1.31;  Coliiniliiaiis,  i.,  10,"  s, 
170.  173,  lsO-2.  185,  IN7-8,  1H3-0, 
217,  210,  217-s,  258.  202,  2(i!l-7(», 
275-I";  (  alifoiiiiaiis.  i.,  317-11.  35h, 
3S5-.S,  -101).  10,  135;  New  Mexicans, 
i.,  507- 10,  510-7,  501-5,5^1;  Mexi- 
catis,   i.,   032,   (r):)-(10;  ii..    133-2311, 


t'ood,  i.,  Iii3,  170,  :!10.  .373-5, 
■loO;  nianiil'actnres,  etc.,  i.,73.  111, 
lti7,  211,  211,  230,  25S,  270,  330-1, 
315,  3iiH,  :W1.2.     125,131,    .j^O,  .51.(1, 


.50: 


!l,  7(1 


);   I!.,  oi 


I:  iii..  I21». 


(lrasslio|i|icis,  lis  tiiod,   i..  :!73l,  105- 

0,  -l-J^S,   1S8,  ,501. 
( iniss  \'alle\ ,    Califonii;!,  antii|.,  i\., 

7iiO. 
(Irave  ("reek,  i.,  30S. 
( J  laves,  sei 
Mi 


U 


151, 


oil,    211, 


(Jiav  .H 

2i.5-17, 
(Iveasc,  i.,  1211,   210,  3:!3;   iii.,   11." 


303-1. 


(Ireat  licar 


l.ak 


II. 


( Ireat   ne.'ir  Ki\cr 


X'all. 


( Ireat  I'isli  l!i\  cr,  i. .  1  15, 
( ireat  I, one  Land,  i,.  111. 
(Ireat  Salt  Lake  liasiii,  i.,  1.' 

■101-3. 
(Ireat  Sl,i\e  Lake,  i.,  111. 
(Ireat  South  I'liss,  i,.   H.l, 
(Jrcaves,  ii.,  377.    loO  s,   -re 


.\ri 


(■recce,  nivtli.,com|iari'd  w  it  li  Nalina, 
iii.,  411;  .Vincrican  oii'_;iii-i  liice., 
v.,  122  3. 

(ireenland,  eariv  .sell  linn'iil  ol',  v., 
100-15. 

Creeii  lliver,  i..  300,    li'l-l. 

(Ireiioiis,  Nicaia;:n;!  i  (Jiincil  lioiises, 
ii..  01(1. 

( Ircylow  11.  i.,  711.!. 

( 111 j.iU.i.  .1 11,111  dc,  ariixal  on  Mexican 
ciiast.  v.,   17.S, 

(l-tinkil,  i..  110.  see  Silkas, 

( iiiaiaclinl:!,  city,  .Mi.\ii(i,  ii  ,   110, 

( lliacliicliiles  |l  nacliicliiles,  (liiaelii>- 
cliiles,  II  nacliicliiles,  iliiacliiclii- 
les),  Noitli  .Mexican  Irilic,  i..  571- 
111;  location,  i, ,  572,  (111;  special 
inentioii,    i.,  032;  Ian;:.,   iii.,  7111, 


G84 


INDEX. 


(;;i:i. 


<i,   an 


tiiliifc  for  snaki'-liiti's,   i.,  MJtinnls,  Xalmas.  ii..  ]s.!.  21" 


<  Iiiailala  jara.  .lalisci),  aiiti(i.,  iv.,  o7". 

( Jiia<lalu|ii'  llivcr,  i.,  4r>2. 

•  Jiia-'iiaviitla,    villa^re,    (iuorn.'ro,    i 


(rlla.- 


Niiitli    .\lc\iiaii   tri'iM'.    i. 


mI-'.U;  liiiMiiiPii,  i..  (li'ii 


(iiiaic'iiris 
(luavciira^ 


(('. 


iiaicuras,      ( Juaicurcs, 


W 


iiciinii 


\Vi 


iikiiri, 


I. 


owcr  ( 'ahtciiiiiaii  tntx',  i.,  ■)')''>-i 


(iii...<a<'ual 


I'd,  111. 


<  ioa/;! 


( iiiasavas,  \  illa''i'.  Si 


imra.  i..  rn 


( iiiasliillas,  tril»'  oi  liaiil.ili 


i..  1" 


71;  liicati 


111. 


loratioii,    i.,    Tj.'iT-fS,    (i(i;i-h    s|ii'i'ial  I      71. 
iiu-ntioii,  i.,  rj.jS-l),  5Cj-7,  57(J;  laiiir. , 


(iiia^ista^iia,    lloinluia-,   aiitii|.,   i\ 


iii.,  r,s7-:K{. 
(iiiailii|iiis,    Nnrtli  Mexican  trili 

rj71-'.tl;  li.ialiiMi,  i.,  (Jul). 
<  liiaiiiias,  iii. ,  tid  I  m'i"  <  liiavnias 


(iiiainm 


III 


iianiii's 


K  Istl 


iiiiiaii 


tril. 


I.,   ili-hi;   luialloii,    1.,   I'JI'i;  s[)C'('ia 


iiientiDii, 


7.)',  I. 


(Inaiiic'tas,  Utliiiiian  tribe,  i.,  747-8."); 


local 


mn,  1.,  I'M). 


(Iiiasiai(|Mi',  Suiilli  Caliliiniiaii  iriln-. 

i..   l()2-'iJ;  liM-alioii,  i.,  l'>^. 
(uiastccs.  i.,  (174,  sec  llna-tcrs. 
(iiiateniala    ((iliiaiiliteiiial.iii '.   aMi'i., 

iv.,  uis-;{.s;  hist.,  v.,  ^iis.  ;ii'.i.  4';t  -1. 

chap.  .\i.;   for  inftirniatinn  I'lincern- 
\u'^    trilies,    see    t;nateii!alaii->    ainl 
.May:)  nations. 
( liiatciiialaiis  ((inatenialtecsi,  one  of 
tlie    tiiree   families   intowhiiii  the 


(iuaiiiiioiiost,  Sontii  <  'iilifornian  trih 

i.,  402-22:   hM'alioii,  i.,  4.V,). 
(iiiai|>ii,   i.,  <i^l,  see  liiii|)il. 
(iiiaislac.  Sontli  Califoniian 


402-22:   hicaliou, 


4.V.). 


t.v.   J^ 


ower 


trihe, 
("alif( 


•  iKijaniiiia.   locality 
nia,  i.,  oii'.*. 
iiaji<iiieros,   Mos({iilto  (lihe,  i.,  7 


47;  location 


712; 


n- 


s[iecial  nu'ii- 


tion,  i.,  71S,  722,  7;t7-S. 
(Jiiajolote,  .Mexico,  antiii.,  iv.  54"). 
(iiiaiala  (Waliiaila,  Wailaila)  Creek, 

i.,  411). 
(iiialalas,  ( 'entral  Culiforiiiaiitriln 


301-401;    loraiioii 


44l»; 


SJM 


rial 


inentioii.  i.,  liiO;  Ian;,'.,  iii..  il4;{. 
(iiialpi,     Kiiialjia,     iinal|ii.    .Inal[)i), 

.Moqiii  vilia-f,  i.,  O'iH.  (loii-l. 
(Iiiaiiiane,  North   .Mexican   triho,    i. 

571-;M;  iaii^'..  iii.,  71'.*. 
Oiiaiiacaste,   Co^ta  Hica,  aiitiij.,  iv., 

24. 
Guaiiaeiiiiri  Ml.  v.,  Ki. 
(■uaiiaja   Islainl,  i.,  7'JO;  aiitii[.,  iv. 

70. 
CJiianajiiato.  ilescriptioii  of  trilies,  i. 

(il7-41:    ii.,    l:i:i-t)2'.»;     location,    i. 

G7.'t,   ii77;    iiiylh.,  iii.,   511;    laiiy. 

iii.,  7:i7-ll;  aiiti(|.,  iv.,  577-8. 


tnlie; 


if  Central    .\ 


nu'rica   ;ne  ili- 


.Mi 


iliners  ami    ciistoin-   ot 


CI  ilnil 


its  nations  aiul  iriltes  ilc; 
etiier,    i.,   (iSi;-71 1;  civ  iii; 


tioiis. 
(i82,    7 


ii..    (i;i()-8(i;t;     hMiitioii.     i. 


Nli-112;  ii.,    121-2:    I'h 


'I' 


i..  (;88-;»;  ii..  ,SII2;  Dress,  i..  cs.t 
!)-2;  ii.,  72()-:il;  D\\elliii;.'s.  i..  f,'.t2 
:t;  ii..  78:i-',(t;  Koo,!,  i.,  C'.U-i;:  ii. 
715-25;  Personal  llaliits.  i..f,  C;  ij. 
7iil-5;    Implements  ami    .Mamii'ai 


tiires,  I.,  (I',l7-;i;  ii.,  74^- 


i2:  \V( 


ami  War.  i.,(r.Mi-7;  ii..7:i.i-l7:  lloat- 
i.,  <l'.t',t;  ii.,  7.'{0;  l'ro|ierty  ami  Con 


merce,   i.,   (;',»',)-, oil;  n. 


•■S;  .\it. 


i.,   700-1;  ii.,    71N-S2;   t  ■o\eriiiiient, 
i..  701-2;  ii.,  (;:U-t')0;   Mania'.; 


<  liiaiiiiie^ 
(■iiaiiijia- 


ilil  ornaments,  i. ,  i.)2. 
Norih  .Mexican  trihe,  i. 


571-01 ;  location,  i.,  till. 
llnaniiii|iiimanes,  Oajaca  trihe,  hist. 

v.,  52S. 
(iiiaiilen.    Central    Califoniian  trihe 

i.,  ;t.ll-10l;   location,  i.,  45;i. 


W'onii 
cation 


.1 
70-2-1;  ii..  r,(,t  Ml:  i;,lu- 


ii.,  (1(11-1;   .\i 


ill.     "cciil^.   1. 


704-7;  ii..  (187-714;  .Mis,  .'llaiicoiis 
Customs,  i.,  707-8;  ii..  7'.m1-S;  .\i,-.l- 
iciiie,  i.,  708-0;  ii..  7'.i4-(l;  llnrial. 
i..  701);  ii.,   71)S-h02;   Chaiader.    i.. 


701)1 1;   ii. 


803; 


IIIV 


th 


111.. 


4 


120,  471-110;  v.,   13.   'iO;    Ian.-.,   iii 
72(1.  75l)-il(l;  hist.,  cha|p.   \i. 
(iiiatiiico,    ()aia<'a,    aiili>i..    i^  .    '■'>' 


hist. 


>ll.  4'. 


(iiiatiisco.  iv.,  415,  see   lliialns,- 


(liiatns 


(liidios  lilai 


I' 


Isll 


imiaii  trilie,  i. 


ami    nam' 


I. 


M7-s5; 
'48.    7'.M-i 


iicalloii 


menlioii,  I.,   I,) 


ll-l. 


.58,   (M;   laii'.:. 


III. 


13. 


(Inantla,  N'era  <  'riiz. 


liiiavi,  I.,  (1M». 


ill 


aiiti<|. 


1(11. 


(iiiara|io,    Soulii  .Mexican   lirink,    i.,    (niaxaca,  i.,  (171).  see  (•ajaca. 

(l()5.  i  (Juaximala,  Nicar.i.u'mi.  anlii|..  iv. 

(Miarara,    Istlimiaii  jiroviiiee,    Ian;;.,  i  tjiiaxtecas,  v.,  "208,  see  lliiastecs. 


111. 


111. 


INDEX. 


G85 


Oiiavai'an.  a  species  of  wood 


77«;  ii. 


7'.t.). 


i.,  IT'.t,        4:^0.  finO,  (;02,  fiOS,  77fi;  ii.,  4Sr>,  (!00, 

I     7;m;  v..  ;i-_'.v 


(;ua\aii''aics,    name    for    'I'/intzuiit- '  ( liiiiiarcaali,  ii.,  C,'?7,  see  I'tatlaii. 


zaii,  v.,  •> 


li; 


j  (;iiiiiiiit's;ica|>eiiic;*.    Nortii     Mexican 
I      Iiilie,  i..  .">7I-!M;  ioealimi.  i..  (>1.S. 
(Jutaras,  Nii'aia''iia  s.-imlals,  ii. 


■M. 


Kiiayave,  a  tiiiii  roni  I'ake.  i.,  '>40. 
<!ua_\  I  liras.  i,.  .")")7.  see  (iiiairuris. 
(;iiayiiia>,    ((iiiaiiiiasi,    North    Mexi-    (iiiyiiMines,  ( 'ciitiai  ( 'aliforiii.iii  tiilie, 
can    Irilie,   i..   u71-'.)l;    location,   i.,        i.,  .Sf>l-4(>l ;  location,   i,  4.V{, 

(invnien    (Cninieni,  < 'cntrai    Talifor- 


tlO.'t;  lan^'..  iii..  7(M-r). 
(Jua/ahas.  iii.,  •>!»'.(,  see  (iiia/aves.         ,      nian 
<<uazaeiialco,    i.,    COil,    «eo    lioazaeo-        4.");{. 


trilii 


3(;i-4()l;  locatii 


alco. 


(in/man  Lake,  i.,  T)!).");  iii.,  .")!(4. 


(.Jiiazaliiijjo,  l)roviiice,  Mexico,  i.,  (>7o.    (Jwan^'wa   l'a;.'ini,  inline  for  Tuii^jax- 
liiiazanioro.s,  Nortli  Mexicaii  trilic,  i. 


r)71-'.ll;  location,  i.,  till. 


II. 

( iwosdcH'  Islaiiils,  i.,  M. 


•.•;«)-.•{. 


(;naza|);iri's.  North  Mexican  trihe,  i.,    (iyninasinin,  ii.,  ((()•_',   ~i;\;  iv.,  I'i'I'A, 

r)7l-".ll;  location,  i.,  tJltJ;  Ian;;.,  iii., 

711. 
Cua/.aves  ((Jiuuabas),  North    Mexi- 
can   trihe,    i.,   571-'.'l;  location,  i., 

(!()'.»;  lan^'.,  iii.,  (i'JU.  707. 
Kncninatz  (Teiieii,   TcimmiIi),  (jMiiclie 

ruler  and  ;:od,  ii.,  <US,  7111-17;  iii.,    Haah.  .Maya  year,  ii.,  7")!). 

45,  135,  475;  v.,  '2:i,  170,  188,  chaji.     lialiasto.  Central  ( "alifornian  trilie,  i. 

xi.  I      ;it;i-4(tl;  location,  i..  4.'.:{. 

(!iie,'iietenan;;o,  i.,  787,  see  Hneline-  '  Haliena|io,  Central  < 'aliroriiian  trilie 


(Jyipsuni,  ii.,  55(),  558,  570,  57-,  581. 


II 


tenan^ro. 


i.,  ;<(il-4(>l;  location,  i.,  451. 


(ineiiini/.ales.   North   Mexican  trilte,  '  llacavit/     (<  la;;a\  it/).    <,lnicln'    <snd, 


ri-'Jl;  location,  i.,  (ii  I. 
(iiKMHicks.  CiMitral  Calit'ornian  trilH>, 

i.,  'Mi\   "M;  location,  i.,  .Sii.S,  (mI. 
(iiierrero,  Irilies  described,  i.,  l!17-44; 


III.,  50--J.  47 
5(Ht-71,  574. 


181,  5l7-5(i,  .")(; 


llacavit/  .Mountain,  v.,  540-.5.3,   .">,")(), 
.")(iO,  .")(i4. 


II. 


i:W()'."J;  location,  i.,  ()77-8,  7'.M);    Ilaeelt/.nk,  i.,  lMU,  see  llailt;;as. 


lan^'..    111.,    / 
4:i:{-4. 


4'J, 


iM 


aiitii 


(Jiietares,  Isthmian  tribe,  i.,  747-85; 


ocation,  1.,  7'.I5. 


( iii''urcs, 


Isth 


tribi 


747-85; 


special  mention 


Ila-lii    tribe  of  .\i.aclies,   i.,  47:{-5_'() 


locati 


llau 


5!M». 
I'ts,  tribe  of  Ilaidali 


Ills, 


I.- 


74;  location,  i. 


!»4. 


Ilaiiaiiio;.^;),  South  Californian  tribe, 
i.,  402--_*'_';  location,  i.,  4(;(). 


( inicliicovi,  villa.^'e,  Oajaca,  i..(!7!t-80.     Ilaitlaiis,    one    of    the   nine   f.imilies 


(iiiicbidas,  «'entral  .Mexican  tribe,  i. 
(il7-44;  locaticni,  i.,  ti7-*. 

tiiiieiixola,  ( tajaca,  aiitici. ,  iv.,  .1(>8-71; 
hist.,  v.,  444-5. 

(iiiillicas  (tiiiihicos).  Central  Califor- 
nian trilie,  i.,  ;}fil-40l;  location,  i., 
;<(;•_',  44!t;  Ian;,'.,  iii..  ><M. 

Cniina,  South  Californian  tribe,  i., 
40-.'-'-"J;  location,  i..  4,V.». 

Cninien,  i.,  453,  sec  (iiiynien. 

(ini|ianlavi,  Mmiiii  village,  i..  (JOO. 

"ic,    i., 


(iiiisolcs,    North    .Mexi<'.iii    till 


ito  which  the  Coliinibians  are  di- 


vided; manners  and  ciisti 


if  all 


its  nations  jiiid  tribes  described  to- 


gether,    I 
l."i(iS;  dn 


15.V74;     1 


ihVMiine,    1. 


l.iS-OO;  dwidliii^'s, 
i.,  lliO-l;  food,  i.,  l»il-4;  weapons, 
iiii|>leiiieiits,  iiinl  iiiannf.'ictnr 
KU-d 
trade,     i. 


iiat.-.,  i.,    lliif;  |iiM|)eity  and 


iir 


;i>\eiiiinent,      1. 


57I-!M;  location,  i.,  (il  I. 


Ciiixa,  v.,  chaii.  xii.,  see  llnixa 


( inixoloter 
57 1 -'.H; 


North  Mexican  tribe,  i. 


atioii,  i.,  Iil3. 
Cult  of  [''onst'ca,  i.,  7'.M . 


l()7-8;    women    and    mairia;_'e,    i., 

lti!t-70; 
,    170-'; 


ItlS-ll; 

misceli  .  icons    custdiii 


aiiiiiseiiii'ni> 


medicine 


i.,    17--'; 


character,     1. 


173-1; 
i..    151.    l>:iJ-5; 


i..  17'->- 
localiiin 
liivth.. 


<if   tribi 

iii.,  I4'.t-."i0,  .■)'_>0;  laiii,'.,  iii.,  <i04f;, 


Ilaidahs  illaidas,    II vd; 


lbs), 


tribe  of 


(tiiloisiniiitac,     Central      Californian;       llaidah.s,    i.,    155-74;    location   ainl 
trilie,  i.,  3(il-401;  location,  i.,  45,{.  I      name,   i.,   'Jl)'_'-3;    special   mention, 
»iiiiii,  i.,  1.30,  17-',  -'01.  'il7,  l.'8(i,  43-t,        i.,  157,  120.3. 


I 


686 


ixnr.x. 


IIiiiltzas(IIiU'cUzuk,  llacelzuk,  Tlail- 
tsii,  llailt/iik,  llaiitzuk),  triliu  of 
Haidalis,  i.,  I.V)-74;  liK-atioii,  i., 
l.M,  '2'Xt;  special  iiiciitioti,  i.,  157-S, 
170-1;  laii;,'.,  iii.,  <I07. 

Hair,  i.,  TJ-U;  ll\  |icTl»ori'aiis,  i.,  4(!- 
7,  T2,  «(),  }<.S,  117,  U'.t,  1-2S,  VM--2; 
iii.,  148;  « '..luiiiliiaiis,  i..  l,".7-'.t, 
KKi,  I7:{,  17«-S0,  lS2-;<,  lit."),  •_'()(!, 
•JlO-ll,  •_' I. 5- 1 (),•_>•_'.■)-(>,  •-••_>;•,  -.Ml),  LVm- 
7,  -•7(t,  --'SH;  Califc.rniaiis,  i.,  Xi\, 
.T)7.  H(;4-(;,  .S(;,S-7(>,  .■«>7,  4(»-_',  4(t4, 
420.  4'_'4;   New  MexicaiiH,  i.,  477-S4, 


401), 

r)()7. 


vj;t,  "n>o:{J,  .■".44, 


■>i. 


i.")S -0, 


r>ii!»,  .■■.7:{-.">,  ')S'_'-;<,  r.iM);  Mfxi- 


caiis,  i.,  (iH»,  (i-.'l-L',  (i4(;. 


(;40".l; 


ii.,  •_'.■.•-',  .•{07,  :i-24,  :i-2'.),  XiH,  .{70-1, 
40:{,  4(»8,  4(;i,  4S4.  .">!>!),  (iOl.  ti24; 
iii.,  •J:{S,  .•{(;4,  ;{87,  :{!»_',  4:{.">;  (Viilral 
(IS'.M.M,  7I4-I(i,  744, 


uiicricaiis,    I. 


.•■>o--j, 


(•> 


1;  ii.,  (i.">l, 


!t-;{l,  741. 


laitliiis,  i.,  17-">,  •-*!»«,  sec  'IVi'ts. 
Iakiiii|iiii,   Siiiitli   ( 'alifiiniiaii    tril>i>, 


4()_'-_'L'; 


at ,  I.,  4(>(». 


lalaiii   Wiiiikfl,    'rutiil     Xiii     title, 

ii.,  (i;{(i;  v.,  riiar).  xiii. 
lalcliedoiiias,   irilie   <»l'    .Apaclies,   i., 

47.'{-.V.'(;;   local  ion,  i.,  .".'.tit. 
lalcliis,    reutrai    < 'alifoniiaii    trilie, 

i.,  :{()l-40l;  location,  i.,  iM. 
laliliiit,  food,  lly|ierlioreans,  i.,  1(14; 

t'olnniliiaus.  i.',  KIJ,   1811,  '.'I  I. 


iliolis,  sec 


'earl.s. 


laliains,   triWe  of    Nootkas, 


-MS;   I 


ocalion,  I. 


:»(i, 


M 


cMcan  hammock 


((.■">(!. 


lamai-l'leli,   <^>niclii'' (|nei'n,   v.,  .">7-. 

lamlinri;  Indians  (Tka),  North  Cali 

fornian  tiilie,  i.,  .'{J(i-ltl;  loi'ation,  i.. 


44'; 


lanLf.,  111.,  (110. 


lameclmwa.  South  ( 'alifoniian  triln 
i..  W2-22;  location,  i.,  4110. 

laiiimersly's  Inlet,  i.,  .'{(11. 

lamnioci^s 
7Sl';  antic 

lamockhaves,  i.,  .">'.t7.  see  Mojaves. 

I; 


i.,  (m8,  (11)7  0,  7-1,  7().")-(' 


8-.'-:{. 


imook-li.'ioi  .Moiinliiins,  i.,  ,)\), 


(M 


ivna''';is) 


North  Califor- 


nian  Irilie,  i.,  :{°2i)r)l;  locaticni,  i., 

412,  44.');  lanj;.,  iii.,  .".'.»:{. 
Iaiie;,Ms  (.\iie;;,l,  lleiiiie;;as),  Irihe  of 

llaiilahs,    i.,    \')')u  I;    location,    i.. 

'J!I2;{. 
lan-Kntchin  (.\ii-Kiitchiii.  (I(mis  de 

Itois),   Irihe  of  Tinneh,   i.,    1 14-:{7; 

location,    i.,    11,">,    147;  Ian;;.,    iii., 

.'-.87. 
lannakalals  (liaiinakallals),  trihe  of 


( 'hinooks 
;{07. 


•22-2-M;    location,    i. 


Ilararotiii,  mountain,  Miciioacan,  v, 
.".18. 
Ianis<rna,  Sc.uth  ( 'alifoniian  t 


rilie, 


40-_»-L"_';  location,  i.,  4(iO. 


.'.0,   :{7:{,  4'_'4,  .".XS,  o7S;   ii.. 


;{(i8,  7--M-2:  iii.,  80. 


Nal 


mas, 


ii.,  lS2-:{. 


lariiev  Lake,  i.,  4<i.'{. 


ariio,  .MiMjni  town, 
(i8l. 


lai 


I''.,  iii.,  (171, 


lari 
iarri 


IstI 

loons,  i. 


iniian  nivth.,  iii.,  .~)IH)-1. 
7 lit;'  ii.,  7--' I. 


isoii  Itiver,  laiijx.,  ill..  (Jl.'{. 
larvest-feasts,  i.,   73.".;  ii.,  ;{4(i,   7I; 

14. 
laslintalis.  North  Califoriiiun  trilii 


i.,  .'{•_'(i-(il ;  location, 


44." 


latawa.  South  ('alifoniian  trihi 


40-J 


loi-atioii,  I.,   tfiO. 


latchets.   i..  r.O,    lOt,    1(14,  .•{4.".,  4:{  I. 


'.4:{, 


:i,  7fi.".;  II.,  48-.',  7:{7 


iO-.'iU; 


see  also  AXC' 


lats,  llv|ierlioreans,  i.,  74,  88-;»,  inl;    / 
Colnniliians,  i..  I."i'.l,  MiC,  l,S-_'-:{.  -Jl  I.    / 


!.•{(»,   '-'.".s-!!;  Calitorniai 


i..  :{.•!(•■  I,   i 


;{1.".,   :{.".S.   :{(;8;    New   .Mexicai 


IS.     [.J 

:{|-'J,  .">.")1,  .").".8-!t.  .".7.">:  .Mc\i-f 
cans,  i..  (;•_'(),  (.48,  CM;  Cciilr.i'/ 
Americans,    i.,   (I'KII,   (;;MI,   71.'.Hy 


481-4.  r.: 


lat/al.  (iiiatemala.  aiitiii.,  iv. 


lat 


It/cjih, 


.M 


iva  toreiiooii.  ii. 


i;il/ 


lanl/uk.  i..  I.")8.  see  llaill/as. 


* 


laii/ani  ni.  ( 'eiitial  <  'alifoniian  tr'/te, 

i..  Hiil-IOI;  location,  i..  4."i4.      / 
lavic-h.ilii  .Moijniains,  i..  .".117. 
lauhaw.   (aiifoniia.   laii^'..  iii.,  (i."il. 
lay.ale.  .Max.i  mantle,  ii.,727. 
Ia.viiai.'i;is,  i.,  44.".,  see  llaiia;^sj 
lavociiino.  locality,  Mexico,  vi,  47-. 
lea.l.   i..  4(1.  72,  .•{•JO,  42^,  .".(!'>,  ."i7;{, 
(iSO.  714.  .' 

Head-llatleniii'',  ( 'oIiiiiiliians,»i.,  l.".l, 


l.">8,    ISd,   •JKt.   •J-_'(i-8, 


cans,     I. 
.\mcricaiis. 


(!.-.! 


II. 


t 


M. 


til. 

:n-2,  8()j;  iv.,  ;{(>4. 


2S\;  Meiilial 
,".1;  i*.,  (iSi-'J. 

i 


llehonoiiias.     Irihe    of    Aplchc: 

47."{-."f-'(!;  location,  i..  .".OS 
llecat.  iii..  40!.  see  Khccji/I. 


Ilecatotoiili.  Nahiia  iili 


iii..  :{i:{. 


II. 


i..  (i07.  see  l'".iid( 


:{!.'{.  .''.Hi.  see  Sans 


!ieln'4lieliimino, 

I'oils. 
Ilidliiianil.   Nortii-east    America,    v. 


II 


lixl. 
ellwits.    trilie 


.f  CI 


.")(»;   location,  i.,  .•{0(!.  ^.■{  1  ■; 


lUM.oks,  i 


...1.'. 


Ilel 


iiiets,    I. 


405,  407 


1().">,  -j;!.")^  70();  ii.,  -UKt, 
I-.'.  ^ 


/ 


iMn:x. 


('.«: 


Tcmt's.  Piiclilo  iirovinco, 


lliiis,  Niiitli    Mi'x!i:iii  trilii 


i.,  !(;•.',  -jot. 


!)l; 


M'lit  lull,   I. ,  fill, 


Iclllli.   i.,    If.-J,    lti4-."». 


M 


IIIIC'Ms,  i.,  •_".(.'(, 


Ilaii 


i|iil,  I.,  ti."i(),  ,-(•(' 


llui|> 


lli>liiiiiii\  alit,    trilit'    III'    NiiiitUas,    i. 


li'|iii\v\M>ii,  Siiutli  ( 'alifiiniiasi   trilif,         I74-^()S,  luralimi, 


i.,  H\-2-2-2 


iorati 


4(l(». 


II 


i^ldiiaiis. 


Ifiiuis,  i.,  CiOT,  St  (■  Kiiilcxc: 


^|lalll^■ll     I'll'. 


I II  111  1(1;; 111- 


U-riiUh 
Anil 


•20-2,    ;{7'.»,   ;{h«;    SIX'  iil.sn 


lassailiiis. 


iiTMlilry,  i.,  1!»;{,  -JO'J. 
Icclis,  \ariiiiis  uses  i 


if,    i. 


|iliy,  ii.,  l.'iS-iiO;  v.,  I4l'-'.I. 
Ilistiirv,  t'.\|iliiial  i(in>.  western  Nmili 


ineriiaii.      i. 


•-'7-:iJ 


iti'iiili 


tiiiv  reiiiaiUs  mi   aiiU  tii   le>eaiili, 


l(«. 


cle. 


!;;:!. 


Null! 


tiilii 


l-JI,    IT--*,    -'Ot,    •_'•_'(»,    •_':(;!.   -J.Sii,  ;);{.•{.        v..  .-i:{ti-<);    Nalma    nalimis,   ii. 


.S4(t,  ;ri4,  :{7:{-4,  :vs7, :{!».'».  kmj.  4 in. 


Ill: 


!IC.- 
70-1,  ;{(»7-S;  iv..   170;  lire- 


I" 

4;{'.».  ."id.'t,  r>2i--2,  .");{7.  ."it;!;,  ,">i;.s,  "iss- ,     Tuiiee  iieiimi,  v.,  iss.-_':t(i;   rnlt 


!»,   (i.W  4,   (i:{',»-4().    (i(i7,   7(»!»,   74-_'-;i, 


/.) 


(ti, 


II. 


!»."i 


|iei'iiiil, 


•_':t7SS;   rliiel 


!is,  (;oi»,  7H»,  7:i4. 1'X't 


•-'.S!l-;{ll!l;    Aztec   | 


inner   |ien- 


lel  liiij 


4(»it-S-_>;   'riaseaia,    v.,  4s;{-.")ii7;   Mi 


lleiniila  (l.lano  lie  la  ( 'iih^lira),  town,  |      eliuaeaii,     v. 


."idS-'JC;    Oil 


( iiiateina 
leiiiiiisiilii,    VI 


la,  i.,  7S,S. 


ilia- 


(',  Sniiiira,    I.,   (iO'J 


iVid  ;{(;;    .M.iva  iiatiiiiiH,    ii.,    I14-J:t, 
(i;<_'-4,   (i:i7  S;    iv.,    I(»7.  •-'so  I.  .•l.'ili- 


enailiira  liav,  i.,  !■> 


eiiiii",  i..  104,   I (;•_',  ISC,   '2\'2. 


(I'llili 


( 'eiitral  ( 'aiitdniiaii  tril 


<!•_*;    ]ii( 


T.iit. 


v.,  l.">s-s.s,  •j'_'.{-:;(; 


(,>ui<'iii'  (  aki'liiiiiK 


(• 


ilO-CO-J 


llonilinas,  etc.,  \.,  Cd.'tU; 


i.,  .•i(;i-40l; 


it  inn,  i.,  4.'iii 


N'nialaii,  \.,  (il.">-;{4. 


ift/ali|iiaii/.tl,  ii.,  M'.t,  see  Ktzali|na-    lliviin  ((liviin),  name  nt  llnile  euwii- 


i/tli. 


(!07.  sei 


liaiiiia,   a  siiell    used  lor   niiini'V 


Kinli 


•J  1 7,  ■-'.!!». 
liaijiii,  i .,  •'>7 


CO." 


ii'i|i, 


.M 


ii'linaean  niler,  \. 


:r.'4. 


lencaxe,    ki 
.■•>-'4. 


11''     of    .Mielmaeai 


liilal;;'!!,  (In-'riero,  antin.,  iv.,  4'j;{-4. 

lilies,  see  SUiiis. 

Iieiii;,'lv|iliies,    Coluinliians,    i.,    ICI. 

17-',    r.>;{;    aiilic|.,    iv.,    7:!4-(i';  <  aii- 

'iiinians,  aiitii|.,  iv. 

T'-'t,  7:{.'f-4:  New  .M 


t  IV, 


70. 


f( 


r>i.")-() 


anil' 


|i'.Mi-l,  7l'>-n 
exicans,  i..  ."107, 
iv.,  (i--'0,  (i:{|.  (i:{S-4l, 


()4;{-r>,  (;4.S-!I,  dCI,  (i7.'(.  (i71t-SI;  .Mex- 
ieaiis,  ii.,  2U)-\,  4i:<,  44:{,  4S7-S. 
4",t!».   .".•-';{-.")•_';    iii.,  4;{7;  aiilii 


.S04-(;o-_'   iiassii 


.I' 


IV., 

I40--.',  t7!l-S0; 
Cenlial  .\inerieans,  ii.,  ll.'i-lii,  (i"i(i, 
7'">l)-7,  7i)7-S'-';  anticj.,  iv.,  •-'L'--'77, 
passim;  v.  14'-';  .M 
iiiiti(|.,   iv.,    7.S4r> 


1S>1SS1|I|I| 


Vail. 
(I;     I'el 


litii|.,     iv.,  SOli;     resemlilaiii  es  to 
"  ;y|itiaii,   v.,  (i 


lliet, 

Jliiames,     Noitli     Mexican     ti 


Ills,  i.,  ."ilCJ,  see  (  oiiianclies. 


o7l-!ll;   loeati 


(III 


Jliineiis,     Nortii    .Mexican    tiilie,    i., 
ri7r<.ll;  iocalion,  i.,  (iOli;  Ian;;'.,  iii., 

Hiiias,  North  Mexican  liilie,  !.,  'u\- 
\)\ ;  location,  i.,  (il4;  Ian;;,,  iii.,  7I'.I. 


Ilio 


kowit/,   1  iicataii,  antr 


•Jr. 


lix,  Tze'iiilal  ilav,  ii.,  7li7,  see  Ix. 
liziis,   Noitli   .Mexican  ti 


llie,    1  ,  .1 


1- 


II:  local 


loll,  I.,  Iid!l. 


lolinil,  .Mava  ^'oil,  ii.,  (111'.',  (i'!»ll. 
locliii|iiel/.al,   name  of  (  lialcliilinit- 

licne,  iii.,  ;fii7. 
lock     (llnUl,     ('eiitra!     ( 'alil'oinii 

trilie,  i.,  :{i;i-lOI; 


n 
ition,    i.,    l.iO; 


111'''.,  iii.,  (i.'iO. 


i.,  ."iSL',  (;;{(i;  ii.,  .•{(S. 


iS;    11. 


loi'ras,  Noitli  .Mexican  liil 

Wl;   location,  i.,  C>\  I. 
lo'_'s,  i.,  (i.VJ,  CM,   7-'l.  7i.'."', 

7-' I. 
loli;;ates,  Noiili   ( 'aiifoniiaii  niyll 

)ieisons,  iii.,  177. 
loliil|ios  I  llo|iil|iiis),    Inlaiiil  Coliiin- 

liiaii   trilie.   i.,  l.'.")0-!l| ; 

.•{|--'|.'i. 


atioii.   I. 


loll 


ocaiii,  I  una  mytliic  jicrsons,  111. 


!»  sn 


I- 'lie  o 


f  Soiiinl  liiiliaiis,  i.,  '-'OS. 


iiioii,  i.,  :io:t. 


ikalis    (Salt     Lake     I  >i^';;eis), 
il'  .sliosliones,  i.,    I'-'-' -I-';  loca 


till 

tioii,  i.,  Ki.'t. 


lya  jiaiil  ti'oo| 


I  ti 


\a    \\ai-(lance,    11. 


loliaii.'s,   .M, 
liilkaii   okot,    .Ma 

(i!i;{. 
Iiiloin,   ancient   city,  (inalemala,  v., 

clia|i.  xi. 
loliiii     (lian     Teiienli,     'I'litiil     Xiii 


<l. 


chap.  xiii. 


loliioji,  Ma\a  title,  ii.,  711. 


0,^8 


INDKX. 


>li,   tiil. 


Soiiiul  Indians, 


i.,  '-'(IS-.'-.':  I. Mali i.,  .•fOi'. 

lloiK'ut,  I  I'litr.'il  <':ilif<iriiian  tril)0,  i. 


:<(;i'4lll;  lociitiiiii 


4."»0. 


lie 


iiiliinis,    tiilx's  (li-scri 


I  .<■.!. 


711 


47;   t'ivili/L'd   ii;iliciii><,   ii.,   (i.SO-SO."!; 


or.'ltliill,     I. 


1 

in\  til. 
7-ifl.   7.): 


'.»(), 


!l-.>-4;    ii.,     P-'l 


iii.,   4S.").(;,  4i»(l; 
:t-(i(l.  7Sl.'-;{:   untie 


an;;.,   in., 
..  iv..  (!!•- 


l(»."i;  hiHt.,  v.,  47-',  .")41,  iV)8,  rliuit. 

xii. 
lluncv,  i.,  r)7(;-7,  .".S(),  fi2.1,  (;.")4.  (;!t4, 

7-2<i",  7;ti>;  ii.,   '.i.u,  ,j!)!),  UlHt,  7i.'-i-4; 

iii.,  :<l.'i. 
Ilc.ni'v  Lal<c,  i..  4(iS. 

II I  Itay.  i.,  14:{. 

Ilooil'.s    Canal,    i., 

iii.,  <ii;{. 
ll<)iMi>iniiii.-4    ( lliMxlsnnluiiis,     Ilnotsi- 

niMis),   tiilpc  of  'riijinkccts,   i.,  !M- 


•208,  301 -L';  lai 


ry2:\,  r>"        .»,  .>»,  .".f;i,".->s:{,  :•::, 

iii..  4)s: 
Ilin-.-.c  SliiK   IJcntl,  (.'ulitornia,  antiij 

iv.,  707. 
Iiirsc  Siinnd,  i.,  ■Jti7. 
l(i>|.itals,  i.,  ."iS^;  ii.,  ")9f». 
lot  Cnik,  i.,  44.'{. 
lotfday,  i.,  447.  name  for  'N'ickas. 
lotliniainisii,  triltr  of  .Sound  Indians 


114; 

r>7'.t. 


■ation,  I.,  '.Mi,  14.S;  Ian;,'.,  in 


Hoofs,   Used    for  orniuneiits,  i.,  482, 

;■._'•-',  .■>74. 
Hooks,  i.,  7<i,  !M>,  IIU,  l(i4,  LVi-t;.  I'l-'- 


14.  •-'.•{;{,  •_•;!(;,  •_•(;•.•,  407 


Moon 


(Ih 


ii.,  :{.");}. 

1 1  una     Cow, 


Ilnnnas).    triln-  of   'riilinkcets,    i., 
<.t4-ll  I;  location,  i.,  142. 
Iloojialis  ( lloopasi,  Nortli  i  'alifornian 


tnlic 
44.' 


i.,    .'{2li-lil;    location 


■•(27 


•ial   nicnlion,   i.,   '.VM,  ;{44, 


:{4fS-.-.|;  Ian-.,  iii.,  ."),S4,  ."><l2-:{. 
llo..|.ali  Vallcv,  i..  ;{27,  44.") 
l!oo|is.  Ccntial  (California,  ^'ainc  with. 


i.,  .•{'.»:{-4. 


]loot^ 


14:<, 


Il.iods 


II. 


)|).    locality,     north-cast    coiisl    o 


.f 


}| 
i 
If. 
II. 
]| 


.Anicn.'.i,  V. 
lo|i,'iiiili,  villi 
i.,  441. 
onctoii, 


no. 


N.irth   California, 


M 

r<'o-2. 


ississlplil 


lev, 
i.,  .'{l.-t. 


PI' 
4()!). 


Vail 


ey,  anti.i. 


i|iil 
or.'asitas.  villauc,  Sonora.  i.,  (if)."). 


n<diil|.i 


llor.-isitiis  llivor,  i.,  (iO."i. 
II 


.irn,    i..   .")S.    117.  I(i4,  IS!),  2.T>,  248. 

270-1.   .■142,  .•144.  4:12,  4;{4,   r)42,  .kS2; 

ii,,  2',»2-;{,  412,  7i:i. 
llornitos,  Calif.irnia,  anti.i.,  iv.,  707. 
Horn  .M.iuiitain  Indians,  trihc  of 'I'iii- 

iicli,    i.,    LI4-:t7;    l.i.ati.in,    i.,    114, 

144;  s|ic.ial   mention,  i.,  1I7-10. 
H.ir.icroi',  Central  Calif.trnian  trihe, 

i.,  ;<(;i-l01;  location,  i.,  4.").'}. 


H.M-. 


li.,   2,'):i,   271-2,   ()(;;i:  iii. 


4S2, 


II. 


i.,    I.-.4. 


',),    2(!7-74.    2S0-4, 


433,  4;i.-),  438-'.),  41)0,  41)2,  oOo-(j,  J18, 


I.,  2().s-22; 


l.itt 


roi'lit.K 


icaiioii.  1.,  .'i()2. 
Central       Califoriii 


trilie.  i.,  .'i(il-40l :  location,   i..  4.V1. 
I.>na;.'iian  (\\'oiia;.'aii).  trihe  of  llai- 

.lalis,  i.,  l.V»-74;  locati.in.  i..  2'.i2. 
|.Mi>e  of  Itir.ls.  at  I  xiiial,  ^  iicatan, 

aiiti.].,  iv.,   I'M)-!. 
I. discs,  sec  I  )wellinj.'s. 
I.(nt;,'na,  South  Calif.irnian  tiiiie,  i., 

402-22;  l.i.atioii,  i..  4(l(». 


>venwcci»  Ikivcr, 


It; 


Ii.  antK 


.•{•J 


■liez.  i.,  4." 


),  sc  Mow.'Iscrs. 


low.hnklisaht  (<  )n.hii.h!is!t  1.  trihe 
.if  N.iotkas,  i.,  174-208;  l.icali.ni, 
i.,  2!l.'>. 

I.iwe  S.Miiid.  i.,  208. 

I.iwetscrs  (  Howa.  hez).  Central  C;i!- 
if.irnian  trihe,  i.,  .'i()l-4(ll ;  l.i.ali.'ii. 

i..  :{(i:<,  4.Vi-(;. 


.IWlvl 

trihi 


III 


iiiias.       Central       Calif.irn 
.•{(;i-40l:  loi'ati.in. 


4.-.!. 


;.  North  California,  Ian;,'., 

..■liiillo,  locality,  Jalisco,  i,, 

072. 
Inahes  (Hiiahi),  i.,  (!8(),  see  Hiiav.>s. 
Iiia.as.  t.nnhs,    Cliiri.ini   ami    I'erii, 

anti.|.,  \\..  17.  702. 
liia.-liK'hiles,   iii.,   710,   sc.;  (iua.lii- 

.•hiles. 
Ina.dii,    Central     Calif.irnian    trihe. 


i.,  :{(:i-40l;  l.tcation. 


■l.-i4. 


■)0!t. 


Iiia.'hicliiles,    i.,    (!14,    see    (Iiia.' 

chiles. 
Iiiai'onex,   inedieinal   plant, 
liia.'tlat.thnani,  Chichinie.'  imperial 

title,  v.,  200. 
Ina.'tii,  a  'I'.dtec  k 


lie. 


2.'')0. 


Iiia.lihis,  xillaue.  Son.ua.  i..  (lOS. 
Inahiiapan     ( llnainapan),    l.i.'Mlity, 

Oajaca.  i..  (i77;  anti.|..  iv..  121. 
Iiialalinises.    N.ntli    Mexican    tii'ie, 

i..  .')71-01;  hi 


liial; 


ipais 


lllnalp; 


:i4. 

\V;ill 


lav-l, 


trihe  of  Apaches,  i..  47.'l-.'>2(i:  Ih.m- 


tloll, 

i..  477-8. 


47.').  .507 


7;  special  nienti.ni, 


liial.ipai  Valley,  i.,  r)07. 
Iiial|ii,  i.,  (iOI,  see  Ciial[ii. 


iNi)i;x. 


CHi) 


111 


il;il'|UiIiiio. 


rt'iitml      ralifciriiiiiii 


Irilif,    i.,   :tt;i-H»l:  loiiiticiii.  i..  4."i4. 
lluaiiNiics.    Nitrlli   Mfxiraii  tri'ni',  i., 


■)71  :il;   1 


ixatiiiii,  I. 


lliiaiiiirs,  i.,  7!**>,  hi'c  ( iLiaiiiiics. 
II 


nam 


HO  14. 


11-11  I'l    \'ii'ji>,   rcTu,  aiitiii.,  iv.. 


Huclmc  Tlapalla'i, 


anc 


iciit    lioliir  of 


'I'nll 


fis  anil  <  liitlinufcs,   ii.,  ."rtM-."); 


Iliiapaliali'o,  Imalily,  W-ra   Crii/.  i. 


II 


CTI. 
uaiaclics, 


M 


t'Xicaii  saiK 


lain 


(WO. 


Smith   (alil'oriiiau   trilu',   i. 


Iua>iia, 
•lOJ-J'.';  I.Mat  ion.  i.,  -l.'.S. 


II 


iia>tfis,  (( 'iii-vtcca; 


s,  ( iiiasti'cs,  <  lii- 


a.xtiT; 


lliiaxtfcs),  Naima  nation 


lii..  "-'TO;  v..  Is,  ■JOit--_'0. 
Ilni'liiu'toca  I  llncliuctoiaii).  Mt-xii-o, 

antii].,  iv.,  .")-l'.l;  liist.,    v.,  •_'!•_',  47ti. 
Ilni'lmi'l/in,   a  t  iiicliinicc  Icailcr.  v., 

•27--',  -'77,  '-'v.'-i;-,  lor<l  of  lliicxoi/in- 

rip,  v.,  4;t7-.S,  41i'.l. 
Ilin'iiiiiiinaraii,    v.,    H-23,    sec    l!n<y 

Cnllniia-an. 
Ilncirollmcs,    North    Mi'xi 


trilii 


:i-!»; 


location. 


(io, 


lin)'it('o|>ixi{ui,    Nahitii    priest,    iii. 


4:{:.'. 


i.,<;i7-44;  ii.,  KW-Cl".!;  ioiatioii  and  !  Iliicjntla,     cit 


iiaiiic 


i.,  <i74;  ii.,  I". 


tion.    i.,    (;:{S:   ii.,  114.   :{(;, 


11..    .>00;    III. 


!).  77<;-SI;  hist. 


an;,'. 


207-S.  L'.-llt,   r,:i<.);  .hap.  xiii. 


II 

lliiat 


na'-li'in'i'.   town, 


t'xi.o,  II.,  ;)j.). 


M 

|Miinaii('.-i,   (>ajaca  trilif,  hist., 
>-'S. 

(,)iiaiilito('li('o). 


lluatiisco  ((iiiatii 

Vfia    Cruz,    antiii.,    ii.,    417;    i' 

4:{'.(-4.-.. 
lliiavcs  i(  inavi.  Ilnahcs,  lliiahi,  II 


Wahi),  Ni 


u- 
hiia  nation,  i.,  (!44- 
7i*;  ii.,  I. '!,'!■(;•_".•;  i.ic.ii  ion,  i.,  M't, 
(iSO;  ii.,  1 1 1 -!•_';  s|ifi  !,il  in.'iition,  i., 
()47-8.  (!.')•_»,  (mS-'.»,  (idti,  (KW:  ii.,  .•i7!l: 
laii^'..  iii.,  7")7-!S;  hist.,  v.,  ."iii'.l-SO, 
r,-A-2,  .".;i4. 

Iliiaxtcta.  lorality,  N'cra  ( "riiz,  i.,(!74. 

Iluaxiccs,  i.,  ti74,  sec  I  Inastn's. 

liiiaxyaiac,  fortilir.j  citv.  ()ajaca,  !., 
()7'.l;  aiiti.].,  iv.,  .■iS4;  lii>t.,'v.,  4;{'.l, 
414. 

IIiiImi.  Itza  ;;o.l,  iii.,  4S-J. 

lliichnn,  <'('iitial  ( 'alil'ornian  tribe, 
i.,  ;{(il-40|  ;  loeatioii,  i.,  4."i;!. 

llii.hiiaihiiis,  trihe  .if  I'lieliios,  i., 
r)L'il-."((;;   laii'_'.,  iii..  '••'->•"». 

nii4s,,ii  l!ay,i.,  •.",t-:!0.  .-tS,  (!_'-:{,  114. 
l4:!-4:  laiiu'.,  iii.,  •■>S4. 

Iliulson  Strait,  i.,  4(>,  .")0,  (lO.  (i;i. 

Iliiehiici|uaiiiitit!aii,  locality,  .Mexi- 
co, iii.,  '2'i~. 

Iliieliiictan,  Chiapas,  iinti|.,  i\.,.'!."it; 
hist..  \ .,  Will,  chap.  xii. 

Ilileliiicleiian;,'!!  (( iiie^'iieleiianiTo).  Id- 
eality, ( liiat.'iiiala,  i.,  7fS7,  aiili(|., 
iv..  i-_',S-:{il;  hist.,  v.,.").Vi. 

lluehinMeiiiixcatl,  a  Toitec  leailcr, 
v.,  'ISI. 

Iliiehii.'ii'titl,  name  for  Xiiijili'ciilii, 
iii..  .'{s.'). 

Ilueiiiii'tiliztli.  Xiihiia  a;.'e,  ii..  oO.'i. 

Iliiehuetl,  Nahu;i  ilriim,  ii.,  '2'X\. 

Iliiehiutlan,  proviiieo,  -Mexico,  v.. 
34ti. 

V.V-.  V.    41 


antK 


IV. 


M 

")•.'^'  "t. 


V. 


exico,     II. 


."i(;S: 


lliieniac.  name  I'.ir  (,<i:"t/alcoat],  iii., 
•_'f;7.  •JS:{-4;  Chichiniec  Ixiii-.  v.,  -J'JO; 
iilentilieil  with  'I'ezc'atlipoc.i  and 
.ithers,  v.,  •_*.')'.l,  'Jlil-."),  4,S4,  .'ti-'.s. 
iiemac    II.,    (.\t 


II 


<inaiiht/in 


ei'panecatl, 
ecpancalt/in 


l/t: 
N/t: 


ealtzinl,  'I'oltei' kin;,',  v.,  •Jt;7-,S(;. 
Ilnemac  III..  (.Matlacxochitl),  T.ill.  i; 

kin;;,  v.,  -JSti. 
Il.ieinan      ( li<i<'>>i:i<>^<'i)<      ''>■     'l"1teo 

lirophet,  v.,  I'll,  '-M-J-.V.'. 
Iliieiiejel.    South    Califoriiial!    trihi', 

i.,  4(V_'-'_"_';   location,  i..  4.'.S. 
Ilnelieme.    South    < 'aliforuian    trihe, 

i.,   |0'_'-L''J;   location,  i..  4.V.). 
Ilueiiepel   Ninynel.i:nal,   Smith    Cali- 

fornian  trihe,  i.,  40"_'-i.'l.';  lo.'alion,  i., 

4.")S. 
Iliiepaca,  villa;j(',  Soiiora.  i..  (iO'l. 
Iluet/aliii,    a    X.ichimilca    chief,   v., 

:{(lil. 
Iluetzin  (Iliiitzin),  a  'I'.iltec  kiiu.'.  v  , 

•J-JO,  L'.VI-*;,  •_'7-'-;!;  .\iolhiia   prim.-, 

v.,  :io:!-.").  ;{0!i.  :!i(!-l!». 

Ilnet/in   II..    Im.l  of  ( '.lallich.ui.  v., 

Iliiexachtillan,  station,  .\ztec  niii;!'.!- 

tion,  v..  :i2'A. 
Ilnexolla.    a    .itv    of     Mexico,     ii  , 

4  11;  hi-t..  v.,  :;i'.i-i.'o.  ;!;i;i-4.  :!7:!  ), 
.•!So.  ;!',»•_'-."). 

lliii'Xotziiuo.  citv.  .Mi'xi.o.  ii..  11'-', 
l-.'7.  14-J;  hist..'v.,:i07-l(».  ."tlS.  4'_M, 
|."ifl  I'll.  4Vi-.".07. 

lliievcalpix(|ucs,  Xahna  otlici.ils,  ii., 

llney  Ciilhnacan  ( lliicii'olhii.icaii), 
station,  .\ztec  iiiiirralion.  v..  .'i'J.'t. 

Iln.-vmiccailhiiitl,  Nahna  nimilli.  ii., 
.•i:!l,  .".10. 

1 1  ue  vol  I  i  pan,  foitilicil  tow  n,  'I'lascala, 

v.!  .">(i;i. 

lliieypachtli,  Xaliua  month,  ii.,  .'•II. 


m 


600 


INDEX. 


Iliicypuclitlan,    stiitioii,  Teo-Chidii- 

iiK.'u  iiiijiratioii,  v.,  IH? 
llucvttMiiilhuitl.  Nahuii  inoiitli,   ii., 

••{•ii,  nio. 
Hut'y-Tein)i.\(iui,    Nuhua    order    of 

jiiii'st.s,  ii.,  '202. 
lliieytlato,   i)roviiicc,  Ilouduriis,    v., 

cliap.  xii. 
Huey  ri  \toiiniCliipliimccatlTe<.'ulitli, 

CliichiiiiL'o  iiiioeriiil  title,  v.,  2!)!). 
Iliii'vtozoztli     ( v'eilozoztli),     Nahua 

iiiontli,  ii.,  niT,  Wilt;  iii.,  421. 
HiR'vxaimi.HtuliDii,  Toltec  iniyration, 

v.;  212. 
Hiieyxotziii,  Tlascala,  aiiti(|.,  iv.,177. 
JliK'V  Zacatlan,  iv. ,  'A7A,  see  (iliowel. 
lliii('lila|iaii,  villa;,^!,  Mtjxieo,  i.,  ()74. 
iliiicliola.H  (Muilcoles),  Central  .Mex- 

ieaii  trilie,  i.,  ()l7-44;  s|ie(ial  iiieii- 

tioii,  i.,  (i2l ;  laii;^.,  iii.,  71!*. 
Iliiietli,  Nalitia  shovel,  ii.,  .'{ tS. 
lliiictioliiiMitii,  Naliiia  ^'(1(1,  v.,  IDH. 
liiiietiaxeaili,  species  ol    n-ui  eaUe, 

ii.,  :i.V). 
Jliiij^'.t..,,,  ii..  2()!V  ^iib  Wiyatao. 
lluililie  (Huililoe),  South  Caiifoniian 

tiilie,  i.,  402-22;  location,  i.,  4.")!). 
Hniloc|ialli,  Nahiia  eai<e,  ii.,  ai2. 
lliiiine,  iii.,  710,  see  lliiines, 
lluinieii.   Central    Calil'oniiau  tribe, 

i.,  .•t()l-l01;  location,  i.,  4."i:t. 
Iluiniolan,  soiitii  houndary  of  Mexi- 
can eni|ii)e,  v.,  47.'{. 
Iluipil  (llipil,  (iiiaipil,  Vijiilli),  ])art 

of  a  woman's  dress,  i.,  (j2I,  O'oO, 

(>01;  ii.,  ;{(i.S-0. 
Ilnirivis,  vill;i;;e,  Sonora,  i.,  (iOS. 
Iliiitcides,  iii.,  710,  see  ilniciiohis. 
Unites,  North  .Mexican  trilie,  i.,  571- 

01;  location,  i..  (100;  lan,^;.,  iii,.  707. 
IlnitlapalaM  ( llnitlapatian),   station. 


Toll 


ec  migration,  v.,  200,  214. 


Ilnitz,  a  Toil 


cc  chic 


f. 


24:$. 


Unit 


/ilaiia 


n,  hicalitv,  I'neli 


1.,  ("wt- 


84,  fiO.");  iii..   1S7-S,  241,  LM7.  2MS- 
;{24,  427-.S;    iv.,   012-14;  v.,  ts,".,  t,0, 

220,  ;}24-7,  :{4.".-(;.  .wo. 

Huitziloxitl,  medicinal  plant,  ii.,  .")00. 
lliiitzin,  v.,  2.VJ,  see  Iluctzin. 
linitzitlan,  city,  .Mexico,  ii.,  ,")(;(). 
Iluitzitou      (Ihiitzitoc),     an     .\zlec 

leader,    iii.,    200-1    ;j04-(i;    v.,    b.S, 

.SO(i. 
llintzitzilai]ne,   name  fur   'I'zintziin- 

tzan,  v.,  ;")!(!. 
Iluilzitzilin,    a  Toltec   ]irincess,    v., 

.SOI. 
Ihiitznahuar,  eitv,  Mexico,  ii.,  ."(lO; 

v.,  2.-):{,  ;<:«.  404. 

llnitznahnac-Teolinatzin,        ]>ric>iiy 

title,  ii.,  202. 
Ilnitzuahnateocalli,      a     lenijilc     ol" 

.Mexico,  v.,  4(J0. 
iluitz(."tenie,  sacrili<'ial  stones,  Tla.-^- 

cala,  aiiti(i.,  iv. ,  477. 
Iiiiitzi|nilocan    |  llnilz<|ni1ocaU,    sl.i- 

tion,  .\ztec  mi,t;iaticin,  v.,  Ii2t. 
lluitznahnai'teohnatzin,  Nahna 

priests,  iii.,  4.'{;{. 
Ilnixaclititlan,      station,    .\zlcc   iiii- 

i.;ration,  v.,  .S2.'{-4. 
Iliii\achtla,  iii.,  .'iO.'!,  see  A'ixachllaM. 
iliiixa  ((iiiixa)    J.aUe,    iii.,    IS4;    \., 

(I'OO. 
liiiixapa.  South  Caliroriiiaii  irilic,  i.. 

402-22;  location,  i.,  4.>0. 
iFuixapa|ia,  South  Califnrnian  Irihc, 

i.,  4112-22;  locatimi,  i.,  4.V,I. 
Ilnix/uo,  liicalily,  tiajaca,  i.,  (170. 
liuixtocihuatl,     Mahua  nnddess,   ii., 

H2.V(). 
liiii.xtiin,  a  Tcpancc  leader,  v..  X)\ . 
linixtopetlacoll,    Naliiia    plume,   ii., 

:{2.-). 
iluixtoti,   Naluia  Hacrilice,  ii.,  .'!2il. 

'i'ochin   'i'einhtli,    a  Clii- 


iiixaiinen 


11.,  112;  v.,  242;  name  tor  I  lasi'ala 


v.,  2)0. 
lluilzilihiiitl,  Aztec  kiiiir,   v., 

:« 10. 
llnii/.ililiuiti  IF..  Iviu''  of  Mex 


.•(:«)-], 


IC(.,   V. 


.<l>l-(l 


II 
Ii 

llul. 


cliimei'  ]iriiice,  v.,  HU-IO. 
"ilizlcceo,  ( luerreld,  aiiliii., 


421, 


uiapos,  ( 'eutral  ( 'alitmnia 


u  trilii 


i..  :t(;i  401;  hicaii 


iinln: 


!..  (i7l,  I 

the 


luinaliiu.  Sou 
402-22;  loccticdi.  i.,  4.">0, 


on,  I.,    I.il. 

'C    (  llllK'CS. 

lil'ol'iii.'iu  irilir,  i. 


llu 
Unit 


II /.iliii,  a 


luuiiinin^'-liii'ii. 


II 


uinaii  sacrilii'c, 


11 


viicrlioreaus,  m, 


480.    I       li:i;    C'.duinl.ian-i, 


III. 


c\- 


/llnpochco,    citV 


.M.  xi 


CO,       II. 


olij;   III.,    It 


17. 


Iluii/.ili>p(iclitli  (ilnit/ilopnchlli,  ilii- 
il/ilopiitzli.  ilililzlipoclilii,  Ocelti- 
puciilli,  rzilopiichtli,  \  ichiliipiich- 
itl,  \  ilzilijiiil/li,  \  ilzilopiichlli, 
izlipntzii),     Nahua 


ipuztl 


\ 


pid,  ii.,  1 14-7,  ;t2o-4,  :<2s-o,  :t;iii 

;{;i7,  .TiO,   305-t>,   40U,  floO-GO,  577- 


-.1;  .M 

(;iKi-2ii, 


icaiis,    ii.,    ;{04-.i|,    :iim. 

704;  iii.,   (11,    110-11,  2(m-4('.0,   pM.< 


20,-), 


•s-(i: 


;ijj:!. 


:u(i,  ;i,vt,  .{04,  414,   110,  4.-)(;,  ic't, 

471,   478,    482,  407,   ."ilMI-l;  (  eiihal 


72;t;    11.,     (;8S-70S. 
00-800;  iii.,  52.  471--,  4824)8| 


.Aiiierii'aiis,    i. 
70(1, 


v.,  eliap.  .\i.,  xui. 


INDEX. 


m 


ImnlK.lilt    Rnv,    i.,    327,  332,  44(5: 

laiiK.,  iii.,  ().•{'.»,  ()43. 
Iiiiiilmldt  County,  California,  anti(|., 

iv.,  707. 
luiiilioldt  Itiver,   i.,  4()2,   4(!4,    4(;(i, 

4()!). 
lunics    (Ifuinic),     Nortli     Afoxican 

trilio,   i.,  .')71-'.)1;  loiMtiun,   i.,    ()14: 


ial 


nention,  i.,  57;");  laii''.,  iii 


juix  city, 


SJICt' 

71K. 
linnet  aim,  suliurb  of  (^liic 

(iiialiMnala,  v.,  cliap.  .\i 
luniniin<^'-liii'i|,    Naliua   nivtii.,    iii., 

(i7,  .'!(»l-2,  .•U)4-."),  31! -12,  404. 
iinii]iiir('y  Point,  i..  47. 
liiiial)  K\i,  Maya  j,'(m1,  iii.,  4(>2. 
liiiiai'    Mi'l,    kiny   ol    Mayajian,  v., 

Ct'irt  ct  s('([. 
lima  Cows,  i.,  142,  see  llooniils. 
Ituialiiiii  (Hull    Aliiiu),    (.tiiii'lii'  and 


Cak 


<rlili|Ul'l    (lay,    ii.,    7<i7;    <i'llirlii' 
ruler  and  j:oil,  iii.,    17.S-SII;  v.,  174- 

181,  .•)44-(i,  r>m, .")()(;,  'us-<x 

luiiaiipu  nioMiitain,  v.,  'Ml 
luiialinu  (Hun  .\li|iu)  I'liu,   (^luirlu' 

U'od,  iii.,  474;  v.,  170,  IS'.>. 
iuiiali])U  (Kuii  .Miini)  \'ueii,  <^>uiilie 

;,'oil,  iii.,  474;  v.,   170. 
Imias,   Nottii   Calitor;iian  trilie,   i.. 

:!J(i'  CI;  location,  i.,  44;{. 
lunavaii,  ( Jualeiuala  ''od.  iii.  71. 


luiili; 


illiiu  i:at/),<,*ui 


Clll'  ''0(1,    11 


v.,  171  SO. 


iiiiea.  town,  Coluiuli 


ia,  v.,  24. 


uiK'.'iuiia, 


lime. 


M 


uysr,-|  l;iii;.:',   \. 
ill''  ol  .\iliiillia 


lull  V 

SO,    IS4. 
iuiii'lihacks,     ill   Xaiiiia  liareiii,   ii. 

I  S3, 
luuclievan,    (iiiateinala  ;,'oil,  iii.,  71 
lull  Ciioiien,   t^»lli(•il^''   ;;od,    iii.,    17'.) 

v.,  I74-S(\ 
luiH'liuiieliaii,  It/a  i^'od.  iii.,    IS.'l. 
Iiiiii'tii,  Central  Cailtniiiiau  trilie,  i. 


.'iill-IOI;  loeatioii,  i.,  4.^:!, 
Iuiiliiiiiali|iu  (lliiiiliuu   .MijiiiK  <^ 


liiiin 


;;-od,  iii..  47S-!l; 
i.,  ll-J 


II 


174-.- 

ooiiids, 


>4I. 


Iiiiio   l>i.\   Cili,  (,|ui('lii''  luoiitli,    ii. 
7<ii>. 
luil|iii'tok,      '^'ueatee     (eiiliiie,      iii. 


aiilli 


IV.,  '-MS. 
'ilioreaiiM,  i.,  ri() 


liiiiliii^',  Ih 
K,  Id.  lis;  'l'.';!,    I •.",»,  i;t.-,:  c.l, 

liiaii'<,  i..  1.");!  1,   |li|-_'.   'Jii.'! -i;   ( ' 


oriiiiiiis,  1,,  .'!.■((! 


.'!73,  •.\;r,r,.  km 


ti,   I2S;  New  M 


eXH'aiis,  1,,  4SS,  ■{<») 


,2,  ."lOI,  i-)7li 


M 


exieails,  I.,  (i.i'J;  11. 


l(i(),  ;j3."i-(i,   311,  ,3."(0-' 


III. 


4o;i-(; 


Central  .\niprienn?:.   !.,  (194,  720-1, 

7f;0;  ii..  (;.".3.  dill.  (i07-S,  70S,  720-1. 
luiitoli,  Cakelii>|uel  ruler  and  }^od, 

v.,  ")4'.t. 
Iiiiil/iiv,  (lualeni.'ila  ruler  and  trilie, 

v.,  .")(>3. 
liiiiyji,  Cakclii(iiiel  ruler,  v.,  COO. 
Iiioeoiii,   Central    Californian   tribe. 


3(11-4(11;  loiatioii,  i.,  4.54. 


lurakaii.  (jliiicli 
131.  47.V(f;  v.. 


e  ;lo(l.  111. 
171.  174. 


45-(),  lis, 


liiriiial,  name  for  Santa  Kosii  Island, 
i.,4()2. 


ii-'^iiaiKls,  .lec 


M; 


liisi.siaie,    SiMitli  Calitornian    trilu 
i.,  402-22;    location,  i.,  4">S. 


iisoroiie; 


sortli 


.M 


exiia 


n  trilii 


")71-'.ll;  location,  i.,  (iOlt. 
liitateca.s,  Ciiateiiiala   trilie,  i.,  ()8(!- 

711;  location,    i.,  7>S7;    laii^.,    iii., 

7(;o. 
Huts,  see  I>welliiij:s. 
ilului',i,'iia.  Stuitli    (aliforiiian    tribe, 

i.,  4(12-22;  loiatioii,   i.,  4(10. 
lli!\a;,'ueres,    Norlli    Me.vicai 

i.    .■)7l-0! ;  location,  i.,  ()(I7. 


tribi 


!l\  ilraiiiaiinalaiid,    name  for  North 


St   .\ 


merica,  v. 


113. 


Ihdalis.  i.,  •_'!)•_',  see  H.iidalis. 


ilidiiiel,  as  medicine, 


I.,  '.) 


SS. 


Il\iiu'ris,  Norlii  Mexican  tribe,  i, 
.■■)7l-!d;  loi'ation,  i.,  (;07. 

1 1  viicrboreaiis,  one  of  tlie  seven 
l^roiips  into  wliicli  tlie  natives  of 
t!ie  I'acilic  states  are  divided,  lo- 
catcil  alo!ij,'llie  .\rctic  seaboard,  in 
liiissiaii  .America,  .Maska.  and  ad- 


joiiiin;,'  I 


>land 


s,  aii!!  iro 


III  llii 


I'.av    to      latiiiicle    ,5." 


iKoii  s 


111'' 


liid 


the  Aleutian  .\rclii|iel;i;,'o; 
sn'Mlivideil  into  the  taniilies.  (lie 
Mskimos,  Konia,!.;;!'-,  Aleuts. 'I'lilin- 
keets,  ami  'riiineli  or  .\ilialiascas. 
Maniicis  anil  cii-'toius  of  eacli  ile- 
sciilicd  s(  |iarale!\ ,  i  ,  .'!.")- 1 . 37 ;  loca- 
tions, di\is'iuis  iind  tribal  boiiiida- 
i.,  ;Ci-4(),    137-140;  mvlli..  iii., 


ric 

.-.KMO;     Ii 
orii;ili,  v.. 


3,  574 do;! 


10. 


Ilyssojp,  Maya  baiitisiii,  ii.,  (183-4. 


I 


lalamma,    Soiitli     Californian   Iril 


I.,  lOJ 


ilioii,  i  ,  l.")0. 


I.'ilaniiie,  Soutli    Californian  liil 


402 


location,  i.,  4."i!i. 


laiootaiuoliuanicjiaii,  ubode  of   .\y.tei 


\ 


eiiiis.  111..  .37 


G92 


INDEX. 


aotzin,  iii.,  IftO,  soc  Tczcatlipora. 

I!:.ia,  Cakcliiiiut,'!  nidiitli,  ii.,  Hid. 
Ixicras  (lliueras),    aiiciuiit   luiine  of 

llinuluras,  v.,  214. 
la,  i.,  (!().'{;  iii.,  ()87,  see  Ika. 
cauiit/iii     (Aclicaiilitziii,     Icoatzin), 

('iiiihiiiiec  i<iiij,',  v.,  '2'2((.,  '24'>. 
(ciijcniie,  tribe  of  Apaclies,  i.,  473- 

.")L'(i;    location,   i.,   474;  laiiy.,  51)4- 

(102. 
ciiapilli,  Mexican  dress,  i.,  (J20. 
elK'aiiiie])illi,  a  cotton  breast-piece, 

ii.,  400. 
clienta,  Central  Californian  tribe,  i., 

:{(il-401;  location,  i.,  4o4. 
rliinui,  Yncatan,  antii].,  iv. ,  240. 
ciijiaa,  name  for  Mayapan,  v.,  diap. 

x  i  i  i . 
(^iipnchco,  station,  Aztec  niif^ration, 

v.,  323. 
coatzin,  v.,  245.  soo  Icaulitzin. 
lonodasni,  ii.,  170-1,  525-8,  7()S;  iv., 

281,502. 
cpactepccH,    Naliua  nation,    subjii- 

iid\i'd,  v.,  471. 

i'|ialli,  Naliiia  (■'■M>ls,  ii.,  231. 
( iii'x,  an  Acolinia  diicf,  v. ,  3.'!2,  335. 
ixicoiiiiati,       a      (.'liicbiniec-'l'ollcc 

iliiif,  v..  485. 
I'xiiili,  a  Ziit\i',n!  nrinccss,  v.,  575-(i. 
ixocbitianex,  Culliua  king,  v.,  320, 

330. 
cxotl.  ])alni-lcaf,  ii.,  484. 
cv  t'ape  (I'ascap),  i.,  138-0. 
.lab...   i.,    315,   .322,    422,    4(!0,    4(13; 

lang.,    iii.,   ()31,    (i(>();    aiitiii.,    iv.. 

734. 
(lakarinkes,  Nortb  ("alifornian tribe, 

i.,  32(i-(!l ;  iocali.in,  i..  447. 
ii-.li)-a,   N.)rtii  Califiirnian  tribe,    i., 

32(l-(;i;  lanj;.,  iii.,  (!40. 
ilibacs  (l.iibas),    IstlMiiian  tribe,   i., 

747-85;    location,    i.,    7!I7;    H[)ecial 

mention,  i.,  7S5. 


ledocodanios.  North  Mexican  trilte, 

i.,  571-yi;  location,  i.,  (ill. 
leyxcohuatl,  a  Toltec  chief,  v.,  2-Jlt. 
Iff,  C^niche-Cakchi.iue!  day,  ii.,  7(i7. 
I{.;h  (Vgli),   Tzen.lal  day,  "ii.,  Hu;  n 

nredecessor  of  \'.)tan,  v.,  U!4,  ti05. 
lylesia  Vieja,  CJuerrero,  anti.i.,  iv., 

424. 
Igloo  (Eegloo,  Iglo,  Iglu,  Igliit),  \U. 

kinio  snow  h.aise,  i.,  54. 
Ignatzio  (Ihiiatzio),  Michoacan,  an- 

tiij.,  iv.,  5()0-70. 
Ignanas,  i.,  .".77,  6.52,  743,   759;   ii., 

()!»3,  701.  720. 
Ihcil  ixcbel,  Maya  feast,  ii.,  fi!)7. 
Ihuatzio,  iv.,  570,  see  Igiiatzii). 
Ibueras,  v.,  214,  see  IImicims. 
Ihuiniatzal,  name  forTochintcridilli, 

v.,  333. 
Ihiiitbin,  village,  Gncrrero.  i..  (177. 
Ik,  Mava  dav  and  god,  ii. ,  75(i,  TCll; 

iii.,  482. 
Ika  (lea).  Lower  Californian  tribe.  !,, 

5.")(i-71;     location,     i.,    (!0;i;    laii;.'., 

iii.,  ()87. 
Ikanam,  Chinook  god,  iii.,  05,    155; 

v.,  10. 
Ikarncks,    North    Californian    tiibc, 

i.,  32(i-(;i;  l.)cati,)n.  i.,  447. 
Ikomag,     locality,     ()iiatcnial;i,    v., 

570. 
Ilamatlan,  l.icality,  Mexico,  i,,  (175. 
Ilancneitl,   Nabiia   lirst   \\iiniiin.  iii., 

(10;  Culbua  .lueen,  v.,  22.3,  .354  (i I. 
Illniicaniina,  surname  of  .Munte/iiiiia 

I.,  v.,  408. 
llhuicateix'C,    station,   Aztec   migra- 
tion, v.,  .324. 
Uiinicatl,    prince   of   Ziimjiang.i,  v., 

32!  t. 
Ilbnicatitlan,  templi!  of  Mexi.o,  ii., 

585. 
Iligajakh  (Ilgajack,  Ilgiijak)    i;i\cr, 

i.,'l40. 
lols,     llyperb.ireans,    i.    S4-5;    iii.,     lliilulliiks,  trllie  of  Aleuts,   i.,  87-'.M; 


145-7;  Coliimbians,  i.,  Idl,  185, 
103;  Californians.  iii.,  l(i(i-7;  New 
Mexicans,  i.,  .500;  iii..  174;  .Mc\' 
cans,  ii.,  208-0,  318,  321,  320-:il. 
3S!),  :tOI.  425,  428.  477,  482.  .5S2-4, 
(;(l.">,  (i22;  iii.,  170,  10(!.  2.37-420 
]iassini;  anti.|,.  iv..  3l(i-(i'00  jias- 
sim;  Central  .\nierii'aiis.  ii.,  (180- 
713.    750-1,    800;    iii.,    4(13.    4S2-.3, 


loi'ation,  i.,  141. 
Illinois.    Mississip|ii   \'allcy,   aiiiii|., 

iv.,  70(1-7. 
Il.icab,    (liiatemahin    tribe,    i.,    (18(1- 

711:    location,    i.,    780;    bi:-!.,    v,, 

54(1-7,  540,  .V..3-5,    5(10,  5(12,    571  3, 

584,  .580,  502. 
Ilttekaimamils,     Inland     C.ihuobiau 

tribe,    i.,  2,"i0-0l;  locali.m,   i.,   .'12(1. 


403;  antii|.,  iv..  18.  ;10  5s.  (Id,  70-;<,  \  Images,  see  Idols 

SO-04,    1(H),    111-130,    1(17-8.    202-3   j  Imata.ax.  Nabna  ornnnu'iit.  ii.,  321. 

515-20.    242-S,    2(13-.".,   277:  Miss.-      Imatatobni.   Tarasco  m.iiilli,  ii.,  521. 

sippi  N'alley,  antiii.,  iv.,  782;  Peru,    Imnuiiiab  lliver,  i.,  .317. 

Miiti.i.,  iv.,'805.  j  Imox  (.Mox),  tiuiclie-Cakcbii|(nl  and 


INDEX. 


C93 


Tz(>n(lal  (lav,   ii.,   Tlu;  ancestor  of  ■      i..  114  37;  lorati 


11(5,  1. ",.•?,  14S; 


Vol: 


II,  v.,  (i<»,  lf)4.  (K)."). 


Iiii|il('iiiciits,  llvitcrlmicaii,  i.,  aS,  (i4,  j      iii,,  «!)0-l. 
7!t-S(),  itl,    11!».   ll»2-.S,    i:{();  Coliiiii-    Till 


Nin'cial  iiieiitiuii,  i.,  (iS,  LSH; 


icntaini 


hiaii.s,   i.,    Kilo,    170,    I7'.I-8I.    1S4, 


nvs  o 


f.  i..  54."),  (it  14,  7(!0, 


187,    IS'.t-'.d,   lli;{,    IDS,  •_'11-14,  •-':«■    Filial. i.  'lai 


«i;'.t-7(i;  li.,  -jlm-!*,  (i.")i,  (;.".:i,  (iu. 


l>c'n  (lav,  11.,  .)-'! 


aiitic|.,  iv..  7.'{!)-4(l:    Cali-    liiiichi,  'j'arasco  day,  ii.,  ,V_'2. 


forniaiis,  i.,  :U.\  :{SI-2,  4(I7-S,  4;{4-    liiiciiini,    I' 


aiilii|. 


iv.,  (i!l-J-4,  (i!l7-71-',  714- ;  luixot/iiii,  1' 


iiasci)  iia\,  II.,  ;rJ 


1.");   New   .Mi'xicaii 


r)(i(i-'2,  r)4;{- 1  iiii/caiiii< 


irasid  (lav,  il 


T 


ilasci)  iiidiilli,  1, 


4,   .■)')■;{,    "vS'J,   ,V.HI;    aiitiij.,   iv.,   (I.'W,     Iiii<ali(lil jiiatcii,  tiiliL'  of    Tiluuli,  i.. 

114-:!7;  locatidii,  i.,  148. 
Iiikalits,     frilic  (if    'riiiiicli,     i.,    114- 


fi77-8;    Mexicans,    i.,    (ii'il-.'tO.    CAi), 


(>.")() 


ii.,    ;{(l(>,    .'U8,    M.-)!,    474-84, 


()I4.  (I'Jl---';   iii.,  .TlL'-l.');  aiiti(i.,  iv., 

344-(;,  .•i7:5-(!, ;«:?.  414,  -fji'-;!,  4:i]-L', 

44(i-7,  4")1,  4(ii>-:i,  iVJO,  .V.4-(;i,  .-)77, 
IIS,  i.,  ();i7- 
8,  7-'4,  744,  !(',->■{>,  78()-;i;  ii.  7<»0, 
74'.t-.'>l.  7!l!t8(K»;    aiiti((..  iv.,   18-l':?, 

r)S-(;-_',  lie,  i()i'-:i,  'SM-s,  l'7S;  .missIs- 

V.,    778-!), 


(Ill-l;!;  Cciilral  Am 


Sl|l|ll 


Vall( 


^81-4;   iViu,  ant 


aiitK 
(\.,  iv. 


!t'_'-4. 


Iiiajalailm  ( Inajalaycliiial.  Smitli  Cal- 
iforiiiiiii  tiilii',  i.,  4()L*-'_''2;  location, 
i.,  4.',<X 

Iiia|iaiiaiiics,  N'oitli  Mexican  tiibe, 
i..  .■)7i-!il;  location,  i..  (Il.'l. 

I  lias]  icl  Slims.  Inland  < 'oiii  ml  lian  tribe, 
i.,  'J.')(>-!)1;  locatidii.  i.,  .'117. 

liiliani,  'I'arascd  calendar  .sij,'ii  and 
day,  ii.,  iV.'l-'J. 

lii'ieari,  Taiasco  day,  ii.,  r)2'2. 

Incaiilalidiis,  see  Sorcerers. 

Incense,  Nalmas,  ii.,  14."i,  •-'."iC-liO,  .'US, 
;)'2-.'-:i,  .S-.>7,  .'UC.  :!!•.•?,  ."iy.'l;  iii.,  .•!:!!, 
4.'iS  |iassiiii;  Mavas,  i.,  (i!l7;  ii., 
(i(i8,  ii88,  t;i)0-7,  7(J0-(),  7M,  743,  7!«l; 
iii.,  ISd. 

incest,  i.,  81,  117,  3S8-!),  515;  ii.,  4(;(i, 

(;.">:•,  (i7(!. 

Iiicliini,  Taiasco  day,  ii.,  .VJ'J. 
liiclioii,     Taiasco    calen(lai-si;,'ii,    ii., 

Iiii'dmecaiii'*iid|<,    Inland    I 'dliiniliiaii  j 

tiilie,  i..  •-Vid-'.ll;  Ideal  idii.  i.,  ;il'_'. 
Indcliiini,  Taiasco  moiilli,  ii.,  't2\. 
Indiana,    M  ississi|i|ii    N'allev,   aniiii., 

iv.,  7(l-'-:t. 
Indian  (liiicli,  ( 'alit'oriiia,  aiitii).,  iv., 

7117. 
Indi.i-rnl.lier.    i.,    tl.'!'.!;    ii.,  'JilS.    :)S'.t, 

WA,  4()(i,  5!il),   (.'III,   7 1 '.I;    iii.,  XIA- 

4.  :il(». 
Tiidi-o,  i..  (\'M,  Cits. 
Ilidiis  lilaiicds,  i.,748,  see  ( linitilsos. 
Iiietliaati,  T.'iraseo  day,  ii.,  ."i"-'"-'. 
Iiiclluiii,  Taiasco  (lav.  ii..  rt'2'2, 
Intiiiilicide.  i,.  HI!!, -jV.',  •J7!t,  .'IIM),  4i;i, 

.V.KI,  71  1.  781 -'J. 
lii;;aliks  (T'KitsUcs),  trilie  of  Tiiiiiidi, 


:17:  hi 


111 


".<,l(i- 


liiland  ('(diimliian  families,  liflli  di- 
vision of  the  ( 'olnmliiaiis,  coni|iris- 
iii^'  live  of  tlie  nine  families  into 
wliicli  tlie  ( 'oliimlpiaiis  are  divided, 
and  consisting,' of  tlie  Slin^liwai's, 
Kooteiiais,  ( tkaiia;^aiis,  .'^alisli,  and 
Saiia|)tiiis,     located     lietweeli     the 


Cascade     I 


lan^e    a 


ml    t! 


10   easti'rii 


limit  of  the  I'aeilic  States,  from 
latitude  52'  .'lO'  to  4.")  ;  manners 
and  ciistoiiis  descrilied  fo^iclhci-.  i., 
•J."»(l-!l|;  iihysi.|iie,  i.,  L'.")4-(;;  clrc>>, 
i.,  •-'.")(;-!»;'  dwellin-s,  i.,  '.'.V.t-iil; 
food,  i.,  '_'(il-7;  )iersonal  liahits,  i., 
'J()7;  weapdiis  and  war,  i.,  'Jtl8-7i'; 
ini]deiiieiits  and  maniifaci  iii'(  s.  i., 
•J7(i-I;  Uoats,  i.,  •-'7I-'-';  piopertv 
and  trade,  i  ,  '_'7li-4;  art.  i.,  •2'\:>; 
fidvcniment  and  slaxcry,  i.,  -7"i-(i; 
mari'ia^l'c,  ^^'dmell  and  ( liildreii.  i., 
L'7l>-MI;  amiisemeiils,  i.,  'Jsol'; 
misc(dlanedns  ciisldins,  i.,  'Jsl'-.'; 
nuMJicine,  i.,  'JS,')-7;  Imiial,  i.,  '-'n.^- 
!l;  character,  i.,  'J8',)-ll|;  iociiiidii, 
(li\  isiciiis,  and  tiilml  lidiimhuies,  i., 
'-'.".(It,  .•(1(1-21;  nivth.,  iii.,  l.iii-i"); 
Ian--.,  iii.,  (il5--J(;.' 

Fiinoka  Itivcr,  i.,  148. 

Iiiniiit,  i.,  4(1,  see  Mskinio.s. 

Iiiodoii,  Taiasco  caleadar-si^n,  ii., 
5'.' I -'J. 

Illoje,  .South  Califniniali  trihe,  i., 
4i)-J-'J2;  location,  i.,   I.V.I. 

Iii|iari,  Taraseo  (la>  ,  ii.,  .VJ'J. 

Iniini,  Taiasco  day,  ii.,  522. 

Inscription  liock,  New  Mexico,  iin- 
tii|.,  iv.,  (MS-.^O. 

Iiisecii,,   as  I' 1,   etc.,   i.,    I.";t.  .■!7;!-.", 

4(l."i-(i,  427.  4;t(i,  iss,  ."idd-l,  721;  ii., 
Mod;  medicine,  ii.,  .V.IK,  (i(i|. 

IiisiLTiiia,  i..  728,  7"i:i,  7(11;  ii.,  2(i7, 
4(i;M.   4i:i-l4,    4I'.>,   41(1,    (114,  (122. 

(Ik;,  (i.'.i;,  741 ;  iii..  4:!:;;  v.,  :t2."i. 

IiiH|i(dliiiiis,  Inland  ( 'oliimliiaii  tiHc, 

i.,  2.-»(l-'.ll;  location,   i.,  .';I2. 
Intacaci,  Tai'.is((i  nidiith,  ii.,  .V2I. 


C94                                                  INDI-X. 

Intainohui,  TariiHCf)  moiifli,  ii.,  r>'2\. 

Isalco.  villa^ro.  ."san  Salvador,  i..  7'.'!. 

liitiiiiiri,  Tarasco  (lay,  ii.,  .VJ'_>. 

Isantlicau'n.'i,  Scmtli  ( 'alifurnian  trilie, 

liitasialiiie,  Tarasco  iiituniilaryilavs, 

i,.  4l)-_'--J--';  loc.ition.  i,.  Wl. 

ii.,  R'22. 

Isa|ia,  villa;,')'.  (Jnalemala,  i.,  7S!t. 

Intaxiliiii,  Tarasco  inmitii,  ii.,  .^•JI. 

Islicats,  Alentian  liaskets,  i..  <)!. 

Jiitaxitiiiiui,  Tarasco  nioiitli,  ii.,  "I'JI. 

Isli;,nia  ( lsli;,nia;:et  V,  Sonth  ( 'alifurnian 

Intccainoni,  Tarasi'o  iiioiith,  ii.,  i")'.'!. 

trilie,  i.,  4!l'_'-'J'-';  location,  i,.  4,"i;i. 

lnt(.'iliac|iii,  Taiasco  innntli,  ii.,  "nM. 

Islii|nats,   trilie  of    Noolkas,   i.,   171- 

IntcclKitahui,  Tarasco  iiiontli,  ii.,  r>'2\. 

•-'OS;  location,  i.,  •-".(."i. 

Iiiti'riiR'iif,  si'c  i'.iirial. 

lsin;,dass,  i.,  •_'7I. 

liitcniiiilii,  Tarasco  month,  ii.,  jV.M. 

lsi|io|iolanu's.  North   ."Mexican  liilic, 

Intestines,  see  l''ntrails. 

i,,  'i71-'.»l ;  location,  i.,  (II 1. 

Intcvahchitziii,   Tarasco  numtli,    ii., 

Isla  del  Carmen,  i.,  (is:{. 

iVil. 

islede  Pierres(l,inkinse').  Inland  Ccl- 

Iiitlialmi,  Tarasco  day,  ii.,  ')'2'2. 

nmliian  trilie,  i.,  liriO-'.ll;  locatiiin, 

Inlliiiiiii,  'I'arasco  (lay,  ii.,  'y22. 

i.,  ,'{l(!. 

Inlictooks,    Inlanil   ColiMnliian  trihc, 

Isleta.    I'nelilo  villa;:e  and   trilie,   i. , 

i.,  iTxt-itl;  location,  i.,  .'{I'J. 

."/.'((-■"iC;  location,  i.,  .V_'7.  (IIMI;  Ian,:.'., 

liitiiuii,    Tarasco   caleiidar-sij^n,    ii., 

iii.,  (iSl. 

r.Ji. 

Tsleta  of   the  Sonlh,  Pnelilo  villa-e. 

Intoxication,  sec  Drnnkcnticss. 

i.,  .->!)!». 

Intoxilmi,  Tarasco  nionlli,  ii.,">"21. 

Ismnrai-an.  ( 'entral  ( 'alifurnian  Ian;.',, 

Int/inilii,  'I'arasco  day.  ii.,  o'J'i. 

iii..  (;."i;{. 

Int/ini,  Tarasco  day.  ii.,  i'y22. 

Is]ii|ie\vluimau,L:li,  Inland  ( 'ulnni'ii.iii 

» 

Iiitzonialii,  Tarasco  day.  ii..  .'I'J'J. 

trilie,  i.,  •_',"iO-'.)l;  location,  i.,  ;!i7. 

Iniik.  (liriv.'ition  ot   Innuil.  i.,  40. 

IstaL;nacaii,    village,    (Jnatemala,    i,. 

Innndations,  .Mexico,  liist.,  v.,  4r)H-4, 

7.S7. 

4(iH. 

IstJilole,  (inatemalaii  drink,  i..  7<'t''. 

Inxicliari,  Taiasco  day,  ii.,  .")•_'•_'. 

Istlimians,  one  of  the  three  faiiiilii  s 

lolar.  Mosi|iiiio  year,  i.,  7-7. 

into  which  the  wild  trihes  of  Cen- 

Iiiiiata.  Soutli    Californian    trilie,   i.. 

tral  .\merica  are  divide(l;  manners 

4( >•.'-•_'•_';  location,  i..  4.V,). 

and  enstoms  of  all  its  nations  and 

lociallieliecatl,    (.'liicliiniec   ;,'od.    iii.. 

triliesdescrilied  toLictlier,  i,.  7  It?— s'; 

40(1. 

|iliysii|ne.  i.,  7  IO-."il ;  dress,  i.,7"il--l: 

Ipalneinoaloni   ( i|ialnenioan,  I]talne- 

(l\\('llin.i;s,  i,.  7"i4-S;  food,  i,,  7">S-f.(); 

niolnialoni),  name  of  Tloi|ne-.Nalni- 

]iersonal    haliits,    i.,   7'iO;    \\('a|ioiis 

a<|ue,  iii.,  .")i.',  IS:t,  |S.-.-(i. 

and  war.  i..  7(iO-.'i;  im|ilcnieiits  anil 

Ijiandcs,  iii.,  .")',)l,  see  Liiiancs. 

inannfactiires,  i.,  7ii."i-7;  Imals  and 

l|ia|iaMa,   Tiilonac  dialect,  iii,.  777. 

|iro|icrty,    i.,    7(>/-^;    art,    i.,    7i;'.i; 

Ijicc,  .Sonlii  Calitornian  trilie,  i..  tO'J- 

piveiiiment.  i.,  7<''.'-71;  slavery,  i., 

•_'■-•:  location,  i..  4.Vt. 

771-'-;    Wdinen    and    mariia:;e,    i., 

Ipincliiiari,   a    Cliicliimec    W  anacace 

77"-'- 1;  amnsenients.  i.,  771-(i;  mis- 

el lief,   v.,  olS. 

cellaneous  cnslonis,  i.,  77(i-7;  iiicil- 

I>|i  r>alam(  I(inilialam).  <,>nicln'foiirtli 

icine,   i.,  77S-SO;    Imrial,  i,,  7si)l: 

man.  iii. .  47;  ;:od  and  Iviny.  \ . .  isl. 

character,     i.,     7S4-.">;     location    nf 

ri.")'_'-(!.  .")ii(i,  ."tSI  ,"). 

trilies.    i,,   7!»4-7;    mvth.,  iii.,    I'.is- 

lra;;lidadaUli.  .\lcnt  creator,  iii.,  104. 

."iOl.  .'iCt-l;  v.,  14;  lan^'.,  iii.,  .")7'-'-:i. 

Irindiii.  Miclioacan.  anti(|.,  iv.,  .")71. 

7!t:i-,-i. 

Iri--li,    .Vmerican    orij,nn    traces,    v., 

Istla\acan,  localitv,  (Inatemala.  iii,, 

1  •-'!-•-'. 

4SL'. 

Iri  Ticatame.  a  Cliicliinu'c  Wanacace 

Itiies,    Central    Californian   trilie,    i.. 

cliief,  v..  .■)ii-i;t. 

.'Kil-IOI;  location,  i.,  4."i;t. 

Iron,  i.,  107.   |(;4.    IS."..  :UI,  4«t,'.;  ii.. 

Iliilaiias,  Chinook  iXiiA,  iii,,  <i."i.  I.'i.'i. 

74!l;  iv.,  77.S,  7'.U. 

Itaywiy,  Sonth  ('alifurnian  trilie,  i., 

« 

Ii'on-wdod,  hows  of.  i..  7--. 

40'J  -i'-*;   location,  i.,   KiO. 

Irrigation,  i.,  .");(<»;  ii,,  :il'.i.   71*^;  an- 

Itcli.  i..  S(i;  iii,,  4l."i. 

lii|,.  iv..  (ilO,  C'VJ,  (i.'l.-),  (id's. 70,  (i7(i. 

Itlikvenianiits.      Inland     Cohimhian 

IrriliJMs,  N'orlli  Mexican  trilie,  i..  571- 

i.ihe,  i,,  •-'.-)( M>l;   locilion,  i.,  'A\l . 

'.M  ,  localiiin,  i.,  "17'-',  lil'-';  laiij,'.,  iii.. 

Itlachia.  an  idol  ornament.  i,i.,  '.'.'IIS. 

711. 

llte;;e  Uiver,  !.,  1-tS. 

JNDr.X. 


035 


Ituc,  Soutli  r!ilifi)riii;iii  triW,  i.,4!»i2-i  Ixclicl,  ^Fayii  u'lxlili 


11..  C)!"^.  (i'.»7 


alidii.  1..  4.")',». 


Ill 


(ral    Cilifcriiian    Irilio,  '  Ixcotl 


Ixcimtziii,  liinlol'  l/ta|pal(icaii,  v. ,,'{74. 


ialiii-iil>r(',  II 


:«■.!). 


i.,  .•t(;i-4()l;  liicalioM.  i.,  4." 


I> 


ItiikciiiuU,    Siiiilli  Caliioiiiiaii   trilic,  '      iii.,;{>S, 


xi'i)/aiiliiiiii,    miiiK;  of    Xiiiliteciitli, 


i.,  40-_'.L»i.';   1(11  at  11111,  1.,  4(;(). 


Iliiiliiilc,  Yucatan,  aiili(i., 
Itwlia.  Salisli  fixid,  i.,  M'k 


It 


■/.,   11.,    (((/,  M'C    1  \/,. 


Itza    I. 

i:{:t. 
It 


Ixcuiiia,    iiainc  of    Tlazoltocntl,    iii. 

.'{77. 
Ixciiiiiauie.s,  Naliiia  ri'lij,'iiiiis  ^cil,  v. 

•JSL>, 


(•iiatcinala,    aiiti<i.,    iv.,     Ixil,  (liiatriiialaii  laii''.,  iii..  7<il>. 


/alaiic,  I'l 


ty.  ^'iicat.-iii,  iv. ,  I.")!. 
iii.,  41 1."). 


Itzaiiiat    11,  .Maya  ; 

It/atil),  (  iiiclicii  nili'is.    v.,  •J'_'.");  al.-^ 

iiaiiit'  I'lir  It/as,  v.,  cliaji.  xiii. 
It/ai|iiauli,  a  ( 'liicliiiiit'f  ciiicf,  v.,  "J'.).'?. 
It /as   (^'/a^': 


.M 


iva  iialiun,  i.,  (i  14- 


70;  ii.,  (i;il)-SI);{;  location  and  iiatiii', 
i.,  (is;!;  ii.,  l]!t--J(t,  l-_'7;  .special  nicn- 


IxiinclK'  (I'alin.-iiiiil,  'I't'cpaii  (Jiiatr' 
mala),  cit\ ,  ( iiiatcniala.  i.,  7S'.l;  ii., 
l-_'l,  (;;!7.'7'."t;  anti.i. 
hist  --       — 


i\ . 


i-'i-;] 


v.,    ;>.)(>, 


70,   .'t'Xi,    .")',•.">, 


Its. 


(iOl-'.'. 
Ixlincclialiucxc,  v.  'J.'iO,   sc 

I'ciialiiiac. 
iMiiitl,  V.  .'{04,  sec  Itzniitl. 


Ixtlilcii- 


xniixiii'h 


(Vii 


tion, 


707,  70!»-10;  ii.,  (>;{;{-ii,  (147 


Toll 


111),  a 


cc  iiiiiiccss,  V.  'J'.l!l. 


(),')7,  (574,   (WO,  71.S,   7'J:{,  7'-'i>',  7:i.'l.  '  Ixiiiol,  Ma\  a  priestess,  ii..  701. 


74;t,  7.')0,  7<)1S,  SOO;  liiytl 
4.S'J-.'{;  hist.,  v.,  chap.  xiii. 
Itzliacliaa, 
It/caili    1 1 


arasco  iiiDiitli,  ii. 


M. 


/ealli),    Naliiia  iiionlli,   ii. 

;!;!S,  ,-)(l'.l;    iii.,  lO'.t. 
It/ca.\  ntiliiialli,    Naliua  coui-t    dress 

ii.,  1)74. 
It/.coati,   a   Mexican   eoniinandev.  v. 

,'{(;•_';  kill'' of   .Mexico,  v..  :{S",t-4i»S. 


/cohiia 


tl.  a  .M 


I  .Mcxii'an   loril,  v. 
/I'linilepec,  <iiy,  Mexico,  v 


.-.III. 
!(!;{. 


Itzcuintlaii,    locality,    San    Salvador, 

i.,  7'.10:  v..  (i07. 
Itzi'iiiiitli  (N'zciiintli),  Naliiiadav,  ii., 

.■.I  •-•..".  KM  7. 
It/ili's.    Mosi|iiit<>    tiilie. 


:il-47 


Ixnacan    Katun,  Maya  [ 


iriesl  s  title 


ii..  Ml 


ixiiextlacnilolli,   Naliiia  eoiiit  dre.ss, 

ii..  ;{74. 
IxleiH'ale,  Xaliiia  title,  ii.,  .'SlM. 
Ixtlalinaia,   localil\,   .Mcxiiu.  i.,  (!74, 
Ixtlaliiiacaii,    villa;;i',    /acatcias,    i., 

(;7'-'. 
Ixtle,  Mexic.in   tilire.  i .,  ((.■)7-'^. 
Ixtlilcueciialiiiac   (.Mxtilciii'clialiiiae, 


1x1 


iiii'i'li.ilincxc, 


I  xl  lilciiccliaiiai 


location. 


ii;{. 


Itzlai|uellaloca,   localilv,  Mexico,  v. 

47-'. 
It/.nial     ri,     name    for     Izanial,    v. 

eliap.  xiii. 
It/mill   (Ixmill),    .\colliiia    eliief,   v. 


'I'lacliiiiolziii,  'riali'liiiioli/iii,  'I'lal- 
tecatl,  'I'lallccail  lliiclzin.  'riili|ue- 
clialinac,  'riili|iie  ( 'liaoi'allaliiiioit- 
zin,  Tzacalcill.  'rzacalecalli,  'I'ol- 
tec  kin;,',  v.,  '-'..0. 
Ixtlilton,  iii.,  40;t,  see  \'xllllon, 
Ixtlilxocliill,  Chi.  hi  nice  kiii.-',  ii..  (illO; 


v.,  r.i-;i,  :!.v, 

v..  4.M.  47  t- 


<  hiclilmec  prim 


Il< 


:{ii:;-4. 

Z'lneve, 


ill.,  \s\. 

I  hi 


I'iliil 


»ld 


(!  iriMldess,    11. 


700-7 


lyacateciihlli  ( lyacacoliuhi|iil.  ly.ica- 
tecntii.  .lacai'oliiihi|iii.  .laealeini  Ii, 


N 


lacateciih 


tli.  V 


icai'oiiiiiii|iii, 


calecnlli, 


'<\. 


11. 


^  iiicalecntlii 

:{js.  :{,s;t.  4'.ii; 


tlii,     Ni 


410 


Itztilhiii,  city,  Mexico,  v.,   ll!!!.              '  l/alcos,  town.  San  Sahador,  iii.,7l)0. 

itzncaii,    localitv,  N'cr.i  ( 'riiz,  i.,  (i71 ;  l/ainal,  cii  v,  \'iicataii,  ii.,  (117;  antiip, 

v..  '.'O.'.             '                                         j  iv.,   '.Mi'.^,   '-'(K;,   •_'7I;  hisi.,  \.,  •."_'(, 

Ivorv.  i..  4S,  ."ill.  (i;i,  liTi,   tO.'l.                 I  chap.  xiii. 

Ix  (dix,  llixl.  Ma\a  day  and   ealeii-  Izcal,  t'akchii|ii(d  iiionlh,  ii.,  7'i'l. 

dar  siu'ii.  ii,  7'">-'-(>,  7(iO-l ;  \'ucalec  IzcohiiatI,   Teot  hichimcc    chici,    \., 

diviiii'iy,    iii.,    I'Ji.                                 I  4',>0. 

IxazaUiili    ( I  xazaliioliK     Ma;.a   ^'od-  I/liiiatl,  s|iecies  of  palm-lc.il.  ii.   Is  I. 

(less.  ii.,7.-)J;  iii.,  4li_'-;{.  l/niachi,  city.   (Jnaleinala,  v.  ."t."'',l-(»(J, 

Ixcanh'ox.  .Mava  .i;(i<hlc^s,  iii.,   jil.'l,       j  .'iiil.  ."(7l-.'{.  '>~><.  ."i7s. 


I  \calen|ian,  city,  Mexico.  \,,   ll'J 
ixcatlaii.  town,  Oajaiii,  ii..  '.'(il. 
Ixcax.  a  'I'oltee  chief,  v..  •_'!I7. 
Ixeiizozolot,  v.,  .'tl7,  see  ^'acaiiex. 


Iziiial  lei  lopac,  Imil  ot  ( 'uillahaac,  v., 

.'il'.i. 
1/oiia,  Ma\a  'rod,  iii  .  lii'J. 
lz|ia|ialotl,  .Nahua  chief,  \,,  'JI'J. 


I 


COG 


INDEX. 


Iztacnccntoofl,  iiiiinc  of  Ceiitootl,  ii., 

.'{'.D;  iii..  :iM. 
IziiiiiiIcK,  city,  Mexico,  ii.,  5fi0;  v., 

:u.-). 

I/.taciniixtitlan,  city,  Mexico,  ii.,  417. 

Iztiicinixcoat!  (I/t.ic  Mixcoatl,  I/.tac 
.Mixcoliiiati,  l/tacinixc\iatl),  Na- 
liua  lirst  man,  ill.,  (fO,  24!);  Naliua 
pul,  iii.,  2(!S,  4().'{:  foiiiiilci-  of  Na- 
liua nation,  v.,  'J'2.'{,  .")'27. 

IzlaiMiiaulilzin,  v.,  Il(f7,  h(h.'  Hucniac 
II. 

Iztactlalocan,  city,  nortli-ca.st  Mexi- 
co, v.,  47-'. 

Iztaniat/in  ( Iztaniaiitzin),  v.,4'.).">,  sue 
Iztantzin. 

Iztaiitzin  ( Izlainantzin,  Iztamatzin, 
Yztai'inia),  U'l'^h  [>ric!st  of  C'liohila, 
v.,  4'.)."). 

ltza|iala|ian,  city,  Mexico,  ii.,  1(!7, 
51)7,  r)7."). 

lzla|ialocaii,  city,  Mexico,  v, ,  .S7'2-.'i. 

Itzaquaiihtzin.  lonl  of  the  Mazaliiias, 
v.,  ai'.t. 

Tztauliiatl,   uiecliciua]   Iieil),   ii.,  ',V2.'). 

Izlayiilt,  (^nii'lit'  Uinj;,  v.,  ")(!(!. 

Jzlayul  I.,  liluiclK'  kinjj;,  v.,  otJO,  odii, 
571,  .■)74-(i,  ."is I,  chap.  xiii. 

Iztayul  II.,  (,»uiche  Uiii^,  v.,  58.1-4. 

i/l;iyul    111..   <,>niclu'  Uin^r,   v.,    ')'M. 

I.'itii'iial  Ii,  Nahiia  nieiliiine,  ii.,  •'3<.)<.). 

l/tlahiiacaii,  town,  (iiialeniala,  i., 
7.S7. 

Izlli,  see  olisiilian. 

Iziican,  city,  .Mc'xico,  ii.,  4k!. 


J 


.facacoliulniui,  iii.,  41(5,  sec  lyacate- 

cnhlli. 
.lacala.  .Mexico,  antii|.,  iv.,  549. 
.lac.iteui'tii,  iii., 4 1(1,  see  lyacatecnlitli. 
.laikap,  Nez  I'erces,  I'ikhI,  i.,  '.'(io. 
tlacUsoM,  Califoniia,  anti(|.,  iv.,  707. 
.lacole,  species  (if  fruit,  ii.,  7-4. 
.(a;;iiai',  Naliua  coat  of  ai'nis,  ii.,  U!(); 

ineiiii'ine,  ii.,  (ilM). 
Jails,  ii.,  .n;?- 1,  (!57. 
.lainiaiuari's,    Noilii    Mexican    Irilie, 

i..  .">7I-'.M;  location,  i.,  (III. 
.lakous,  i,,  :{(17,  see  \'akoues. 
.lahil,  ^'ucalan,  aiitiij.,  iv.,  *-'5.'{. 
tlalalo;.'.  localily,  (l:i|aca,  i..  (iSl. 
.lal;incin;;o,    N'eiii    Cinz,    iuilii|.,    iv. 

45l-'_'. 
.lalap,  i.,  (I.'tl;  ii..  5<)!). 
.laiapa,    town,    \'eia    Cruz,    i.,    (i4.T; 

anlii|.,  iv.,  4'Mi:  hist.,  v..  ."i,'{i». 
Jalcheiluns,  iii.,()S4,  see  \'alchi'ilunes. 


Jalisco  (Valisco),  (rihcs  descriheil,  i., 
()l7-44;  ii.,  i;W-(;-J!t;  special  nuui- 
lion,  i.,  (il,S.  (i--'2,  (;•_'■">,  (Cil.  (ll.-i;  ii., 
411,  ()25,  ()•_".»;  myth.,  iii..  447-8; 
Ian;;.,  iii.,  ((()7,  7i7-l'.i;  aulii|.,  iv., 

57;-'-7;  hist.,  v..  •_'•_';.•,  ;iL':!,  :{i!),  rm. 

Jalliijuamai   (Jaliicuamais),    Cajuen- 

che  dialect,  iii.,  (Wo-d. 
.Jalostotitlan,    village,   Zacatecas,   i., 

Jamajahs,  iii..  084,  see  ^'amajalis. 
Jamalteca,  llondiiias,  aMtii|.,  iv.,  71. 
Jamilteiicc,   village,  (.hijaca,   i.,  (;7S, 

(is  I. 
Janainhro,   Tamauli[ias,    lang.,    iii., 

744. 
.Janava,  South  Califoriiian  trilie,  i., 

W2--2-2:  location,  i.,  4.V.». 
Janou'ualpa,  Moi|ui  village,  i.,  ol'S. 
.laotialli,  ii.,  4-_V),  see  Va'uhtlaili. 
Japan  current,  i.,  IW. 
Japanese,  lan.i,'.,  similarities,  iii.,  (i47; 

,\nu'rican  ori^in-tra<i's,  v.,  51-1. 
■Fapianis,  Central    Californian    trilie, 

i.,  :{)il-4(tl;  location,  i.,  4  I'.l. 
Jappayon,  Central  Californian  triiic, 

i.,  ;<'(;i-4(»l;  location,  i..  451. 
Jaranu's,    North    .Mexican    trilie,    i., 

57l-'.»l;  location,  i.,  (il'J. 
Jaras,  trilie  of  .Mosc|nitos,  i.,  711-17; 

location,  i.,  7li{;  lan.i;.,  iii.,  ~s;i. 
Jaredites,   America    peopled    hv,   v., 

'.>7. 
.largon,  Chinook  king.,  iii.,  (i.'!l-l. 
.Iari|uin,  Central  Californian  trilie,  i., 

:<(il-4(ll;  location,  i.,  4.5;i. 
Jars,  i.,  4;{4,  50(»,  ()'.I7-S,  7'Jt;  see  also 

N'ases. 
Jasper,  ii.,  Kil,  17.'t.  557.  750. 
Jasper  House,  locality.  Itocky  .Moun- 
tains, i.,  ;iio. 
.laundice,  reined.\,  i.,  7111. 
.Iav(dius,  see  |);irts. 
.IcMchiacs,  trilie  of  Souml  Indians,  i.. 

•JOS-'J-J;  hication,  i.,  .•!(ll. 
.Ic.ilonsv,  i.,  Ch"),  l(iS-;»,  '-MS,  ;!5|,  ;iSS; 

ii.,  ;t.si,  (L's,  ,so:t. 

.lellerson    Couiitv,   Colorado,   anti(|.. 

iv.,  717-IS. 
.lenu'Z  (Jenu's).  I'nelilo  trilie  and  \il- 

lage,   i.,   5i.'(i-.5(l;    locjition.    i..  5'.i!t, 

,1(10;  s]iecial  mention,   i.,  5'_'7,   5;i7. 

5.101;   iang.,  iii.,  (ifSl-,"!. 
Jervis  Inlet,  i.,  '-MtS. 
Jesters,  Nahuas.  ii.,  177,  '-'>*(;.  ^^'.l 
Jetans,  i.,  47H,  see  Conianclies. 
Jew.drv,  i.,  7(;8;  ii.,  .'i(i;{,  175-7,  (il!', 

75(».  ' 
.lews,  .\nicric;tn   origin-traces,  i.,  ]S; 

v.,  77-IO-,  chap.  .xiii. 


698 


INDEX. 


Jiu'iilion.  i.,  nSo,  348-0;  myth.,  iii., 

I.TM,  ;V_>4;  Ian;;.,  iii.,  MS. 
Kaiiiaiiuires       (KuiiianuiH,       Kaiiia- 

iiicalis),    i.,    U8(),    4t9,    sec    Kaiii- 

iiiarcs. 
Kaijicti,  vilia;,'(',  North  ("ulifornia,  i., 

444. 
Kaiyak.  i.,  (il,  sec  Kyak. 
Kai\  iihkataiia,  name  fur  Iiigaliks,  i., 

lis. 

Kaiyiih  MdUiitaiiiH,  i.,  148. 
Ivajak,  i.,  (il,  si'c  Kyak. 
Kaj.ilsi'liiins,     Cciitial      Califoiniaii 

t'rilic,    i..  .■{(;i-4()l;   Icic.iti i.,44'.>. 

Kakas     (Kaki'>(,     Kakiis),    trilic     of 

'I'liliiikcfls,  i.,  !)4-ll  t;  location,  i., 

!>(i,  1 1:{;  Ian.','.,  iii..  57!). 
Kak  I'liai-at,  I  xiiial  niliT  ami  g'lil, 

v.,  riiap.  xiii. 
Kalapooiaii  ( ivalajiooyah,  Kalapiiya), 

i.,  •-'•_':!,  •_'4".l,  ;{(»;».  .sec  Calaiiooya's. 
Kalucliiiiskojcs,   trihe  of   .Ucuts,   i., 

,S7-!I4;   li(i;ilioll,  i.,   141. 
Kalii'knatccU,  Trinity   liiviT   Indian 

;.'oil.  iii.,  17i>. 
Kaiiouilic-'.  tiili<>  of  Sonnd  Imlians, 

i.,  •_'iiS-_'J:  location,  i.,  3U.S. 
I\alis|iflni  l.aio-.  i.,  'M'.i. 
Kalis|icliiis  (Kalispcls),  i.,  'J7(i,    M;?, 

sec  I'cnd  .i't  )rcillcs. 
Kaljusli  (Kahiu'a,   Kalusch,  Koiiniii. 

Kiiljll>ll,  i\olosili,   Kolosli,   j\olll>|l- 

ians),    Kolu>ii,     name    for    'I'lilin- 

kccts,  i..  !l."i. 
Kaina>li   (Kania>',    Kania.ss),    i.,  '2C>'>, 

SIM'  ( 'anias'^. 
Kainlonjis,    Iiijanil  Colunihian    liilic, 

i.,  •_'.')!>;> I ;  location,  i.,  'Ml;  special 

nicnlioii.  i..  'J'.MI. 
KaMi!oop>  Lake,  iii.,  (>l.1. 
KaiMUi-ii,  (j»iiiclii'  son:,',  iii.,  Hi. 
Kannilas,  .Suntli  Californian  trilK\  i., 

40'_>-L'_';  location,  i.,  4,")<t. 
Kan,   .Maya  day  and   calendar  silcii, 

ii.,  7-"»"i-(>,  7'>ii-l. 
KanauisI,  i.,  (i'.t,  see  KoniaLras. 
Kanal   .\cantun,   .Ma\a  ;.;od,  ii.,  7o:{. 
Kancnnc    Island,     Vncatan,    anliij., 

iv..  -'iin. 
Kan;.'iiilil.  l\onia;,M  dialect,  iii.,  'ufl 
Kanuniali    inniiils  (Kan^inali    Iniin- 

iiis),  trilie   of    I'.sUinios,    i.,    4()-(ili; 

location,  i..  4'.',  l.'ts. 
K.'iniaL:'.  Innuit  name,  i.,  tit). 
Kanil,  ( Iiiatenialan  ju'od,  iii.  4S'J. 
Kaniuiai'c-.  ( Kainaniares,     Kainanie- 

aii-',     Kanniniares,      Kxananiaras). 

t'enlral   Californian   trilie,    i.,  ;{(!!- 

4'!!:  location,   i.,   'MV2,  441);  s|ieeial 

mention,  i.,  iiSti,  3'M. 


Kuuisky,  i.,  14!).  see  Kenai. 
Kankin,  .Maya  month,  ii.,  707 
Kansas,  i.,  r>'.)'2. 
Kaiite,  a  .Mava  litter,  ii..  7'):?. 


-S. 


antnm 


le.  V 


ncatan,  antui..  iv 


:h,  iii.,  1  t'.i, 


ann 


r 


ivevali, 


.M. 
f  (1 


\a  II 


I- 
liaii 

lol. 


ukh, 
ii.,  7(fi. 


linoiiU.-.,   1.,    •_'•__-.)(): 


Kaons,  Inlie  o 

location,  i.,  .S()7. 
Kaoiniis,  i.,  {{07,  see   Kowais. 
Kaonlis,  i.,  MIO.  see  Cow  lit/. 


ii|na 


til.  t 


rilie  iif  ."^ound  Indians,  i 


•_'(),s--J-_* 


loca 


lion,  i.,  'Mi-2 


Kari|nines  (C.irijiiin).  Central  Cali- 
fornian trilie,  I.,  .'!(il-4li|;  Incation, 
i.,  .•{(i.'i,  4.V_'-:t;  Ian;,'.,  iii..  ti.'iO. 

Kari|nines  .Strails,  i..  S(!:{,  4.V_'. 


irNveewee  ( 


Arl> 


-hi.  t 


riiie  II 


f  CI 


n- 


iks,   i.,    ■222-:a);  1 


Ileal  loll,  I.,  .id.i. 
inia;_'a  sorcerers,  i.,  So. 


Kasliim,  i.,  (i(i,  see  (  asii 
Kassaans,  trilie  of  llaidalis 
71;  location,  i.,  2'Xi. 


Kassiina  Kiver 
KalaLfliavekik 


i..  4."i(). 

name  for  natives  of 
rniniak  and  .Maska,  i..  .^7. 
Kataliuac,    Soiilli   Caiiforiiiaii    trihe. 


i.,  H)2-2i 


at, on,  I..    I.V.i. 


Katlilaportles  (  Kallapi.rtlc-i.   i.,  ;{(i(' 

see  ( 'alhiapoolies. 
Katla;;akya,    trilie   of    Chiiiooks,    i. 


•J'-'-_'-.'ii»;  location,  i.,  ;{im;. 


Kali 
K.ill 


iiiiial,  i.,  iiOJ.  see  Catlilaiiict- 


:{(li:,    see   Callilii 


:iiiiiiiiminis, 
nainenanii'iis. 
Kaliawewaila,   trilie  of  Cliim 


.'l.'-_'-."i(l: 


itloli,  1,,  ."{II'.). 


Katlawotsetts    (Kiii\\at--liaKi,     trilie 

of  Cliinooks,    i.,    •_':.'_'■. 1(1;    jocalion, 

i..  :tl)S. 
Kal  leiidariicas  ( Kat  lendariika>*,  ( 'en- 

tral  Californian   trilie,   i..  ."rd-4(ll; 

location,  i. 
Kaliin,    Mav 


4.m;  laliLT. .  I  I  .  ti-"i.'l. 


I   c\cle,    II. 


riil- 


'1. 


Kaiiwelis,    North    Californian    li 


i..  ;{i2(i-(l 
ik  !•( 


ocation,  I.,    1 14. 
isiila,  i.,  :{7,  I  11. 


K 

Ka\iMks    (Ka\eaks).    trilie  of   Ki 


auas 


I.,     (l'.IN7 

I 


locati 


II ;  special  mention,  i., 
wclio    Diniudi   (Hare    li 


■;{.  M. 


Iril'o 

of  'rinneli,   i.,   1 1  1I{7:  loc.iiion,   i.. 
1  14;  special  meiilion,    i.,    I-I,  l.'fil; 
Ian;:.,  iii .,  ."is."». 
i\a\vilclien  (Kawitchin.    Kaw  itshinl, 


'!•(!,  •J<.)'.),  see  Cowichin 


\a\v\\ellli,  I, 


ee    iMiwNM 


dth 


ill,  .M. 


ivu  iiiiinlh,  II.,  (<')7-8. 


iNi)i:x. 


699 


Knyousc  (Kiiyiisc 


10,  soe  (\\\- 


use. 


KcL'lii,  Sdiitli   ( '.ilifDiiiiaii    Irilii",    i. 


4(CJ 


licatioll,       i.,       l.'lS;      l;i 


iii.,  <i(i(i,  (i74'.». 
Ki't'clics  (  Ki'i'iliis),  tiilii'iif  Ilaitlali 


Ivfllaup,  i.,  203,  SCO  Kitlati. 
Ivi'tiKiiKiksliclk,    Irilic     of     llaiilali> 


l."i.">-74:  Idcatimi, 


.•iH. 


l.").')-74; 


liicatiDii,  I. 


"Xi. 


KL't'cliiiiiiakaili>       ( Ivt'ccliiiiiiakailo), 
trilii!  of  IlaidaliN,    i.,    l.V)-74;  loca- 


tloll,   I. 


:04. 


Kt'cklicathi     (Ivr'cllu'atla),    trilie    of 

ilaidaiis 

'204. 
KoclaUcs,  Cliii 


l.M-74:    locali 


i(ii>k  iloi 


tills,  iii.,  l.")(l. 


Kcciiatlitiiix,    trilio    "I"    llaiilali 
|.'i.")-74;  liicatiiiii.  '2'Xi. 


\(M'sani 


tiilif  of  llaiilalis,  i.,   I.">."i-71; 


liii-iliiiii,  !.,  '2\)± 
Kccllnatlali,    triltc    ut      llaiil,.! 


IS,      1. 


l.").')-74;   liiraliii 


'o:f. 


lu'cwick,    Haiilali  |i;irailisi'.  iii.,.">"JO. 
Kct'Wiickliuw,     llaiilali     cliicf    jiara- 


.li. 


">•_'(». 


Kvttir    Falls,   i.,  •. 

(litTt'S. 

Kctulsali,  i.,  20;{.  s"('  Kcliitsali. 
Kttw  ilkriiia,    liiln-    of     llaiiiah 


(  li 


l.'..">-74 


71 


iicatiiiii 


•2'Xl 


Kf\\aii;.'lit(li('iiuiiau;4lis,  liilaiiil  (n- 
liiiiiliiaii  trilic,  i.,  'J.'iO-!)! ;  Imati 

i.,  :{!•_•. 

K('waii;,'liliili(MK'iiia(lis,  Iiilaiiil  di- 
liiiiiliiiiii  trilic,  i.,  '_'."»0-OI;  liMatinii, 
i.,  .'{Ki. 

Kt'wick,  Yiicafaii,  aiitiij.,  iv.,  '.MS. 

Kryatai^'iimtcN,         (Kiialai^iiiijiitcn, 


Kijali 


i''iiiiitfii. 


Kiiat; 


i;:inulcs. 


Kijalriil,  trilic  of   Koiiia;;as,  i.,  (10- 


locatioii. 


70.    14(1. 


Till 


iiiki'ct  s]iii 


i-its  of    w; 


liiirs,  iii.,   I4.S,  al(i 


M-'Mniic,  1. 


•2o;t, 


Ki'lli'>|H'liis,.  i.,   .'{14,  .".fL-    IVlid    d'Or- 


Kcl] 


I,  sci'  Sca-wi'CM 


KfUcy  UiviM-,  !.,  ;{00. 

J\cliissiiyas,  i.,  .'{04.  sec  Calapooyas. 

Kchilsaii   (Kctulsali),    trilic  ol'    llai- 


lis,  i.,  |.-).-)-74; 


locatmu,   1. 


•2'Xi. 


dial  I  kaiiiskv,  Kciiai-lciia.  i\ciiai/c, 


vciiai/i,  Kciiav/i,  Kiiiai,  'I'liiLiiii 


la. 


'I'li.iina  Ttviiai),  trilic  of  'i'inncli 

Il4-:t7;  loJ'ati i..   114,    llC,    I  17, 

,     l;!_'-4; 

iii..    ."iSJ, 


140;     special    iiiciitioi 


lllVtll.,     III. 

ns'ts-oi. 


■)I7:    li 


Kcnai  i'ciiiiisiil;i,  i..  lIC,  l.'{0,  147,  140. 
Kciiai/i  (Kciiay/ii,   i.,    I.'IO,    140,  sec 

Kcnai. 
Ivciiciicii    Kicir.  trilic  of   llaiclalis,  i., 


Klialaloiis,  Central  ('aliforiiiaii  tiilic, 
i..  :{()l-4(ll;   location,  i..    I.").!. 

Kliamikli  (Kaiiiii.;lil,  'I'lilinkcct  >:i  d, 
iii..   KH.,   M.'i-t;,  I  10. 


Kliiiiili 


Central      Californiaii 


trilic,  i.,  .'{(U-Kd:   luiation.  i..  4;i:!. 


Kialariics,  localilv.  Noilli-iasI 


last. 


uiierna,  v. 


1(10. 


Kicali,  \.,  .">0.">,  sec  (,>iiicali. 

Kiial>    Taiiul),    v.,   ri(;(i,    sec    (Jiiicali 

'laiiuli. 
Kicc  (K.icc),  North  Californiaii  focil, 

i.,  ,'W(>. 
Kiditak  (Ki-litak,   Kikclitak), 

for  Kailiak,  i..  CO. 
Kicksati 


iiaiiitt 


tril.c    of  'I'l 


ilinUccts,    1. 

!.,  04-114;   location,  i.,    I4;t. 
Kickiiallis,    trilic  of  Sound    Indians 

i.,  'JdS'JL';    location,  i.,  ;;(!((. 
Kickiiallis  Itivcr,  i.,  ;{(l(l. 
Kidiia|ipiii;r,     I.'iws    a^aiii> 

(i(>,  (i,"i()  I,  (l.'iO. 


ii  .   4."i<t- 


Kvsi 


KaiLianic; 


(Ki;;ariiies),    i. 


'J'.Kv     sec 


l.^.^i^l;  location,  i.,  'JO.'!. 


Kcnti 


M 


IV..  7(i 


1SS|SS|]I|I| 

7(i. 


N'alK 


\\  ant  HI 


Kcralit,  i.,  41, 


!■; 


Kercs  ((.lucres),   trilic  of   I'uclilos.  i., 


W(i-.")(; 
rCil-'J: 


iiiM'ial    iiiciitioii.    I. 


10. 


iii..  (iiMi,  iw.'l,  (isl-;!. 


Kerne  Island,  v.,  flii 


Kern  I 


iver.  i.,  4.").-)-(i 


Kern  N'allcv,  laic.;.,  iii..  (I.'il. 
Kcsinali,   Califoi'    .,  aiitiij.,  iv.,  (lO'. 
Kespriaiio  Island,  i.,   1  i:t. 
K<'taiiiloii,  tril f   llaid.: 


i.,   1. 


74;   location 


!o;i 


Kctlakaniaks,  trilic    if  ( 'liiiiooks,    i. 
'J-2J-."i(i:  location,  i.,  ;)(t(i. 


Kiulii;.'usi,  name  for  .\kiitan>.  i.,  ST 


Kiiilitak,  I.,  (iO,  se 


Kii  111; 


Ki j,  (,>iiiiln''  ;,'od.  iii.,   IS'J. 
Kijatai^^'iniuteii   (Ki jatai;:iniit<ii,    Ki- 


;ilai;,'niiltcs,    Kijalcii), 


id 


l\e\  ataiLiliiulc 


vik,  re-Ill,  II. 


701, 


Kikclil.ik,  i..  (iO,  sec  Kiclitak. 
Kil'i'.illi  <,  trilic  of  .Souiiii    Indian 


L'tis- 


■at ion,  i.,  :i(l(l. 


Kikiallis  Itivcr,  i.,  .'idO. 

Kilcalali,  tril f  llaidalis,  i.,  l."i."i-7); 

location,  i.,  'JO  I. 
Kiliwatsals,  i.,  .'{(17,  sec  Killawats. 
Kiliwatsliats,   i.,  ;{(IS,   sec    Katlawol- 

sctls, 

Killainooks    (Calieinax,    Callcinciix, 


700 


INDEX7 


r.-illiinix'.    I\il:iinouks,  Kilainukos,  f     '."iilifornian  triUo,  i..  S(il-101 ;  loca- 
Killiiiinitk-..  Kill:iMiiiks,  KilliiiiouH,  ;      timi,  i.,  4.")(»;  luii;.'.,  iii..  tll'.i. 
Killi:iiii\,  KillyiimcUs,  Nsiftsliaw-    F  isliisliai,    Apai'liu    i'<>iii|ilaiiti'r,    i., 
IIS,  'rillaiiiDdks),  tribe  of  Chiiioiiks,  |      odl. 

i,.   i.':.'!'-.'.!);    loialiuii,    i.,    i>-j:{,    :«M,    I,.islitsainah  (('liaclvj,  <  )kaiia-aii  evil 
■"  "7;  s|>('iial  iiicMtiiiii,  i.,'JH7-8,  -•)(>;    '   Hpirit,  iii.,  l.').'{,  ."il!). 

■■ Ivisliiiiiak  (Kislmiiakli,  Kyschiiiiaik) 

I    liivcr,  i.,  140. 


aii^;.,  iii.,  HIS.  (I'_'(i. 
Kiliawals  (  KiliuatsaU),  trilie  of  Clii-    .     ,  

nooks,   i.,  •.'•-'•_'-.">ll;  location,   i.,  ;{07   |lvis|iai'lialai(ly,     rilie  of   Uaiilalis,  i., 
Killa.Mlioi'lcs.  tiiln'uf  Souml  [iidiaii.",  .'     l."i.'>-74;  loi'ati  u,  i..  -[V.i. 

i., '-'U.S-L'L';  ioiatioii,  i.,  .S0;{.  /Kissliick  !  •"'•.    •,  147. 

Killiiiioiis    (Killiiiiux),    i.,    L'"2.'J,    .SO-';,.  Kitalioii.  trilx- of  Ilaiilalis,  i.,  l.").")-74; 


iii.,  (ilS,  ((Ji),  SCI"  Kilianiooks.  j 

Killsiiialit  (  Kilsamat),  trilio  of  No(  t-.' 

kas,  i..  174--_'i»S;  loiatioii,  i.,  i".!."),    . 
Kiliiis|i(liii   i;i\ci-,    i.,  .Sll,  sec  l'tMi4 

(roicillc  liivir.  ; 

KillviinicUs,  i.,  •_>,">(),  see  Killaiiionk;;. 
Kilsamat,  i.,  •2'.».">,  sic  Killsmalit.  /  ' 
Kiiiiriioociiiins,     iiiiaiiil     ('oiiniil'ii>.ii 

tliiic,  i.,  -J.-yO-'tl;   location,  i.,  .•5-7 
Kin,  Maya  ilay.  ii.,  7">">.  ,'  ' 

Kinakancs,    julanil  Colnrnliiaii  t'n"i>o, 

i.,  •J.")()-!tl;  location,  i.,  ;{l-_'.      ;  ,' 
Kinai-oaiax,  i.,  •_'!ll,  sec  Kinawi'h/x. 
Kinawalax     ( Ivinaroalaxl,    triSi      of 

Haidalis,    i.,    l.">,")-74;    locatii'ir,    i., 

2!»;{-4. 
Kincaid   Flat,  California,  antii|f,  iv., 

(i!t!»-70().  '  * 

KiiR'lialian,  name  of  Ifnnal)  VCji,  iii., 

4()'_>;  .Maya  royal  lillc,  v.,  C.;),).; 
Kin^'iktorsoak  Island,  (ireenLii'd,  an- 

tiii-,  v..  114.  ■  t 

Kin^s,  Naliiias,  ii.,  !.'}:?-.S.";,  '.'('.."j't;,  :V2-2, 

;ma-1.  441,  471--',  (io;{-i4,  dn' •_'•_';  v., 

244-");{li;   Mav.is,   ii.,  i"M. ■■,•>!  7'-*7-S, 

7S.S-!»().  S(l(l-I;  v.,    172-lSS,  '4(l-tiO-_'. 
Kin;^'s   i;ivcr,    i.,   ;{(),'{,   4.")r)(.-,    lanj,'., 

iii.,  (i.")l.  ' 

Kin;,'sl)oroiiL;li's  I'yrainid,  il*  r.xnial, 

N'ucatan,  antic|.,  iv.,  l'.)v.  ; 
Kinicli -.Ml:lll-^'tzanlna,     inline     for 

Ciiiclian  \  /awina,  ii.,  (I'M 
Ki 


location,  i.,  "JiK?. 
Kitatuls,  trilie  of  Haidalis,  i.,  l."i.")-7I; 

location,  i.,  '2'M. 
Kitdiaclaltli.triln'of  l[ai<lalis,  i.,  I.m- 

74;  location,  i.,  lI'.KJ. 
Kilc.u'ucs,  i.,  l.SS,  sot-  Kitli'L'anitcs. 
Killiatcen,  trilic  of   ll;iid:ilis.  i.,  I.m- 

74;  location,  i.,  •_'!«. 
Kit  Ian  (Kctlanc),  tril)0  of    Haidalis, 

i.,  I.V>-74;  location,  i..  '_'!•:?. 
Killo[i(',  trild'  of  Haidalis,  i.,  l."i."i-7t; 

location,  !.,  •204. 
Kitsa.u'as.   trilie  of  Haidalis,    i.,    l."5- 

74;  location,  i.,  '2'.H. 
Kitsalas,   trilie  of    Haidalis,    i,,    I.m- 

71;  location,  i.,  •J'.»4. 
Kitsiu'uclis,  trilie  of  Haidalis.  i  ,  1."),")- 

74;'  location,  i..  '204. 
Kitsiiaynclis,    triiic   of    Haidali-,    i., 

l.").'i-74;  location,  i.,  "204. 
Kitswinnalis,   trilie    of    Haidalis.    i., 

l.V)-74;  location,  i.,  201. 
Kilswiiiscolds.  trilie  of   Ihiidali-.    i.. 

l.V)-74;  location,    i.,    174,  2'.ll;  s|ie- 

cial  mention,  i.,  174. 
Kittamaat  (Kittamiiat ),  trilie  of  Hai- 
dalis, i.,  I.V)-74;  location,  i  ,  204. 
Kittears,  trilu"  of  l-'.-kimos.  i.,  40-(iO; 

location,  i.,  1,'{S. 
Kitti'i^iinites  (Kile;,'iiesk  lii'ieif  l'"s- 

kimos,  i.,  40-(i0;  locatio'  ,  ,  l.'W. 

,  ...,  ..  ■.-  K'itnn.ilia,  i.,  811,  see  Knn 

inicli  Kakmo,  .Maya  id  ill  iii..  4()4;  I  Kitwillcoits,    trilie    of     llaid.ilis,    !., 

aiitici.,  iv.,  '2AS;  hero  iiii'l  ;,'od,  v.,  |      I.Vi-74;  location,  i.,  20:i. 

(i2l  •  '  ■■■  •      ■  ....■•     


Ivinikkinik   (Kiniiik-kin  ii''C),  siihsti- 

tiile  for  toliMcco.  L.  ;!."),l,j|-i;{7-S. 
Kinkijiar,  Sontli  Caliini'iif  n  trile,  i.. 


I  Kiwoini,  <i>iieres  dialect,   iii..  <N2. 
Ki;;li,    .South    California,    laiii;..    iii., 

(i'(;o,  <i74-.S. 
KlacUamas,  i.,  .'?!0.    see  Clackamas. 
Klaliars,   trilie  of  Ninlkas,    i. .    174- 


Kinklas.    Central    Califn'iiaii    trilie.  j      2ilS;  location,  i.,  20.'). 

i.,  ;!(ll-4(il ;  location,  i.,*-l."i(l;  lan.L;'.,  I  l\laliolii(iialits,    i.,    20.">,    see    Clayo- 
iii.,  li'">l>.  f  '      I      unoi,- 


Ki  I'onios.  Central  Calfi^riiian  trilie,  Klahosalits  ( ixlaizzahts.    Klai/zartsk 

i.,  ."iOl^Ol;  localioii,  i.i  ;i(i2, -US.       j  trilie  of  Nootkas.  i.,  17-I-2(IS:  loca- 

Kiiinnaiakl  l\i|iiinaj.ikl,)j;iM'r,i..l40.  tioii,    i.,    20.");  siiei'lal   ineiiiioii.   i., 

1.-  :     I ■         .     ■!  .•    II      •    I      i  :        ,  -  .    -  .  ,  _.,        ,.._        ,  '...         , 


■  '  i 

Kishaw  ill,  trilie  of  llaida'is,  i.,  I.Vi-7t; 

local  ion,  i.,  202. 

]vishc\s(Kis  KiuH,  K'.s'jys),  Central 


I7H,  207;  Ian,;:,,  iii..  d'OO. 
Khilioiis,   i.,  20.S,  see  Clalioose. 


1 

■   1 


INDEX. 


701 


Klaizziilits  (Kliu/zart>), 


ITS;  iii. 


(id'.l;  M'l: 


Kl.i 


Kl 


laUa 

liiu 

las 

tr 

*).».», 

,■>(!; 

In, 

■ali 

hil'l 

(■Ill 

ks, 

tr 

■_)O.J. 

.">(); 

lo. 

•ati 

hiiii 

ll'S. 

i., 

44^ 

hull 

nil 

La 

Ur, 

lllt> 


if    Cli 


nil, 

ilic   (if  (  liiiiodkH, 
i..  'M)(l 
I'f   Klainaths. 


nil 


i. ,  :{-'7-'.). 

Klaiiialli  Mts..  i.,  ,T_'7. 


Kh 


itli  liiviT,  !.,  .-VJ:,  444- 


Klaiiiatlis  iCIaiiR't,  Klaiiit'tli,  liUtiia- 


Tli! 


ith 


('aril'oinian   trilc 
tinii  ami  uaiiii-,  i 

lllflltinll, 


TIaiiiall),     Nnilh 
",  i.,  Hv.'(;-(;i;  liKM- 


3l.'7,  44-t; 


siiccial 


XM),    Xi:\-4,     -.VMU), 


:U-1,    :U4-51,    SoT,    ;Ji;i;  lanj;. 

(i;t!i-4-j 


Kl; 


Kiniji 
•J'.ln-C, 


atcs  (Kla-os-(|iiati'> 


•JOT 


CI, 


IVnilllnt- 


Klat^ 


kaiial. 


trilie   of    Cliiiinok 


'2-2-2-M;  Incati 


.•{0.1 


Klatskaiiai  Uivcr,  i.,  '.iO.'i. 


Iay(iiiiiits,  1.,  "JiKi,  set! 
liavakans,    trilic 
l.")r)-T4;   loi'atinll, 


CI; 


IVnilllnts. 


I. 


if    Haiilahs, 


Klikctats     (Clii-kaliiits,      Clickitat^ 


■atal> 


ilack 


ll^katal^ 


Klikalats,  Klikitats,  Wliiilwliy 
iiiiiiisi,  liilaml  Cnliiinliiaii  trilic 
1.,  '-'."(O-'.ll ;  locatinii  and 
2.j;i-4,  'AO.'t,  ',V2\;  special  iiii'iitinii 
i.,    -J 


and   iiaiiic,    i. 


ill. 


.',S0, 


•_•."),")-(;<».  '2(u>,   •2i\,  '2i:i-i. 

,   L'S'.)-!»();    laii''.,    iii., 


()•-'(  t-4. 
Kliiikils,  iii.,  149,  a(>o  Tliliiikccls. 
Kliickliaitkwcc,    Iiilanil    Cnliiiiiliian 

tiilic,  i.,  -J.")!!-!)!;  location,   i.,  lUi.'. 
Kliics  (Clnos),   trilii!  of   llaidalis,   i., 


non),   tribe   of  Tiiinfli.   i.,    I  M-.'JT 
location,  i.,  IKi.  14S; 


sipcciai  iiicu- 


tion,  i.,  til,  1.'I4;  Ian;;.,  iii.,  .V.ll. 
Konnix,  i.,  1T">.  sec  Coinu.x. 
Koiia;;en,  Kadiak  drcs.-*. 


konali,  liilaiii 


.Itril 


It's,  !()( 


Koncknncii,  Inland  ( 'ol 


:.■)()-!•  1; 


atinii 


wnnia;;an  .Arcliipcla^io.  i 
i^oniajras,  one  of  the  li\(" 


'■>  7 

?. 

•d.  i. 

iiiliii 

Ill 

:ti-_'. 

. ,  .'{T 

S 

fanii 

li( 

tiilx 


70. 
;  into 


wliicli  the 


II 


viiciiiorcjins  are  (li\  id 


d; 


niannei's  and  eiistunis  ni  al 


lU 


niitiolisand  tlilies  desciilicd  to^ctli- 


er,  i.,t)'.)-ST;  |iliysi(|iie. 


■|- 


r'-'-4;  dwtdiili;,'s,    i.,    T4-.");    fond, 
T")-*.t;  tioats.  Weapons,  i.,  Til;  im- 
(I  niamifactiiics,  i.,  T".)- 
d    slavery,    i., 


|ilenients  and  niamitactures,  i.,  T 


.SO;  ;,'nvernnient  ai 
8l>-l;  wnineii  and  inarriaire,  i.,  Sl-.'i; 
ainiisonients,  i.,  S4-,">;  iiiediciiu',  !., 
.S.")-(!;  niniirnin;.'  iiid  liurial.  i.,  >S('; 
eliaracter,  i.,  .S(i-T;  location,  i.,  'M, 
(.•!»-Tl,  i:{'.t-4i;  nivtii.,  iii.,  104,  |-jl'. 


14:{;  laii;r., 
(K( 


.)T.)-H. 


i.oiiia''as 


I'L'i.  Koniaui,  Konja- 
;reii),  trilic  of  KoniauMs,  i..  (ii»-ST; 
location,  i..  To,  l.'i'.l;  special  inou- 
tioii,  !.,  T-,  T.V(!.  SI,  ;{;vt. 
Kniinielitcliates,  trilie  i)i  Sntind  In- 
dians, i.,  •J()S--J"_';    l(i(;itioll,  i.,  'MV.i. 

Kiit- 


"iSf 


loti,   see 


K(>n-(  lia-koo-eliin,  iii 

clia  Kiitcliin. 
Konkatce,  trilie  of  'i  lilinkeet.- 


III;   locatiol 


I4.{. 


-k 


skia     (Kooskooskei 


kooskie,)  Itiver,  i.,  '.U] 


Kl 


1.M-T4;  location,  i.,  '_".*•_'. 


us(|nis,  a  reed, 


.'(;i. 


Kniiilil's    Fcrrv,    California, 


IV.,    , 


07 


antii[. 


KnitliiiLr,  I'uelilos,  i.,  ,')41. 

Knives,  Hyperlioreans,  i.,  5!),  SO,  DO, 


104 


-.");     (  ' 


oliiinliians,    i. 


V.  alilornians, 


«e\v 


M( 


LMiS; 

,S4.">.  .•{7S,   408,  4;!4; 
i.,  ."ili.S;  .Mexicans, 

as. 


ii.,   31.S,    47'.t-SO; 


170;    iv.,    r>."i()-S;    Centr.-il    .\ineri- 
I'lins,  i.,  7*)'>;  ii.,  74:{,  7'>i>;  iii.,  4SS. 
Kodiak,  i.,  I.'IO,  see  Kadiak. 


Koel 


eiiais,  1. 


•  I, 


.see  Kooleiiais. 


Ko;,diola'4lii,    iianu!   for  I'lialaskans 

i.,  S7.  ' 
Knkwaiytoeli,   tril)(>  of    llaidalis,    i. 

l.">."i-74;  location,  i.,  '2'M. 

Kolill;,'i     (Knljllsll,      Kolnscll,      Knln- 

(dies,  Kniosliiaiis,  Koliisli),  i.,  i)4-." 


IfJ 


aljusli 


Kolt.sliaiie.s  (Koltsclianes,    Kolischa- 


kiMitaiiais 
:ill. 


(Kont; 


line 


Ji 


ncr,   1. 


.>li4, 


K'ooteiiais  ( ( 'otonois,  ( 'ontanic>,  l''lat- 
liows,  Kitiiiiahas,  Kootaiiics,  Koot- 


nnai- 


iootoiiavs,       Koniooiniis, 


ontanu" 


Kut: 


Kiit: 


Knt- 


nelias).  Inland  Colnniliian  trilie, 
i.,  -J.-iO-lM;  location,  i,,  l.")l,  L'."il--_», 
;U  I ;  special  nienlioii,  i.,  'J."i4-."i,  "JlJi, 
•J(i4-"),  •2(i7-S,  •.>7'2-:i,  '.»7H,  '2'.M)-1; 
laii.y..  iii.,  (ilO--_'0. 

Kontonie  l''ort,  \\'asliin;r|on,  i.,  .'ill. 

Knotsilik,  Nnolka  dress,  i.,  1S2. 

Knrekins,  Ceiitial   Califnrnian  trilie, 
i.,  ;{(;i-40l;  location,  i.,  4."il. 

if  Aleuts,   1., 


i-lii;;ii 
-04; 


iskojes,  tnlie  ( 
111 


local  loll,   !. 


Kosetalis,    Norlli    Calil'nriiian    tiili; 


;{'.'(!-(il;  Inci 


Kosl.iellins 


(Kos 


keenins. 


trilic  (it    Nontkas 


147. 

Knskenia), 
'iL'OS;  loca- 


tion, 1. 


■(i. 


Kosinitas  (KoMiniti),  Central  Caliidr- 


702 


INDEX. 


nian  tribe,  i.,  3G1 -401;  location,  i.,  |     koqniin.Kuskutfliowak,  Kiiskwo;; 

iniits),  Irllio  (if  Koiiia^iis.  !..  ()!I-,S7 
location,  i.,  711,  140;  s|M'iial  iin'ii 
lion,  i.,  7I-.S,  7,"),  77,  SO;  lai .;,.,  iii. 
57(;,  o,S0,  itSM. 

KuHko<iiiiiii  iiay,  i.,  140. 

Kuskoi|uini      llivcr,     (Kuskokwim, 


4.-):<. 
Kot-ii-Kiitchins,  i.,   147,  see  Kutclia 

Kiitt'liiiis. 
Kot/el>iiu  Sound,  i.,  37-70,  138-9,  141; 

iii.,  .")7t). 
Ivounicliaouas,   i.,  'iiCi,  sec  ("niuslie- 

was. 
Koulanies,  i.,  311,  sec  Kootenais. 


aoiiais 


trilie    ( 


if      Clii- 


Knskokwiuai, 


70,  IKi,  140,  148. 


Kntaniie  (Kiitani).  i.,  311,  see  Kn  l- 


I ks,  i.,  •2-2'2-'>{);  location,  i.,  ."{07.     Kntdia    Kntchins   (Kntsiia   Kul>ti 

Ko\van;;a,    Sontii   Californian   trilu',  '      Koo-clia-koo-cliin,  Kot-a-Kntcliin 

trilie  of   Tinncii,  i.,    114-:{7;    loi- 
tion,  i.,  II."),  147;  lani:.,  iii.,  aSli. 


40l*--_'2;  location. 


1.,  4o!t. 


Kowitclian,  i.,  17">,  sec  ( 'owicliin. 
Ivowooscs  (Coo.sc.s),  Nortii  Caiiforni- 

nn  tribe,   i.,    3L'()-(il;    location,    i., 

44-2. 
Ivowwcltli  (Kawwellb),  tribe  of  Hai- 

ilalis,  i.,  l.").')-74;  location,  i.,  '2'.)'2. 
Kovnkuk  Hivcr,  i.,  I.'f3. 


vnaiitluM, 


•-".(7 


>ce  Kwan 


thii 


n. 


Kulilai  Klian,  .Mon'rol  emperor,  v., 44 


K 


vue|iak,  \  ucatan.  antni. 


M: 


Aleut 


sjiint.- 


144. 


Kutcliins  (Kntsliins),  tribe  of 'I'inneli, 


1.,  1 14-.37;  locatio 


1I4-1,"),  14(i 


special  mention,  i.,  ()3,  l'27-32,  137 


u\''.,  111.,  ."kS4.  r>S(i-8. 


Kilt 


lelias, 


31 1,  see  Kootenai 


ical 


Kuiniiicii(|nitocli,   trilie  of   llaidali 


i.,  l."i.")-74;  location,  i. 


:!»4. 


kU|aUi,  Koiiia.^a  shielcls,  i.,  / 


!). 


KuUlinvak,  i.,  ."iltd,  .see  Cooiiiac 


Knkulli  Kut 


chill,  tribe  o 


f  riniiel 


1 14-37;  location,  i.,  147. 


Kiihi 


i .,   ■.)'.),  see  ( 'alabiiassa. 


Kutz;;liatiislil,     !'lilinkeet    nivtli 

bird,  iii.,  !»!». 
Kin\icli|iackmnten,     i.,       140,      .•<(■(• 

Kw  icli|ia;,'miites. 
Ku\\icli|iack.  i.,   140,  sec  K\vicli|iak. 
Knvaiii  (Cnyamal,  Soiitli  < 'aliforiiian 

tiilie,  i.,  ioi'--J'_';  location,  i.,  4.")!). 
K\vailiioi|u,i,    tribe  of    Cliinooks,   i., 

•-'■.'•.'-.")0;  location,  i.,  .30.j;  Ian;,'.,  i.i., 

5'.»l'. 
Kwantluins     (Kuantlun),     trine     of 


N'M.tk 
17."),  -2'.):. 


174-:.'O.S;  locati 


Kiilaiia|iii,  Central  ( 'aliforiiian  lam,'. 

iii.,  (il3-7. 
Kullas-i'alus,   I.,  314,  see  I'cnd  d'O- i      trilie  of  Sc 


Kwenaiwitl    (K\vai;.i    1,     (,>ilina\  it). 


ans,  I.,  "JOi 


location,  i.,  .303. 


Kiilles|ielm, 

rcilies. 
Kiimcntes,  tr 

•JOS;  locatii 


313,   .see   IViid   d'O-    Kwiclil 


iiauiii 


lies      ( Kwiclil  jiiaijiiiiji 


if  Nootkas 


ten),    trilie  ot   Koniauas,  i.,   7<l^7 


174- 


locat 


ion,  1.,  70,  140-1. 


n,  I.,  •_'!!(;, 


^wirliluak  (Ivwiclijjiiakb,  Kwiclili 


Kuiirianoir(Kii|iriiioll)  Island,  i.,  143.  ;      warii)  liiver.  i.,  I4tl- 


Kiiro  Siwo,   name  for  the  .la, mo 


ui  cur- 


rent, v.,  ."ll*. 


IvuscliUukcliwakmiileii     (Knsckock- 
\va;;'emiiteii,        Kiiskok  \vii,'niiiiteii, 


Kuskokwi 


1. 


70, 


men, 
Kiisj. 


Kn. 


kiilcheeooki 


i<lH|lll''mUtc: 


ijiau'iiiutes  (K\\  icli])aL,'ni,iuteii, 
lv\vici!|iak-mcuts,  K  iiwi.ii  pack  mil - 
ten,   K\vv;;\scli|iaiiia;.;iii jiilsi.   trjli 


if  K 


oiiiauas,  I.,  70-87;  localioii,  i. 


70,  140;  Ian--.,  iii.,  ."i7(; 
Kw  icli]iak(  Kiiw  iclipack.  K  wick 


Kiislikisli,  Cenlral  (  aliloriiian  tribe.  :      Kwikli|iakl,  Kiver,  i.,  70,   14i)-l 


i.,  ,3(;i-401; 


ation,  i.,  44'.». 


Kusjj,    South    ('aliforiiian   trib 
-KlL'--J-_';  location,  i.,  4.")!). 


Kyak     (Ivaiyak,     Ka)ak),    Alaskan 

'boat,  i.,  ()('». 
K\ami    lar.-is   j.    +4<)   see  Kaniinares. 


Italis,   tri 


if  Shosh 


l"_'_'-4'J;    special    mentiou,    i       '  lo 
laiiL.'.,  iii.,  (i(i'2. 


Ncii.  irilie  of  Nootk 

"'-'08;  location,  i.,  '2'Mi 


i.,  171- 


K'y;,'anies  i  Kytiiiiii,   Ky;iany,  Kyiiai-- 


LUskeiiia.  I.,  "JlKi,  see 


Kiisl. 


iiokwi^mjuteii 


mutes),  I.,  / ,, 
mutes. 


140, 


(K' 


||"t,'- 


,s,    K 
174, '.'id' 

ili(|ualii,  I. 


irne\s,    Ky^iariiies),   i. 
-ee  Kaii'anies. 


•>!), 


kVOOt^ 


'),  .see  Ky.i(|Uot. 
1.,    _•>*,    ..(.>. 


Kuskoi|ui:,'iniifes(Kuskokwii,'i 


n|iii('ii. 


1  aviise. 


Kuskokwimeii,  Kiisckockwaui'inii-     Kmm  Island,  i.,  143. 


ten,  Kusclikiikclnvakmiiten, 


Kvschunack,  i.,  140,  see  "ishunak 


IXDKX.  703 


Kyui|ii(i<s   (fiiynqnots,    Kynlnnialit, 


\yiic|iii't.si,    tnl 


if    Niiotlvii.s,   i. 


174-1208;  location,  i.,  'iUJ. 


L.-iliassii'*.  i.,  204,  sco  T-t'liassas. 


Laliiid,    N'licataii,    aiiti 


m; 


lust. 


(i;i'j 


Ml, 


Lal>|iliMk  (I.al)|iak),  Vucatai:,  aiitii|. 


•Jilt  .")•_'. 


iiiiaii/.a, 


lloiiiliiras,   aiiti(|.,   iv. ,  ~{). 
Iici'ia.  I)iiraiij;c),aiitii|.,  iv.,()(»(>-l. 


L 
l.a  M 

L.iliyriiilli,  Aii/Diia,   aiitii|..   iv.,  (>;{!). 

liacaniliiii  Moiiiitaiiis,  v.,  tii.'.'{. 

J.ai'aniliHU's,    Mava    iiatiuii,    !..    flSCi- 

711;  ii.,  (!;«)-.S():{;  locatinii.    i.,   (M."), 

siiccjal     iiu'iiticpii.    i., 


CSV 


,  SI, 


(I'.t;;,  (;!i,')-7(>:$,  7ii.">,  7i»7-s, 


111;    li. 


1.,  111.,  ISl; 


7:{!»,  7.')l,  7S."),  S0;{;  iiiytl 
laiii,'.,  iii.,  7til. 
I,;ii'a\aniii.   Smilli  Califonii.iii  tiitn 


I 


i.,  4(l-J--_"_';  loiation. 
f   Zii 


4.")!t. 


jacliiM,    iiaiiie  ot    /apotoe   coiiiitrv, 

i.,  (i7'.t. 
.Lai-lii\ila,  locality,  Oajaca,  i.,  (i7!». 
Lai'lc\v('i|K,  trilic  of  jlaiilalis,  i.,  l.V)- 

74;  loialioii,  i.,  L'Dl. 
Lacoiiiiii>,  Cciilral  Califoniian  trilic, 
at  loll,  i.,   4.")0. 
KID- 1,  l6;f,  'M),  Xn,  ").•?."), 


Ladil 


;!-l()l; 


Killers, 
7.")7;  ii.,  ■> 


SI. 


LacUi|Uc]ili!a  (l.iick<|iialilla),  tri1i(>  of 
NiHilkas,  i.,  174-"_'OS;  location,  i., 
•J!).")-(;. 

La  (lolda,    localitv,    South    Califor- 


nia, 


4.V,t. 


I^a   (Jolcta     Mstcro,    locality,    South 

California,  i.,  4,~)!). 
La^ooiis,  North  Califoniian  trilic,  i., 

.•{L'd'-dl;  location,  i.,   llTi. 
I.au'iiaarlias,  N'orlli  Caiil'oriiian  trilic. 

.'{•JC-d'l;  liicition.  i.,  44:{. 
LaLtmiM.  I'liclilo  villa^'o  ainl  trilic,  i.. 


;i_()-.iii:    loca 
iii.,    171;    lai 


lion,    i.,    ()(M);    nivtli 


iii.,    ()S1; 


IV.,  (>i 


aiitiij. 


1, 


<  '<iiiala,  laiij;. ,  iii.,  ()ii4-."i. 


l.a.^uiia    .Mora, 


•A.- 


L 


ma  ill'   Tcri'iinos,  v.,  I'.Hi 

Ciiiaiias,    aiiiii|.,   iv., 

is   ('ra1a,Lriia>->,   South    ('aiifoi- 
trilic,    i.,   IOJ-*_'_';   location,  i., 


4.-|S. 
LaiTuncros,  North   Mexican  trilic.  i. 


ilwinias,    Inland    Coliiniliian    trihe, 


1..  -J.V,)- 


liicalion. 


ill. 


ahull-. Ml,    Caekcliiiiucl     ruler,     v., 
■")!I4. 

ahull    Noll,    CakchiiiiK'l    ruler,    v., 
(i(H). 

aliulii|uicli.  Manic  lonl,  v.,  .V.t."). 
aiuione>,  i.,  (iO.X,  sec  l.ayiiioucs. 
ajaiiiiui,    llomiiiras.   antii|..  iv.,  71. 
a   .lova,   vil!a;;('.    South   California, 

i.,  4(i(). 
ajiicliu.  South  Califoniian  trilic,  i., 

iOL'-l'-J;  locati i.,  4.">S. 

er,  i.,  4(i'.l,  see  'I'ahoc  Lake. 


Iii;:  I 


,aki'  Superior,  iv. ,   77S,   7s;{. 
.akes(Seiiiie\tce),  Inlaiiil  Columliiari 

trilie.  i.,  i'.'iO-'.ll;   location,  i.,  ."iU. 
-akisuiiines,      Central      Califniuiiiii 

trilie.    i.,  ;f(;i-4(»I;   loealioii.    i.,4.M». 
.ainaLji,   (Inatcniala   trilie,    liisl.,    \,, 

."ifil.' 
.aiii.ik,    (Itiateuiala   trilie,    hist.,    \., 

."i4(;. 
.anialles,  trilie  of  Chiiiooks,   i..  i'l'i!- 

■"lO;   location,  i.,  .'iO'.t. 
.aniani   ( l.aniani's).  Central   Calirnr- 

niaii  trilic,  i.,  :{(il-4()l;  location,  i., 

■I."i:!. 
.aiaanites,  American    oriuiii    traces, 

v..  lis- 1 1(1. 
,ainas,  t'ciitral  Califoniian  trilic,  i., 

.•{i;i-401;  location,  i.,  :U<-2,  41it.   iM. 


ania 


t,  .M 


iva  ilav,  11. 


-fi,  7(il>. 


'.inavtiin,  ii.,  7<>-,  sec  .\nia\tiin 


aniliat,  'rzcnilal  day,   ii 
alienee  Ift'ro,  v.,  (!(l.'). 


i(i 


Chi- 


aniji: 


sec  ( 'audit 


aiiiMii,  Ceiiiral  Califoniian  trihe,  i., 
.Slll-Ull  ;  location,  i.,   {.Xi. 
aiices,  sec  Spears, 
aiicets,   ii.,   I7lt,  (I'Ol. 
aiids,   tenure,   i.,   I'.ll,  oS;},  7<l(i;   ii., 

•_'j:i-;!(),  t4."")-(i',  4(;-_'-:t,  cnj-i. 

an^lcv,  locality,  \'aiicoiiver  Island, 


1. 


U7-.S. 


.■iiiLcna^'e,  ;,'eneral    oliscrvat  ions,    i. 


1_'.    I, 


>;  II 


.'< ;  111. 


viieriiorcans,    in. 


"ii  ;•_'-:{, 


.1,1 1 -li.*; 
.')74-!)-_'; 


Coluinliians,  i..  .">()4-.'i:  iii.,  ."iirj-tJIM; 
( 'ali:'<irnians,  iii.,  ."i(i."i-S,  (i:).'")-7'.i;  New 
.Mc\ic.ins,  i.,  ■"(•JS;  iii.,  .■)(iS-7(l,  (iSd- 


.'■-•;    Mex 


leans,    ii..   !l|,    liKi,    ill, 


II  I;    iii..  74,  ."111,  7-':{-.").S;   v.,  .TiJ; 


t  'elltial 

iii.,  .")7 


A 


li.,    d't." 


•  1. 


i-:{, 
I'll. 


nicnc.iiis, 
7."ill-'.l.'>;   as  a 


lii.sti 


rical 


■l-'.ll; 


location, 


i..    (ill 


nieiiiion,   i. ,  o77,   <>S.'J,    o'.K); 


■ial  I  l.aiitschcir  Island,  i..  CiO. 
iLT.,  I  LaollaLTa,  t'ajaca,  antiii.. 


111. 


■14. 


.apapp 
iii.,  iJM. 


■.,  :!7:t. 

Central    California,    laiiL 


704 


INDEX. 


>ii  I'litcni,  islet,  Soiilli  ('aliforniii,  i., 

iM-'X 
,ii  I'iiz,  town,   Lower  California,  i., 

(i(i:{-t. 
:ij)ii'iie's  Ifo'isc  Indians,  i,,  \l(t,  sei! 

Ta-Kiitli-Kuicliin. 
^apotolots,  i.,  ■+.')(),  see  Sa])ototots. 
,:>  !"iiciite,loealitv,  South  Culit'ornia, 

i.,  4()(t. 
>a   I'urissinia,  locality,  iSoulh  ("ali- 

fornia,  i.,  4."(8. 
aril,  i.,  (i.'i.X  7f!S. 
avtielo,  inlanil  ('olunil)ian  tribe,  i., 


25()-'.tl;  loeatioii 


a  1 4. 


as  I'Mores,  vilia^'e.  South  California, 
i.,4(;(>. 


a  Solciiail  Mission,  ]an< 


(;.")4. 


assen's  itutte,  locality.  North  Cali- 

ifornia,  i.,  147. 
assies,   North  Californian  trihe,  i., 

.'V_Vi-(il;  loealion,  i.,44();  lallJ,^,  iii., 

5"..;. 

asso,  i.,  VX\,  7-'4 

as  \'et,'as  Uiver,  i.,  4fl4. 

aih  o(^  Katun,  ii.,  ~&2,  sec  Chek  oe 

Katun. 

a  'I'ortULra,  I'nehla,  antiii.,  iv,,  4(l.">-(>. 
atour-Allard    <'olleetiou,     Mexii'an 

l!('|mlilii',  anlii|..  iv.,  .'itiO. 
aw,  sei'  (iovernnient. 


■  Courts,  ii,,  44i.'-r>,  (i,")(J, 


aw 

awyers,  ii.,  444,  (i.V». 

aviuones     (  l.ainioni 


L 


inoines). 
Jiower  Californian  trihe,  i.,  r»,")l)-7i; 


loeat 


itiiin.  (idli;  Ian;,'.,  in.,  (1.S7. 
i.,  I(i.'),  ISO;  ii..  47;t;   iv.. 


!)4. 

.ealher,  i.,  SS.   IS.'i,  '2'21-H,   IMS,  .'{.•tl, 
4,S-J.  r.Dl;  ii.,  4tl7. 
,ea\t's,  i.,  'Xi\,  ;{(iS,  .VJl,  r>7~;  ii.,  .')74, 

7S4.  _ 
.eealMils,  ( 'eiilr; 


Calif. 


irniau  trilie. 


i.,  .'{lillitl;   location,  i..  4.V_'. 
.eclniuilla.  niciliciiie.  i.,  ."iS!». 


i' 


mis,  I,,  .)' 


I.'t, 


see  l.iiiaues. 


iceshti'lo 


tiilie   of    ('liinooks. 


'J±-'-."i(l;   local! i.,  ;)ll',». 


.Ml 


lit: 


isipiito    waler-spirit,    lii. 


;ins,  i.,  'r)S.  4'.'4-'i,  4S-.'-4,  .".;tl. 


,ey-LMiar. 


U,  N, 


ihiuis,  II,,  40/ 


i';;'s,    llv  |nrlioreans,   i,,   H.S;  Cohiui- 
hians,  "i.,    l.VS.    17(1-7,    '-M(>,    Um-'t, 
i,,  i'uU. 


2.")t;   New  Mexii 
pciniia  Hiver,  v,,  elia|i.  xii 
pfucas,  (Imitenuila  trihe,  i,  (!Si;-7Il 


ha 


ocaiion,  I.,  7!lil; 
IV.  N 


reuderi,  locali 


lau,','..  111.,  7M.'I. 
icaijurua,  i,,  7 


111*. 


icoiia,  w. 


;ts',l. 


ee  i.loliaa. 


leoii,  cit\,  Nicaiai':ua,  i.,  7!l-;  antii 

iv.,  ;»'»'(i()-i,  hist.,  v.,  (fi;.! 


T.eoii  I'liver,  i.,  707. 
Leprosy,  i.,  ;r>4,  7tt!»,  742;  ii.,  .'{40. 
Li  wire,  .Mosijiiito  water-siiirit,  i.,74|. 
Lewis    lliver,   i.,   MS,  ;{17,  4(i-J;  iii 

Liain,    South    Californian    trihe,    i,, 

4()2-'_"2;  location,  i.,   J.V.l. 
Lianl  Kiver.  i,,  LU-."), 
Lihantoue.  Central  Californiau  trihe, 

i,,  ;f(il-4()l;   location,  i..  4.">:!. 
Lihertail,  Nicaragua,  anti'[.,  iv.,  ;{;!- 1, 


;)  (1(». 


Liherty,    Mississijipi    N'alley, 


inti< 


IV.,  /.): 


8-!». 


Lih 


usa,  species  ot  veiionioiis  li- 1 
4()S. 
lichen,  see 


M( 


Lichawis,  trihe  of  Chinooks,  i.,  ; 

")(•;  location,  i.,  ;i07. 
Li;,;ht houses,   Me.xico,    ii,,   ,'")ii(;-7; 

.")(I7. 
Li-htnin;,',  i.,  588;  iii,,    118.   .'{lM; 


.^■-'l. 


Li;;in  \\ii,  ( 'akchiijiiel  nionth 


11..  I'i'l, 


lean    trilic,   i. 


Li;,Miaces,    North    .Me\ 

.">71-'.tl;  location,  i,.  (Ml. 
Lilloet,    locality,    itriiish    ( 'oliimliia; 

Ian;,',,  iii,,  (il.'t. 
Lime,  i.,  o77,  (i2(!,  (!,"),'(;  ii.,   i\')C>,  ."i.'S 


-)81, 


784. 


cm. 


see  Ijavinoiies. 


lishiii'',  i,,  104;   ii. 


I.iii;;liaiii.  I'hallic-W( 


iiship.  111.,  r>M| 


Liniooh,  name  for  Santa  <  rii/  island, 


1,,   lOJ 


Liiili 


i,.  .•<!(),  s, .    Isl 
S'licataii,    antii 


jiassim 


Cli 


e  (le  I  lerrc' 


..8- 


lapas,   ,'ii)lii|,,  i\ 


:fOL>, . •!.")! -•-'.  .'{(iO;  Oajaca,  aiiti.p,  iv  . 
S!I8,  404;  ( '(dorado, 'ani  iip,  iv.,  7-'-'; 
I'erii,  anlii|,,  iv.,  SO,'!. 
Liidiaa  (Leoha,  Liiihii,  Liiiva,  Lyohi, 
Lyohaa,  N'cdiaa,  N'opaa),  hiime  I'ur 
.\!;ila,  Oajacji,  aiitiip,  iv.,  ;'S!t, 


Lion,   food    and    dress, 


4!»1.   (its. 


7(>1-L>. 
ion-snake 


Miztr 


111,  iii..  71. 


Lip.iiies  (Ipandes,    Lee    I'anis.    I.ipa- 
jeniie.  I.ipaiis),   trihe  of    ..|iaclics. 


.)•_'();   location, 


474.  .V.l,'i-4; 


special  meiitioii,  i.,  47'.',  4',i."i;  laii,L.'. 

iii,,  ."id;),  rm. 

Lip-ornaments,  II  vjierhoreans,  i,,  17 
8,  7'J,  88,    ilS-lOO;    m!,.  .'iSI;   Collim 


h 


I,.    loS-l), 


M. 


eai's.  i..  ,m',I;   .Me.v'eans.  i,,  (IJ.'i;  Ii.. 
:i07,  .■!7l!-.'l,  'Mt'r.  iii.,  •-'■IS.  :is7!  Ci'ii- 


tr.il    .\ 
7ol;  ii. 


nil"  ii'aiis,  I, 


(i;il,    7i: 


!l-'.'. 


INDEX. 


ro5 


Lips,  Moxirans,  i.,  010.  (i47;  ('ciitiar  F-up;,' \';ill('y, 


4fi0, 


uiicniaiis, 


(i8H,  714-1.'). 


I. ilia,  localilv,  Nicaiii;.;iii 


I,  1., 


'.••2. 


l^iMaiiiiatii,    Soiitii  ('alifi>niiaii    tiiln 

i..  4(IJ--_'U';   iDcatimi,  i.,  4.').S. 
F^isliiis,  i.,  4."i(l,  sec  Sisliiis. 
Lisi<'lii.   Sdutii   Califiiniiaii  trilic,  i 


l.tMPiiiis   i.,  •_'()!!,  si'f  I.iinniiis. 
I,<>(iiiiiieii''s.       Cfiilral         ( 'i'.iifiinii.ui 
trilii,',  i..  '{(!l-4(ll;  lucjilicni,    i.,  4."i(i. 
Looms,    i.,    Um,    l!)|,    -JI.-i-K;.    .")()•_•-:!, 


I, 


.■)44,  ")S-_',  (;{(),  7-_>4,  7<;( 


Noit'i    (• 


/IHl-i. 

lii'oi'iiiaii    ti'ilic.   i. 


4()-J-'_'-_';   lo.atioi 


4.")!). 


:t--M;-(!l:  lo.itioii.  i.,  44." 


Lilliodt'iiilroii  Cri^ek,  Ai'ixoiiu,  aiitiit.,     i  ojiillMinillo-i     liaij 


-).     Cciiti;! 


(i44. 
Litter,   ii.,    180,  G0()-7,  C,-2i),   iV.ir,,  (141 

7()'2. 
Little   Colorado   Mountains,   i..  4iv7 


('alit'oiiii'in  ti'ilie,  i.,  :<(;]-4(il 
tioii,  !.,  4."il. 
Lo]islati!iines,      Centra!     ( 'aliforniiin 
tril.;-,  i.,   ;{(;i-4(ll;  loiatioii.  i.,  4.i(!. 


Little      (irass     Valley,      Calil'oriiia,     Loi|iianii>li.    tril f  Soiinil  Iiidiai 


antii 


|.,  IV.,    /(»/. 


•.'(IS--_'--*:   lo<-ati i.,  :!(l!. 


Little  .Miami  Uiver,  ]\Iississi|piii  \'al-    Ln(|Milts,  inlaml  Cohimliiaii  trilie,  i. 


ev,  .•mtii 


Little  Salt   Lake  \' 
iiinli.'i. 


7(i4.  j       -i.")!)-;)!;  loeati !.,  ."U  I. 

illey,  i.,  4().S.  I  Loren/o,    vili. ;;;(•,    Soiitii    California, 

.'t.SK,  .see  Lioliaa.  I      i. ,  4.")S. 


Livan;celira,       Central       Californian  ;  Loreto,  \  illa;;e.  Lower  Calil'oriii 


trilie,  i.,  .•t(;i-4(»l;  loeation,   i.,  4.V1. 
J,i\an;;('l\.i,  Central  Califoniian  triin 


Li 


i.,  ;{(il-4(ll;  li 
x\is  l!i\(r,  V. 


It  ion,   i.,  4."i;i 


(ill, 


Tm",  (i(K{-4;   l.ui;.',,  iii.,  <;S7. 
Los  Alamos,  \illii;e,  Sonora,  i..  (!(>7 


L 


\iila;:e    a.ul    eoiint 


All-el. s, 
Sontli   Calif- 
i.,  4(l'.'- 
4,  4(»7.  4l)".l,   41 1,  4l'(I.  4(i(l;  mvtli 


iriiia,  Irilies  ilescriln'i 
^|le^ial  mention,  i. 


iii.,    H4; 


111: 


liitli 


Liyi'ies,    Lower  Califoniian  tril'i 

'r>:>r,-~\;  lam,'.,  iii.,  (),s7-'.i:i. 

lazanls.  i.,   40."),    4'.'.S.   488,  .').•};», 

ii.,  .">'.)'.>,  (l(l-J;  iii.,  !■_",». 
Jdaneios,    triln-  of  .\|ia<'lies,    i., 

.")•_'(>;  loe.itioM,  i.,  474,  ."I'Xt. 
Llan.p    lie    la   I'nlehra,    i.,  788,    sec-    Los  Polores,  \  ill,i';('.  Soiiir 


(If  I," 


town,  I'lielda,  i.,  (i7l. 
47.'i-    Los  Crnees,  villaL;e,  Sontli  ('alitor 


Ilia, 


I.,  4.V.I. 


llermiia. 


-lae.Klo,  1. 


it  I. 


Llaii 

Llatil,  iiiea  li 

Jjoeeiie^.(  Inateliiala  tl  ihe,  i.,  (I8(i-7I  1 1 


k;. 


I.  I.,  I'M 


Los     I'lililieios,     name    of     (liiemaii.i 


/ai;it( 


antii 


IV.,  .)S(I. 


laii,^'..  iii.,  7(>l. 


Loi'li.  iiiii 


•hief, 


'tM. 


Los   Lli 
C.ilif. 
Lost   lliver,  i.,  .'!■.: 
I.oloteii,  i,,  ;!_'7.  see  I! 


('anaila,    loealitv,   Soiiil 


riiia,  i.,  4."iS. 


4  i:i 


l!i\er  III 


Loi'kloiiiiiees,    i.,    4.")(),    see  .Soekliim-         dialis. 

lies.  I  Loiielieiix,  i. 

Loeki|iialillas,  i.,  'i'.Ki,  see  Laeki|iirli-  !      eliiii. 


I) 


eudi  111 


Kul- 


1. 

lioeolio.  Central  Califoniian  trili 
.'{CI   1(11 ;  l>eation,  i,,  4,".4. 


Loiieilla,  loealily,  <  'I'lilral  ( 'aliforiiia, 

i..  4.-|.">. 
[.■iii;ililioronj:irs  Cliannel.  i.,  i'.il. 


ioeidloiiiijlos.     Central     Califoi-iiiaii     Louisiana,  .M  ississi|i|ii  \alley,  ant  i 


tril 


:{ill-4(»l;  lo<atioii,  i.,  4. 


IV.,    ( 


loeiisl^,    laiiiilic   eai 


ised 


(iill.  '  1. 


(14. 
lie,  Mississililii  N'allc 


anti 


Lod; 

Lo;^'\ 


1) 


M 


\vel!Mi,L;s 


i\  a  eoinmeree,  i  .  (■  >^. 


Lower   (  alil'ornia,    i. 


i.".(l-7l     •".•.'!-■-', 


I.10J0S  .\ouiii,  South  ( 'alifoiiiian  11  ilie,        (i(i;t-4;  aiitii|..  i\..(l(ll- 


L 


i.,  Wl-:!.:^ 
■t     \\ 


at  loll,  I.,  l.'i'.i. 
Ili( 


lail,    (.liiiehe     ollicial,    11 


(111. 


Lolniel  <,>llellliav,  Chliclie  otlii 


Lower  <  aliforiiiaiis,  one  of  il.e  fov.r 
families  iiilo  wliieli  tlie  New  Me\- 
ii'jiiis    are   divided.      .Manners    and 

d 


eiistonis    ot     all     its    nations    ai 


(141. 


Lol. 


Ceiilr.il 


Cal 


iiornian  1 


tril 
71:    111 


les    oesi 


rilied    to^ellier. 


trilie.  i,.  .•till-ldl;  location,    i.,  41 


liliy-<li|iie,     I N;    dress 


.i..(; 
,    i. 


"18  11;    ilwellin;.;s     i,,    .V)!l-(1(1;    food, 
lid  w; 


Loiiiiior  I  l.oiniioe).  South  (  aliforiiiaii  i      i.,  odO-'J;  weapons  and  war,  i.,."i' 
trilie.  i..  lO'J-'J'J;  location,  i.,  4.-iS-',).  1      It;    iiii|ilciiients  and   maiiiif.i  4111-1 


Lon;itoiiuiii  liilll's,    trihe  of  Chinooks,  I       i. 


i.,  'Jli'.*-.')!);  location. 

Vol.  v.     -l.-i 


•M). 


."id.'l;    lioal-    and    |iro|ii  rty,    i 


"tC.'t-l;  art,  1. 


joxcrniiieiil,  1. 


miM 


■»'!,!  I 


706 


INDEX. 


adl-," 


iiiania.re    ami    woin 


KMi.    i.,  '      ]\roxicaii  tritie,  i..  (!17-!4:  lo.Mti 


r)i!.")-(i;  aiinisciiii'iits,  i.,  .)()()-S,  iiK' 
iciiH', 


.1- 


1.,  (i/(>;  .special 


IIUIIIIKI',    1,,    (iJ-J. 


r>(iS-<l;    burial,   i..  r>(i'.»-7>»;    Macat  (Mazat),  Nifaiaj,'u.:.  ;,'i>(l.    ii 


iliaiacttT,    I. 


70-1; 


iicatiiiii,    I. 


4'.>il 


"i()-7,  <ilK!-l;  iiiytli.,  iii.,  8;!-4;  laii;;.,     Maialaxtli,     Ni,I;<iii     init-sl's    dr 


ill.,  .")(!s,  (;s(;-!t;{. 

Lower  Klaiiialii  Naki' 
I 


ipucr  Siaiiu  (  ivcl 


I. 


,  :V27,  44;{. 


M 
.Mi 


iii.,  ;!:{."i 

ICUW  ^ 


i.,  17(>.  SCI-  <  la.sM  t> 


alma    tcnn    tnr    iil 


,i)\\  cr 


\'iikon.  i.,  I  l(i, 


iii'iaiis,  II. 


o\\  ( ia|i,  liica 
i.,  411),  4.-.I. 


lilv,  Ci'iitral  California, 


Lowliiiiis,  Inland  ('oluniMan  trilu", 
i.,  '-V)i)-!»1;  l.icatidii,  i.,  .•{17. 

I,iica\asta,  ( 'I'litral  Califoiiiian  trilxv 
i.,  .'>l'>l-401;   Idiatioii,  i.,  4.'i."i. 

LiU'ha.siiii,  (  I'litral  Caliloniiaii  tiilic, 
i.,  ;ii;i-40l: 

Luckasii.s  ( Liiikkar 


M.K 


mil  liivcr,  (  (iloiailn.  aiiiKi.,  i\. 


rJ7-:ii. 


i; 


McC 
.MrC 

707. 
.Ma<lii'ti\    Ct'iitr; 


l\rr.    I. 


il\  ;ii'\  s,  ( 'aliiiii'iiia,   aiiti 


I]..    1 


liicriiaii     <'|i,i{ 


illltc,    I.,   <l.l,)-ll,    ll'.), 


iiiiiii,  i. .  4,")4. 


ii'iiiks,   1.,  'J'.'iJ 


.)(l; 


^.).  tnl 
'ii'aijoii,   i. 


.f  <  'll 


llliioKs,  1.,  •_'!"_'- 


Lucklniis,  (rilio  of   (  ll 
."•II;  loi'alioii,  i..  .'1117. 
LiU'iiviiiiiii,  .Soiitli  (alifoniiaii  tril 


Maik 
irilic, 


;iii(pliiis.       Nipiih       (  aliforiiiai 
,TJl')-f;i:  loiatjon,   i.,   \\'2. 


Maikcii/ii'  i;i\or,  i. 


4-J,  4.")-(i,  i:;s. 


141.  14(!. 


i.,  4(12-1; 


atioii.  I.,  4.'>',). 


Mi 

.Ml 
i  .M: 


iriiil 


Ian  1 


;i\<'r, 


Ian-. 


111. 


iii'ataii,   am  ii|.,  iv. 


tril  11 


Lu;;ii|is.   .'^oiitli  ('alifori 

-i(»_'-JL';  location,  i..  4.V.I. 
Lniaiicu;liia.  ( 'ciilral  Ciililorniaii  trilu 

i.,  .'11)1-401;  location,  i.,  4."t:>. 


IV. 


,    -M 

r(;s. 


ISS1N>II.|    I 


allcv,    aiiti( 


ICON  aliiiis,  1..  (1(17.  sec  ( 'iKv 


loiin 


nil,  (  I'litral  <  'alii'oriiiaii  li 


I.iiiili 


Central    Calii'ornian   trilic,  i  Maciialinitl,  ii 


;{(;i-4(il;  location,  i..  4." 


:i.  Mv  Ml 


i.,  .■{iil-4(tl ;  location,  i..  4.");{. 
Lnijta,    .Soiitli   Caliloniiaii    trilii 


4ll.'-'J-J 
iiiva.  iv. 


location,  i.,   i'l'.l 


.M 
M; 


iciic\luiacaii,     cit\. 


.M. 


^tli.    Nail 


Ilia    jiiccioii 


.SS<», 


Lioh 


;fm. 


-tone.-, 


n|anisi 


lissilac,     !~;oMtli     Calii'in-nian  I  .Maciiilai'iitltecnlilli,     'i'eo-(' 


IICllllllCC 


tril 


le.  I.,  4()L'  :•. 


>  'alioii,  1.,  4  ",!t. 


rhief, 


4s;i, 


i.iilaniia  (Siilaniial,  tri'ie  of  llaiilak",     .Maciiilnialinat/iii,    Me\iiaii    jii 


Lni 


I.Vi-74; 
l!i\ 


It  ion.  i..  •-".•!. 


4."^i.">,  ."iil.'i. 


MaciiiKoclii(|iu't/alli,  name  ot'  (' 


i,ni!iiiii-i   (I,ooiiii>i,    iiilie    of    Sonnd        cliilinitlecm',  iii.,  ;{ri7.  1(17 


lihU 

•-'IIS, 
•-Mil, 


•-'(IS- 


local 


ion,    1. 


'i;il  iiieiitioii,  i.,   '-MO. 
aii.u'.,  iii..  <il."). 


M 
M 


iciniNoiiii 


ll,   Ni 


<l, 


ii.,   ;>iiO; 


ICIlllMIChll 


■il\.  (lajaca.   v. 


Liiper  alia.  Naliiia  festi  ,al.  ii..  .'iiiS.       Mailisoti.  .M  issi--.si]i|ji  \ 


i:ic\,   aiiiiii 


I.ii|i.lo  uis,  i.,  4."il.  see   l,o]iillaiiiiilos 


7(i4. 


I.uriii  \'alle\.  Pern,  antio.,  i\ .,  7llii-7.  '  Madison  liav,  i.,  .'iiU 


l.ii!  uaiiiis,  i.,  411.  see  Klainatli 
J.nii|iscli,  Sonlli  Califoiiiian  tri' 


Madoc   (Madawc),   a    Welsh    inincc. 


40;1 


iocalioii.  i.,  4."i',l. 


T, villi  Canal,  i..  ill!,  KWM,    14^_'. 
l/yol.a  ilAol.aa),  ii..  •-»0!>;  iv.,  ;kSi). 


u 

M.ic,   Ma\,i  inoiilli.  ii,,(!;tl,  7''>7->'^. 
.Ma'Miia  (Maciialinitl).  Naliiia  sword. 


.Mi 


ii\cr,    I. 


iinu', 


i',i;t.  (ifj. 


•Mil,    I.M; 


.Maudaleiiii,     loealilv.     Soiioiii      ainl 
tialisco,    !.,   (!()(),  (17'-;  <  »ii,iiica,   an- 


tn 


I'lilalelii 


;{7^-'. 

Ilav,  i.,  tlOlit. 


1,,  4;i;i,  (.'.•..">:  II,.  Kill.  74;i. 


>! 


liiciiiiootounys,     Ndrtli    Califoniiiin 

trilie.  i.,  ,'VJi!-(ll :  lociiiion,  i,,  ■({•J. 

Miiciioiii|iie/    (.Miie(iiii|ne/i,     Central 


M  , 

Ma;.'ellin(es  (  MauiiL;iiiiiileii.  Miiuiniii- 
teli.  Mii',:iiiiiileiil,  tiilie  of  Koiii- 
a-iis.  i.,'(!;i'.S7;  location,  i.,  7il,  1 10. 

Ia;:,i'.o|s,  as  food,  i.,  iVi,  (J'.Ct. 

lie^iciiins,  .see  Sorcerers. 

liiuniinteii,  i..  140,  see  Ma,:.'eniiites. 

lil;.;ot.  specii's  of  lii'i',  i.,  .'■i7!l. 

lii;;iiiiei(le,  nieiiiciiial   lierk,    i..    .■■K"^'>. 


IXDIiX. 


707 


Ma.u'uoy  (Au'ovn!.  i.,  ■J'^S-O.  .'17,  .".V.l- 
li;!'.!  |pa^:^iin:  ii.,  'Ml.  'A'>~ -Cui  jia--- 
siiii,  4.VK  (ioit,  7-1.  7'-'7,  7.VJ. 

Maunii:ii|tiis,  Niiitli  Mrxiiaii  tiil)e,  i., 
ri7l-'.tl;  lociiliiiii.  i..  (iO'.l. 

.Maliakli,  Ali'iil  •'.ulilc^s,  iii.,  101, 


Mall 


lie,  >]ii'cii's  (it  tivc, 


r-'t, 


r<nt,  7<it>. 


Mall 
M 


.>''aiiv 


boats 


(mS,  ()!»;),  7:.'."). 


M 


iliijiiiuald,   a  Caki'liiinu'l  cliiff,  v. 

■)(i(). 

iliiiaiiK's,  Xoitli   Mcxiian  trihe,  i. 


'I-'.II;   lorali 


.Malniciilaii  |  .MaiUdtali  I,  (.iiiicli''  tiiin 


(Tcalcil  mail,  iii.,  41 


a  (liviiu'  iiiT- 


sKii.    iir 


U'.t,  .■).")•_'■(;,  .")(;t; 


hi-h-I'iiot,   v.,    LSI,   Mil 


■),S1- 


MaicoiiiTas,  Ncntli  .Mi'\iraii  tr 

.")71-'.M;  locali i.,  (il  I. 

Mai/,  citv.   San  l.iii>    I'oliisi,  i 


(17;i: 


Ml 


IIIL 


111. 


■4-- 


liz.'.  I.,  4;«».  4S'.i.  ('.;i;j 


7()f!,  7i!», 


.S'.t, 


<S-WK 


ii.,    I  I.").  ;ii;!,  .•{47- 


,'>(),  ;{.")4-.'),  (Il'.i,  t!7'.>,  7ni.>;{,  7lii, 


!i; 


M, 


•JK,  7-';{,    7;i7;    iii..    -Ml,    :i-2.\    :U\), 
;i"..S-(i;i,  404;   <  ..  l'.«-4. 

iwcr     ('alildniiaii   tuiiilh 


IIIlK 


I.    I. 

)ii,  i.,  .">i>4. 


Majilii'ii,      l.iiwiT     ( 'aliliiriiian     til'ili 

scasiiii,  i.,  .■)ii4. 
Maiiiliciiiiiaaii,     Lower     ( 'alil'oniian 

sixtli  season,  i.,  o(i4. 
Makalis,  i..  ;!(••-',  see  Classi'ts. 


M 
M 
M 
M 


ikal.iv 


Tniiilv  l;i\ti-  hiiliaiis'  evil 


siiirit.  111. 


il> 


ikoiiiiis,  ( 'ciilral 


Calit. 


niiaii  Inlif, 


i.,  :tiii-40l;   localioii,   i.,    I  I'.t. 


iikiis('liiiisko|a,   ti'ilM 


S7-'.>4:  loial 
iliiLriii'idM 


Ion.  1., 
i.Malali 


141. 


)t'  .MiMits,  i, 
0.      Nortl 


.Mexican  tiilic,  i.,  ."i71-'.M  ;  loralioii, 
i.,  (il.'i, 


Makiii 
.Makiii 


/ill    . 
id^.  i..  til". 


null  pniiri',  V. 


.Ml 


au'iiccos 


Malaliiii's,  .Siiiiili  (  aliioi'iii.'in  Irilic,  i.,  I 


■lO-'-: 


llloll,   1..  -I.")'.). 

Iiai'cs,  iii,,  (!4(), 


<,»ni.l 


I,'  w  iijout'i'.  II.,  SII'J. 


Ml 

.Ml 
Malt'iiilkijii! 

ii.,  Olio. 
.Malcnnitcs  i  Maici'iiiiinti'ii,  Maliiiiii- 


^lIlMll 


I.     of       M. 


tciil,    Irilic   o 
loi'iilioii,    i. 
inciilioii,  i., 


I'  Koaiauas,    i.,  70  s7 
70.    1,'iS,    141;    ^|u■c■i 
■|,  7:i,  77-.S.  HI;  laii' 


III.,  ■> 


HO, 


Miilico.    Soiilli   ( 'aliliiiiiiaii   tiilic. 


M, 


40.>-_'.'; 
llik     (!>' 


at  ion,  1.,  |.">!l. 
Kin.    .Ma\a  ilauii,   ii 


Malila.  localilv,  .Mcxiio,  i.,  ()7."). 


Jaliiniiton,  i.,  Ill,  .soo  Maleniutr: 


laiinaleas 


Nal 


lima    nation,    i.,    til' 


441;   ii.,    I.T!-li-.';i;   nanic,    ii.,  l--'7  S; 
liist..  v.,  :{07-10. 

lalinalco,  lowii   anil  iiroviiict!,  Mi-x- 
iro,  i.,   (i77;  aiitiii.,  iv.,   ■504;  \uM., 


.•{|o,  :!-';),  ;!_'.s. 

laliiialii,    Naliiia   ilav. 


rA-2,  fiK;- 

(1  of  'ria(iii|iiiaiilu'o,  v.,4t')l. 


laliiiaixotliitl,  Cliiciiinu'c  )irinfi'ss, 
\.    .'il*.');  Azti'c  |iriiii'c^s,  v.,  ;{"J7-.S. 

lalinciic.  sec  ('crrodc  la  .Malinclio. 

laliiniu'rios.  North  .Mexican  trilie, 
i..  ."i7l-!M;  localioii,  i..  (!i;t. 


laliet.^,  !.,   KSO,  •_•:] 
laliiii.  Central   Calif 
.Si;i-40l;  local 


70-1. 
oriiian  tribe. 


loll,  1. ,  4.54. 


lis 


lallese  Cross,  iv.,  -t,Sl,  4!IS; 

Cros. 
lahaitac.  Central  Californiaii  tribe 

i.,  ,St;i-40l;   location,   i..  4."'p:t. 
lanialiioa/lli,    a    eoiistcllalion,    iii. 


aiiialiliiiasco. 


A 


coiiiiia     lo 


nlsb 


laiiKi-lil-a-cnlla 


iM 


inialilai'iila, 
.Mariiialiilacallai,  tril f  Nooikas, 


4--.'0S;    |oc;Hlnli,    I. 


,11,  'J'Xiii 


lainaincbic,    name  for  Ci>\a    Manni 

Oella,  v.,  40. 
laina  Oello,    i'ernvian  j,'oil,less,  iii., 

•-'i;!i. 


iiiiat  la\  icoa. 


N 


ilina  L'ame,  ii.,  ;i,'U. 


lania/orras,  Noitii  .Mexican  tribe,  i. 


'I-OI;  location,  i.,  (11 1. 


.M 
li;{0-SO{; 


IIIUV 


i\a  nation,  i,,  (i,s7-7I  I ;  ii. 


ocatioii    anil     iiaiii 


ii.,  I'-'S; 


e.     1., 

.III;,'-.,  iii..  7iin-l.  7ii<>-7; 
-■_',  ."i.").').  .")(i:t.  ."(tic,  ,")(;;», 


lli.st.,  v., 

.■)70-7.  ri,s.">,  .v.H,  :i'xi  :>'X>. 

lanilicni,  Otoiiii  Citv.  \.,  'Jt:). 


iinilcs,    .Mirlli 


.M 


exicaii    liihe, 


■|-'.l| ;   location,  i,.  OlO 


laiiiiiits.   tribe  of  (liiiiooks,   i.,  '.'■J 

,"iO;   location,  i..  .■ton. 
laniiim.    Inkiinl     (djnnibiaii     tril 

fooil,  i.,  •_'ii,"i. 

lam  \'oc,  name  of   Maiiies.  i..  7S7 
laiiauna.   city.    Nicaraum 
1,111. una  Lake,  i.,  701 

;i-.';  v.,  lil.T 
iiati'e,  a  sea-cow  ,  i. 


lll.'t. 


mill 


'.I  'JO. 


L 

laiia/.i<|ile|iet,  <  iliateinalan  trilii 


tiSI) 


atioii,  I,,  7^<0. 


Linciies.  tliiateinala  trilie.  i..  (iSCi- 
711;  localioii,  i,,  (i.S'J,  (1S7;  sjieciaJ 
iiienlioii,  i.,  710;  iiiyili.,  iii.,   IS'J. 

lancliik.i,   t.hiecM    ot    Slieronio;;ii!ii, 


4fi 

llico,   V. 


Hi, 


.Man 


! 


'»  ill 


ro8 


INDEX. 


Blanco    f'ii;in'',    rcnivian    ;,'(h1,    iii., 

•_'i;!l;  \.,  4(i. 
-■Miiudaiis.  iiaiix;  "iveii  locarlv  WcK'li 


.M 


■i)lmii>ts. 
ludiiinDs, 

747-8,1 


v.,  IIS. 
triix;   of    Istlniiiaiis,    i. 


oi'atKiii,    I. 


1)7 


UlClltllHl,    1.,    7")- 


7cS4. 


sp, 


Marcasitc,  used  for  paintiii;;,  ii., .'?_' 

iii.,  .'{(i(t-l. 
Mar  (Ic  CoiU's,  sec  ("alifoniia  <lii]t". 


M 


ijita,  a  spiu'iL'H  ot   miller; 


iriri 


47.S,  4.S(». 


i\laiiilii)c',  .Mosi|uiti)s,  I'dod,  i.,  7-1. 


.Mari'MU's,    1.,   wil- 


ful' Na;,'ar- 


Maii'.,'!!  (.Maiicii),  liist  Iiica  (if  Peru, 

v..  4(i. 
IM.ini,  citv,  Yucatan,  ii.,  (i!)'J-70():  an- 


ti.l.,  iv.,  •_'•.'():  v.,  (i:{4. 
liaiii,  lloiiiliiras,  anti 
liU,  M 


Mi 

Mi 

Mainialiuli,  /iilu;:il  l<ii 

i\li 


i|.,    IV 


71. 


i\a  (lav,  II.,  7'")">-(),  7IHI. 
.,r)S()- 


iikct's 


li,  V 


iicalaii.  antKi.,  iv. 


iiiiiawinisul,   triiic  of  NootUa.s 
I74-_'()S;  local  lull,  i.,  2!)."). 


I\l; 


lilt,  ti 


of  NootUas,  i.,  174- 


•JOS;  location,  i.,  •_".)."). 
Maiios  I'rictas,  North  Mexican  trilie, 

i.,  r»7l-'.tl;  locati i.,  fill. 

^laiiovajia  (.Maiiowap.i),  'I'arasco  j;o(l, 

iii. ,  4K!;  v.,  ."il7. 
IMaiitles,    i,,   (1;10.   mi   7'>\:    ii.,   3(i4, 

.  :!74-r),  iiKi.  (;ii4-."),  ci,").  (iis, 
727-.S;  iii.,  iKi,  t->:{. 


;i( 


M 


iiiiilactnri 
(Sit,  107 


Ih 


\  iierlniicaiis,   i. 


^Il);  I  'oliiiiiliiaiis,  i,.  Hit  7 
l!til-l.  •Jlo-lil;  Caliioniians,  i.,:U." 


;{SI--_',     I(I7-S; 


N( 


.M( 


Marh 


trilie  of  Cliiiiooks,  i.,  '_'•_':-'- 


50;  location,  i.,  .'{0,"). 
.Mariiiios    (.Mariliiclioa),     ('iiateniala 

trihe,  i.,  (W(i-71l;  location,  i.,  7'.il. 
Maricopa  Copper  Mine,  i.,  ."I'JS.  (;oi. 


.Ml 


iricopas  ((  oconiancopa.'- 


in 


triiM 


it 


i'lU'iilos,  i.,  iVJ()-,"i(i;  loialidii,  i., 
")■_'(»,  (id-';  special  inenlioii,  i.,  .">.'iO, 
r>I5,S-4,  .")4  1,  .")47-">:{,  Ti.M-ti;  iiiyili., 
iii.,  I.'il.  .VJ7;  laiij;.,  iii.,  (ks4(i. 

Marico|ia  Wells,  i.,  ()<)•_'. 

.Marietta,  .Mississippi   N'aliev,  antii|., 
iv. ,  7*)7. 

Mari^'iiana,  a  narcotic  lierh,  i.,  ("!!!. 

nil    tiiiic. 


Mari-u 


MeNi( 


:i-!ll 


.NortI 

ication,  i.,  til.'t. 


Mariiiilia,  a  musical   instrument,   i. 
(id  I,  :o.").  7:i>s. 

Marin  (omit  v.  Cal.,  i.,  :»!.%  4.V_>. 


M 
M: 


iripeiiiia,  a  mc'iiciiial  plant,  ii.,  o'. 
isa  Coiiiitv,  California,  aiilii 


707 


Maikel- 


1. 


700;  ii.,  .S7S,  .*J8:!-(),  4  lo 


.■)t;4-,S,  (i4i;,  7.'<()-7;  v.,  4-Jl. 


Marklaiid,   iocalit\ 


loitli-east  coM-l. 


.t   .\ 


iiierica,  v., 


107 


.ManiialiiliKalla,    i.,  I'll,'),   see  M 


ima- 


r)4l,    .■>(;;(;    Mexicans,    i.,   (i;{0.    ().">7; 
ii.,  ;tst,  474-'.tl;  Central  .Vmericans, 


!.,  (litS-ll,  7-1,  7(i(i 


M- 


iii/.a 


nilla, 


iiseil 


as  pi 


III  a-cnila 


.Mair 


ia;^e 


llyi 


lerlioreans. 


i.,  (IC.  SI  :{. 


li-J,    lion,    117,    I  •-'.•!.    I -'7,    l.ioi; 


( 'idiimliiaiis. 


l(;iS-70,    I'."-,    I'.lo  S, 


.Man/anillos  (San  Itlas  Indians),  tiilx' 


if    1st 


imiaiis,   1. 


747 -N."); 


location. 


i.,  "'.Hi;  spei  iai  meiil  ion.  i.,  7").'{.  7H4. 
IMaii/anita,    Noilli   California,   food. 


Ml 

M.' 
.M; 


i..  .•tlO. 

•  il.M. 


\'era  (  rii/,  aiitii|.,  iv.,  4.")."i 


pimi,  see  Ho, son  t 
lis.  i.,  ()S,  Ki.'i,  •_•;!'.», 


de  Ml 


ii.,  '-'i-U, 


!S0,  ;iS«,  421,  4t:{,  4S7-S;  i\ 


.'.s;i,  7  IS  !) 


.Mapiilcauas,  North  Mexican  trihe, 
I.,  .")7i-!M;  location,  i.,  iWA. 

Mai|ii(dMoleers,  North  Californian 
tiiiie,  i.,  ,H-Ji;-(il ;  local  ion,  i.,  44:{. 

.Mai|iiiapemes,  Norlh  .Mexican  trihe, 


M 
.M 


i.,  .■i7l-!ll;  location,  i.,  (il2. 


aran,  ii.,  (i 


I'c  ( 'hill. 


irani.    Inland     Coiuiiihian     trihe 
food,  i.,  '2(<'i. 
Maraxcres,    Ceiifral    .Mexican    trihe 
i..  (117-44:  location,  i.,  (i7~. 


•_'IS,  •H\-2;  Californian 
:WS'.t|,   4IO-f_',  4;i(i-7; 


Mil-.")  I, 
Me.xi- 


.Mexi 


i.,.")ll-l." 
cans. 


)I7-'.I,  .-)fJ.')-(l.  .")S4() 


().■{•.',  (')(il-:i;  11. 


ii-di; 


■It-',    d-.'S;    Central    .\me 


ricans,    i 


70-'-4, 


!t-:u, 


72-4;  ii,,   (112,  (i,-)l, 


()(i4-7,"),  71 1 ;  iii.,  47;{, 
Martilpar.  i.,  '-'".I,"),  .see  Miirlilpar 
.M.iitine/,    North    .Mexican   tiih 


.")7l!n;  location,  i.,  (iili. 


Marl 


\uv/..  Calitorma,  aiitu 


Marline/  Point,  i.,  ;f(il, 
Martin  Lake,  i.,  144. 


1..  n.,  . 


.M; 


irv    Uivcr, 


4(1: 


Imiilioliii 


(I!  I 


I'iver. 
Masiieataii,    villa<;e,    (inateiiiala,    i., 

7S7, 
Ma-a;j;iieve,  Moi|iii  viliaiic  i,,  ,")2S. 
.Masalia  MaLroons.  ( Masailama^ooiis), 

(  eiitial    Caliloriiiaii   trihe,   i.,  ."{HI  - 


401;    localion, 

di:i. 


4ltl;    h 


Ml 


i.,  (101,  ^^ee  Mos/.iisiiii\  i. 


.Miisat/in,  Cliicliimcc  Uii 


M. 


ix;)::x. 


lOd 


Mil'^llVM, 


ClIV 

iv., 


-N  I  ■rir:t*ii;i,     i. 


is'li.il,  Suiilli  ( 'alil'iinii.iii  trilir,  i. 


4: )_'-•_'•-»;  I. 


at  mil,  1.,   l.'i".*. 


M 

M 

Masks,  llyiif-rlMircaiis,  i.,  !i:!,  <.I7,  KM: 
iii.,  I  t."i,'  US;  ('i,liiiiiliiaiis,  i.,  l.V.l, 
171),  ISI,  ISd,  IIU;  Calil'driiiaiis,  i.. 


islaca,  Vlll.lv'c,  SoiiiPl;i,  1.,  ('>(t7 


.•?!!;{;   N. 


-M 


(.'xicMiis,  1.,  .");{2,  .V)(i-l 


M 


cxiiaiis,    1..    (;;!(»;    ii. 


Ill,    .'SI  I, 


;ui,  -isd,    iSL',  4!io,  (i():{,  (iod,  (ijii; 
iii.,  •Js;»,  t»<.»,-i.  .sn,  ;{s.').  :!',i(»--_'.  :{;>i-."); 

iuilii|.,  iv.,  47!',  •i\)'),  .■)."(()-'.);  Cc'iilial 


kiiii'ni'aiiM,      11. 


•i:{, 


,.0: 


aiilii 


IV.,  (!' 


':m\ 


Masdiialis,    Niirtli   ( 'alifmniaii    tiilic. 


M 


i.,  .'i-'ii  (il ;  locatiini,  i.,  4i;i. 
Mi 


isoii  s  I'laiitatioii,  .Missi->siji|n  \  al- 


loy, until 
issct^ 


(tiS. 
■ttas,  Masscttcs,  Mas- 


•tts,   Massifs,   .Mosciicsl,   trili(!  <.f 


iMalis,    1. 
"',  --".fJ. 


I.-M-74;     1 


ih'aliiiii,    I. 


Masiaiiiliii,  Mipjavc  j,'i)(l,  iii.,  17"). 
Mastair,  Maya  ilrcss,  ii.,  7-_'(i. 
Matai'.iMli,  Naliiia  ariiilrls,  ii.,  ;{!».">-('.. 
Malaliiiav,  Sdiilli  ( 'alil'niniaii  \  illa^;'!'. 

i.,   l.iS.' 
iMatal.iiu's,  ('('iitial  ( 'alit'cuiiiaii  t  rilic, 

i.,  :i(;i-4l)l  ;  lucaliciii,  i.,  4.'i:!-l;  Ian-., 

iii.,  •:,,•_'. 
:Matalulitli,'  Naliiia  drink,  ii.,  ;t.V.). 
:\lat! 
iMatcli 


i|ii',  \illa;^(',  Siiiiiiia,  i.,  lilll!-7 


(.Miclilaits,  .Miirhlalit) 
trilii' (if  Ndidkas,  i.,  174-'J(IS;  lora 
tiiiii,  i.,  'J'.l.l 


Mat 


1  hi'iiiiii's. 


('riitial      ( 'alifiiini.in 


triiic,  1.,  :{(;i-i()i; 


It  inn,    i.,  4.1(1: 


iii.ir. ,  III.,  <)4'.t. 


MiilcliPNs,    !iili 


N.M.tl 


•JItS; 


liii'ation,  I.,  '.".lii 


Mat 


cniri'all 


Nal 


ilnia 


lirarliiaN,    ii. 


40  k 


Matcxil   ( Matlu.wclial,    Mui.ivc  m-(m| 


III. 


.),  .»•_'(;. 


.Mallilannli 


."ton. 


Mai 
Mat 


niwclia.  iii.,   II 
iarcs,  Nillaui'.  ' 


■!•     Mnlli 
Malrvil. 


I  ii'ai'a;.;iia.  i. 


Matililia   (M.'ililJijai.    Smiili   ('alil'ur 

niall  llilir.    i.,     idj  •.'■_'; 

J.V.I. 
Matlai'i'oall,  'I'oltt'c  kiii''. 


atioii,    I. 


L'Dii 


MatlaiMMhitl, 

ami  'rc/ralli|i 
iMatlali'iarallan,    slat  inn. 


iiaiiic     lor     liiii'iiiai 


•J(i 


.'sr. 


.\/.i( 


I'lalinii,  V, 


;;t. 


Matlali'iii\ic>,   niiiiic   fur  ( 'hali'liilniit- 
iii'Mi',   iii.,  :i()7;    'i'iasrala    li('i;;lits, 

v.,  'm-'y 


.Matlal  I'.iai',  Xaliiia   female  saerilii-e, 

ill..  Ill.'i. 
.Matlalt/incas  (  M;illalt/.iin  lii).  N.-.liii.i, 
iialii)ii,  i.,  (;17-JI;  ii-,  KiiMi-".!;  -fe- 
cial nieiitiun,  i.,  (i'i"-';  ii.,411;   Ima- 
tiiiii   aiiil    name,    i.,    r)77;  ii..    1-"^; 

■47S; 
■,2:t- 1. 


iiivlli..   111.,   4-Ki' 


an;;.,  in. 


liist.,  v.,  :{(»7-l(l,  4:!^'-.',,   .-|(), 


latlalt/iiM'ii.  nrovime  i 


I  .M. 


(;,(•> 


4:!-'-.".,  47 


lallaliir.i,     \ira    <  riiz,    anti'|.,    i\ 

44.-). 
lallalxiliiiitl.  a  llnwcr  useil  for  i!y( 

ii.;  4S(;. 


lall 


l/aliiiall, 
'lire,   i.,  (i.'iS. 


a   speeies    nf    ]i 


lat  latlilinit/in,    .McNiean    kin;j,   \., 

4!i'J-:i. 

latla/aluia,  i.,  ()74,  see  Ma/alma--, 
latliise,  NiMilka  s|iirit,  iii.,  I."»l. 
latoles,  iii..  (;4;{,  see  .Matloles, 
iatniiiey    Ki    roiiins,    Central    t'aii- 

fiirni.in   Irilie,   i.,  ;{tll-4(l!;  Ineati'ia 


iiiu  name 


i.,  ;tr.--',  448. 


.Mats.    II 


viieriHireaiis, 


i.,  !tl,  1(17:  <■ 


Inniliiaiis,  i.,  lt;il-.'{,    \M 


'X    Is  I, 


1S7.    HM»,    --'111'-',  •-'•-•0,   -J.Sl,   -SM: 


-HI,   •_'7<)-l;  Calilovnians,  i..  :i:i(; 


:{i." 
.M. 


.MexiiMiis,    i. 
i.,    (\-2i,    (w(l 


:>,.>.  .i.s'j 


;{(;i,  .•tsd,  44(t,  .■)7-',   (l-'l;  iii. 


4IIL';    Central     .\ 


IV. 

(;'.I7-!I,  72 1,   74.1 


merieans.    i. 


7tl('i;  11.,   ()(i',l, 


M.itt.ile  Creek,  i.,  417. 

.Maltciles  (Matnles),  Central   Calin 


man  irilie, 


:{(ll-4'll;   It.cali' 


447 

Ian 


invtli..    111.,    si; 
.  iii.,  (i4;{. 


It,    11; 


Mat/almas,   i.,  (171,  see  Ma/aliiia'-. 
Mat/.u|iel/lli,     Naliiia    lilaerlel-,    ii., 

4(14. 
Mauetilall,  see   Malllieiitall. 
Maiiuii.i,  .Sdiiili  Califiirnian   tri'ie,  i., 

|ill'--2-';  Inratioii,  i.,  4(;o. 
Maiiliemi,  i.,  .Tid.  see  .Mciw-wce-mas. 


lawisii 
i..  L'st. 


II.  Ne/I" 


rees  s|iini  III  lat  ii^in 


.Max,   a    speeies  ul   leal    in    \  inalaii, 

ii.,  7.'<7. 
M.ixateeaz.  N'alina  maskers,  iii..  4'.'!l. 
Maxeaiui,  N'malan,   anlii|..    i\ .,  'Ji.'.'. 


.1X111. 


■I'.ill 


ee  iilleeli,  \, 


M, 


M\eal/,iii,     (I'litehil 

.vi:i. 


Maxll 


epaiiee    iirinee.  ale 


tt    Cii\  iiliiiaean. 


.ir 


;i7;t.   ;i.si.'.tk 


4'.l'.l;   Inr.l  iif    I'lael ,  \,,  4:{'.t. 

Mavllat/in,  a  'Inltee    imlile,    \., 

•-'.s;{-4. 


m  !,i 


■]o 


INDEX. 


Maxtli,  Nuhua  <lros.s,  ii.,   lU,  .*];).")-(;,  I  Ma/at,  iii.,  102.  sec  Marat. 


(iKS,  7'_'(i->S. 
Mayai'Diiias     (Mayacma.s),      Central 


('aliti>niiaii  trilx',  i, 
tion,  i.,  'M>:i,  4,")l-'2. 


.■J(J1-401;  Idca- 


Mi 


ivajiaii,  ancient  name  and  ('a|ii 


ital 


of  Yucatan,  i. ,  (i4r);  ii.,  (i,S2-7,  <i.'>4; 
aiitici.,  iv.,  24(t-:{,  MS,  274-r>.  •21:: 
hist.,  v..  i.j!t,  -iLU-T,  ()!">,  (JlS-l'.t, 
(iL'-_'-.'{,  ()2t;.  (!•_".»-:{!. 
Maya  nations,  manners  and  eustoms 
descrilied,  i.,  (i4r>-747;  ii.,  (ii^O-SOli; 
j^overnment,  )>n)|icity,  eti'.,  ii..  (i.'VJ- 
tiO;  ediu'ati.m,  ii.,  (i(il-4;  nuirrtaLie, 


women,   etc. 


(itU-fSCi;  toi 


718-L*.">;    dress,     ii. 
weapons,   etc.,    ii.,    740-7 
d 


?2ii-:H;     war. 


imiile- 
■4S- 


nonls  and  manulaetures,   ii. 
iVJ;  art,  ii.,  7">.'<-S-i:  dwellin.us,  eti 
ii.,  7>S;t-'.»4;  medicine  and  supcrsti 
tions,  ii.,  7!'4-8;  Imrial.  i 


I" 
iis-sdl 


]iliysniue,  U.,  802;  cliarai'ter,  il.. 
8(»;{;  location,  i.,  (;4r)-(),  (W.'f,  7St;- 
!»2;    ii.,    Il'S-'I;  mvtii.,   iii..  4(11 -!m;. 


,'■.41  ;};    v.,  .S7 


ani;'..  in,,  "mS,  ", 


7i.'4,  7.V.t-7();  v.,  (iKI;  lust.,  v.,  l.')7- 
S,  .^.40-(i:U. 
Mayas,  tribe  of  Soiitli  .Mexicans  and 
one  of  the  .Maya  nations,  i.,  (i44- 
70;  ii.,  ().SO-SO;{:  location  and  name, 
i.,  t)4."i-(i,  (iS3;  special  mention,  i., 
(i(il):    ii..    '.)1,    I17--M, 


.Ma/atecs  (.Ma/otecas),  .\iava  nation, 
i. ,  ti41-70;  ii.,  (;;iO-h():i;  Itication,  i., 
(IHO;  special  mention,  i..  tiill;  ji., 
•Jdl;  mvtii.,  iii.,  i;!l-2;  Ian,'.,  iii., 
7.".ii-;i. 

Ma/atepec,  station,  Tolt 
v.,  •_'!;(. 

-Ma/atl,  Xaliua  dav,  ii 


ec  miiiiation. 


ill- 


ilO- 


17;    I 


epaiiec  eonimamler,  v 


lilt:) 


.Mazatlan,   proviiu'e,   (Iiicrrero,  lii>i.. 

v.,  411-l'J. 
Ma/at  sal  Teaks,  i.,  ,">!l,->. 
.Mazatziii,  Ciilliiia  Uiii^,  v.,  ■_'.")((.  :VM)-\. 
-Ma/otecas,  iii.,  l;i|,  see  Ma/atccs. 
.Measles,  i.,  '.'St!,   .")21,   oGiy,   O.'iS,  (;(i7, 

74-'. 
Meat. 


riesh. 
.Meatwho,  i.,  .•{!•_'. 


IJattlclemnlc 


li 


Ml 


ecameiaii,  .Mexico,  anli<[..  iv.,  Illii- 

7. 
Meciipalli,   a    strap    to  sup]ioit    Inn- 

dcns.  ii..  ,'{S(). 
Mecitl    (.Mexi),    name    for    ilnil/ilci- 


M. 
.M 


poiiitli,  v.,  HS.  :i'.'4,  ;M(i. 

idli/tli,   Innar  period,    ii.,  oOl. 


I'coiiel/.in,  \. 


70, 


.VcxitI 


(;47-(!4.    ft' 


*i;«l-7,  ()47-70.'),  711-SO.S;  nivtli.,  i 
4iil-7;!,   .">4I-'.';    v..    ^ 


11. 
an!f. ,    iii. 


i).»S.    o 


I, 


it, 


ii)-(;2. 


(ill 


i;   <ni;;lll,  V. 


lust. 


s,  (;i4-;y. 


Ml 

Mi 
Ml 


1.    Xal 


ivavt 
iii.,  .•{»."■). 
ivo  Kiver. 


iluia     Icniale 


(;o7-S. 


;i-i; 


iacrili 


,  North  Mexican  trilie,  i.,  .'■)7i 
'.H  ;  location  and  name,  i.,  .'uJ.  (107 
s)M'ciai  mention,  i.,  ,")S'_',  ."illO;  laii;^'. 
iii.,  (i(i7,  707-10. 


Ml 


.Ma/a.  Nahna  war-i  Inli,  ii..   loit. 


votia, 


ii.,  .■>().■{. 


Movotlaii 


Ma/ai'onna 

chief,  V. 
Ma/ahnacan,   district    in   Noitl 


tl  (Ot/.inlicolinail),  Nahna 
'-M:i. 


Central  Mexican  trihe.  i 
(ilT-44;  location,  i.,  (i72;  huiL:.,  iii 
7i:t. 


Med; 


:{2;  iv.,  IKS-l'.t,  :u(;. 


.Medellin,  \'era  ( 'rn/,  iiiiti(|.,  i\'.,  4!U. 


.M. 


II 


,vi 


xMiiorean 


1.,  CS-n,  S.I 


(!,  ii;i,  f_M,  I-J4;  Colnml.i;ins,  i., 
17-',  •_'04-."),  l-'Ht-JO.  ■-'•-'S,  •-'1,")-'.'.  '-'.so^: 
C;iliforiiians,  i.,  .■)."i4-(i',  X.'iS,  .■Jill-."), 
4IS-I',),   4:!;»;   iii.,    KiO;    New    .Mexi- 


.'I- 


.-.4: 


-.">4,  ."i(iS-<l,  ,VS,S- 


',»;    .MexiciiMs,    i.,    (l.'iS-lo,    ()(>7;  ii., 
•JiiS-'.t,  4(!0,    ,'>!>! -(iO'J;  iii.,   X>:i,  40'.>, 


41 


4'-' I;    ( 


entral 


.\ 


im'riciins,    t. 


n'  est 


M. 


I..  ('.74. 


Ma/aliiias   (Matlazaluui,    Mat/aluia. 


.Ma/al 


l/illUll, 


.M 


i/ahail,   (  entral 


.M 


ex- 


ican   trilie,    i.,  (il7-14; 


f!74;   V. 


•  10;   I; 


OIL 


111. 


location.   I. 
,  7;i7.  711. 


Ma/amcs,    North    .Mexican  trilie,   i., 

,"i7l  01;  loc;ition,  i.,  (il  I. 
Ma/;iinorra,  mai/e  porrid;^e.  iii.,.'!(10. 


Ma/apilcs,  ( 'enlral  Mexi 


(il7-ll;  local 
Till. 


Ilia,  I.,  Ill 


irilii 
aiiu'.,  iii. 


70S-!»,  7tl-;i,  77S-HO;  ii.,  7'.I4S,  see 
names  of  diseasi's, 
ledicine-meii,  see  Sorcerers, 


ciliotai|Ui 


■1,.\ 


<'iixe''  I 


lialcct,  iii..71H. 


Icevvocs  ( .Mec\\  ;i,     Mei' 
Californian  trilie 


w  lel,  ( 'entral 
.•i(;i-40l:  lora- 


tlon,    1.,    4.m; 


pecial   mention,    i. 


;{7-"i.  :W.\.  :i'X>;  mylli,,  iii,,  .".■_'•_', 
Mthtehs,  North  Calihirniaii  trili 


;i'.'(;-(il ;  locjition,  i.,  411. 


.Mei 


(loos.    Central    (  aliloriiian    trihe, 
i.,  ,St!l-10l;  location,  i.,  4..I ;  Ian-., 
iii,,  (US,  C.V.', 
Mejilio,  Lower  Califninian  lii^t  sea- 


M 


son.  i,,  ,">(il, 
elzo!/iii,  \,, 


!i:t. 


Men,  .Ma\a  ila\ ,  ii 


Metznll/in 

"i.Vd,  7ii'o, 


i:;i)e:^ 


'11 


Mi'iia-'lu'.-',    tri'ii'    of 

4l'i.'-4i.';  Iiiciliiiii,  i.,  4ii4. 
Mciidciiiiici  ('(luiilv,  i.,  447.  4."il. 


)>li;>in's,    i.,     Mfxcii^i  River,  ii.,  107.  lOD;  v.,  ."(»S. 


('Xi'altciii'c,  i'il\'.  .Mic 


inacaii,  I.,  fliJ>. 


CXI,    V. 


;-.M,  .si'i-  .Mi'<-itl 


.NU'll;,'!!  s  ( Mcini 


n\>},  1.,  .>.) 


8:  iii.,  (JS7,  '  .Mi'xicalt/.iiico,  town,  Mcxicd,  ii.,  .")()' 


M 


Sl'f    .\l(llll|lllS. 

I'li^liiiatiiiii,    i., 


S-J,     110-11,     '242 


.M< 


M 


iiniscniit.  II. 


•Mfxiiaiis,    ('cnir.il,    niic   ol'    tlic  twi) 
MiTcftl   ('(iiiiitv,    California,    antii|.,  i      familii's  iiiiii  wiiicii    tin,'   tiiliis  of 

iv.,  707. 
Mt'i'ci'il  liivcr,  i.,  4.").')-(i;  iii.,  <>,")1. 
-Mi'iTJiaiits,    Naliuas,   ii..  :W(li»7.  <il<!; 


fxicii  aif  (liNKlt'il;  niaiiiici-~  am 


v.,  4!."),   14;{.  (iO.t;   .Mavas 


riila,     I'lty, 
aiitiij.,  iv. 


V 


11., 
iirataii,     iii. 


;iC.-S. 
4(i7; 


t'ii.-.liiiiis  1)1  all  its  iialiiin>  and  Iii  In 
ilc.s(*iili(il   tiiui'lluT,  i..  ()17-44;  (•i\i 
(1  iiatiiiiis,  ii,,   I:!;M'.'_".I;  |ili\  «i(|iic 


.'4:{-4. 

.Midiiitaiiis,  i.,  7'.l.">. 


^k'.-<a    \'ci(li',    Coloiailii,    aatii[.,    iv. 


Mi 
M 


riit. 


t;-.'it-:;; 

i.,   (;-_'4:   ii.. 


i..  (iis-l!i;  ii..  (•.•.•4-."):  <li 

ii.,  ;{fi"{-77;  clwcliin^s, 

1(10-74,  .").");{-,S!);   focMl,    i.,   (;L'4-(i;  ii. 

;i4-_*-lii»:    inisiiiial     lialiils,     i.,    ti'-'f! 


.M 


c'siaiciiis 


cxicaii   ( 
(.\1. 


li'iiik. 


wcapoiis  and  war,  i.,  (!'_'7-'.l;  ii.,4tlO- 
."il7,  •)(>4.  I  H'J;  iiiijilcinciils,  arts  and  niaiint'ai- 
trilii'     (if        tiircs.  1.,  (;-J'.»:tl,  ii..  47.'{'.»-;  unitdrv 


Apaidics,    i.,   47."{-'">-(!;  hualinii  and  '      and    iim'ti^ 


4!l'.'- 


ats  am 


liaiiif,  i.,  474,  '>'.U;  siiecial  nioiitini 
i.,  .'0.'),  ,")0'.),  .')•_';{. 
Mi'scali's,    North    .Mcxitaii    trili 


iroiicrtv , 


i.,    (;:{l:   li..  :i!l7  !>:    f(,u 


iiicno 


ii.,   :{7.S-'.i7;  ^ciNcriiiiifnt, 


r>7l-!ll;  location,  i..  (ilJ. 


cscaltcco, 
4.".1. 


\ 


era   Cruz,  antn 


ioii"aiia\vc, 


M 


1)111. 


iM|ni    villa,L;c, 


Mcsi|iiithcan.  .\|ia('lic  food,  i.,   |,S7-S.  '      r.i^lv|iliics, 


Messier   .\loiind,    .Mississi]i]ii  \alicy, 


i:(;{-i.':{',i,  IMS  7-';  women 
anil  iiiarria,L:c,  i.,  (i.'t.'-.'i;  ii.,  "J.'il-M; 
cdncalioii,  ii.,  '_M0  ol ;  amusciiiciils, 
i.,  (;,{.')-i;;  ii.,  l-'.s:!-;!!!!;  festivals  and 
feasts,  ii.,  :iO-_'-ll;  arillimdic,  ii., 
4!l7-.")00;    calendar,  ii.,  ."(r.'-'J'_';   liie- 

liieilicine. 
irial,    i., 


aiiti< 


,11- -S. 


-Mcsticataii,  villauc  /ai'ati 


as,  i..(i 


ISletaU 


i.,  r)4( 


),  7-'7-s, 


7il'.t;  li..  47;{-N; 


74'."-.')i>;  iii.,   '-'.m;    iv.,    (;iJ-7,    lOJ-.'i,        (Uli-'j;!;    iii 


(i;W-4(l;  ii.,  .")'.)) -(il  II';  111 
(MO-I;  ii.,  t'lO:!-'-':!;  clialactei.  i. 
(;il-4;  ii.,  (t-Ji!-!);  iiiMli,.  ii.,  •_'(iO-l,"i 
.•i(lL'-4l.'   .•f.VS!i7,    <04-."i 

."m^i.  1(i',i-i;!,  nil---':; 


M.vli 


".I'J 


_',s.  , 


:>-<.K  T'.t2-4. 


l--',s-!i,  isi-L':!i,  •j:i7-i(:o.  .">ll- 


<:v2- 


iMcta|iliors,  common  use  of.  iii,.  .'t.")-7 
Mclalc  I  ,Mctlatl),   a  coiii-;^rimlcr.    i. 


II; 

i\ . 


anu'..  Ill, 

r.o  I -•-•:{,  ■ 


70,    7-."i-4S;   aiilHi., 
(M:    hist.,    ii,,    "I'l- 


4.s:».  ."(I 


)»o,  .")14,  tiJ'.»-:io,  ti.'i;{,  (loC. 


114:    iii.,    1170,    .•!07-S;    \. 


()'.I7.  7-1,  7ti.'>;  ii.,  .'!.")».  :iiil.  ' 
Mela/iircs,  Noiili    Mexican   Ii 


.")7l-'.il;  location,  i.,  (il  1. 


Met 


eors,  meteoric  [ 
o,  v.,  44tl-7. 


ilicmiineii 


.'.(). 


.Ml 


i;(Hi-i.  iiiii; 

(170  S;    name,   v.. 


i>'.}.>-, 


oialioii.    I. 


(;n 


.'<-'4- 


Mcle|iec,  u  city  of  Mat lallziiico,  v. 


4;t:(. 
.Metlalt. 
4.")S-iil 


\'eia  ( 'rii/,  anliii.,  iv. 


.Mexicans,  .Noitliern.  one  of  the  four 
families  into  wlii(li  the  New  Mex- 
icans arc  di\idi'il;  maiimis  and 
ciistonisof  all  its  nations  ami  ti  ihes 
descrilied  lo,i;etlier,   i.,  .■>7I-'.M;  |di\  • 


sKpie,    I --.i:    I 

dwi'lliiiiis,    i.,    .">7.">; 


f  ood , 


.)i(!-,s: 


]Sletla|iilli,   a   stone   roller   used  with        \\ea|ions  and  w  ar.  i.,."i7H-S'J;  im| 

the  inetatc,  i.,  ll.'tO. 
.Metl.ill.  ii..  ;t.")4,  see  .Metati'. 
Met/li,  a  pre   Toltec  hero,  \.,  '-'O.'i. 
Met/tli  It/acn.il  (House  of  the  .Moon), 


ments  and  manutactnics,  i.,  ."iSj-.'t; 
lioats  and  |>i'o|>ert>.  i...°i'S;t;  art  and 
jjip\('riimeiil,  i.,  .'i.s.'i-l:  woinen  and 


niiirna'jc,    i. 


"i.Sl-'i;    amiiscnieiit- 


.M. 


anti<|. 


r.i\-:i 


")Mi-7;    miscellaneous   custom 


Met/olt/in   ( .Midzolzin.  Mcl/ot/in),  a        i.,  .*),S7-S;  medicine,  i.,  ."i!SS-' 


Toll 


I'c  prince,  v. 


■->i;{,  -Jt; 


I, 


'.S'.I-OO;     char.iclcr.     i. 


,!)0 


Meviras,    North     .Mexican    tr 

.")7I'.M;  location,  i.,  lil  I. 
Mew.ihs,    Central   Californiai 


until..    111. 


11 


r,s-,si 


an; 


111, 


."iri'.>-70,   70(1-L''_';  aiitn 


."»(i."S()l4;  luiiilioll,   i.,   .171,  Ii04- 


i.,  ;i(;i-4oi 


'at  Kill.  1..  4."i."i. 


14. 


Mexeala,  lo\wi,  Miclioaean,  i.,  (J7<i. 


!  '1 


; 


ri2 


i::d: 


]\lc\i';itis,  Si>ilt]l('lll,  Olio  of  tllO  two 
taiiihics  into  wliirli  llif  wild  trilx's 
111'  Mexico  all'  (li\i(l('ii;  iiiiiimcrs 
itii<(  I'liHtoiiiH  of  all  its  nations  and 
tiiiics  (k'surilifd  to;;t'tlii'r,  i.,  (i44- 
7(1;  |pliysic|iii',  i.,  (i4(i-8;  dicss,  i., 
(iJ-S-.')!;  dwidlill;;s,  i.,  (i"»l-"_';  food, 
i.,  (I.VJ-4;  iH'isonal  lialiits,  i.,  (i.Vl; 
wt'a]ioiis  and  war,  i.,  (i.M-ti;  ini|ili'- 
iiicnts  and  niaiiiifai'tiiiTs,  i.,  (iotJ-T; 
l»oals,  iiropi'ity,  etc.,  i.,  ((."iJS-'.t; 
;,'ovi'rmn<'nt,  i.,  (i.'j'.l-iiO;  slavery,  i., 
<ii!l;  women  anil  niania;;'e,  i.,  (>(il- 
.'?;  ainilseineiits,  i.,  ()(i4-.");  niiscel- 
laneons  eiistonis,  i.,  (I().")-(i;  medi- 
I'ine  and  lnirial,  i.,  ()()7-8;  charac- 
ter, !.,  (i(iS-7();  mytli.,  iii.,  448-7.'}; 
Ian;;.,  iii.,  ;'>7()  1,  748-58;  location, 

i.,  (;44-(;,  (i7s-K:i. 

jMe.vicajpaii,  a  ward  of  'J'ezciico  city, 

v.,  1(U. 
Jdi  xieatlalli,   Mexican  war-lands,  ii., 

•_'2,">. 
!Mcxii  atl-Teohnat/in,    Mexican    jion- 

tiir,  ii.,  I'id;  iii.,  4:{;!. 
Iilexico,  nations  amltrilies  descrilied, 

•.,    ()17-4-h     civili/ed   nations,    ii., 

i:{3-(!2!);  location,  i.,  (uO-S;  inytli., 

iii.,   r).")-7(».    ISl-UI,     ")(».■)-(!;    liin-.. 

iii.,    7-'.'5  4l;    aiiti(|.,     iv.,   4,S(I-.">4'.I; 

hist.,   ii.,  <)2-lUii;  v.,  'j;i7-ol(». 
j\le\ico  City,   ii. ,   KKMi,   4I-1-1."),   .lo'.)- 

(17;  iii.,  •■!()7;  v.,  .'U.'J-G,  3.>a-S;  anti(i., 

iv.,  .")(t4-'2(». 
Mcxitl    (Mexitly,    Alexlli),   name  of 

lliiil/.ilojiocliiii,  iii.,  LMIi. 
I\Iexo(  hiti,  an  emetic,  ii.,  ")!)!). 
LMexoyiit/in,  a  'I'ollec  nolile,  v.,  'J7'2-;i. 
l>lex(|uilal,  town,  .Mexico,  !.,  ()74. 
j\lexto/oiitzli,  lunar  |ieriod,  ii.,  '>iU. 
I\Ieveinmas,  North  Calil'innian  trilie, 

i.",  ;{'_M-(;i;  location,  i.,  41."). 
]\Ieyniicaiiie,  l)iiran,i,'o   t;od.  iii.,  170. 
Me/calcros,  i.,  471,  see  .Mescaleros. 
lMe/'|uiles,  .Niirth   .Mexican   tribe,  i., 

."(71  '.II;  location,  i..  (il  I. 
!Me/titlan,  |iro\ince,  .Me.xleo,  iii.,  431; 

antii|.,  iv.,  .'J4I;  hist.,  v.,  U(i(),  .■{.'!.■■), 

47.'.. 
Mczlitlanecs,   Nahiia  nation,  i.,  (il7- 

44;  ii.,  l.'iS-d'i'H:  location,  i.,  (!7.'). 
Miahiiaxochill,  Mexican  iirincess  and 

<|iiei'n,  v.,  'Mui. 
IMiamisliiir;,',       .Mississi]i|d      A'alley, 

aiiti<i..  iv.,  777-'S. 
]\liia,  .Nlississiiipi  N'allev,  antiii.,  iv., 

-S-2. 
IMicaotIi,  .Mexico,  antii|.,  iv..  r>'.i~. 
Mica|iellaculi,    Maliiia  goddess,    iii.. 


Micrapnirntl,   Na'nia  fni-.cral  <ha:;t. 

ii..  (.•Il7. 
.Mir(  jiilhiiit/intli,  Nahna   inoMth.  ii., 

.•V.'S,  .-.Id. 
Mice,  as  food,  i.,  4((.">,  4.'{(»,  5   1.  ■■,7ii. 
Michatov  atl,    river,     (inat(  mala,    v., 

(107. 
Miihitliiteeotlo,  iii.,;?;i(;,  see  .Mictlai;- 

tecntli. 
Michhiits,  i.,  -J!!."),  see  Matchclats. 
Michoacan  (.Michiiacaii),  Irilies.  etc., 

descrilied,  i..   (il7-44;     ii.,   l;!:i-()-J!l; 

location,  i.,  (174-8;  invth.,  iii..  (>(-7, 

4();5,    44.V7,   541;    Ian-,    iii.,    7;!7, 

744-7:  anti(|.,  iv.,  5(;!l-7-;  hi>t.,  ii., 

1(17-8;  v.,  434,  5(I8-'J(;. 
Michoacai|nes,  i.,  043,  sei?  'I.irascos. 
-Micksnckseallons        (.MieksncKseal- 

toiMs),  Inland  Colmnliiaii   tiiie,  1., 

•_'5(MI1;  location,  i.,  31-J-l  1. 
.Micia  (Miinilla),   (iiiatemala,  aiitii|., 

iv.,  115. 
Micteeacilmatl,    iii.,   -101,    see    Mict- 

lancihuatl. 
Mictlan,  Nahna  Hades,   ii..  (I-IS;  iii., 

3!)(i.  5;U-(;;  Iiicalilv,   San  Sahador, 

i.,  484,  v.,  (fOK-li." 
Mictlaiicaico,    snlilerranean    ]ia!ace, 

iii..  'J5  I;  i\,,  544. 
Mictlanciiiuatl    (  Mi<'tanihii:itl.    Mic- 

lecacihnatl,    .Mi([nite.  ai  iuua  I,    Na- 

luia  -oihless,  iii.,  .•i!l(l-4(l-J:  v..   II. 
Minlantccntli  (  M  ichitlatecntle,  .Mic- 

laiiienctli,     .M  ii|nillaintecoti.     Mi- 

<|iiitlantecotlil,  Nahna  ^'od,  ii..  ,'j:)S, 

31(1;  iii.,  5tt,  ;i'.l(;-4(l3;  iv..  514. 
.Mictiantencyohiia,    Nahna    calendar 

si;iii  and  L^'od,  ii..  5I(;. 
Micllantongo,    Miztee     dialect,    iii., 

74! ». 
Micllaii/.inco,    locality,    Mexico,    v., 

47-'. 
Midwives,  i.,  (I.'M;  ii,,  2(iS-71,  (i7S. 
Miemissoiiks,    trihe   of  Sound    Ini'.i- 

ans,  i.,  •J()8---''.';  location,  i..  30it. 
Mi;;rations,  lly[ierlioreaiis,  i..  71.  87, 

11(1;    ('olniuiiialis,    iii..    tiOS;    (al- 

il'orniaiis,    i.,  3'_Vi;  iii..  (i;!7-8;  ;,'eii- 

eial,  \..  138-!l;    .Nahna  nations,  ii., 

537-'.t.    513-51.    ."M'.l-tKI:    iirc-Toltec, 

v.,   1(15-8,  188-L'(I8;  'rollccs,  \..  •_>(I,S. 

18,   5(;57;   Chichiineis.  v.,  -JhS-'JO; 

Nahiiatlacas,     v.,     •_''_'(l-.3,     3(15-1(1; 

Maya  nations,  v..  105-8.  I8(l-s.  •_"J3- 

;{(>,  5:!7-i-',  5  to,    .5,54-0,  ,505-7;   0(11- 

1.3.  01(!-7. 
.Mi;;iiihni  (Mij;ni,i:ni),  South  ('alifm'- 

iii.'in  trilic,    i.,   4()i.'-'J"J;  location,   i.. 

.15!  I. 
Mijes,   Maya  nation,   i.,  045-7(*;  ii., 


INDEX. 


713 


I   iii(iiti(tii,    i.,   (ilii-.s. 


aiis,   i.,  (17-S,    1 1SI',>,    I-. 


(    lliuil 


li 


13.'>-f;20;  locniion,  i.,   f^J.",  (570;  ii.,  '.  MisccIIanooni^   nisdmis,    TTvimtIioiv- 

111--';    s;..M- 

(;.') !-•_',  ().".;»,  ( 

lllVtll 

Iiist. 


)UI),   [n,,\ 


'.);    11. 


111.,    -J'lS;   laii,:,'. 


v.,  ;> 

il.iki'tkuiis 


;{()-;(. 


I;i!ai:.l      C 


;>: 


iliiiHiiian 


li 


i.,   -JOI-;?,   -Jl, 


),    •JS-'-.i; 


(  aii- 


In! 


i.,  •_V.(l-".il:  locaiioii,  i..  :{}•_'. 


Milcliiiiialli,    Maliiia    war   lands,  il. 
Milijacs,    Nortli     Mexican    tiiln',    i. 


•|-',!1: 


<ira:iiiM,  1.,  fi'-. 


Milkwaiifii,  Siciili  ('a!i:'(iiniaii  trilic, 


4(li! 


lorat  11)11, 


Jlillliaiik    Souiiil, 


i.,  4(;il. 
l.M,    l.")S,   2-2 


','.)-2 


iii.,  (;o(). 


Milll 


laiilv  .'^(iiiiii 


I  IlHliail;^,  tlilicof  11; 


(lalis,   i.,    l.V.-T.t;  1 


(ii'aiiiiii,    I. 


".II; 


oriiiaiis. 


,  417-lS;  N<-\v  .M. 


i.,  .")17-'-'l,  ">;W,  .V).'!-!,  .".S7-,S;  Mexi- 
cans, i.,  (!,'{(>-7;  iii..  .'t'.'.'f;  (ei.tial 
A 


iiiiTicaiis,    I. 


,<»,-S, 


Kl-I, 


,(.- 


M 


isli,  eiiiiiiiiDii  teriiiiiial  lull  nt   names 


.t   N 


ls(|iialh-  llihes,  1.,  -JdS. 


Mi^lila,  .Mi)>i|iiilii  ilrink, 
-MiMkaiwIiii,  li  ilii'  ni   Sm 


iiHl    Imlians, 


1.,  "-'(KS 


>ii« .•> ). 


Mi 


liieati 


1.,  ."iiXI. 


M 


.Mission  1  )iiliiri 


exieo,  aniii). ,  l\ . .  .)i 


00-1. 


I.,  •Mi 


>.  ■*■'-■.». 


.Mi 


•j'.>,  17:{,  •-':•!, 


.sju'eial   ineiiliiui,    i.,  I."-'.I,    lliS,  171, 

174. 
^lillertiiii,  Califoniia,  antii|.,  iv.,7<l7. 
Milnaiiall,  .Naliiia  male  saeriliee,  iii., 


Mill 


la,  .'I  coriilH 


■1(1, 


:i: 


imals,  < 'ential  ( 'alifii|-ni:!n  Irilic,  l* 


.•{(il-4')l;  l<i<;i(iiiii, 


4,'i;l. 


Jlimli 
47.-! 


,  .i-.>_'ii; 


llilu;    (if     .\|ia»li 
iicaliiin,  i.,  474,  ■">;'.' 


imlires  iniiuntninsaiid  n\fi-,  i..  .")'.).">. 
Mimiili  (Mitmil/.ielii),  Naliiia   cliiet'. 


!  r_'. 


Will 


i.,  (IS,  4;i 


I,") I,    70(!,    7:i'J-S; 


•2'.)\--2.  :!(l'.),  7  I--'. 


imilla,  IV. 


11.-), 


ma,    IimmIiiv, 


<'l 


.Miela. 
nliiialiaa. 


M 

Mines,   i.,'  7'27-S;    ii.,  47.V1,    74!)-.'i(»; 

iv.,  r)44-.'>,  (i7."{,  ()'.l7-707,  7.s;!-4. 
^ri(i|ia(".ia'.i,  Ndilli   Mexican  tiilie,  !., 


IMil-i 


il-'.il 


itloll. 


(III. 


*  'ential  ( 'alil'oiniaii  ti 


.'{(ll-KII; 


atioii,  1.,  ;iii 


!Mii|iietanteiit,    -N icai'a;;iiii  t;(i(l,    iii., 

4'.»:;. 
Mi(|uiteeaci^ua,    iii.,   .'{".Hi,   se(!   ]\Iict- 


.Missisis.seiKiini,      Smilli     (  alifninia 
trilie,  i.,  40-_'-'2'2;  location,  i.,  4.hS. 
ii.,  7-'i-7;  anti(| 


.M 
INIi 


lss|ssl|l])l,    l.lll; 


7(.'.i-7(>;  v.,  'X\ 
\ 


ississi|i|ii   \'all('y,  aniiii.,   i^..  74(i- 


11(1;  V. 


i;{s. 


.Missopeiio    (Sopollo),    South    ( '.-ililor- 


tiilie,    i.,  4n-_''2l';   jocati 


4.'.!». 


Mi 

i 

Mi 


Wi.- 


Mssiiipi  \  allc\,   aniii 


7(i:t. 
I 


issoun  Kivei-,  I.,  .) 


II. 


.Missoiuis,    Soulli    (  ai.'iirnian    triln 

i.,  4il_'--_'2;   localion,  i,.   liS. 
Mist(''ken,   1.,  (i7.S.  ^( c  .\ii/.Iecs. 
.Mita,  town,   ( iiiatcnial.i,  i.,   7''7. 
ionic  Ki\  er,    i.,  .'Ilil. 


.Mill 

Mitliouies,    lnlaii<l   < 'olumliiaii      ill 

i.,  •J."iO-;il; 
.Mitic,  town,  .1 
.MitI,    Naliiia 

kill'',  v.,  '_'.■>: 


location,  I. 


I.,  (I 


.•{;i7 


To!t( 


■2iuUi.  ^Ur,  T 


tee  iiiler,  v.,  'M'.K  V.>7. 


.Mill 


a,    Oajaca,    aiitii|.,    i.,    fitl.'i;    ii. 


.)7(»;  IV., 


.'{ss.-ll- 


r.'.l-tiO;    lust. 


v..  -J.-fJ,  444,  4(;4.  .vjs-it,  .vr.. 

.Mitliiii',    < 'ential    ( 'alil'oi'iiiaii     liilie, 

i.,  :i(;i-4(»l;  location,   i..   l-Vt. 
Milliztae,   (  'lliclliliice  cliief. 


•'!i:j 


Mi 
M 


ineihiiati 


.Miiniit/.i(  lii,  v.,  vlt: 


.M 


iiiiiill.niilceoti      (Mi(|iiillaiitee(itli),     Mitiial.    .^l.•l.\•a  lid 


iii..  ;!',lll,  see  .Mietl;inteciitl 


i\:'. 


Milole.  Naliiia  dance,  ii.,  '2s'.), 


ii|iii/ 

r)i(i-i 


tli,    N, 


iliiai    (la\',    II. 


!l-l'-*.     Mil 


re.    II..    .)_.), 


:l(>;     iii.,    '-'IK,   4-J7 


Miiador,  \'('ia  <  'in/,  aiitii 
ISIirailoi',    I'.I,   at     lliiaiincc 
IViii,  anli(|.,  iv.,  S(ii;t. 


I    47;(. 

447.     .Mittens,  sec  ( ilove 


1CJ( 


Miiilv.   'lacnllie   li.iine   for  cliiif,   i. 


I  •-'.•(. 


I\Ii 


1.,    Il'' 


ISO,  4S1.',  71:1,    .Mi 


town,  (liiateinala,  i..  7^7;  v. 


:.");  iii.,  'JltS;  iv.,  .•iS.'t. 


Misalalis,  ( 'eiiiral   ( 'alil'ornian   trilM 


anti(|.,    i\ 


I  I ;»  •-'(!;  '1' 


i.,  :t(il-tOI:  location,  i.,    |i',i. 


ISIi. 


aiilla, 


\. 


■ra    Cni/,    aiitii 


Mi 
M 


antiij.,  i\. 


ixcoa,  N  icarau'iia  Lind,  111.,   lid 


ixeo.-i 


tl,  \ 


lima  '^o 


11. 


;:{."i  (i,  :!.-)i. 


4IS-,1 


•_':  iii.,  I  IS.  4ii:;.(l 


ISli.^ 


Soiitli   ( 'alifoiiii.in  tiilie,     Mixcoluia,   k 


111;^    (il     < 'ulliiiacan 


i.,  -m-^^i 


loeal 


1(111,  1.,  4.V.). 


i      4Si. 


rit 


iNi)i:x. 


Mixciiliiiiis,   trilic  of   Nalmiis,   liist., 

v., -J  1 1. 
Mixcdlmali'in'i-,  iiaiiu'  of  a  li'iii|ili'  in 


M 


CMCO,     \. 


Ml!). 


Mixniliiiad,  <  'liii'liiiiK  !■  kiii^'.  v..  'J'JO; 

(Mixi-iiliiial/iiil,  kill  ;  of  Tlali'liilio, 

v..  ..•!l'.»  Ml 
Mixtiiliaall        Ainalirilitlc,       Naliiia 

.liifl,  v..  •_>«•-». 
Mixcolmatl  Ma/iil/in,  a'I'ollcc  iiilcr, 

v.,  •.Ml.  -JIS-.-.K. 
IMixiulillan,  lixalily. 
lMi\i|uiaiiiiala,    M 

.'. ).-.. 
Mixd'cap.  II,  i.,  CTS, 


:u." 


CMC  I,    anil 


Mi/.l. 


'I' 


Mixiccas   (.Mixtc(nicjt).  i.,    (i7l,   <>7>>, 

sec  Mi/tccs. 
]\lixli'call,     Naliua     cliicf.     v.,     '_'•_';!, 


M 

INl'i 

]\1 

M 


foimilcr  of   Mi/tccs, 
i/(|Mialniala.  station. 


A/.t 


tinii.  v..  .'tJl. 


.M( 


cc  iinu'ra- 


ilO. 


:tii; 


IS,    N.il 


ma    iia 


tioii,    ii.,    i:!;f- 


(lili;  iiaiiic.  ii.,  I'.'ll;  liis  .,  v.,  .•(OT-KI. 


l/iiililiuacail,    city, 


V 


•ra  ('ill/, 


(1 


/iiiiitl.  a 


iscaltcc  chict.  v.,   I'.IT 


i/.i|iii\  aliiialan,   station,  (liicliiiin 
Miiuialioii,  \'.,  •_'!!(. 


Mi/.lcc      Mill,     .Mi/t 

7  I'.t-.VJ. 
^Ii/.lcca;iaii    (Mixict 


cc    uialcct,     III. 


«»; 


iiaia,    I.,  ti/'i;  II. 


nil; 


lic-t. 


•1I.VI7,  li:i-7.  Kil-'J 


Mi/tcc     I! 

7-l".t-.").'. 
J\li/tc 


Mi/lcc    dialect. 


(Mist 


I'I'iCII, 


Mi 


xiccas. 


Mi 


tc(|iics>,  N. 


iliiia  nation,  i.,(i  l.-)-7((; 


lli;!-(iJ',);  local  ioii  anil  liaMc.  i.,(il." 
(;7S;  ii.,    lU'.l-KI,    |'_".);  s|it cial  iiic 


tioii. 


(;-tti-s,  (;.")•_*-:{,  a. 


n- 


(■(.V.idil, 


<it!S-!l;    ii..    1 4-_>.    1>07-0,   -J-.-'S-'.),   •iiil, 

7.  •-'Sit,  :{i;s,  .■{71,  -Kic,  fiiM,  (;_•!); 


iiivlli..  ii: 


:o-;\,  .51  ;5,  :.U;  v.,  i.t, 


•>ii 


hi.t. 


iiil;.  .    111. 


:\^-rv2:    '-v..     r,27; 

•j:)'.),  -ii;\,   4iii-:i. 


..-.'C-T 


..•!1- 


Moadicts    (M 


( .Mooiiclia 


t.     M 


i\\  ilcliil- 


trilicof  NootUas,  i.,  17-t-'-'(  S; 
tioii,  i.,  •_".).">. 


Mi 


i..  .•{•J7,  n;t. 


M 


SC(>    .MOll.M'S. 


.Moaluockiia,  i.,  .'t'J 


,M. 


M( 

M 

M 
Ml 

jM 


alUais.  Central  ( 'aliloriiiai.'  tril 
i.,  ;!lil-l(»l:   location,  i.,  l.M.  , 
oan.  ii..  7oX.  sec  .Milan.  1 

oals.  .sc('  I'.xcaviii  ions. 

name  of  montli   in  ( 'iii:i|N  -^.  i 


/(Hi. 

occasins,  see  Shoe; 


Morll, 

t;;!». 

.Ml 


May 


aiHiii    Miicr.    y. 


icliicaiii.  y  / 


la'. 


:e.  Soiioia.  i..  (iOS. 


Moclio|ia,  \il  ,i;:e,  Soiioia,  i.,(i(MI, 


.M 


li   ( .Mocioai|iiet/a. 
oaijiie/iiilcl.  a  woman  wliu  i 


ocia<|iie/i|i 


Mo 

lie.l 


cliilijlicil,  ii.,  -JC)!!;   iii.,  :{f;i-(;. 
.Mocomat/.in.  »..  Sl'.l.  see  .Montiv 
Mocoiito.  Sinalna.  laii.i.'..  iii..  7'i 


iiexiialtia,  a  militaiy 


Im.I:. 


nil. 


Lake.  i..   It!!. 


Moiiocs  (Moailoc,   Moalitockna,    Mi 


.1. 


■il.    Noilli     Calif 


:!•-'(;•(■.  I; 


atmn.    i. 


oriiiaii    tribe. 


•  1-1 . 


VJl; 


s|M'cial  iiientioii.  i.,  ;!."i()-l,  :iHI.  ."tlii, 
;;.")()  I.    :t.')7,    .'tfll;    mytli.,  iii 
Ian.::.,  iii..  (!t(». 
Moeiwas,  Noitli  Caliloniian  ti 


:!•_•(;  (i 


location,  1.,  -( I.' 


M. 

Mol 
.Ml 


(.M 


ia\e,  1.,  .(".I/,  set 


oijoyc 


II,  I 


ilac 


M. 


Ml 


aches,    tiilie  of    Shosliones,    i. 
■i-2-2  \-2.   location,  i..  KU. 


.M 

.Ml 


iiioco:at/iii,  iiaiiu 


for  'I 


e/cat  iijioca. 


iii..  I'.Mt. 


( 'elitral  <  'alifoiniaii  li 


;<lil-)lll ;   location,  i 
MoiMy<'  l!i\  er.  i..  ."i!l7 


.M 


ojave: 
tril II'  o 


(.Ml 
f  Ai 


llaniocl^lnncs) 
i..   t7:i-.VJ(;:   liHM 


tioii  aiiil  name,  i.,  17"'.  .V.I7;  speci.il 
iiieiilion.  i..  •177-S.    IMI-'J,    |S7.  .Jf.'.i, 


■in;!. 

.-.l;i- 


lOd-'i.  .)0,)-i;,  .">(i,s.  r>\'2. 

>;  myth.,  iii..  17.'»,  oL'ti;  l,i 


.i: 


lil..  (ISl-ll. 

lokaskel.    South    ( 'alifoniian   Irilic, 
i..    KL'-'J-J;   location,  i.,    lOtl, 
lokehinincs  I  Mokelnninees,    Make- 


.M 


IIKcelline: 


.Miilhelem- 


iiesl.     Central  Californian  Iiilie.  i. 

."{ill-lOl;  location,  i..  l.'iC;  Ian-,  iii. 

(il'.t-.'iO. 
Mokelnmiie  (Moiineliimne)  Hill,  C 

ifornia.  ant  ii| 
Mol  iMooh.  .M: 


i\. 


7(11 


\  a  moiil  Ii,   ii. 


7(1(1- 


Mok 


M 


(Icaxete: 


alil.y,  M 
pk'itt 


e\  ICO,  1.,  (,,.). 


.Mok'i 


e,    locality, 


II..  L'S.). 
.ower    California. 


i,.  (i(i;{. 


M. 


ollah's  I  .Molelesi,  (rihe  ot  (  liiiio 


I. 


.'•-'•-'oil: 


■ali i..  ;{|(i,  .■;i>.l--'(l. 


Mold.  Cliiapanec  held.  y..  (id.'). 
.Molo  (Miiln).  'r/eiiikil  ilay,  ii., 
.Moltiiom;ihs    (Mollnoma>t.     i. 


:!()1; 


III.,  ()•-'(; 


.Miilti 


Mol|ulli,  Naliiui  liaptisiiial  mime,  ii. 


•-',.). 


INDKX. 


716 


iiinnc'iii'o, 
oniliMi'liii 


Nal 
Mi.    N 


111:!  siicrilico. 


IV. 


;!(».   IS. 


i<'ara;;iia,    aiiliij. 


Miiiiio-ii'iiaiiui',  cilv,  ( iiialcinala,  v., 

.->.S7. 
Miiiiiiitiiiiiliila  l^laiiil,  Niianr'na,  aii- 


M 


lii|.,  IV.,  .V_'-4. 


oiiii>\tU's,  aiii'ii'iil  liiiii 


lis,  <: 


aiitii 


-f-';{. 


Miiiiiiizlli,  Naliiia  allar,  ii.,  .'i-S. 


M 


(Mia|M»tiai-,  ( )ajai'a,  aiitni.,  u  ..  .'tT  1; 


Moi 
M 


VJ!». 
icxic",  Nii'ara'Hia  (■(Hiiicil,  ii..  i'  HI 


oiicy,  M'c  cmrfiiiv . 
iii''iil  i'i\  ili/^aliiiii  ill 


I'crii.  v.,4l-S. 


CIII'MIIS, 


(Illl, 


.M 


.M'C   .MdIKJUI.- 


iiiki'V  liicliaiis,  iiihi'dt   .s|iii>|ii)iii'-^, 
rJJ  4"J;     liiratiiPii     aiiii     .--iK'i'ial 


I. 

liii'liticiii,  i.,  ■^•2'^. 


iK;    ii.,   ."i.")! ;  iii. 


MiiiiU('V>,   i.,  7-1. 

|-.'!»:  '  v.,  17-'.  •JO'.i. 
MdiiKiicnois,  i.,  -l-i;;  v.,  7- 
Mdlin  I,.ikc,  i..    IHfi. 
Miiiiiiliilis,  ii.,  T).").  't~'2:  iv. 

•_'7."i,  :!!i:i,  lis.  :i;is  !),  ,sii.".. 
IMoiiit  I'i  Ill's,  iiiiii'  di'  Sli 


II.-.,  l.'i.s. 


i.,  i:l-2-i2; 


aliiiii,  t.,  -Id 


MoiKis,  ( 'I'liiial    ( 'aliluniiau  ti 


:ti;il(il: 

IIICMlicill. 


at  ion,   I.,  -l.')! 
:{ti.".;  la 


>;    spi'i'ial 


iiiiiilni'isiji.  111. 


IIIKIIII-' 


laiiLT-,   iii..  <''il. 

::!,  .".:>-(;,  r.ii;-s. 


M 


( Mcnu'iiis.    Mfiiciiiis,   Moii- 


iilllllllC: 


.Men 


M 


IKllllsl, 


tOWcr  (  aliloi'iiiaii   tiilic.  i.,.-).ili 


(M'alniM,     I. 


.■)S,    (!(i;!-l: 


men!  ion.  i.,   l'-'."!;  Ian;.''. 


■<|ircn 


I\Ioiili 
aiitii 


i.,  12:^,  Ki: 
iv..  7:!l. 


111.,  (;s7-! 
u'.,  iii.,  <^ 


Monlanii--.  Irilii'ol'  Uliiniians,  i..  717- 


Sr>;   loralioii,  i. 


III. 


jMoiitc    .Milan.    Oaj.iia,    aiili'|.,     iv. 

:{77-s*. 

Monlciiislo.  villa;.;-!'.  Talia^o,  i.,  (|s:i 
^lonli'   ''ii\o,    \iir,ilaii,     aiitii|..   iv. 


Mom,'  1> 


.M 


I'MiM,   aiilii 


-Monh'  li'ral.    iiainc   ol'   Misaulla,  i\. 
■IIS. 

.Mnlll 


'.),   KM,    l.'il-.*?:  iii..   7(!  7,   so, 

v..  ."{(Iii,  :ts;i  i-Ji,  .-,;!l-."i,  Xu  . 

lonlr/iiina    I !.,  kiii''  of   .Mt'\i 


•I." 


..(II 


i'.l.'.,  (i(KI. 


ionli'/iiiiia    illiiiii'ainina.   sit    Moii- 
tt'/iiiiia  I. 
Ionic/ I  ((.>iiri/al,itl,   Tnl.i,   'I'nl- 


ttl)  1 


liver,  \.,  •-'.i;{. 


intii 


lonle/nina'.<4   lEatli,   .Me\i 

iv.,  .V-M-i;. 
loiillis,  Naliiia  ealt'iiilai-.  ii..  ,"i(IS-l  I; 
lyaealendar,  ii..  7.">()S.  7<>"- 1,  7'i'i. 

oniinienls,  l.nrial 


M 


I 

7s;i. 

IooImII 


ii:?,  ;r.7,  :>-2:i. 


(    (I 

alioii,  i.,  .'iuil. 


els,    inlie     o 


iinooj. 


•-'■-'•.'.■.(»; 
loon,  sn|ieisiiiions  nii 


<l     "o|-,!|||l.    I 


.">s7,  (1(1(1,  711;  iii.,  (;•_>,  .s'.  si-i;,  kmi- 
Kil,  nil'-',  I.VJ,  |,S7,  liio,  .-,(i-_>,  ,-,i7. 


\  alley,  i.,  ,•{(,•_>. 


.M 


Otllll    towi 


r.i;;). 


lootaeyiiliew.     South       (  alilorniail 
IliUe,   i..    lO'J-'J-J;    loralion,   i..  .tCd. 
loiiiieliat,  i.,  •_'!•.">.  see  MoMiJet 


panes.   (  Miale.iialaii  hi 


fl.Sd". 


11: 


loealliPII.   1.,  (iS'J.    ,.si; 


loi|iielninne,      iii.,     (i."i(),     see     Ml 


oi|niliiii\. 


ivcnior  of    'riai( 


v.,  HI,  11 7- IS,  i-j'.cn. 

Ioi|llis  ( .Moi|i|illosl,  liilieol"  I'lli'li 
i.,    .".•_'(;.".(>;   loealion.    i. ,    ."/_'('■,    ." 
(!()ll-l;   s|ieei.il    inenlion,    i,  ."._",  I  ISO, 
.".l(»,   .-.II.  .-.  1 
7";  iiivlli..   ill.,    S(l,    i;il.    i; 


il,  ;V. l-li;   iv.,    (mS- 


V.,  •-•<!: 


laii''.,  ill.,  (i'd'O.  (171    I. 


.Mol.iiiilis,     Ndilli     ( 'alil'oilliall    lii 
i.,  .'iL'd-Cil;  loealion,  i.,  -Ill, 


.M. 
M 


North    .Me\iian  li 


l-'.tl;  local 


•leii,  tr; 


ion,  I.,  lii: 

.(•  Isti 


mil, Ills,  I. 


local 


loll,    I.,   I'Xf. 


.Moresl.v    l-Liiicl,  i..  •_';i-J 


■  17 -S.I 


'.Ki-Kl'J 


onnon,  Iheory  o|  on  .mi.  \. 
onnon     ('rceU,     ( 'alilerjii.i.    aiilii 


M( 


7()-'. 

r.i,  N. 


M 


e\iro,    anlh 


CIS. 

.Moll)  Moiinlaiiis,  iii 


ele\      llliliails,     ('elilr.il     ( '.ilifor-  |  Molshi 


^ojes,    Irilie   of    .Mclil-,    i. 


iiiaii  iril.c,  I. 

.Sli.'!.   l.-.l;  s|ieeiai  mention,  i..  .'iiid 

:{;'.i.  ;tsi,  :;si,  ;!,ss.  ;;'.is; 
(>.■.;{. 


il-lDl;  loealion.  i..  I      ■S7-!ll;   location,  i..  111. 


III. 


Moliteziii 


M. 


Iia     I  .Moei) 


nial/iii, 


M 


olenh- 


/oiiial/in  • 


oi'il    of   ( 'oallichan,   v. 


Mosaic,  ii..  .'ill,  .•i7(i  7.  I 
(KKi.  7"iii;  iii..  ;is."i,  ;{;)(i  ■ 
■1(1(1- 1,  I(i7-s,  no.  .■..•)7  '.t. 


lss-!»o, 
\..  .iii.'., 


Moselle,    i.,  '-".tJ 


.M 


l~^el^ 


.'^Ios(|niiii  ('o;ist,  aiitiij.,  iv.,  •_'.-|-.S. 
Mosi|nitos,  one  of  the  three  families 


Monte/.iinia     I.     ( Moteiiezoma,     Mo- 1      into  \\liieli  the  \\ili|   tiiliesof  ( "ei 


lenh/omai,    kiiii,'    o 


f      .Me\i( 


ri.")l,  ."jSi 


i:;:>,  Ksi-i',  nu-i, 


tial  .Vmeiiea  ail'  ili\  iilcil;   manners 
mil  ciisioins  of  all    its  naiionsainl 


rir. 


INDEX. 


tri 


K's  iic-i  -niicii  ii>'_'( 


1\>1MHI'.    1. 


lliir.  i,  71 1-47;  I  ^^o1lIlt  r'amtr 
■|t-l.">;  ihcss.    i.,  71,")-     Mciiiil  I>i;ili|ii 


poc 


."(;.'!,   I." 


17;  ilui'lliii;.'s,  i.,  717-iS;  fncul,  i. 
TlS-L'i.':  ]i.Ts,.iiiil  liiiliits.  i.,  7-i- 
■>vi'ii]iiiiis  iiiiil  war,  i.,  7---.'{;  iiiipli' 
iiiiMits  an 
biiats,  i.. 
iiicrci'.    i. 


I    inaiiiif.iclillcs,    i.,    7-4; 
1'2  !-■">;  Mrniicitv  and  ciini- 


:.')-(; 


art,    I. 


r-jc-s; 


pivi'riiiiiciit  anil  slaviTV,  i.,  7-S-!l; 
Avonicn  ami  marriage,  i.,  7-".'-;5">; 
aiimscMit'nts,  i.,  7;{")-!l;  sii|icr>tltiiins 

■40- 


anil  nii>ii|i:;i'i.|(iis  cnstiinis,  i.. 


41;   nii'ilici 


nc.  I. 


741-:<;   1 


iiirnil,    I., 


r44-.-.; 


araitcr,   i. 


111.,    I'h;  s.   .-,i;: 


'.Ml; 


l(ir;illiiii    (> 


an^'..    Ml.,   .)) 
f   tri  lies, 


1  -•-'. 
711'- 


i;i,  7'.i-'-4. 


Mosijuiliis    (S;inil)iis),    tribe  of    M(i>- 


i|iiit<i  laniil\ ,  I. 


:ii-4: 


iiiMiiiin  ani 


iianic,  i.,  7I'>.  7!'l;  s]i('ii;il  nicnlicm, 


li 


1SI< 


rii-ii;, 


1..  S(i 


'X  7-Js,  7;ii, 


74.'i-ii 


:s:i. 


ICA- 


M(is;;asna\i    (M.isanais,    ]\IiPxon:ivi), 


iMiiii  vi'.IaL;!',  I.,  tiUd- 


i;:Ma  liiMT.  I. 


:ss.".i;  v.,  .".ii:i 


Molcwi/iini.i   ( .Miiicnluiinia),   v.,  .'{HI, 


cf  .Mcpnlc/nnKi 


I. 


]SI(itruli/(inial/in,  v.,  .'MH,  sec  Miint( 

/nnia. 
M;>tli('r-iif  ]ic;iil,  sec  iV;irl. 
iMiiti:- 


N 


ivaici  nivi  li..  111. 


triiic  (il  Uiliniiii 


8.");  !iii\;iiiin.  i. 


Mot  I 


iMluianl'ita. 


N 


lima   feast,    iii. 


:{'.ll>. 


Mdtiieas,  trilie  of  ^lusciiiitns,  i.,  711- 
47;  iiieatioii.  i..  71,i;  laiiu'.,  iii.,  7'^'!. 


:m..i 


II 
/onleciiiiiaitoiiii 


Nail 


daiiit", 


M. 
M 


ii.,  ;ill. 

-Iiiiilili 
eeiliili'u'.   i\. 


-|ie(Milatii>ns     ciiii- 


■f4  110;  v..  a.'is-it. 


(IIII1I 


I      ('it; 
aiitiij.,  iv,. 


M 


LsMssllilll 


Vall 


illev. 


,.iS. 


M. 


>iiiiii 

1)47;  i\ 

1-U,    I 


Central 


Unerie;i.  aiiti(|..  ii. 

:!•-••  1.  (;>.>-7t;,  117- is 


;».   i(i 


i)S-'_'Ot, 


'2\.\  -ji'.t.i'o,  •_';{t;-7.  L'lo^,  •-'•")-'.  •jii'i---'. 

270-1;  Mexi aiitii|.,  iv.,  .'Ut-CU 

]>assiiii;  Arizona,  aiilicj..  iv.,  (i.'!.'>-4. 


(>7")-(>;  CalilV'-nia,  It; 


and  (' 


rado.   ;iiiti'|..    iv. 
d    I 


'.).")-7lS;  Or 


iiid    I>i'iti-<li   ( 'oliinil)i.'i,  anliij.,  iv. 


■:i:\-i-2:  V, 


ISM^SII)]) 


i   Vu!! 


ev.  aiitn 


IV. 

7!iS-so;!. 
Mount  .\( 


7I7-7S;    I'eni,   aiitiii, ,    iv.,   71'-, 
-,  i..  -^M. 


Moniit:iin    ot'    the    Sim,    Oaiar 

."),•!  I -J. 
Mount   r.aker.  i..  2W. 


.Mount  I'aiiwfailier,  i.,  II-'. 

.Mount  Hood,  i.,  :i-.'0. 

-Moimf  Matlalcueje.  ii.,  :{|'-'. 

.Mount  llainier,  i.,  .'i°-'l. 

.Mount  St  i;iia>,   i.,   !»4,  '.1(1,  14-_';   iii., 

.■i7!l. 

?!ouiit  St  Helens  i..  :!-*l. 

.Mount  Sliasta,  i.,  'MH,  XiO;  iii.,  ItO-l, 

r,'Xi. 

Mount  'i'oeitl.in.  ii.,  .")('i7. 


.Mount  \'aneou\( 


:-jo. 


Moiiriiin;:.  ll\i>erliMreans,  i.,.s';.  Ill), 
r_'."i-7,  \'M;  ( 'olnniliiaiis.  i.,  17,'i, 
ISO,  Mf-»,  •-'()«;.  L'47-S,  -iss  il;  (  .ili- 
foniiaiis,  i.,  ;i.')7-(;ii.  ;<70.  .■{ii(i-7.  4-Jil- 


•_'l.  4  10;     N< 


M 


I'xnans.  i. 


■.•_•;;.  I, 


.")f;'.t-70.  T>W:    .Mexicaie-,  ii..:!:il. 


coti-s.  i;i 


('eiili.'il   .\ 


lllel'|rall> 


70!>.  7lf),  744-."),  7SI-4;  ii.,sn|.-. 


Monslaidie, 


I'.eanls. 


-Moiltli,  llv|ierl)or 
1 


M 


llviierhorean--,  i.,.l(':  (olimi- 
i.,   177-S,   '_'■_'.">;  Calit'oininii,-;, 
.S(;4-(');    Ni'W   Mexican.--,    i.,   ,"j7."!; 
i.,  (i47;  Central   .\ineri- 


iians, 


exieans 


cans,  I.,  , 
Montli-Ntoiii 


14. 


linrial,    ii.,    (lOC,     (114, 


III!!,  7'.l!»:  iii..  .■.I."). 
.Movas,  villa>;c,  Sonor.i,  i.,  COl. 
Mowateliits,  i..  l.".!.").  M'C  Mnadiets. 


i)\v-\vee-iiias(  .Maulieini  I.  Norili  (  al- 
iforiiiiin  name  for  eliiefs,  i.,  ;ilS. 


X.    11.,    j(i 


h 


Tzeiiilal   d 


oxie, 


mee  liero,  v.,  (iO."). 


M 


oxonavi. 


('.01, 


M 


7(i7;  Cli 


os/asna\  I. 


Moyoilaii  (Mayotla),  .sulnirl)  of  Mex- 
ico., ii.,  .'i().'{. 
Movueuvatzin,  Nalina  L;iid,  iii..  I',I4. 


.M. 


zaliui,  I.,  <)'(.),  see 


Mi 


Mozcas,  iii.,  '-'li',),  see  M  i 


.M. 


iiiitzin.    Cliieliiniee   kii 


.'•-'0. 


Moznt,  niedieinal  lierli.  ii.,  7!l.">. 
.Mplolvas  Canon,  dreuou.  aniici..  i\ 


.•{4. 


.Milan  (Moan),  ^[ava  niontli,  ii.,  »:!••_', 


."),-S. 


Miieaw,  a  s))e(ies  of  wood,  i.,  7'il. 


.Ml 

i 

Mil 

Ml 


ita,  N: 
.V_'<,». 
elilalit,  i. 


i\arit>'  aiioile  ot    sun 


M 


llclielat. 


allies,  Noitli  Calii'oinian   Irilie 


:{•_'(!-(; 


M 

f 
Ml 


leeial   nieiition,  i. 


iiel<-a-iiiiie 


wirtli 


Calil( 


.  .'!.")S. 
Hart  I 


.Muddy  Uiver,  i.,  4(14. 


IXDKX. 


717 


Miiortci  Island,  I>tliim;>,  antiii.,  iv. 


■4,   7.S2:    ii.,    fi4fi,    TOC 


711-U. 


Milcta-^ac,  liaiiic  i>I  iiimitli  in  t  liiaita-i,     Mii>k-rat.  'I  iiciilly  111  \  ill. 


■J«i;  aiitii|.,  iv.,  l'.l-'J(t;  v.,  (;;ij. 
iii..  W. 


,  Cil, 


.Mii-t, 


If,  (  ciilial  t  '.•liiloiniaii  I  nlif,  1. 


Mii'.:('ii'>  Island.  Viii  ataii,  aniicj.,  iv. 

iJilii-l. 
-Mii'^ii,    Sdiiih    ('alifoniian    tiilic,    i. 


;{i;i-4(H: 


iicatiiiii,  i.,  4." 


4()J--_'-J 


at  ion,  I..  4.')S-',). 


Muliasal.    'I'liwku   l"iv  ot     ID    vcai> 

i..  t::--'. 

.MiiiiiL;|ii'.  Ci'iitial   ( 'alil'cnniaii  triln 


i.,  :ii;l-4(ll; 
^luUflfiiincs 


(.M 


I'licin,  i..  4."j;!. 
ulsi'i'ninc 


i.,    4.".(t, 


M'c  .Mdkflii'uni'.- 


Hiatus. 


X'litli    Mt'\ii'aii    tribe,    i. 


'I-'.)I:  location,  i..  ili:j 


Ult'S. 

.")f;i.  (!.">!». 


4iK)--_',  4;t(),  .")(».■>,   ,").•{!>,  Ml. 


nilatiM'o 


Ci'ntral    < 'alii'oiiiiaii   di 


l.'.t, 


111..  ()."iO. 


Miiltiionialis    (.Matlilaiiolts,   Moltno- 


as,    .Molt IK 


niali>).  till 


.f    Cli 


nooks 


•.'•.'•J-.')(t;  loi'ation,   i.,  ;{0'.>; 


s|M'ciaI  nu'iitiun. 


i.,  :!^!l;   1; 


in; 


Mull 
.Mull 

Mm 


f;o,'>. 


M. 


M; 


iva  ila\',  i-.iiciniar  siljii,  a 


.MniliiU'iiuii'.s,  i.,  4."i((,  M'c  .Moki'liini- 

ncs. 
Miitistiils,  Cfiiiiai  ('alifoniian  trilic, 

i.,  .•ilil-4(ll:  loiiilion,   i.,  4..L'. 
Miitsniics,  (I'lilral  »  alil'oi  iiian  tiili-, 

i.,  ."{(JI^Ol;  location,  i.,  4.")  h  lali^'., 

iii.,  t;.">:{-4. 
.Miint/i/ti  (Miiut/icat),  Cciili.il  Mex- 


ican tiilie, 


i.,    (117  44;  1. 


'Cat  loll,    I. 


(i72:  Ian;,'.,  iii.,  71!>-L'i. 
.Mux  iiii'ilioies,    trilie  of    .Viiaelies,    i 


47;{-.".-.'(;: 


location. 


I' 
!IL'. 


.Mux,  iianie  of  iiioiitli  in(  liiai'iis,  ii 


.(it!. 


.Mll\•sea.s(^^ozcas),  a( 'oliiiiiliiaii  ti 

niylli.,  iii.,  I'O!);  v.,  •.'4. 
Myaconia,  Napa  dialect,  iii.,  (i.'id 


.M\ 


llav 


inc.    ( 'aliloi'iiia,    aiiti< 


70(:. 


Mvstie  '1  reo,  ti 
"iv.,  'M-.l 

lid  I  M\  tlicdo"v,  " 


.('1 


iiaiiiis,  aiitii 


'iieral  oliscrval  loiis.  111. 


•A. 


ii.,  7ll.'<,  7.Vt-(;,  7iiii-l;  iii.,  l-l 


nail.  (j>iiiclii''  sanctuary,  m..  4S|. 
Mmnaltaclii,      Central      California, 

la  111:.,  iii..  ().")0. 
Miiniinies,  ii..  (;(I4;  iii..  .">4.  alMt. 


MiiiiiueliitI,  lianlied 


:\i 


ciuii,  11.,   ."W. 


una.    1  iicatan.  aiitii|.,  iv. 


'.»:). 


I\lu|pii.    Siiiitli    ( 'alifoiiiian  tiilie,    i., 

4(IJ-1.'L';  location,  i.,  4.V,». 
]\Iiii|ui,  .Mo(|ui  vilia;.'e.  i.,  ~>'2H. 
.Murder,   i..   l-.'t,   HiS^    171.   .'US.'.).  .•jSH, 

4itit-h).   i:r),  .'iDlMO,   770;  ii.,  4o.S-lt. 


(!.M,   (i. 


:\hii 


e\,   tor  ilveliiL 


(i;!i). 


Mil 


'I'l'y 


I'lat,     (alifoinia. 


aiitii 


roi. 


.Miirtil|iar  (Maitil]iail,  tvihe  of  Noot- 


kas,   i..    I74-'J(»,S; 


ition,    I.,   '2'XS. 


."").  i:!-H, 


.>1(/-,- 


II 


y|ierl»oreai' 


III. 


•iS-KHi.  1  t(i-!.,.')l(;-l!l;  v.,  14    '    dmii- 
liiaiis,  i..  170  I.  lM^.;}.  -.N."-!;  iii.,  '.»4- 


S,    1  l<.l-,-)7.   .".I'.l-li-.';  (alii 


olUKIII.s 


;!s7-.s,  :i!i 


KM  I.  .|(l,">,  4-J 


111.,  ,SI- 


!U,   l,".7-(.'!l,   17.-I-7.  .VJ2-(i,  .Vl,">-."in 


14;   Ni 


;••_'(!-!»; 


IV    Mexicai 
,")S7-.S;     iii. 


VJO, 


•  u.S, 


-s.-).     |(;!i-7 


i:i-14:     Mex 


leans,     1., 

(;:i4,  (Ki.vc;  ii.,  '.'(Mt-i.-).  •_').■>■(;,  -jii-j, 

.••!(I-J-41,   .S.sS-117,   (Ktl-.-i.   ((!(;-•_':!;    iii., 

,"m-74,   io'.)-i:{.   ii'.i-.';{.   ijs-!i,  1711. 


::{|.  •j:i7-4i!(»,  ."di-i,-). 


41 


v.,  \-2-V.i,  !S4!II,  :!.-)0,  .-)!  1.  .VJ.S;  Cell- 


tn 


.\ 


iiRTicans 


7tl7  N.   740;  ii. 


(!(;:{;  iii.,  4-.'-.V),  71-r),  4til-.*)OI,  'tW- 
4;  v.,  l:!-14,  S7,  171--',  .">4.-|-S,  ,-)7l.', 
(ilO,    ()1S-!1;     ])liysical    iiiytlis,    ii 


lOS-'JC;  animal  niytli.s,  iii..  1l'7- 
:{il;  pliallii'  riles,  iii.,  r>(ll-!t;  nioiinil 
liuihleis,  iv.,  7S7;  I'eniviiui.s,  v., 
14-17. 


]\Iils,'leslicll  l!a|,ids,  i.,   ;Hl'1. 
Mnseiinis.  .Mexican  l!e]iulilic,  antii[., 

iv..  .").V!(U. 
]Miisliaiiiia,    Moijui    \illap',    i.,    .VJS. 

(1(10. 
!Mn>ic.    Ilviicrliorean.s,    i.,    11"J;    ( 'o- 

liiiiihiaiis.   i..    10,-),    170.   -JOO-l,  I'M-  N 

'2;  Califoriiiaiis.    !..    ;i.")4,    ."ilLS.   41(1; 

New  Mexican.s,  i..  ,'')l.")-t(i,  .->.■)•_',  ."iS4.  ;  Xaaiiceaauliee.s,  irilie  of  'i'liliiikeets, 

rKSli:    .Mexicans,   i.,    (VM.  {\:\r>,  (mH,  :      i.,  114-111;  location,  i.,  1  i;i. 

(id'i-S;   ii.,  -.'S.^-li,    •_>SS-'.»4,   :{l;{,   41-_'.  iNalie   J.i-ili   (ia,   (^liclie    luoiilli.   ii., 

4l'i;-7,   4!t-i.    (117,    ()-'0-l;   iii.,    (!-'-:{,!      7(1(>. 

.S.'?(i-7,  :U\-2.  'M'.  4-J7;  aiitin.,  iv.,  I  Nalie  Mam,  (,»iiiclie  nionlli,  ii.,  7i;ii. 

47S,  ."lOl.  -)-0.  .■)(il;  Central   .\meii-  '  Nalie  I'aili,  (^luidic  nionlli,  ii.,  7i't>. 

caii;<,   i.,   70i"i.  7;J-,  7.'ii'>-ti,  744    7i)4,  '  Nalie  T/.ili,  (..hiielie  moiitli,  ii.,  7li(j. 


718 


INDEX. 


Niil)cy  >riiiii,  Ciikrliiiiucl  iiiontli,  ii.,  "  Xiililulis,  r'ontial  r,ilif(u'iii;iit  tiilic, 
'tUi.  [..  ;ii;l-4Ul;  I.iiatinii,  i..  41'.i 

Niihey  I'lnli,  CaktliiiHicl  iiiimtli,  ii.,  Naliual  Teti'iictiii,  Naiuia  (Hthi-  of 
7(><).  I      cliivalrv,  v.,  I'.'j.'i. 

NaWcy  Tiiuii',  ('akchiijiU'l  iiKiiitli,  ii.,  ,  Naliiia   Nations   iNalmas).    nianiins 


Nalu'v  'runiii.'iiz,  ('ak(liii[Ui'l  iiionlli,  ! 

ii..'7(i().  I 

Na!iillsi'.    Norlh    ( 'alifoiiiian    laii;,'.,  j 

iii.,  fill'.  _       I 

Malicdi  I  iiowi'sliak-:,  (A'lilial  ('alifcw 

iiiaii  tiil)e,  i.,  ,'i(JI-Ktl;  ioralioii,  i., 

•147. 
Nacalxiir,  v.,  '2')'2,  sec  Nai-axoc. 
N'ai'aiiu'ri,  vil!ii;,'t>,  Soiiora.  !.,  (iOI. 
>.acaiiicri  ItivtT,  i.,  (ill'i. 
Nacapaliiiaz<aii,  Ideality,  I'liclila,  v.,  i      ])iiftiy,    ii.,  4!>'_'-7;    aiitlimctic.   ii., 

4:)(l.  '  j      4!>7-')itlt;  cak'nilar,   ii..  .">()-_'--_'L':  lii( 

Nacau"iia,   South   1 'alifoniian   triko,  !      rouiypkirs,    ii.,    ,")'_';v.V2;    dwrliiiivx 


and  ciistoiiis,  ii..  i;!;;-!)-.".!;  naim . 
ii.,  ll".l;  ndvciiiiiu'iit,  ii.,  \:v.<- 
'_';i;t,  4;{.'!-7-':  fdiuation,  ii..  •Jio. 
51;  njania;:!',  ii.,  •_'.")l-i;(;;  \vmiif;i 
and  (liildii'ii.  ii..  'Jfiii-.S!;  aninsc- 
nicnts,  ii.,  I'S.S-;}!)! ;  totivals  and 
fcasis.  ii.,  :i()-_>-41;  food,  ii.,  .•i4-J-»!'J: 
<lit'ss,  ii.,  'M)'.i-~~;  coinnii  lie.  ii., 
li7S-!l7;  lioats,  ii.,  ;{!t7-!l;  wcaimiis 
anil  war,  ii.,  4(in-.'{'2;  arts  and  niaii- 
ul'actnrcs,   ii.,  47."i-'.)'_';  orat.irv  anil 


i.,  40_'-'.'-';  loration,  i.,  4(i(t. 
IS'acaxoi'  (Xai'aKur,    Nacaxcic    Mill, 
Nai-axzocli,   Naia/xoc.    Nai'a/xot), 
'I'oltcc  kinLT.  v.,  •-'.")->,  -21',].  •_'!I7. 


■md  arcliiti'cturc,  ii.,  I(i(l-I74.  ."i."i,i- 
S'.t;  iiifdicinc,  ii.,  .')'.H-(i(lL';  knrial, 
ii.,  ()(I.'{-'J:{;  idiysiipU',  ii.,  (;l'4  ."i; 
cliaractcr.   ii.,  ()-(i-l>:  manners  and 


Naea/|ii|iiloixorlii,    Clndnltoe    [iricst,  '      en^tonis  also  deserilied  w  ii  li    .Me\i- 
V.,  4'.).")-ii.  i      eans  Cennal  anil  Soiitliein,  i.,  (IIV- 


Naclnin   (I'arlian).    name  a|i|ilied    to  | 
I'alemine.  iv.,  L'!t4-.-);  iiist.,  v.,  I.V.t. 
li;;{,  I.S7,  •-'•-'1.  I 

Xaekiieek  l.'ivcr.  i,.  1  Id.  I 


VO;  loeation,  i.,  (il7.  I)7n-Sl;  ni\tli,, 

ii..  -'It'll."..  •Ji,")-ii.i.".i-_>.;{iiii-4l.:{ss-;i7, 

(;il4-.'>,    (llC-L'.'i;    iii..    Xi'i.     Kl'.i  kl, 
llli-'-':i.  kJS-l),  17!i--':!l,-_»;{74(io. , 


Naeoelitli.  Nali.ia  ear-rin-s.   ii..   101.  !       1.'),    ."a'-'-ll;    v.,    .S4-!)I.   ;{."'.U;    la;i.Lr., 


iS'ai'on,  .Mava  title,  ii.,  il.l.i,  711;  iii., 

47;k 
X.ieooclie  \'alley,  Missi>si|iiii  \alley, 

antiij.,  iv.,  7iiS. 
'"'aeori,  villajic  Soinira,  i.,  (i'(M!-7. 


iii.,  7-.">"'.s:  v.,  li.vj,  .'iiis,  ,"1(1,  :>-s;. 

Xir.  lii^t.,  ii..".llll4:  iii.,-J'i!,  :!ii7- 
>S;  v.,  kss-.Vis.  .■i4i-(;,  xr.;'.  .".iii, 
"xu-s,  ,")!i,')-7,  t'.oi,  (i(»i,  tiU)-r;.  ti.'i, 


'x'.ienix,  name  of  (  liieliinn'e  eountrv,     .Nalinatlaes.   Central    .Mexiir.n   tiilie 


v.,  -Jll). 
Naexit,   kinj;  of  ('o|ian,  v..  .").")•_',  ,"),')S. 
ISiirxilk  N'aliiia  ;4oil,  iii.,  llfi. 
Xiielims   (Nakelenisl,    trike   of    Clii- 

nooks,  i.,  "JJ".'-."!!);  loeation,  i.,;i(i7. 
Na,L;aik'rs  tiihe  of  I'inindi,  i.,  II  l-.'f7, 

loe  ition,  i.,  I  !•"). 
N'a;;aranilas,  i.,7'.>-,  sec  Naurandans. 
>>'i.i;;-;.;i'nkti>inintcs  (Na:a>;i'nktoo- 


,  1117-44;   loeatiini,  i..  (i7ri-t;;   lii-i.. 

v.. :{(».".- 10. 

Naknatls,  ( Jiiati'm.'ilan   trike.  i.,  list;. 

711;  sjieeial  mention,  i.,  ~"'. 
Nalinalo/.tomeea.--.  .Naliiia  nieri nant--, 

ii.,  :i.sl. 
Naliiiey   (Nakajney).   Snnlli   i  akl'or- 

niaii  trike,    i.,  40_''iJ;  loeaii  'n,  i.. 

4.V,|. 


mules),  trike  of    I'.skinnis.    i.,    40-    Nalini    Olliu    '{".maliuli.   Nalina   cal- 


(i;.';  loeation.  i.,  4'J,  |:iS. 
Naurandans    (Na,.;ai'anda--.    .  a.Liraii- 


eiidar  si.:n,  ii  .  ."iolk  \ ..  -O.i, 
N'ldiaixoekil  1,   hnd  of  'I'/.ot/ol.in,   v.. 


da-ii,  ( Juatemala  triUe.   i..  (  i(i-7ll;       4til--. 

lo/aiion,    i.,    liSS,    7;)_';    lr  t.,    v.,  i  N'aia;.;utK,  N'orik    t'alifoniian    trilie, 

lli:<  I      i.,  ;V.'(i'  r,l:  loeaii i,.  4)4. 

Na.:MalisiH,    ludief     in     a     ,■.  :ardian    Nai;.'  (Naii|Ui'r,    (eutral    CaliforniMi 

s|iirit,   i.,  74(»;  ii.,  •J77:  iii      l.)S-ll,  I      trilie.  i.,  .■Kll-Htl ;  loeation,!.,  4.1;). 

I1I7,   IH'.'.  '  Naila.    Soutk    (alifernian    liilie,    i., 

Na-iin-alayeksa,  i.  .".7,  >ee  riiala>.ka.  I       I'l----;  loeation,  i.,    loS. 
Nalnijney,  1.,   I."i!i,  >ee  N.iliney.  ,  Naiarites.  !.,  Ilu7.  see  NavaiiN. 

.Naha-'tdinne,    Knteliiu   dialect,   iii.,    Nalal-enmek,   trike    of  llai<lali-^.    i., 

.">S7.  k"iri-74;  l(i>ii;ion,  i..  -IM. 

Xakekess  liiver,  i..  .'I-'O.  Na'e'rak,    Kskimo  title  of   1  kief,   i., 

Nakelcius,  i.,  3iJ7i  MCt'  Nai  lims.  '      (J5, 


< 


INDF.X. 


no 


X;Miilie,  PiicMi)  vilLi.t^ff,  i. 


O'.i;    X.iss,  tri'xi    of  !Tiii<i;ilis,    i.,    l,")."-7t; 


IIIL 


III..  (iM 


X 


iiiilii'  ( 'i-( 


!»!». 


luratioii,     1.,      !.,.>,      ■_ 

iiiiiitiiiii,    i.,    Li(>,    i^ 


ll 


II 


i:ilih'' 
(i'.t-7!,    cS7," 
Coluiuliiaii 

O.I.)     .»(- 


V|ICI'lM)lVilllS,      1. 


40-1, 


aii;^..    111. 


'J4- 


l!l   !■_' 
ir)l-'J, 


iii; 
•_'o-_', 


iidii 

XllS.<    1 


iivi'r,  I. 


';s,  ;)-}.  ll-J,  l.V>,  -J'.i.'M. 


•Jl!i,    Niiss-Slial 
MS,   •_•:!•,   liSS;  ralit'niiii-  !      iii.,  IK!. 


■hi.     1 


inliio      o 


i     W'l 


:{2,V(i,  .s-i4,  :{.i 


4;i!S,    4(18; 


Nata,  Naliiia  Xo.vl 


iii.,  (>.i(i;  .M 


o.Kicaiis,   1. 


(;:!4-."),   (uK;    Xatii,  lii 


.f   Nt 


I,   iii.,  (111. 
iiiiians,   i. 


'I7-S.1 


ii.,  S."),  •-'74-.');  v.,  ;iL'4,  ."Uii;  Mayas,  j      locatirtii. 


(iii.'),    (iSi)-l;    aiili' 


iH-d':  nil 


taiil 


1.-.4,  I  X 


iiii'  (•: 


(Nat, 


IH'S),   til  III'  I 


f  A I 


iiirii',   111. 


.i-(i. 


I.,  47.'i-'>-fi;  iiic.itiipii,    1.,    174;    II! 


iiiiiM  u:.\,  (  liicliiiiRM'   i^iiii. 


2'JO. 


aiiacall,  an  intii.xicaiii:;^  iiiiislirouiii, 
ii.,  .'i.i4. 


X 


iiiaiiiiaiii,  S.iMtli   ( ' 


ii'iiian  ti'MM 


Irilii 


I  ,    IiI.'-Jl';    I 
lanaliual/iii, 
v.,  -Jill-.-i. 


at  I  III,  I.,  4'0. 
Na  ma    ;^o(i, 


"I'.Ci, 
Xati'lit'    Kiitrjiiii    ((: 


tribe    (I 


f    V 


1 1 1-; 


(ill: 


tioii,  i.,  1  i."i,  I  17. 
Xati'liiz,  riiiiida  tiil 

tioii  and  Ian;;.,  v.. 
NaliMiii'taiii  i;i\cr,  i.,  1  lii 


10,   cai  ly  I'diii 
"i;;,S.!». 


!i- 


X.iiiainiii  Kivcr,  i..  'J'.'S. 

Xaiiaiiiiiis,   trilic  of  NcmiKMs.  i.,  171- 


,N.iiriiictaiii~.    tiil 


Pl'       'I'i    IIH'll 


114- 


oi'atiiiii.  i..  Ill,  1 


JdS:  l( 


at  mil,  i.,  17.") 


Xaiiciiililla.  Mt'\ 


ICCl 


'.IS. 
iitii|.,  i\ 


ill  iiiciitiiin,  i. 


.  4S0.       Xati 


1  :(•_',  sc 


N: 


Xaiiiln'li''i'all,  naiin' nt  (.tiii'l/.n 


if      XlMlll 


171- 


•.'OS: 


localiiiii,  I. 


anmi^c   I  ial'lmi-.  i. 


'!kS. 


Xaiil. 


uili'iia.   I  iniicli  lairu's,  in. 


14-J 


II,  N.iiiii. 


iii.,  \r,X 


X.ioii 


'aliiiiiiliii,  riitiiuac  (lii,  I'ct, 


ii|iiis.   Ci'iitiiii  Calildniiiiii 
:!(il-401;  lui'iitiiiii,   i.,  :>ii:!, 


trllii 


III 


4.-.a; 


Niiliiiiia!    Iliiciiii  llsin'raii/ii,   luciijity, 

(  fiitiiil  <  'iilil'tiniiii,  i.,  4.")."i 
Xatiiiiiiil   Miisciini,    .Mrxic  ,    aniii]., 

iv.,  ."h ;(•:?. 

Xiiti\  iilinl  NiiViijiiii   (XavdI.miii  .  \il- 


hi 


iiKira,   1. .  (i()(. 


Xiitiviiiiiil,  I'lii'lilii,  iiiilii|. 
Niiiliaul  in.    tiilii^  uf  Tin  . 
H7;  liiciiiiiiii,  i.,  14."i. 


i.,    lU- 


iiliiiii,  \  ll 


;i',  Siiiiiiv.i,    I.,   'lIMi, 


N 


qiitli 


111.,  fiJO. 
u;li,  Niiliiia 


Nm^alii  tNiil<'-siii,   Jiiiti-liiri   clan,!., 
I      I.T-'. 
4'.7-l'^.    Xii-t'ih-Kiit-i'liiii  |Xji-t«ik-Uin>-('liin!.. 


X.iiia  \'alli'V,  i.,  .•{(!;{,  4'il- 


I villi'     I 


if  'i'iiinch. 


)14-;<7;    l.»f* 


1 1 11  ilia  I  ins,  Ci'iiti'iil  Ciilifuniiiin  triln 


I  17;  liiii;_..  ill..  ->H(i, 


;i(i 


-4(»l 


iiiiiii,  i,.  4'il. 


Nail 


lire,   iiilnnnrf   nn 


l|Mlll.- 


'V,    Tiinitv   lii\«-r   "od,  iii. 


('iiiuiii'tt'r.  SI 


jA:..M.| 


lit-  a'fi 


!■'  linv  inito'-.-ciii. 


Nal 


ll ViNiii--kn|i'>,    trilii' 


4    \ 


I'lii  •,    I. 


'iiiiiiat,  ((^tnctahlorcs),  triliruf  .\|ia-'      H7-'.i4;  J-.'-.itiini. 
('Ill's,  i.,  47.t-'i'.'(!:  Iiiciiliiiii,  i.,  ."i.lj. 


1  ,t. 


it('.itl( 


araiijan,  (°ii< 


.Mill 


■|.l_'.       Niiiiai|,  ('I'lilii't  t  ir  'I'liii 
ill.  I'.ll. 

iiiil.llaii,    iiy,  W'fii  <  I'll/.,  v.,   t.')',>. 
Xariri'^.    N'lrt-th    .VIvxirMi    iiilic.    i.,    NaiiliMil',  <  hii'hiinci- kiiii;,  v.,  -L'll. 


iiiai'iin,  V. 


anuiM's,  i.,  (i(i7;  li.,  .■);(().  ti(M). 


Naiil 


iiihyi'ii 


I.     (N 
.'48, 


IllllV    4/111), 


TdlK 


:..ti. 


(l,^  . 


ri7l  ".•!:  Idcaticiii,  i  .  (IKi. 
Xiii'kdilviiiii,    triho    111'    NiiiitUiis, 

l"i-'J(W;   Ideal  iiiii,  i..  '.I'.l.i. 
Xiisals,  trilieiif  ( 'liiiionUs,  !,,  i.''J--.")ti;    Na.iti»vi  ll  111.  i  'dVnl,  f ''i\  dtii, 'I'nliei 


NanliMiil  11.,  'rdllec  ki 


iiX'  ■*■- 


It M 'ill  inn,  i.,  ;{0."). 
Nii-as,  i. ,  (il4,  see  Na/as 


kiii>-,  \.,  •-'1*.*-  tlU. 
NiiiiJnotl  l\'..  r.illee  U 


Ni 
N 


■1, 


llllieli  ilialei 


I,  iii.,   'h^X 


.NiU 


ilivol 


/.111,    V. 


;4X 


isin  I 


h'.  M 


IS-.|S-,1]I|I 


Villi 


illitr|. 


s.iiini,  iialiic 


fdi'C 


iiilillielies 


•    .  '.  .  .■!t;i-4. 

Naiil.soli   I. 
ll 


1.,  17.1. 


N;i\iili'i.t  <  !^ii\(ili(iuii),   i.,  ()t)7-S,   s(  (' 


XiisUddhiin     liilie  df 'riiiiieh,  i..  Ill-        NiUividiul  Na\iij« 


.'!7;  IdCiili 


oil, 


14(i, 


Na\ 


IMIJils 


see  <  ell 


h'  his  N 


iviijas. 


Xiisdinali?!,    Irilie    (tt     «  hiiKioks.     i., 

•-••.'•.'•.')ll;  Ideiilidii.  i.,  .SOS. 
Niiiiiiiiilly,    i.,    ;ji)l,    sue    Xisiiiially. 


Niiviijo  Uiser,  I.,  Ki.'i 
NaMijdH  ( Niiv  iiliiM's.  XiiMiJoes,  Xiwa' 
jdiisi,    tiilie   of    .VtMi'lie.-',    i.,   <l'7';i- 


720 


INDKX. 


-,L'(; 


liii'Jillnll     Jlllil     lliinU',     I. 
IMI;    >l)cii,tl     llli'lltinll.    i. 


4i;j, 


8.    4S2-:{,    4S(;,   4SN'.t|.   4!t4-r>,   4!to 


")iil-(i.    ;")()«,  alo,    :il-_>i:{, 


VJO- 


m.fli.,    iii.,    H].:i,     117,    l-'D,     171, 
r>is;  v.,  •_'(»;  laii^,'..  Hi.,  (!02. 
Naviijo  S|iiiiij,',   Ariziiiia.  aiifiii.,   iv., 


N 


(i44. 

iviiiamlis.    trilic  o 


f    Istl 


iiiuans,    1. 


747 -S.l 


lIHMltlOll     1.,    /H.). 


Niivi;;atiiiii,    |)ic-liif<t(>ri(:,    v.,     10-11, 


\ 


soe  also  jJoalf' 
avoliuiia,    i. 
Na\ajnii. 


(>()7 


see   Nativiilii 


ivoii  til'  Ins  I'ccDs 


awiliiwcssu's, 


(idO. 


1' 


Sl'C   I  ('CDS 


tril)L'  of   llaidalis, 
ir)")-74;  siK'cial  iiioiitioii,  i  ,  l.")H. 
Ncwittci'H, 


Na\VL•^'t(M•^J,  i..  :.".•."), 


Nawl. 


oUs,  llanlah  siiints,  ii 


NawiiiiiKits,    ti 


f    Cliinoiiks,    i. 


22'J-.'iO:  li.caliiiii,  i..  :WX 
Xavali  dial),   M.i\a  iiitcnalarv  dav; 


Navaril    (N\ 


llis.i),  ).,  (>■ 


Tolcili'V    li>(alil> 
;   v.,  501). 


Xavani-'  (Naiafili-.s),  N'.ntli  Mi-xicaii 


ti-ilM 
laii^'. 


'.II;  I 
l-'O. 


atldll,    I.,    II0|  ; 


Navt'li  liaali.  Mav.i   iiitiTialarv  cl;i 


II.,    (.>! 


>Ja/.as  (.Na.sas),  Noitli  Mt'sicaii  tiil 

i.,  ."l-iH;  l.MMlioii,  i..  (il;{. 
Ncaclicsiii!  liiviT.  i..  .S07. 

i;ay  (\N,iail(l,i),  i.,  -J-'O,  :!()-J. 


M'Mll 


Near  Ulatid.  i.,  iS7. 

Ts'i'Uali  (Ncliaki,  (liialcniala,  aiitii|. 


N 


lualciiiiitl. 


N 


sec  ,\c/a- 


lUlalciiN'dl  I 


lllMJI 


(•can; 


III..  !'.•:». 


|>illi,  iiaiiic  li>r    I  c/iat  li| 


Ni'i'atill.iii,    Milii 

r»r>o. 


if    M 


cxirii,     II. 


I'i'iKM'dlri's 


(Ncrh, 


tiilio  of  ( 'hill 


'lO;  local  ion,    i. 


Ill'lltloll.    I. 


:;io. 


Nt't'ki'loM  (Nccki'ctc 


onks,    I.,   •_'■_'-■- 

:;{,  itod;  special 

*),  trili(>  of  Clii- 


Xi'cooti 
tril 


le.  I. 


■i^rlis,     Tiilaml    ('oliiinli'ii 
•_'.")0-'.tl;  location,  i.,  ;tl7. 


x'cuaiiictl,   J 
cliinu'cs,  V. 


llUlt'llt    COUIltl'V    ( 


it   (• 


Ncciiltas 


tiilie  of   N'oolkiis 


171- 


OS;    location. 


OS. 


i.,  •-'!):{, 


\( 


>CC(l|l'S,    1. 

.■i(i;i. 

('('('kcctoos,  i. 


■;{,  70,  01,  101,  i':{(),  4(! 

307,  .SCO  Ncckf'fos. 


rcrcliokioons,  friocnt  ('iiinooks,  i. 
•_'l"J-oO;  location,  i.,  .'{Oil, 


N 


ci-siicnains 


(Ncsli 


ciiani> 


Cciitial 


Califoinian  trilic,  i.,  :tl>l-401;  l< 
tioil,    i.,  4.")1 ;    special    ineiilic 
•SSii,  a,so.   307;    iiiytli.,    iii.,   i 
.')4.")-();  laii.u'..  iii.,  ()4.S-0.  CVJ. 
Neesloil 
.lali 


s  I  Neecelowes),  (nlie  ( 


-f   II 


l.'i.")-74;  locjilion,  i.,  •_".):!- !. 
Ncellakaiianincli,  lii'itisli  ( "oliiinliia, 

laiiir.,  iii.,  I'l.'l. 
Xeewaiiiisli,  tiilie  of  Somiil    Indians, 


i.,  20S-:i 


:.':  location,  i.,  .•JOO. 
li  lliver.  i.,  :t()0. 


Neew; 

Xeuiitos,    North    Mexican    (ril 

■">7I-0I;  location,  i.,  (H  I. 
Ne.u'i'os,  Istliniian  Klave>  .  "; 


til 


4-J 


Ne;;iiali's,    North   Mexii'a, 
.">71-0l;  location,  i.,  Cll. 


Nehaleni  Itivei 


selniniies 


(Nel 


:!ii.-), 

lannces. 


NohliaiiMies, 


■h,    i.,    114-;)7;  1. 
lion,  i.,  148-;);  siieciai  iiu'iition. 


tnii(?   o 


f  'I'i 


l.'.l 


atiLf. 


111.,  i->>^i 


Nei\cotla|ia' 'i,  an  emetic,  ii..  oOO. 
NeiMa!i|ninneis,    ti'ilie  of    ('hiiKiol 
i.,  '.l-22:'>();  location,  i.,  ,300. 


Neni.atenil, 
days,  ii..  '. 
Neinshoiis 


iliilil 


N 

5,  ,")(IS. 
V<'nishaiis, 


uiteiralarv 


enishaw  s. 


Nenislioos.),    Ceiiti'.il     (  aliforiiian 


trihi 


.3iil-4ol;  location 


4.: 


N. 


Ml--.,  iii..  )i40. 
iia,  wife  of   N; 


No.il 


1.   lil,.  li'I. 


nooks,  i.,  "J-l.'-.">0;  location,   i.,  307 
Noeklai'es.   i.,   .3(iS-0.    4Sv.>,   .VU,   ."..'>  I 


ri.'ilt.  .")7t.  (!23.  (ilO-;.l, 


(.(.,  (.••_',  ,.> 


ii.,  :i7( 


^tU'iician 


lit.  I.,, 


tl. 


Neiiiieiini,  Ceiilial  < 'alifoinian  tiil 


i..  .31)1-401;  loc.ilic 


M.  1..  4."i4. 


Ni'|ihites.  .\inerican  ori'jin-traces,  \. 

OS-lol, 
\e|Hdiiialt/it/iii,       Nalnia      knotlc 

records,  ii..  ;Vil. 
Nciniaiiietl,  ('hiehiliiee  kill'',  v. 


(•JO. 


iii,,  100. 


lie    for    Tezcatli|ioca.  '  Ne(|iiatidli.  a  kind  of  Minel 


II..  'AX>. 


NeeoniiuK'liees  ( Nii'koiniiisk  triheof 


(  liiiiook.<<,    I. 

.3o:.. 


•.'J-'-.")();  loewt'oii,    i. 


Nt't'oons,  (lilieof  llaidahs,  i.,  I.m-71; 


Jocat 


at  Ion,  I.,  .,!.', 


.Ne(|iieii,  iiiiij,'iiev  cl.ifh.  ii.,  3ill,  40ii, 

4  it. 
Nii|uileh, 'I'riiiit.v  l!iMr;ji)d.  iii.,  IT'i. 


Ni 


M'hti 


trilie  ot  ( 'liiiiooks.  I. 


oO;  location,  i.,  .307. 
\es|)eeluiii  ('reek,  i.,  ;il( 


INDKX. 


■01 


\ 


I'siici'Iinii 


Ii 


(■<iliiiiiliiaii  Irilic, 


i.,  ■J.iil-'.il;  linMliiiii,  i..  .'{1."). 
i's|iii(l-^,    trilii'  lit   Niiiitkas, 
•JdS:   liiialiuii.  i.,  L",l."). 


N 


OSI|llillllS,    I. 


Ni'lcriiiliiliili,  Naliiia  da 


.'{Ol,  see  Nis([iialli('s. 


lice,  II.,  '-".to. 
Nt'ti'la.  SciiitlL  ('alit'uniiuu  laii;,^,  iii., 

()(1(»,  (i74-S. 
Nt'ti'iil//i)iiiiiii/tli,  a   Naliiia  (li-.('aM'. 

ii.,  -Ml. 
Nftctclj/tii,  Nalma  .laiicc,  ii.,  '.'SS. 
N'('tiiiialiiili'|iialii    Naliiia  lVsti\ai.  ii.. 

Nci.ptoli/ili,  Nalma  ilaiuc,  ii,,  •_'<,»."). 


Nct>,   li.\  prliMiira 


11-^,     1..     .!.)-(),       ,(l 


!ii>. 


U.S.    |-_':{;    Coliiml.ian 


IS.! 


-14, 


,»•>■!      ■)i;.> 


:.'(,: 


Calii'. 


alls,  i..  ;{."{7-!>,  ."{T-")-*!,  -liMi,  4l'S;  Ncv 
.Mexicans,  i,,  iss,  .">i )()_',  XV.).  .".(i'-_> 
.S,  .")((l!:   .Mexicans.  ',  .  (i.'ij,  (i.")(i-7;  ii. 


('Means.  , 
:\r,\--2;  v.,  :!:.■>;  (Vn 
i.,   'iitt,    I!'.I7-S.    7II.V 


il  .\ 


iiicri.'aii-, 
7--'4,   7ili». 


.(i.i:  II. 


7-JI. 


i.,  is.-),  .-WW. 


Ncltl 

Netzieiiii.  Za|ii)lee  (Male:  t,  iii.,  7.')l. 


Neiii'tial'iel-^   ( Neilcll.i 


is,  N, 


laliti,  irihe  ol'  Nnotkas,  i.,  17I--II 


ill I.,  'J'.l.i 


Neiiksa 


i.,  •_'(l!t,  -J!)!),  see  N. 


Neiiixucis,   trilie  (if   Sdiiiid    Indians 


i..  'JllS.' 


Ill  ill  lull,   I. 


!!Mt. 


Nelll 


llliNI;^-,   tnl 


il'    Sum 


d    h 


i.,  '_'(IS-'_"_';  Idciiiiiiii,  i.,  .'iilll, 


xiiwitties,  I. 


Vt.  see  Newittee: 


M'Viidii.    milliners    iuid    ciistdins 


in  lie: 


i..  4---'-4'J; 


ill  Kill,   i.,  '.\\1'J. 


4(10,  !(;.■)  '.I;  iilll 
;i-14. 


III.,  <ili 


iiiilii 


e\;ii|,l    Ciiiinlv,    < 'iilil'iiniiil,    ;iiitii 


IS . 


,lli;, 


.Ne\  ielmm 


i.,  4.")(),    sei 


'\Sil(( 


N. 


I 


llilil  dliileel.   111.,  li'.l.). 


ew  Aliiiiiden,  <  'alihn'iiiii,  aiilii|.,  1\ . 


li!li;, 


N, 


V,   M 

.-•St  I, 


|s>|s,||i|i| 


I(\\',  aiilii|. 


,s,., 
nil 


IMC     11 

.')();   liieiltiiill,  i. 


f     CJiilK 
1 1!  I. 


•wiiliiiiinilie: 


IN 


e\  Kiinnme* 


Ne- 


u  iidiiiiniies),    (eitiiiil    ( 'idii'drniiiii 
Irilie,  i.,  :i(il -401;  lueiiiidii,  i.,  -I'm; 


iii,,  (il't. 


Newaliu'; 


17">,  see  Newillees. 


Newiilliie,  .Vliiiiixc  ;iip(l,  iii.,  l'- 
New  ('n!eddnl;'i.  i.,  1 1.->,  .-ll.'t. 
Newelieliias     (  ,N  iiellilliasi,      tlil 


Nddll 


i.,    17I-'_'IIS;    Ideal  lull,    I. 


'.1,">;   slieilii 


all;. 


III. 


I    llieiltidli.    i.,    \'A,    IS'J; 
•  HIS. 


New    Pnil'j-elless,    Iiiiiilily,  Wasliiii;,'- 

Idii,  i.,  •-Ml.'. 
New  ( Jiiiiiadii,  iv.,  l.j,  see  Cdlombiii. 
Newieari,'iits,  trilie  (if  Tinneli,  i.,  114- 


;{7;  idcati 


II.-),  147. 


Newitlees      (Naucelees,      Ne\\iit( 


N 


eliwilties, 


kas,   I. 


N 


eu  el  te 


nil 


le     (it 


Nddt 


174-i;(iS:    I 


(ICiltlllll,      I. 


.">,  -Jill'.  •_".l.->. 


M 


eNHiiiiM,    line    iil     the    hcxcii 


<iii|is   intd    will 


■Il    tl 


le  natives  dt 
the    I'iieilie    Sl;ites  are  divided,  hi- 


Cilleil     III 


N( 


.M 


eNlcd. 


ui/dlia. 


I. 


iwcr 


Ciilif 


(iriiia,  Sdiidiii,  .Siiiiiliiji, 


<  liiliiiahna. 


iiexd    I.eiiii 


N 


ami   western 


l>niiin:;ii.     <  nalniilii, 
iiditliein    X.icateciis, 


liii 


Tev 

(1  -j;!,  I 


'('tween    liltl- 
dii^iliide,    '.til' 


Mi 


iilidivided  iiild  fiiiir  fi 


■lies,  I' 


llelilii^,  l.dWel 


( 'iilifiiiiiiiiiis,  aiid  Ndi'llieni  .Me\i- 
ciiiis;  niiiniiers  iind  eiisldnis  df  eacli 
■  i.  s(  riheil  sel'iilillelv,  i..  I71-(ill; 
Idcjitidii.  divisidiisanil  trihiil  lidiind- 

•  ..  i  , 

.-)-S.-.. 

i.,  .-|'-'S;  iii  , 


lies,  I.,  •l7l-:<,   .V.ll-dl  I;   iiiyll 
ii'(»,   ,->;jS.   .-(.-);i-4,   .-|S7  iS;    iii. 


(.1,   •> 


•Jii-;!l; 


I  (;'.»- 

.'ills!!,    <iS(l-7 

i\..  (il.-)-.S(i;  ( 

.-.;{7-s. 

eW    Mexicd,    llilie: 


antni 


i.<7  s; 


Mi'.:in,  v. 


.'(I;  hi-l  ,  \. 


i.,  471    I'lii, 


.!M 


(1(11:   laiiL'.,  iii.,  -|!i;t-.->,  (1(10-4,  dso- 


'I- 


iv.,  (;i.-«-s(i, 


-i',l7 


New  liiMf,  i.,  44.">,  4,-|S, 

New    l;i\er    liidiiins,    .Sdiilli    Ciilil'di- 


trill 


I.,  40-_'-: 


anl  Ml..  IV. 


IdcalKiii,   1. 


.'lO 


New    V( 

New    ^'(l^k    I'hil,    ( 'alifdiiiiii,   iinli(|., 

iv.,  7((7. 
Nexiipii,    IdiiilitN,  NiiiU-ii;.;llil,  i.,  7'.((i; 

\.,  .i;;j,  ."lilt. 

Nexiilias  (Nexil/ils),  i.,  (isil,  see  Hi  iii 

\lllldS, 

Ne\dXii(ll(i.  Nalilia  ;;(i(l(less,  iii,,  ,'l'.'(i. 

NeNleiielliia,  Nalma  ;:Md.  iii.,  It'.lii. 
Nevelse  Klllslii,    liilie  df   'linnell,   i  , 


114- 


IdClllldli,   I. 


47 


Ne/iilmalcdX  lit  I  i  Neialmalcuidl  I,  Ni 
/iiliniilcdjiii  1 1,     .Veiillma     mdiiarel 


II 


l;;4,   4  17.    •t7l- 


"i".'.!; 


I. 


I'.iCi-S;  v.,  :i7-_'-4'-'s,  4!IH  ;» 


Ne/almiil|iilli,  Ai'dlhiiu  nidiiiiri'li,  ii., 
l;;4,   •-••JO,    l47-.">o,   iilO;    v.,  4'_M-7.">, 


4'.l',»,  .-1(17 
Ne/.  i'eice 
Ne/.  I'eree 


liiver,  i.,  .'U  >. 
^.  Inliiiid  Cdliimliian  Iii 
1 ;    jdciilidn   and    nai:M', 
l.'r.',  '-'."•.'I,  .'ll(il7i  s|ie(iiil   meiiii( 


I. 


..(}-!  I 


i.,  'J.-)  IS,  -jco,  '-•(i.-i.  •J(;7  7  1, 


;(f-'.t. 


Vol..   V      10 


I 


INDEX. 


2S2,  '2S4.  '2S7.  L'S!)-OI;   iiivtli..   iii.,  j  Ninin  Qui 'lu'  (Xinm(|iii(  lifi,  (,»iiiil 


<),").  I.")(i.  .V.'d;   laii''..  iii.,  (i'.'l-.'t. 


hict", 


v.,  '">(;"),  i"i7(>,  aTS,  (i(l4. 


N;.'iiyiik,   tiil)i'  ot    Alt'iits,    i.,   87-94;  I  Niinciil;ali[ioc,    city,    (iiiatiniala.   v. 


iiicatioii,  i.,  141. 


'.84. 


Niali 


44S. 


trilti 


I'linios,    Central    Califur- '  Niiii    ("IkicoIi    Cawck',    (iiiiclii'    tltlt 


;U)l-40l;  location, 


li.,  (i;!<.t,  (;44;  v.,  (III--'. 
Nimki-ili  (Nimkis,   Nimiil. 


jikislii,   trilu 
Nicalila;,'ali,  (iMiii'lii' ;,'(nl,  v..  181,  r)47.  !      of  Nimtk.'is,    i.,    174-'2(»8;    loialiDii 


N 


1.  i..(i8(;-|      i.,    17(i,   2!t.")-(j,    •-'as: 


icaia;;iia,  iialniiis  (It'sciilici 

711;   ii.,   ()'4.">-80,'{;  localinii,   i..  ()S8- I      liim,  i.,  18;<. 


sjiccial  iiK'ii 


110-4; 


s|p('cial     iiuMitiiiii,    i. 


1:    Nimkisii  liivcr, 


•JOS. 


ii.,  I'J.'!,   ()4."i-7,  (i")<>-4,   (i(l(i-7.  (>7<l-'.'.  ,  Niiii|iiik(iiii,  city,  (Iiiatciiiala,  i.,  78S; 


(i74,  <i7(i.  <>78.  7(»8-l(»,  71;M4,  718- 


aiitiij.,  IV 


;{l ;  v.,  .').")."). 


770-1,- 
iii.,  75, 


.>8-:U,  7:{7,  7;f'.l-17,74!l- ")•_',  7ti<!,  I  NiiiiM.i.  Canliali,  name  I'm- Canlial 


!MI,  7'.t;i-4.  8()0-:i;  invtii 


v.,  17."),  r)44. 


(8... 
\.U,  4!l(»-ti.  .")(I7,  a4:f;  v.,  l,'!;  |  Ninstence.  tritie  (it   llaiilalis,   i..  1." 


7!)I-.S;  aufii 


!;{. 


'.•-<iO,    78:».  !       74;  liicatii 


iv.,  ■-'8-()7;  lii.'-t.,  v.,  !  Ni 


O-J 


47-'-;t,  ".•_".),  tm,  Cr.'-l.S. 


iminlioe.s.     .Shusliiiui'    spint- 


.N 


icafa'Mia    Lake,    i 


'.Mt- 


l'_';{;  v.,  (!l:!;  aiitiii.,  iv.,  I'S-.'tO. 


1.- 

Niims,  name  for  Mux,  \'..  (it)."). 
Nil),  Sinaina.  laiii:.,  iii..  7il7. 


Nii'ara;;naii.s,  name  lor  Niiinirans,  v.,    Niparaya    (Niparajai,     I'l'rieiii 


()13. 


iii.,  83,  K;!). 


L'O. 


Nieeoiitanmcli,   i.,   IHO,  see  Nieonta-  I  Ni| 


lOlllO, 


.'rave  at  ."^an    Luis    Oh 


rli 


Caiil' 


Ni 


ornia,  antii|.,  i\.,  (il 


im,    name  of  month    in  Cliia- i  Niiniirans,  (NiearaLMians),  (inatemala 


|ias,  11.,  ((id. 
ekoiiiiiis,  i. 
i'Ir'cs. 


;{().i 


secoinan- 


Nieola  Lake,  lanjr. ,  iii.,  (il.S. 
Nieola  Kivi'r.  laiiLi.,  iii.,  (il.'i 


I!        . 
trilie,  i.,  (i(i8-711;  location,    i.,    (188, 

7!l--':  hist.,  v.,  (il;{. 

Ni.M|iiallies      ( Nesi|iiallis,      Skwalls, 

Si[Mailie.s),  trihe  of  .SoimkI  Indians, 

i.,  '-'OS'-'L';  location,  i.,  -JtlS.  I'liit,  .■jdl: 


noutameens 


iniicli 


icoiitamm 


UO,   see  Nieouta-        .special   iiieiitiiMi,    i..  •_'1(>,   '_'14,   "Jl] 


h(N 


lecoutamiK 


h,  Ni 


•_'L>(I 
ii.,  (lis. 


;iiv 


th 


111. 


;t7-8: 


tameeiis,  Nicnlennii'ii).  Iiilaml  ( 'm- ;  Xisiiiially  (Na.si|uall.\  1   I!iv 


er,  1..  .'tdl 


trihi 


."lO-lll; 


atiiiii,    Nitiiialit  liiver. 


i.,   ;{10;  special    mention,    i.,    -.")8,  i  Nitinats.  (Nitinahts.  Nitteeiiats,  Nit 


Ni 


',10. 
nova,    tirovinee    a 


ml 


citv,     Costa 


Ni( 


Ivica,  V. 


(ill.). 


(iiilf, 


I.,  /.)' 


'_',  7'.»l-'->;  v.,  (1 


tinahtsi,  tiilie  of  Nootkas.  i..  174- 
L'08;  location,  i.,  I7">,  -'.•<>;  sjiecial 
mention,  i.,  17S,  I8'.l-'i(l,  I'lKS;  lan,u.. 
iii..  (iOil. 


Ni.ulit.aii.    trihe   of   llaiihii 
7h  location,  i.,  l'Hl'. 


Nitinat  Sonml,  i.,  17").  -!•• 


)■(. 


N 


i\uiia,  n.'ime  lor  Comamiies,  i.,  ■]' 


Nihalh,    (.iniche  title,   ii.,   (i4.'?-4;    v..     Noaclies,  trihi;  of  Sho.-honcs,  i.,  4'. 


U(i 


.)(i(i 


"i.SO. 


4'-';  location,  i.,  4i)-l. 


Nijapa  Lake,  Nicara.^iia,  aiitii|.,   iv.,  ,  Noah,  oriLiin  theory,  \-.,  '.I-I'J. 


N 


ijoras,    (rilie 
.Vj(l 


Nohles.   .Mexicans,    ii.,    1, >•'(;■•_'()( I,  I'-J 


.f  .\ 


iMclics,     I. 


47;i- 


;t7;i-7.  411:  iii.,  4;i(;  V  ,-l."i(i 


(en- 


ition   ami    name,    i.,  47 


oltS;  laii''.,  iii.,  (iS4. 


Nik 


iNi 


as),    tnhe   ot   (  hiiiool, 


i  ,  •.'•.'•_'-."iO;  location,  i.,  ;tU7 


N iko/liaiit in,    tri 


f     'rinneli,     i. 


I14-;i 


I  ;   loca 


lion,  i.,  I  I," 


Nima-.Vma^',    name   of    ijhilaha. 


Ira!   .\niericaiis,   i..  77(1-1;  ii.,(i.'l(i- 
44,  ii(i;{-4,  (!7;t-4,  ClKM,  7-'7,  7s4-'); 
v.,  .'')7!l-8'.'.  ."iss-'.l,  .")!il  '2. 
ocasari,  villa^^e,  iSoiior.i,  i..  ('(i."). 


Noel 


les.   South    CalilorMian 


trill' 


■I O'J -•-"-•;  location,  i.,4(IO;  Ian-.,  ni. 

(I'.SIi. 

Nochiztlan,  Mi/tec  ilialect,  iii.,  7t','. 


Nima  Camlia,  (,>nicli('  title,  ii.,  (144.    :  Nochi/ll 


rhineal  in-^ect. 


II..  4Mi 


Nimaliuinae,    Cakeliiiinel    kiiiL',    \.,,Nocoiii  iN'iiililasi,  trihe  of  .Vpiiili 


',18,  llO'.t. 


i.    47H-o-(i'  location,  i.,  ."I'.I'J. 


IXDI-.X.  7:3 

Niii'to,    South   ralifiiriiiiiii    trihc,    i. ,  !  Noot'-Jinos.  rciitral  ralifornliui  tiilie, 


40--'--."_';  liicatidii, 


:<(>l-4(»l;  locat 


iim,  i.,  4," 


ica'Tliciiii'in  ''(Ml,  111 


Nipcilli: 

Ni>li.  (,>iii('liu-t  'al<cliii|Ui'l  ilay.  ii.,  7f>' 

Niiliiacali.  ^  in'ataii,   aiiti((.,  iv.,  i2U(l-    Nimtka 


l(!4.  I  NcDilium-;.   tiilif  ni  Siiiiiiil    Indian 


1.,  •J(l,S.'2:.':  locatioii,   i.,  »Kt. 


OIH-  (it    tllC  111110 


faiiiili 


Ml,  IMS-K. 
Ndhi'iiial,    iiaiiiL'    for   west    Vdratai 


Nolili 
Nolii( 


<;i.-.. 

imiics.  i. 


4S, 


Xcl 


laiiiH'! 


illi,  <  't'litral   <  'alifoiniaii  tii*  o, 


to  •vliirli  tlu;  ("oliiliiliiaiis  arc  di- 
vided; iiiamu'rs  and  ciistoins  of  all 
its  nations  and  Hilio  doscrilicd  to- 
;,'cilu'i',  i.,  I7f-'J(IN;  |ilivsi(|iu',  ;., 
17<>-'.';  di-fss,   i..    l7!>-S-.>:  dwidlin-s. 


i.,  :{lil-4()l;  loiation. 


1. ,  4.">4. 


1.,  Is;!-.');  !■ 


IS.-.-S; 


w  caiioii 


Nolipat  (\oli   I'at),   Vncalan,   anti([.,  I      i.,  ISS;  war.  i.,  1S()-1,    ISS-'.l;  l.oal- 


•JtCJ 


i      i.,    ISll-'.tl;   iniiiK  iiicnts  and   niann- 


NolitM'lio,  vilia''(_',    Nortii  ( 'alifornia,  ^      fact. 


i..  ISO.  ls4,    l>S!l-i)l; 


i.,  444. 


oinnicks,  Ccntivil  ( 'alifornian  tribe 
i.,  ;{(!!  -4(tl :   loeaiion,  i.,   I.'il. 


erty    and    trade,    i.,     lltl-'J;  art,    i. 
l'.t'_'-I{;    ''()\eiiinieiit   and   slave.s,    i. 


wonie!'  an'l  inar 


Noisas.  ('eniral   ( 
:<i>l-llti :  loeaiion 


a'llornian  tril)e, 


i.,  4.-.I. 


Noiviieans,  ( 'entral  ('alifornian  trilie,  ,      'Jlll-.S;    inedieine,    i.,'J()4.");  ) 


!S()1,  I'.ll,  l!i;! 

ria.u'e.    i..    I'.l.'i-S;    annisenK   il^,     i. 
aneoUs  eii.-.toMi-,  i, 

iiiria! 


I'.tS-'Jdl;  nil- 


;i(il-4(l);  location,  i..  4.")1. 


Ndi.  {.Ml, 


ivaca 


II  ^'od, 


iii..  4S'_'. 


Moinlire    de    |)io>.    town.    Za''af(( 


i.,     •J(t.")-(;:     cliaraeter,     :.,     •_'(li;  s; 
nivtli.,    iii..  !t(i-7.  l.'>li-_',    aU,     .VJl'; 


ail''. 


iii.,  (ids-l'J,  (;ti4; 


icalion  (ii 


1114:   town.   Dar 


rs»4;  V. 


tril.es,  i.,  lal.   I.V..   I7t,  '.".C.  S. 


(ll.S, 


Nootk 


IS 


(N.iotU 


Noutka- 


Noiiiee    Cults,     \ortli      ('alifornian        Nntkas),  trilie  ot  Nootkas.  i  .  171- 


trilie 


N( 


i,,  :V_'(i-(;i-  ioeat 
I 


nil',  i.,  44'-'. 


•JilS;  location,    i.,  li 


lit.": 


oniee  tracks  ( .\onie  l..a('Ue( 


«l,  North 


N 


('alifornian    trihe,    i.,  .X2(i-fil;  loci- 
tion,  i..  41'_*,  4."i|. 

oinellliclli 


■"]" 


ineiilloli,    I 
l.")ll-L»,  r>i4, 

t;i;4. 


ISlt,    'JO'S;  myth.,   iii. 
i-J'J:  laii''.,  iii.,  (idS-l-J 


(I'oruches).     trilie    of ,  Nootka  Sound,  i.,    l.'iil-l.    174-.'),    I^l 


-1-1-2A-J;  local i 


l<t4.   'Jia.  •_>!l."i.  •.",17 


antK 


4114. 


Ndiialtzin,    (  liicliiniee   kii 


7:f(i. 
•J!I4- 


Niiic 

Ndihiliiialca^.  'lalia^'o   trilie.  i.,  (144-    Nori'olk  Sound,  i..  14 


lea,  Cliicliiinec  kin--,  v.,  •220.  I      ;V->0,  .'WO;   Aeolliila   iirince,  \.,    :{:(.' 


:o.  ii..  l:i;{-('i-J!l;  1 


ocalidii  and  nanio 


Nort 


'.». 


lerii    (  alitiirnians,    see 


('alil( 


111:  ii.,  II'.',  I'J'.i: 


hist. 


I<.)( 


Nort 


leril. 


•_>•_".»,  ."ii.': 


North  h 


•'XI 


Nonoliiialeall.  C.ilhna   kiiiu',  v.,   "'"iO,    Northern    .Me\i 


Ml 


•-'."id,  ;tii(i,  .'ii.'}.  .'Ui;,  .'iJ 


lorlliern. 


Ndiioliiialeo  (Ndiuialcati,  rcLri'in  and  i  Nortiiein  trihc  ■,  hist.,  v.,  .'i.'fti-s. 


•alitv.  'I'ahas 


•-'•"I. 


Ndrlo'i  Sound,  i  ,  if 


N  (Mil  li  I II  neks.  North  ( 'aliforni.iii  trihc, 

i..  .'{•.'Il-iil :  localidii,  i.,  44l'. 
Nooclialilahl,  i..  '.".I."),  see  Neiichalict. 


Nook 


(•lines.  ( 'eiitr;il  (  aliloriiian 


trill! 


i..  ;i(;i-4(»l;  loeaiion,  i.,  .'<fi;{,  4.'if;, 
No'il'iliiinini     (Niiklilnniil,     trihc    of 


11 


pcriiorciii'- 


( 'olnnihiaMs,    i., 
U.").")-!!;  ( '.iliforni.' 


.Me\ 


lean-,  i ! 


70.  VAs.  141. 
,  4i;.  VS.  lie 
',  •_'l'>,  •.'•J."i-i! 
,  .'fJS,  .MM-C 
0,  .".."iS;    M 


e\l- 


caiis,    i.,   (I'l'.t,  fi47;  <'cntral    Aincii 
(ans,  i.,  (ISS.  714-1.">.  7-'iO. 


Sound  Indians,  i.. '.'OS  •_'•.';  location,     N(i~e-oriiaineiils,     lly|icrlion' 


'.'!t!l;   laii''.,  iii.,  (il."i. 


40.  7'-',  N'S,  07,  l-''J.  P.'.S:('oliiiiil.i;iii 


Nodksak     (N 
Nodtsaki.   t 


k,       Nook^alil 


elll<sa( 

rihe  of  Sdiiiu 


ir.o.  isi. 


10-11.  •.'•-•0;  Calif. 


hidii 


I.,   •Jiis-^.'^J;    Ideation,    i..   •JOS, 


•.".l!>: 


man-,  i. 

.Mcxie.tl 


;m,  :U7,  io:i.  4'.'4:  N. 


I.,   .Mil,  ,-17 


M. 


N|ic(ial   iiientidii.   i.,-'lO,   ■JI.'J,  '.'Is.        i.,   (;•_'•.',   (i40-."il;  ii..  .■17'-',   .'CH.   :<'.»." 


•J:'0;    I,- 


daliili 


I 
•JOS-^.'^J 


illii-i. 


tril 
loeatii 


III..  III. I. 

(Ndd>ili 


linns,    Niisda 
le   (if  Sdiind    Indian-,  i. 


('eiitrai    .\iiierieaiis,    i. 

7:{i-:<. 
^'d-cr 


'•^-4:   11. 


\).     Niirlh      t  alif 


driiian 


II,  i..  .'lO'-'. 


trihc,  i.,  H'Jtlfil;  Idcntidii.  i..  447 


Nddx'hclial I.  trihc  df  Sdninl  Indians.    Notoiialos  (Niit(>nci(M)s),  ( 'ciiifjul '  al- 
i.,  •-'OS-L'L';   location,  i..  'iol.  I 


fi 


INDEX. 


ifiiniiaii  trilx',  i.,  .^Cil -101 ;  Itnatidii,    N 


ll\vmi;;'lllllti'; 


(XiiwMiiu'incmis), 


i.,  4.'>l). 
N'iitiiii\vtlias,(  'ciitnil  <  'alifoniian  tiil 
i.,  :i('.l-401;  Imatioii,  i.,  'Ml'.i,   l.-H. 


N 


<IU||||MI 


is,  ( 'ciitial  ( 'aliliPiMiaii  uihe, 


:!(;i-K)l;   luratidii,  i.,  4r>:i. 
lyaM-lic,    V'licalaii,  aiitii|.,  i\ 


N(i/a,  i.,  417,  M'l'  Nosfi 
N'l'.Hklfs.   i.,  :{|L>,  see  Sans  I'nils. 
N'liiMiltlila.  liilaiKl  < 'itliiitiliiaii  tril 


tril)i'  iir   Kskiiiios,    i.,    4(J-(i'.l;  ima- 
tidii,  i.,  4-'    ills. 


O 


(hijaca  ((iiiaxaca,   flaxaca),  i.,  (!41-S, 
(i.V_',  (i7S-SL>.  7!l();    ii.,    KMI-ll;    laiiu., 


Ic 


1.,  lid.). 


111..  , 

hist., 


4iS  !),  7(i:! 
v.,  '2{)r>-~, 


lutiii. ,  i\ ..  ;{()'7-4'- 


'.).  lid!!,  i: 


.)-2G 


N"i|iiailiaiiiis|i,    trilic    of    Smiiiil    In- i  (,)a  jacu    <'ily,    <  la  jaca,     aiitii]. 


ili.iiis,   i.,  •iOS-'Ji';  I. nation,   i.,  ."{Hn. 


.■{74-.^>. 


|iiutliiiaiiii 


-li,   tii 


if  Sound    In- ,  ( )akinackciis    ((takinack 


i.,  -JOS  •_'•_';  location,  i,,  :{()(l. 


Nsictsliawns,  i.,  ,')()7,  see 
Ntsliaanlin,  tiiljc  of  T 


Kili^i 


.'!|-_',  sec  Okana-; 
Oak  Point,  i.,  :{(U. 


•).    1- 


1 II-    <>,iiil,Ms,  viila-c,  S mora,  !.,  CDl. 


Iiicalnin,  i. 


!.». 


Dar.- 


('(■  I'aiidit's. 


iiiiiiiisk,  ti'ilpc  of  'I'inncli,  i.,  ll4-.'!7;    <'all 


ii.,  I  iC,  4i;')-4.  .';.")(;;  iii 


loi-,ition,  i.,  I4!l. 


Niicl 
III- 


iikavcltc- 
loca 


s   liilic  of  Tim 
tion.  i.,  1 1,').  I  i'l 


•li,   i. 


.•{sii 


Oat  \allcy  IVojilc,  i.,  4iS,  sfc  I! 


Ki   I 


onios. 


X  Mcva  S("'('\  ni. 


1:1  V.    .N  narai;!!.-!. 


Oavanli,  Naiuiii  saciilicc.  ii. 


:!()'.). 


1.,  7!t.'f;  anti 


((.,  IV.,  (>•_'. 


( >axaca,  i..  (i78,  sci'  ( >; 


.s  ,i('V(i 


ij.ica. 


I'oii,   I.,  4715,   r)7l,    "iIM.  .■)!•;(,    (Hpa\. I ■-,     Noiili     .Mexican 


'.nlii',    1. 


tint;  iaiiL;'.,  in.,  •")!•.'{;  antii|.,  iv.,  .")!17. 
\iic\o  Tolciio,  i.,  (171.  si'c  Nayaiit. 
Nnkliliiini,  iii.,(il."),  sec  Nookliiniini. 
.N  iiklukalix el,    loialitx,    Alaska,    i.. 


;-)7l-!ll;  location,  i..  lilL>. 


l(!llS 


SI'l- 


i:!:(. 

i  niaaiit  in, 
.'{7;  loca 


isv'rvatoiy 
\U'^..  iii.,  (ili(>, 


Col 
Inlet, 


nniiis. 


I.,     174,    l".);M; 


trilie  of 
lion,  i. ,  14." 


111- 


OUsiilian.    i..    i)l),    34:i,  :i77-S,    i;il-"_', 
4'.!."),  i\-21-S;  ii.,  Kil,  -to.S-Ki,  47:i->>(». 


(iiH;  III. 


W;  IV..  -J.'i 


.44- 


I,  .).i()-.S. 


?>,'nineration.  see  .\ritlinieli 


Oc,  Ma\a  ila\,  ii.,  7">'">-li.  7ii(t. 


N'  iiiuj;iieluar,  Sontli  ( 'alifoniiaii  trilte,  |  ( teanes,  Noi'tli  .Mexican  ti  ilie,  i. 


N 


i.,  4(iL*-'J-_';   location,  i.,  4."(:i. 
nnipali,  ( 'citial    ( 'aiifornian 


tril  II 


I 


\)\  ;   location,  i.,  •;!  1 


<  )cc,il)a\  an 


ti,    tlihe  <  t"  Isl 


ihiians,   I. 


.•{lil-Hll;  location,  i.,  4. 


),>. 


■|7-s.- 


ocation,  I. 


'.(."i 


.Minataii;;iiiu 


tes  (N 


nna-laii.^nie-un 


0,    O 


ce.ui  current. 


( 'nrrenl. 


trilie  of    I'lskinii 
tion,  i.,  4'_',  l;{s. 


l()-'ii»;    loca- ;  OceJoiiR'.    Naliiia   inilil 


Nnnalok  itivcr,  i.,   I'J,  l.'iS. 
N  line/.  ( iaona  Itav ,  i.,  ISl . 


4(»;<. 
Oceloi 


illi 


chtl 


iiv  onlcr,  II. 


Unit. 


tin 


•J-.';i  .•) 


•I'v,  al    t'liiclieii,  \  ncatan,  an- j  Oeelotiiitlapallix  iticyeacoii-lotl,   Na- 

luw  court  (Iri'^s.  ii.,  S-T*. 
(Kvloil,  Naliua  ilay,  ii.,  M'J,  r>\i\\:. 
<Vt'l(>X(it'liitl,    \.,   :?W,  sou   ()/<iIa\o- 

ellitl. 
Oceloxrocli,  v.,  'i'.i'.l,  siH'Ozolaxocliitl. 


Mures,   Nortli  .Mexiian  trilie,  i.,  .")7l- 

'.»1;  locjilion,  i.,  (1(17. 
N'nri,  village.  .Sonoia,  i.,  liiU. 


.S  iirsiii;j',  see  ( 'liildicn 


Nns.jal 


nnis,  1,,  :!(r.>, 


Noosclali 


mis. 


Oceli 


XiislKl;;ak      ( Nilscliauiick,      Niisciia-'      4'^"l 


akli,    N'n-liciv.ikl    ilivci 
l:!li  to. 


Nn^l 


lerya;.jnnil ,   li.inie 


lor   I 


\c\  alaii 


ninles,  I.,  1 4(1. 


annni.  nam 


e  for  ( 'lailams,  iii, 


(;i; 


( Kli 


Niiliiui    s;inila!s,    iii 


(eiitrul     Califoriii; 


tribe,  i..  ;<(il-4t)l;  loealioii,  i..  4,i((; 
la  Hi.,  iii..  (i|;t. 


Ocli 


ovos,   I  en 


!.,  ■.^•\    HMi 


ti-.il   t'aliforiii.n    nilie, 
.itioii,  i.,  4."»4, 


Niitku,  i..  101,  M'.'  NooiKu. 


( >('li|iaiii/lii.  Naliiiii   Hto.illi,    ii.,   ;i.'>l, 


ilo 


Niitoiu'loos,  i..  1.1(1.  see  Nolonatos.       tlilire,   i,,    |!ll.    Ii>:!l:ii.,    »:»,    4n; 


iioMto,  Soulli  ( 'aiiforiii.in  tiilie,  i, 


■|S,  ,"i7'.':  iii.,  4:i" 


UIJ 


local  ion,  1.,  {'I'.y 


Oeijiila.  N.,  '>i2',i,  see  Ucojilpim, 


TNDF.X. 


Oiki.  Ttali  tiTMi  for  fiiiiit.  i..   KKi. 
Orki   I'ali   Itcs  (Ocki   I'i   I   IcM.    tiil 


..t  Sli,i>liuiR.s,   1.,   4-_'L'-4-. 
i.,   KICi-T. 


loratloli, 


Orna, 


Ml 


feast, 


ii..   (J'.IO. 


<>;■  iia  kill.  M 


iva  siiii-cl.  II. 


(  tcoi'lll.uo, 
.")2;    hist. 


Chi; 


i|>a> 
IS7 


aiilii 


Oi'iilco,  a  siihiirh  of    Tc/cih'o,  v. 


() 


i'o|icthi\  Ilea,  city. 


.M( 


■am; 


noil. 


ncoiiinilla     (t)riiiilal. 


-tatloii, 


.\/t( 


iiiiuial  loll,  V. 


;{L':!. 


Oriiroiiis,    Nortli    .Mcxirm    tril 


."iTI-lH;   hicatioli,  i.,  tJoT;  hiii;:.,  iii. 


707. 
Ocoiclul 


;i    (|iiaitcr    in    T 


I  >ii,  i..  17,  ">,  r,.i.  72.  7S,  sfi,  lors,  ic:- 
;{,  ISO.  isii.  iss,  L'l.'t  hi,  7i<i,  7;;>. 


I'A.  ~iur,   11.,  .1.S7 


!)!». 


<  >iiitiiu'nt, 


■-'III.  .'.(IS;  ii.,  14.".,  •-')  I. 


.v.is-;i;  lii..  i;{;i. 

<  >iiik--i'ciiiiiii('s,  Criiiiiil  ( 'aliforiiir.a 
tiihc,   i.,  .'!f;i-l01 :  hiratioii,  i..  4.'>0. 

(liyolls.  North  < 'alifoniiaii  tiilu',  i  , 
:'(•_'(;  i;i;  huation.  i..  4  II. 

( Ijai  (.\iija\),  South  ( 'aliforiiiaii  tiilir. 


1..  40-.'--jL':   loiatioii,  i.,   I.V.I. 


II 


ir 


o  del  I  cs( 

i\ .,  •;47-S. 


ado.  New  Mcx 


Ifo, 


aiilii 


citv,  ii.,  41L';  v..  t'.lti'-S. 


Oi'oti 


I',  villau('. 


Ji 


lllsro,    I.,  (I 


<  Icoll,      a      spt'cics    of     Iii 


(100- 1;  iii.,  4;r.. 

(  ll'ol  l,-|ll,    /apolfr     i|i;|] 
Ocol, 


|illir,     II. 


4S7 


I'rt,   111..     (.1 


ix     (.\roIi 


ill,     (    lliclllliici'    rliirl. 


<  iitli.  Naiiiia  'ii 

<  lciiill,-iii,  town. 


Ui'iiiitc 
!..  (117-14: 


ink.  ii.,  '.'H.",.  .'i.V.I,  (100. 
.Mi'xii'o,  i.,  (>77. 


t'riitral     .Mi'vicaii     liihc, 


alioii,    I.,  (),(! 


aiii:'. 


Ml. 


■4S. 


O.hH'ilahs,    Xorlli   Calif 


ililoi'iiian    Irilic, 


:!•_'(  m; 


Oirciin 


.M( 


;  local  ion,  i  .447. 
iiiuin  of.  iii.,  ;!0 
xicans,    iii.,    174, 


II. 


rS-SO; 
'J."i'.l. 


Mexicans,    i.,   (141,    ()(!.">; 

•J7'.i  sii.  .•{i»;{-4o,  :r.i-'_',  :(s',i.!ii;,  ,-is7 
('.1)1.  (il'_'-'_':!;    iii.,  .•to7-s,  ;{i:{,  :!:! 


V: 


issiin 


v.,  SS;  I  'entr.il  .\inerii 


li,,  (iiW,  (i7s-7lo,  7I1I--M,  7:{s.  7'.ii« 

iii.,  7-.  tSl,  4't:{;  see  also  Saeriliees, 


(>-(leil  X'alley.  i..  4(;!». 
( l^iii'ii's  I  'iiannel    ULiiids 

( >'.;iis,  an  .\siatii'  iirinec,  v. 


•_'!I4. 
intes.  i.,   140.    see    ,\;:le'_'liillles. 


47 


(»l 


i.mnaiiii 
.••.7 1  '.I I;   I 


s,  Noiili  M 


exican  I  rilie,  i. 


oeatioii.  1. .  l> 
<  lliiat.  tlii.e  of   N'ootk.i- 
ioi  a  I  ion,  i..  "Jll."'. 

.M  is^issilipi    \,'il|r 


■4 -JUS 


(Hii 


ant  n 


( lkaiia;^.iii  Lake.  i..  'J.'.l. 
''kan.i-an  IJixer,  i.,  -.'.".I,  •_'.":!.  .".II'. 
I  lkaii;e.:,-iii>j(  lakiiiaekeiis,  I  laivinaek 

(  li<inakaiies),   trilu'  of  Sliii>li\\  ap 

i.,  •_'.".0-'.i|;  loealion,   i.,  v.V.1,  ;!|--*  i: 

s|ii'eial  ineiilimi.  i. 

L'lllo.     -Jli.S,     •_'70---'. 


.'CO,  •_•'; 


..-(i 


JSI,  L'ssilO:  iiiyili.,  iii.,  l.'.:!-4, 
iii.    (il'i;  oriuin,  \.,  "_*■_'. 


Ian-, 

<  Ikeliiik 


Noilh   Califoriiian    liil 


I.,  .'{•Jli-lil  ;    Ioi  Mtloii.  1.,    I  i 
( Ikkow  ish.  name  for  Moilm 


II. 


(Ikoi  nil 


.M; 


aiiee.  ii.,  (i!l7 


( )i-o\v\iii  jha.  Soiitii  Califoiniaii  tiiire, 

i..    lO-j'-J-J;   loealion,  i..  4."i:i. 
<lk-liiT.  name  foi-  Klam.alli-,  i.,   114. 


(llalii.   nam 

ii.,  7(i(i. 
( )laiiielilUes 


il    inoiiih    in    ('hiap; 
('elilral       Ciilifoiiii 


trihe,   !.,  .•i(;i-IOl; 


alioli,    1.,  4  11 


aiiL 


iii.,  (ils.  (l.'.l. 


(»laiielies((ll;islll,  Celllial  C 


ilihirnia  1 


lllln',    I. 

I.'id. 


:!(H-4(ll ;   loeal 


lull,    I.,     It'll' 


(Mail 


ho,   I. 


litv, 


niilura'-,    1.,  i\ 


!l.'!;  anlit|..  w. 


.0 


(  Hi'aearan.  meiliein.il  I'laiil, 
(  lldiones,  i..  4.").'i.  see  .Mcho 


i..  CIO 


<IM 


aue.   trealiiient   ol   a;:ci 
■,  .-.!.■..  .■.IIS. 


'10. 


(Ileepa^.  I'eilllal  Califol'lliail  lliln',  i., 
.'.Ill    tOl;    loealion.    i  ,    4.".0;    s|ieei:  1 


nielltloll,    I. 


!S<.(  !I0.  ;!',l.S. 


(Ill 


tlleiiHi-,  Cenlr.il  ( 'alifoi-nian  Iril.e,  i. 
I      Ifiil-IOl;   loealion,  i.,   I.VI. 
(Sii)ones,  ('osiano^K  Ceiilr.il '(  Me -I  nr.a,    ('eiilral   Califoriiian    liiKe 


( 'ahtoi man   llihe,  i.,  .'Slil-  IOI ;   loe.i- 


I  loll 


i.,  4.-.,l 


<  •linaiian.  eilv,  (iiierrero.  v..   I  I'J. 


Ohm 


North  Mexiiaii    tril 


i..  :!t;i-10l ;  loealion,  i.,  4.'.;t. 
((  Mioiii,  ( 'nitral  <  'alifi 


(llhollc: 


llilie.  I. 


:i(;i-40l;   loiatioii,  i..    I.Ml: 


iii..  (;."i,'t:  laie.:'..  111..  (i.'i.'i. 


01 


01;  loealion.  i..  Cii'i;  l.iuu..  iii.,  707.  [  •  lliliuhiiiii,  Nnliiia  ilrii.u',  ii..  Col. 


ivalit,  Iril.e 
loeiitiim.  i. 


of  Nooli 

I'.l.i 


74  -tW;  :  I  llimail,    st.ilioli,    (.iiilehe    ini-ialn.li. 


ls,->.  .'.C 


( iiiateniala.     alitii 


ni.ilm'h,  Iril.e  <>i    \i   iikas,    i.,    171-    (Uinlei 
'.'OS;  loealion,  i,,  •'",">,  I       I'J*. 

Oi.'lela.  lril.1' of  Nootkas,  i.,  17  I  -O-':  i  <  >li' es,  Noith   Me\ie;m  ti 


loealion,  I, 


01; 


OCilllOll,    I.,    Il 


14. 


I 


726 


INDEX. 


tilJMii,  i..  .|.->:^,  SIC  nlliiiiios.  I  Oiiicti'itoc,  i.,  T'.l'J;  aiitiii..  iv  ,  -JO-Sn, 

<  »l'laiila.\l;iiiilii..  r.lii.  iiiitiij.,  iv..  S()4.         'Xl.  .•)'.>.  .")S-;i,  CI.  (;;{-.">. 

<  illciijiaiili'lKiilitflills  Nuiili  Calil'or-    Oniclciclitii,    Naliiia  j;ii(l,    ami  mdir 

iiiaii  tiihe,   i.,   ."Wd-dl;  Incatioii,  i.,  ;      <>i   |iritsts,    ii.,  L'O'J,   -JT-'i,   -'.tT,   ."CiH; 

44.1  j      iii.,  4IS,  4:{4. 

Olliii,  Nail iiji  (lay,  ii.,  512,  .TIti-lT.        j  ( )iiii'yatrit(',  Nicara^rua  ^'uil,  iii..  4!t'J. 
(>IiiK'i-atl.  ( )liiioi' ruler,  v.,  I'.Hi.  j  ( >iiu'yat('/i;^(iat,     Nicaraj,'iia  ;,'im1(1i'-^>, 

(•iiiifca  \'ixli)li,  llliiifc  jiniviiRL's,  v.,  '      ill.,   I'.ii.'. 

I'.IO,  HIT.  Oiiii.  villauv,  Simoia.  i..  (JOS. 

Oliiit'cs     (lliiliiii'i'as,     Ojiiii'fas,     ( >l- ■  ( 'iui(\i|iaii,  » )tiiiiii  ikiIiIc.  \...'il7. 

iiiri|iics,    riiiu'cs),    Naliiia    iiaticiii.    <  hiHKlimiiiiics  (( iiiiiitcliaimu's  ( liiiiit- 

i.,  tilT- 14;  ii.,  l;{li-(iL".);  Imal  imi  ami        rliiimnc-i,  i.,  .")().  .~(o  <  >iiiati-liaiiim'^. 

iiaim'.    i.,    (171;      ii.,     1I'_'-I4.    I'_".l;    ( )iii|(i\ mmo,       ('ciitral       (  alilnriiiaii 

>|ii'fial  iiu'iitioii,  ii.,  .'U.'i.  .">.")1;  laii^.,        trihc,  i..   .'!(il-4((l:  lncatidii.  i..  4.'i;!. 

iii.,    7-4;   oriuiii,  v.,  L'li;    hist.,    v.,    (Iiiaiia,  villaLir.  SmiKia.  i..  (Jdl. 

l!l.".-L'()2.  4S4,'  ISS,  4'.'1.  4'J!t,   .■)L>7->S,    Oiia'vas.    Nci'itli     .Mcxiiaii    Iiilif.    i., 

(i()i;-7,   (!lu'-l;},  (IK;,  (i-_M.  ■"i7l'.ll;  s|M'iiai  iiicnlidii,  i..  .V.H). 

( )l:mi|(iiiK',  ( 'ciilial  ( 'aiifoniiaii  trilic,    Onlii,    Central   (  alilnniiaii    trilie,    i., 

i..  ."{(il^dl;  lueatiim,  i..  -iXi.  :i(il-4(>l;  lucaliuii.  i..  4.>4. 

jiili/alpkaiiiyax,  .Mava  feast,  ii.,  7<l().    ( (iiieietnclis,    trilie     nf    llaiilahs,    !., 

Ionian,  (.hiiclK'  triliai  name  anil  sta-  '      I.V)-74:  lucatinn,  i.,  •_*!I4. 

ticin,  v.,  •_'!,  ■")4(i,  .")(il-l.'.  I  ( )umiak  I  I'miak),  .\ia>kan  Imal,  i..(in. 

!iim|iaiis,  i.,  4."i:{,  see  Olnniiiali.  j  0(inaia>lika    (<  >iinala>ka  I,    i.,  '.K(,  sei! 

Iipniileliamnes,  Central   Caiil'ornian  '      Inala^ka. 

trilie,  i.,  ;{lil-4(ll;  Ine.iliun,  i.,  4."i(>.     ;  Ontla^ln'iils.  Inlanil  Colnniliian  frilie, 

li'iweiliiis,  Central  Califiirnian  trilie,  |      i.,  iVilt-'.ll ;  Incalidii.  i.,  '.'A'2;  special 

i.,  :i(il-401;  Ideation  and  n.inie,   i.,  j      nienliun.  i,.  "J.'iS. 

4.")(i.  ( (parrapa,  \  iiia.u'e,  Sumira,  i..  (WKi. 

liiwei'vas,  ( 'entral  <  'alifnrnian  trilie,    (Ipalas  (( >pas),  Nurtli    .Mexiian  trilie, 

i.,  .'Jd'l- 101 ;  loeatinn  ami   nanu',   i.,        i.,  .")7I-!M;  location,   i.,  .")7-,  (!0."i-(;; 


4."i(;, 

low  its.    Central    Californian    trilie, 

i.,  .'t(il-40l ;  location   ami   name,  i., 

4."i(i. 

Ipeu,  Centi'al   < 'alil'ornian    Irjlie,  i., 

.■{i;i-40l ;  loi'ati<in,  i..  4."i;{. 

lumpali   |<  llompalisi,    ( 'entral  Cali- 

fiirnian  tiilie,  i.,  ,'ltil-4()l;  location, 

i.,  4.Vi. 

niaca  (Onieacalh,  lonl  of  'riaiman- 


aleo,  V. 


:t4'.». 


nialiii,  Norlli   <  'alitor 


man   "imI,  hi 


i7(; 


:;{. 


Ilia  t  chain  lies  I  ( )mochiimiiies,  Oiiint- 
eiiaiiiiies,   ( tmnli'huiiiiic-.).   Central 
( 'alifoi'iiian  liilie.  i.,  .'{lil-IOI;  loca- 
tion, i.,  4.'i0;  lani;..  iii.,  lil'.l. 
inaxliix,    South    Californian    trilie, 
i.,  40l.'-'J'J;  loeatio.l,  i.,  4.-.!t. 
Iiie   .\call    (( hiie.ica'l),    Nalnia  co,], 
iii.,  40S,  see  ( liiiaca. 
niecjoall     (( )ineciliiiaiM,     name    of 
Cillalieiie,    ii.,    ■_'7.'t;   ii'.,    <>>',    ••~il 

:!7;t. 

mens,  of  ilis.ister,   Mexico    v.,   Ki.!- 
71,  .V-'(i,  .V!."i.  (!0I.  (i()4. 
melecniilli   (( hiieteeiitli     (>iii(*cne- 
lli).  iianie  of  Ciilalaloiuic,  iii.,  ,>■' 
•MO.  .■(7;!. 


special    mention,    i.,   .■)7;i-ti,    ."iSi;!, 

riSCi-OI;    Ian--.,    iii.,   <JS4,    Ci'.l.'i,    li'.»';l- 

704. 

pecliis.it  (( •peeliisahl ),  trilie  of  Noot- 

kas,    i.,    174-JOS;    location,    i.,   -JO.!; 

siiecial  ineiition.  i..  l~\). 


•liisel,  trilie  of  N'ooikas 


171- 


•_'0,S;  location,  i.,  •_".•,">. 

[lenoclies.  ( 'entral  t  'aiiloinian  tril:e, 

i..  ."{(il-tol :  location,  i.,  4."iii. 


ihir.  locali 


tv  of. 


t)4-."). 


plillialiiiia.  1.,  (I'S.  lil.-i.  -JS,"!.  .-iL'l. 


\olc 


Sal 


(10. 


vailor,  antiq.,  i\ 


pochtli,  iii.,    11(1,  see  Opiichlli. 
poilcpr.  \  illa'jc.  Sdimra,  i..  (iO(i 


losnia  M\er 


i;o.i-(;. 


ipe^aclis.  North   Calil 


orniaii   IiiIk 


i.,  .'fJC-Cil; 


alloii.  1,.    t-l.' 


pnchlli  (t)pochtli).  Naliiia  uoil.  iii., 
410;   .\/tec  chief,  v.,  :t."i.S. 
pnio,  \illaj^t',  Soiiora,  i.,  iiO(i. 
i|ninaiiial,  name  of  nionlli  in  Chin- 
p.is.  ii..  7(i'!- 

racies,    i.,    ."iliS;    ii.,    (i'.)O;    iii..    Hid, 
is;!;    v..  ."i.'l.'i  (i.  (iO(i. 
racle-stone.  at  ('aiihaha.  \.,  (iOI. 
railie     ((>rai\e,     dravl 


•  heylie),    Momii    \ii!a;;i',    i 
'!'.K.  ':  lull''.,  iii.,  071. 


(»ni\  \a. 


.f_'S, 


IXDEX. 


m 


t  •raliipiis.  sec  S|»m'(Ih' 
( )r;iliirii's,  ii. ,  liJl- 

iii..  -Mt-l,  4(l!l. 
Oravlic,  i.,  (i(M>,  set-  (trail 


Otciaftc,  ("ciitial  ( 'alifi)riiian  tril)' 


:{f.|-4(»l;  1. 


It iiiii,  i..  4.');(. 


70-4,  CST-S,  7S( 


(Sd; 


( )ia\  \a.,i. 


(;ill. 


(MailM 


<  lilpalt/ain,  a  ( liiatcijialaii   riiliT,   v. 

Ore,  Sinaloa,  laii^'.,  iii.,  Tl'T. 
()n'i;i>ii,   tiiln's  (li'sciiliod,    i. 


Otiiliiiii  i(  Hotimi,  ( )tiilai,  native  name 
till'  I'aifiicnu',  iv.,  'J'.!."). 


Otiiiiiis  (( Itimniis 


N 


tliiia  iiatmn. 


<;i7-44;    i 


i.,   \:v.u\-i\\ 


locat 


lull   a 


ii.l 


uaiiic.  i.,  (ilT-lS,  (i7.'l-4:  ii,,  l-.'!»-.S(l; 
spi'cial  iin'iiticiii,  i.,  ()'J.">.  (!;i(),  W.Vl, 
(i;{l.    (M.'i;  ii.,   ■Ji;!,   .-{(IS,   T,\--l.  .".(1(1; 


4'_'J-4l';    locat iiiii 


.•i(l4- 


4-.'i:, 


4(i(l-:{;  laiig.,  iii.,  (i.'U,   (1(>(I;  aiitii 
iv.,  7:<4-.".. 


iivtii. 


iii.,  .")4I :  laii^'..  iii. 


.•i7- 


41;   v.,  .'{'.t^O.  •-'(C.-il;   lii>t.,  v., 'Jd-'.-C 

•_';(;»,  .".(i:!.  ."■>()(;,  .".lo. 

Otoiiiiti,  Naliiia  cliicf,  v..  '_>•_';{. 


( ht'jciiu'.-^,    Xmiii    Mfxiian    triiio,    i.,    ( •tuinpaii  (( Itmiipa.  ( »tiiiiiliai,  a  towi 


.")7I-'.»I;  Iciratioii,  i.,  (HI. 


( >ii'st,i,  .Miclicia 
( >icli;4ii;i, 
dii'vix',  i.,  (idl. 


laii  ruler,  v.,  .)1. 

'.)l,  SCI"  ( )r(ilii"iaii.-^ 

OraiLc. 


aiiii   iliiff  of   Mixini,   i.,  (i7."{;  iv. 


)4I;  V. 


■11».  -Ml.  47(! 


( Irioiitait'.s,  tril)c  of  .\|iai-|i('s,  i.,  47.'i- 


.yj.K>;   lor 


itioii,  I.,  47.'i. 


Origin,  of  .\iiii'riiaii  nations,  v.,  1- 
i:ifi,  .Vis. 

Ori/a.  fooil  of  iiilanil  ('olninl)ian 
trilics.  i..  -JdC. 

(Iriza\;i,  \'cra  ( 'rn/.  anl  ii|.,  i\.,  4.'i.">-('(. 

( •iiiaincnls,  Ii  v|Mrliori'aiis,  i.,  "fl-W, 
«S-!I,  '.17-1(1(1,  I -'J,  l-'S,  1,T!;  Col- 
iiinliiaiis,  i.,  I.')it,  IC"),  17;t-!S(l,  IS-J- 
:!,  •-Mi,  --'.".S;  Califoiiiiaiis,  i.,  WWW. 
;W7-8,  4-.M(;;  Niu  Mc.xicaii.s.  i., 
48-_M,  ".;!•_'-;{.  .■..■)S-:i.  .-.74-,".;  iii.,  ISd; 
aiilii).,  i\.,  (i7S;  .Mi'xicaiis,  i.,  (;■_';{, 
(il'.i-.')l;  ii.,   •-".t(l-l.  .•{l'.l--J7,  .Tf7.  ;!7-'- 


( ttoii('a|iol(d,      .Mexico,     antic|.,      iv. 

r.di.'-:?. 

(ttolinii,  iv.,  "J!!.";,  sec  (Moliini. 
Otter,  1.,  77.  '.HI.  Kis,  ICd,  i(;ii-7,  IS-J 

iss,  •_'!;{,  •_*;{d.  -.'.".s,  .s;!!!,  :{(;7-7d,  :is."i 


47 


447 


•<ee   Scott  .S 


( Ittetiewa  Kiver,   i., 

Itiver. 
(Itllia,  iv.,  -J!!."),  see  (Itoliilil. 
( Itiiiiilia,  i. ,  (>7I>.  ^■ee  ( 'tiPiniKin. 
(Itiirlie.    ('eiilrai     (  alifoi  iiiaii     trilie, 

i,,  ;i(il-4()l;  location,  i.,  AX\. 
( Itziiilicolmatl,    \,,"-'4;i,  mc    Mazaco- 

liiiatl. 
(It/ova,  a    (li.strict  ill   ( iiiatcniaJa,    i., 

7S7. 
(Inakicii.  name  for  Nootka  tribes,  i., 
7,  ;!'.l.")(i,   4(17,41(11.   (i(l4,    (I'IKI.  (;■_'!;  i       I7(i. 

iii.,    •_>:{S,    lM'.I,    •..'JS!I-'.I(>,   :{|4,   .•{•_'4-,'>.  i  (liiallaniat,    It  Inallainet ),     i.,   ;!dll-ld, 
;VS.-.,    .Tld-'J,    4'_';{.    4'.'7;    aii(i.|..    iv..  |      see  Willametle. 
;i7(!.  .•is;{,   .".:{!l;  Cential   .\niericans.  i  ( In.ilia    dnalia,     i.,    .'US,   see    Walla 
i.,  (i',11,  71(i-l7,   7">-'-4;  ii.,  (i:!.-.,  7:!'-'-         W  alia. 

.'{;    antii|.,    iv.,    IS,   •_'(»,    •J'2-4;    .Mis-    ( liiclies,  ;:ol(l  ornainents,  i.,  7i)(i. 
sissi|i|ii    \alley,   antii|.,    iv.,  778-!l;    ( Incliiiclili^il,  i.,   l".!."),  see   Ilowcliuk- 
rern.  anliii.,  iv.,  7!l-.  lisalil. 

Orosa'ini,  \illa,m',  Sonnia.  i..  (iiHi.         i  ( liiiainoi,     name    for   ( ■liini;:<'liiiiiili, 
(•rolina,  city,  Nicarai:na,  \.,  tii;{.  1      iii.,   Itl.'i. 

(Irotinaiis    ( ( IreliLzua  i.     (  oiateinalan  i  ( Iniot,    .\ca,uflienieni    iii\thical     iier- 


(Nicara^iial  trilie,  i.,  (t.S(i.7ll;  |oca- 


.k;-.'- 


tioii,    i.,  (WS,   7'.t- 


lilll;  la  11".,  ;  (liikskeiialis,  Nortli  (  aliforniaii  li 


III.,  t 


111-;!. 


i..  .•(•-'il-lil;  location,   i..   III. 


()id\ilie,   Californ 


la.   aiilh 


7d 


(•nla>'-er.  iii..  4". 


W 


Oriiks,    Nortli    ('aliforniaii    trilie,    i. ,  i  Oiiloiilatines.      Central      ( 'aliloi  niaii 


:i.'('(-iil;  location,  i.,  41(1, 


tiilie,  i.,  :!(il-  Idl ;  location,   i.,   4." 


(_)sacalis.   Central    ('aliforniaii    trilte.  ]  (liiinjiini,  Ceiilral   (aliforniaii   triln 


i..  :!i;i-|dl;  loiaii. 


l.-.t. 


i.,  :tiil   Idl;  location,  i,,  4.-.;t, 


Usse;:ons.    .North    C.ililoinian    ti  ilie.  ,  ( liiiial,-isk 


.'{7,  MM'  rnatasku. 


I.,  .'l'J(i-)il;  locaiiiiti.  i..  4  li 


OsiotI,  'I'la- 


cala,  anl  ii| ..  i\. 


47S. 


(Istiita,  ('liia|ias,  aiilii|,.  i\,,  .'lal. 
Otai|uitanionc-..  Noil  1 1  .Mexican  trilie 

1,,  .")7I-1II;  location,  i.,  (ild. 
Otlioniis,  i.,  (;7.'t.  see  ( lloniis. 
OtIatI,  liainlioo.  ii..  III). 


Our; 


Sinaloa  : 


ISd 


Ousiiil.  Central  (  alil'oiniaii   trilie,  i 

;i(il-l(il:  location,  i.,  .»,-.:i. 
()iitcliionn,u',(  'en trait  'aliforniaii  triln 


:t(il-4dl; 


Mtioii.    I.,  4.'"(;{. 


( has,  i.,  (idli.  see  .lo\i 


I 


iM>i;.\. 


l.j.Ki'.  Cal 


aiit  ii 


•I'.n.    I' 


k'Imi'.'IIiimi',   I  ('III,  Jill  III  ,1V. 


Ui"l,  \ .,    1( 


OwIm,  i.,    171,  •Jl'.t,    l(l.>,   :)(;i,  711;    iii.,      I'll.  Iijl-IICN,    Nuilli    Mi\i.;iii    lull 


.i7l   '.)l:    loriil I  ,  111  I. 


Noiili    Mi\i 


<  Kniiirll.   ii .,  .'!!!>,  -^i-r  <  l\  iiinrll. 

0\  ill  IJiiiili,   t,>Mirlir     mill,    \   ,    ."iCiCi,  ' 

.I'.l.i,  lill'..'  111-. 

(Ivi.illilli    I'/V,     I 'iikrliii|iirl    kill;;,    \.,     I'lli'llilliiiiis,    Noilli   M(  \ii.iii   hi 


ill'llllllH     (I'llMJl 

r.iii    hilic,    i.. 


I    \>\  .    Ini  ,'lll 


.i!!!,  .)'.m;  i;iii> 


.■|7  I  'i'l ;  liniii  loll 


1.,  I.I.'. 


0\llllll;|l.     \   II.  ill. Ill,     ,'lllli.|.,     i\.,      I'lO.    I    rMI'llllluill,     i.l.alll\,     tilMl 

Us.iiiiK.  .1,    Naliiia     ;',.i.l,    lii.,  '^~t2;    \.,  ',       .'i.i'.l. 
I'.MI.  I' 


.'iiialii,    \. 


iiliMii,  i\. ,  'J'.t.">,  SCI-  Nji.liaii 


nMiiii...-.i.i|.a.li)iial  i,     Naliiia    iinrlil       I'.i.  Iicciia-.  (  I 'a.  Ii.-.iul  I  -i,  l,  ■.!!l.i,  ■J!I7 
.11  ..I    iii.'.li.iiii',    II.,  .■|'.t7.  I       hcr  I'lililic.'iiaN. 

tt\aiin'll  ((  Kaiiii'lli,  a  s|n'(iis  nl'  I  icr,  '  ra.  Ii.ia,      T 
li..  ill'.l,  .V.7.   ."';i.  I      711. 


iiaiiiiiiiaia    ilial.'.l,     in. 


t  >\ '.    ( 'lii.'iiiiiu'.'  amii'tit    lily,  v.,  ;  ra.lilii'|n's,  ( 'ml  lal  <  alil.u  iiiaii  hi 


•Jl'.»,  '-".II. 
( >/.ila\i).liill    (<  )..i.i\.i.liill,    ( »i-.'l..\      1' 


I  ,  .'till    101 :  1.1.  ah. HI  I..   I.il 

NiH  I  li   .Mi'si.  an  h  I 


I.   ll.l.llCS, 


lo.'ii).  r.iii 


.■.•     1.1  lll.l'ss,    v. 


'.".Ml 


I-IM;   l.i.ali.iii,  i..  I'll  I. 


( )/.iiiiMlli,  Naliiia  ila\,    ii.,    ,'il'J,   .Mti    i  I'n.lilli,  Naliiia  iii.nilli,  li  ,  .'ill. 


17;  /a|i.ili'i'  kill;;. 


i.'l-J 


I'a.  Iiloiil  li.  N.iliiia  III. ml  li,  li  .  .'>l  I. 


<  >/la\.i.liil  I ,  will'  .il'    I'.illi'.-  .liirf,   \.,     I'a.  ii 


,M  U'li.ia.  an      iiil.i. 


( >,'l.il.ill,    slati.in,   I  liiiliinicc    niii'ia      I' 


I  Kill,    \ . 


•.".•I. 


(Taiii 


.).       N.iilli     Ml 


I. '.I,  I. 


•  w  II,  ( Inad'iiiala,  i. ,  7>'7 


( >/l.iiii.iii,    til  \ ,    '  iiicrnin,     \ . 

I  I-'. 
(  >/l.>iic.i 
( '/I.. I  ii'iia. 

(•/I.>li|ia.', 


■II-', ;  1' 


mill',  i  ,.".71  ".M  ;  l.i.aii.Hi,  i.,  HI  I   1. 
I'.na,  a  |i|.>\  in.  c  in  I  )ai'ii'n,  i 
.'.IS,  N.nili    Mc\i.iiii   hilic,  i.,  .^7 


'M\ 


lii.'.'ilion ,   I. 


(il'. 


•il\ , 


l.'Mi-.l,      \ 


117.    I' 


nIIiiiii.iii  Nla\f^.  I.,   I 


•|. 


I'a.|iiilfs,    N.nlli     M.Ai.an    hiln',    i. 


--lal  lull,     ( 'liii'liiii 


I  '.II;   local 


I. HI,    I    .   i> 


',ial  I. HI.  \ . 


'.>J 


:i-::i. 


.1.    S.iiilli   ( 'alil.irniaii    liiln',    i 


(•.'I. .11. 

(  'liir.iiii../lii.'. 
(  •/l..l  Ian,    -.lal  i..n. 


I 'iiiii.'liiia\  an-  ,       lO'J 


Il  i.iii,  i..   l.i.S. 


A.'l 


(■.•    iiii:;i'.il  mil 


;o; 


■1. 


aiiia.li." 
i.ali    li'il 
(111    I'J. 


(I' 


l;',ii;i.iii--l. 


N.iiili  M. 


'  I  '.II ;     lii.'al  mil,     i 


(•/iiiiilii,  Mt'\i.'i.,   aiili.|.,  i\.,   I'.Hi,  I'ariia-^.  i.,  (ill.  ^.■l■  TainaM. 

I  I'a.iia/in,    N.n  I  li    McNi.aii  1 1  iln', 
,V;i->,ll;   1. Mali. .11.  i.,  (II  1. 
i.nniriiai-,   Ma\  a  I'.'a-.!.  ii. .  (i'L't. 


r,ia\. 
I'aa\l. 


7.'''>.  ^.'i'  l',i\. 

Iril..'  .)!'  Siiiiinl  liiiiiaii-^.  i 


.'OS  •■•_';  I. Mali. Ill,  i.,  .•idl. 


I'a. 

I'a. I. II. -s.   i..  CO,   i(i(i,  i;;o,  ICC,  is.\ 


iss,    I  ".to.  -Jic. 


lie.  ;is'_',  :i.s.|. 


los,   ."iC.'i,  .'.s;!,  (;:;i,  c.is,  (i;i'.i, 


,ii,  ;   11. 


;i;   iii..  111::. 


I' 


aliav  il.    I  ...■<  .\ii;. 
li!'--!  «  .iiiiaii.  iii.,  .S  I. 


( 'iiiinl  V  hill." 


I. nil    r.ii-    t 


man. 'Ill's,  i. 


ral'il'..--.    S.Mill;    Mexican    liil>.',     i.,     I'al'.iil.'cs,    N.nlji    Mi'xi.aii    hilif,   i. 


Ill  I  70;  l.Mati.m,  i..  (Isl. 


'.H;   i.M'ali.in,  i,.  CI'. 


I'.icailiiii  l!i\('i',  i.,   C.s.'l. 


111. 


I'ali  I  l.'s. 


I'.ii'al.iv,  ( In.il. 
I'a.'. nil.  (iMii 


anli.i..  iv.,  I.'M.  ,  I'.ilnalia,    Icnn   I'm-    sweat  ImiiM',    i. 


fill'  mill,  \ . 


I'ai'iiv 


iliiis,  h'llii'  .1 


17:1. 
I'  .Vjiailii',- 


I      ...III. 
I7;t-     I'aliiiH'li'M,    (rill 


li     Sl.ii' Imiit'M,     I. 


."I'Jti;    liU'aliiiM,   i..  ."i!!-. 
'arasa'^,  .\i'a\.'.' .liali'rt.  iii.,  71'.*. 
'.i.'.'in.l.iii     I'-laiiil.      M  i.'lmaran, 


:ilil\.     (liialciiiala,    v. 


d'O-'. 


I-J'J  I'.';  local  i.. II,  !..    ICI. 
I'aliiinalis,    Slioslmnt'    wain     s|iiril~ 


iii.,  I."i7 


I 'a  I 


ISCCiJO, 


I'll. Ill  .il'  I  nlaini    (  uliimliian 


tnlii's.  I.,  •Jii.i, 
I'ali     111'  Ciri'U,   ('alii 
iv..  C'.M. 


ii'iiia,  iiiilii). 


iM>i:\. 


I'.iIiIIm    i\\\ I.,    I'.ill     ri:ili.,    I'.i        I',iI;iiis]miII.  CrllllMl  <\llifnnji.lll  lril« 


I    h'.,    I'.i    ^lll;|.,    I'l  ,    I    hi,    IiiIm'  i,  :h;|    II»I  ;   I.MMlinii 


I  .    I.>(>. 


il    SIlci-iliiiliiM,    1.,     IL'..'    1.'; 


I'.'iImm.I 


MU  I 


I 


M,     (  Villi. ll      •   lllllnr- 


I..  \:-2,  Ki.vi;;  s| 
•lit.  i:ij;i.   III. 


ii'i'llll    lllrlll  lull,     I. 


fall   \  ;iiil^  I  r.iliM'iil  .,   r.iiaiil    I    laliM 


I'm  \m!iI 
•IJ-'    IJ;    I. 


I,    Inlic 

11, i(  lull, 


if   Sliiisliiilifi,  i, , 
.,     l-'J,    llil,     IC.S; 


iiiaii  Irilic,  i  ,  .'till-  iol ;  liii  iiliiiii,  i 
■I. -.(I. 
I'iiliii|iiii|ii<"<,    Noiili    M(\ii,iii    IiiIh' 


I  '.II; 


iliiiii.  i.,  ill.'l. 


■i\tv   i.il  iiniil  lull,  I. ,    I  1: 


I'illl   \.iiil    \M\, 


V,  i  .    I'll. 


I'liiMi   (I'.iil.k).    Iiil I    Soiiii.l    III 

ili.iii.,   i  ,  'JOS.-JJ;    luraljiiii,   i.,  IllCt. 


',11111        I'lc 

mil  11.,  i\ 


M 

.V)  li. 


isMissipin 


N'all. 


ami  III:; 
,S|,  .ss. 


II 


y\ 


ifllMHi';ilis,    I. 


I'll  I 


i'lii|iii',    aiM'ii'ii 


I    I'll  \  ,   I   liia|>: 


C.s;!;    II  ,    I  IS,    {•JO,    (l.-i;!. 


Ill 


.'S'f  .•til!;    \.,    .'.S  ;».    Iii-I. 


Kilt,  •juj  :i, 


I  l-J,    .•>!  1,    (illi 


(ilK,  C' 


I'.ili.iii-,  llil r   Ncnik.i .,  i.,   i; 

•_'(is;  liM'allciii,  i.,  •J;iN. 


I'alh 


h'-',   I  '7,   i:!ii;  •' 
'.'.    n:i.    Kii.    17 


lUilllap: 


,  Siiiil  ll  I  aliliii  ii!a!i  I  I'll 


I  ,    Id-".". 


iii\  III. .  III. 


>  I :  I  .  lU. 


ITS,  isii'.',  isi,  MM),  I'.i:;,   I'.r.),  l'ik;, 


•-'l(»  I-',  •.•!(; 


'.I,  -•:;i;.  -j..;,  •-•ti;  <'ai- 


iioniiaii^,  1.,  ;i;i:t,  ;i.".s,  .•i7i>  i,  :i77 
;i:i:i,   nci-i.   iji:   iv.,  (i'.ii-j;  Ni 

.M"\i.aiis,    i.,    ISO  1,    III.".  C,    .".(Id 


:ii 


>i:t  li 


>ii 


.<.>!!,   .i.ill. 


M.'siiaif.,  i  ,  li."'.'  :t,  ll;il,  lil!l  7.1 ;  ii., 

:t„'i  I,  ;i:;;t,  .tit,  :iii:t  i,  ;;7i  i,  lo... 
107.  isii  H.  .v;_';  iii.,  :;s(i  7,  iit7  17, 
•n.".;  i\  ,  :iiir>,  :ii-',  100,  iii;  CniiiMi 

,\  iiici  iraii->,  i.,  (i'.M,  701,  7I<>,  T^VJ -1, 
7ii'.';  ii.,  ii'.>7.   Too, 


;i,  T-'i,  Til  11. 


711. 

:i."i  II,  (i: 
•j;ii  I,  • 


(■I.:,  /Il"*  ( 


(is  TO,  Tsi. 


THT:  IV. 


I!», 


l_'(i,     ISll'.IO,     1117,     '-'I'.I. 


I'aiiil/ 
I' 


li  iii'lii 


.ill-'  ul'   .\alli 
i..    Mil, 


:!III. 


I'i  I   laliH. 
Taiill   I'.  I'lali  <ii.'il<'i'l.  iii  .  lilil. 
I'ai   I    h-..  i.,    Ki.'l.  ••>:■  I'i   I    Ic.s. 


r 


i.jala: 


Nmlli    Mi'\iiaii    liilic,  i. 
mm!  inii,  i  ,  (ilO. 


allrlli.    I'alla' 


liil,i:i<l     I  ofiiiiiliiaa 


(III 


i.,  'J.'.O  III;    ll 


ir.l  I  lull. 


i..  :!r 


I 'a  I 


III,    \aruiii:H   ii-i'i  111.    I..    |Mi.   ii.i", 

■.(io,  .vsj,  .•(Sii.  CM.  (;;;o,  (,:,\  ■:,  cmi- 


Tos,  Till 


:t'». 


Tfll, 


,(1.-. 


ii.,  .•11;, 


.'I,  (in:!. 


I'aliiiiil.i--,    I'm  I-.,    \'i'ia    <  'i  ii/,    aiil  i>| 

i\..  IIT. 
I'aliiiiliis,    Nmlii     Ml  \  il  all     1 1  ilir.    i. 


'.tl; 


iK'al  imi.  I  ,  li 


lll(i.<     \  riilr  ..     \ 
I'miiia.  i..    liiO, 


nil     I'aii 


I 'a  I 


misi' 


(I'al. 


I'alii.,      I' 


rdii-^i'l,    liilainl   < 'ulimilii.iii    llil 


i..     'J.'.O  III  ;    liiiMll I. 

N|ii'i'lal  iiii'iil  imi,  i. ,  'JliT, 
iii..  (i-'O  I. 


:!.    .'tlS; 


III);     li 


I'al. 


Ii'iv 


iii\  III. 


ill.,  !M 


I' 


■Mil    till; 


<  'I'lilral  <  'alil'm  iiiaii  Irili 
.ilimi,   i  ,    I'lii. 


I'.ijal.i  |iii'-,  Niirlli    .Mc\ic,m  tiilic,  i.,  j  ral|i;i,   \lii  .i|iiilii  IimmI,  i  .  7l'i. 

.'i,'l  III;   lni'.ilimi,  i.,  fill.  I  I'allc.iar,  i  ,    I..S.  ,  i  ,■  r.njM.ar, 

I'.iialalaiin'H,    Nurlli     Mi'\iiaii    liilic,  '  I'.iliis,  i.,.'!|S,  -,i  r  r.ilni  .r. 


i..  ;.7l-|l|;   liir.iliiiii.  I..  CI  I 
I'a jal.ili'-i,    Nmlli    .\ir\lr.iii    liilir.    i., 

.S7I-III ;  laralimi,  i..  (ill 
I'lijarilui,    Nmlli    Mi'si'.iii    liilir,    i.. 

.■i7l-Hl ;  Inialimi.  i..  iil;i. 
I'a jaiii  l.'i\  rr,  i. ,    I  i  i. 
Takiii',   ll  /.I  ••nil,  iii.,   I'i.'!. 
I'.ila.     \  ilia  •!•,    Smil  li    I  '.i  lil'uriiia.     i. . 

Hill 
I'al.iiT-.,    ii  ,    Iii  I  7  I..   I  10,   (;,!■>,   7.S7-II; 

!i!ilii|.,    i\.,    I-.'.!  .1,     l:!'i-T.    I.il  -.N.'), 

'_'i»s-:i.._'.  :{;)|-IL!.  im-jo.   1:11,  i.vs- 
(10.  .'ijit,  .vjii,  ;vii,  .'./o.  Ti's-ii,  ,so(i. 

I'lilaik--    Niirlli   ( 'aliim  iii.in   niiic,    j.. 


I'aliix.  liilH'  i.r  CliiiiiiuK-.    i  ,    'JJJ  .",0; 

Imal  imi.  i.,  .'iO.i. 
I'aiiiiK^a.  <  ll  \ .    ( iiialMiial.i,    ii,iiiir   lur 

/afiial|'.i,  \ ..  ."is7. 
l'aiiiai|Ui'--,  Nmlli  Mi^viiaii    liilic,    i., 

."i7l  HI  ;   lai'ali'ill.  i.,  (il  I. 
I';iiiiasin.    Niiilli    .\lr\i.aii    liilir,     i., 

,'i7l  1)1  ;   liicalimi.  i  .  'il  I 
I'ailirs,     ('clllial     .Mf\ir,iil     liilir.      i., 

Iil7   I  I,     Imalimi,      i  ,      ll  r.     'i7l.'  'i; 

s|irri,il  iiiciilimi,   i.,  liJI,  '1  li!;  laiiy. , 

iii.,  Tl-'  ii;  v.,  .'10. 

I'aiiimaiiii^.    Nmili   Mrsiiaa   llilir.   i., 
,"iTI  '.11;   liMatimi.  i  ,  (.!:' 


it_'(iiil;   iiicalimi.  i..   IIT;   laii". ,  iii..  J  l'iiiii|iii|ias.  Nmlli    Mi^-.ir.iii    nilir.  i.. 


(110. 


.■.TI'.M;   Imalimi,  i.,  (il  I 


I'alakaliii--,  i  rilir  hI  (  liiiiu!  ik-..  i ..  '_''_':1-  i  l'aiiai'ii\  a    IIimi-,  ( iiLilniiala,   am  ii|., 


iO;   iiir.ilimi,   i.,  ills 


I' 


l-lli 


e>. 


•V 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


<~   1^    1 2.2 

::   i:£  illlio 


U    III  1.6 


i^. 


V 


<f^ 


VJ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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%' 


O 


rno 


INDKX. 


triWo,   i.,   747-.S.'»;  lorati 


r'w; 


*\>' 


il  inciilJDii,  i.,   7">l.   770, 


(i,  'Si;  iiiiti'|.,  i\.,   l.">-lti. 
I'aiiiiiiickiH,    iril>e   of  Musijiiitnx,    i., 

71 1-17;  lociiiiiiii,  i.,  7l-<. 
I*iliii-li)iy  N'lillcv,  (iiiiitcinala,  v. .  ."id'.l. 
I'aiirs,    Acaxi'liciiiciii    Itu/./anl-fca^l, 

iii.,   liiS. 
I'iiii;,'iiais  (l'aiiKiii>jr>).   NikIIi    Mt-xi- 

raii   trilit',   i,,   ri71-',ll;  luratioii,    i., 

(ii:t. 
I'ainiicrs,  .vt^  ItaHkcls. 


I 


iiiiiiaia,  V. 


I  Hit, 


ri'  I'iiiiilni. 


i'aiii>t('i-a,  i.,  ti7l,  si'f  I'ann 


I' 


mill  I. Ill, 


<■(,    L    M'f 


I' 


l'aiic|iirl/.ali/tli,    Naliiia    iiuiiitli,    ii., 

,TI7,  H'.tl-ii,  .".11;  iii..  .T_':{. 
raiilcca  il'aiiiitcca),  iiaiiif  for  II:  -.s- 

Iccs,  i.,  (174. 
ruiilcrall,  Naliiia  ;.'<ii|,  iii.,  418. 
I'aiilciiiit,  Mavapaii  lonl.  v.,  <i'_*i;. 
I'aiitillaii.  liH-alilv,  .Mcvii'ii,  iii,,  .'l.'l.'t-. 

slaticiii,  .\/.li'r  iiii.ural  inn,  v.,  .'{.'It-l. 
I'aiitia  KiM'i',  Mii'liiiacaii.  v.,  5(18. 
I'aiillaii  il'aiiiitiaiil,    i.,    <>74,   hci>  IM- 

IIIH'ii. 

I'aiit/ii',  jilalcaii,  ( iiiiitciiiala,  v.,  .'i7  t. 
IMiiiini  ( I'aiinaia,  raiidliaii,  I'aiitlaii, 

I'aiHitlal,    |ini\iiin',  NCra  ('rii/,  i.. 

dJ-.',  ()7l;  ii.-.'til;  aiilii|.,  iv.,  4(;i-;{; 

iii-l.,  v..  IH'.t.  mi.  i'.Hi. 
I'.iii^a^,  NiMlii  Mi'xiiaii  liilic. 


:i- 


iiratmn. 


(ill. 


ra|ialii-<  (iilaiii,  i,  <p(l'.',   :-r(>    I'lipa^ios 
l'a|ia^iM,  Itilif  tif   I'lirliliis,  i.,  ."ijii-.iii 


iii'ill  lull. 


I 

iiK'iiliiiii,  i. 
.'>4'.»,  .v.:t. 


,  .VJCi,  .Vi'.l.  (ilC_>-;{;  (»|H'cial 

,  .">:;;t-4,  .Vi,s!»,  .vn,  :>i\ 

.">.">.">:    iiivtii.,    iii..    7*>-7; 


v.,  i;t,  •-•(»;  laiij.'.,  iii.,  (l.v".,  <i'.)J-',l. 


1*,i|iMliiia    'i'li'iiiai'ii/.i|ii( 


a    (lass    III" 


|iiit'>t 


•j;»'.l. 


ra|ialiiiiitiliiiatlit('iiisiii,  Naliiia  ciiiirl 


Pnpuliika,    .-i   riiiatcnialaii    1iir<is|ii|> 


'!t7 
rai'.iiit   (tall 


4f;4, 


sfr  I'ali  \'aiil  -. 


I*ai'a\aii    NallfV,  i.,  4(i8. 

I'al'iiwal    I  lali->,    irilii!  <if  Sliii><li<iiir^, 

i.,  V2-24-2;  Imalioii,   i.,   J(i». 
I'aiaMiiic,    |ilali'aii,    (liialciiiala,    \., 

.-•74. 
I'ari'iaiidaili'M,  nuine   fur  Ctista   llUa 


ti-ilii 


!U. 


I'ai'ii'lK',  < 'aki'liiiiiK'l   iiiniilli,   ii.,  7<i<i. 


I>tl 


iiiiiaii   |>riiviii('<'  am 


I    tri 


III'. 


r47-H,-|;    liicati 

;i:;  4. 


r4'.»,  vxi 


III. 


I: 

I'aika,  Kiiiiia;/a  ilros.  i.,  7;i-4. 
raii-.-iM,  /aialcc  (iiaiiTl,  iii.,  71 


nas  Lake,  i.,  .■)7'i. 


I'ai'r,'i/i|<iiii,   (iiiatiMiialii,   iiiitic|.,  iv. 

1'.'4. 
raiiot.-,   !.,  .">74,    (i.VJ,   7<IS,   7.VI;    ii. 

4yi,  7l<i. 
I'artiliiiiiH,    (Iwi'lliiii's,    !.,    '2'>\\    ^>'.','i 


"IS;  ii.,  :,- 


rM, 


I 'a  1 1 


iicai' 


(I'alt. 


Soiitli    ('alifdi-. 


i.,    40L'-1'.';    I 


Ol'llllllll,     I. 


iiiaii  tnlic, 
4.-I.S. 
I'ariii'aia,  iii'iiviiii'c  ami  tiilic  of  l>ili 


iiiiaiis,   I,,  |4|-S.-|;  locatKHi, 


I'asil 


7i!(i. 


\i" 


Nnidi    .Mr\i(aii    liilif,    1. 


.'^i7l-'.>l;  ioialioii,  i..  Ill  I. 

Pasrilt.il.   i.,    Nl,  MT  l>a>lllnlik 


;l-rli1iilii;iii|iili'ii    ( l'a>i'|i|iili'^inii|rii, 

siTpasji- 


ra^<'liliili;;iiiiit('iil.  i..  Ml, 
Inliks. 
rascc-iia    (I'asliffkiKil,    Smiili    I'ali- 


41  »•.'■•.'•.';    local  ion. 


foniiaii  U'ilii 
i.,  4.-|l»,  4(!il. 
Pasros.  Noiili  Mcxitaii  tiiitc,  i.,r)7l- 
!)l:  loralioii,  i..  lill. 


I-CV    I  'l('( 


k,  i,,  4r.(i 


iiaiil  II', 


ii.,  .•{74. 


I'aiialulj,  O.'olcliili'.i  Ciller,  v..  4!t7 


I- 


i|iaiilla,    |i\t'aiii 


U> 


iv.,  4.V.'- 


ill.   \ 
elation. 


a   <  I'll/,  an- 


A /I 


CI'  nil 


j,'ialioti,  v.,  .S'J4. 


I'.i|iaiil/iii,  a   Tiilli'i'  iioMt',  v., 'JI!H-70; 


Mcxiraii  jiiiiH'i'HH,  v.,  4li7-H. 


r 


ii|ia/tai',  Naliiia  ;^i 


il,  iii.,  4I.S, 


ra|ii'i',  vaiinii^  ii-<r>.  I'll'.,  ii..  ;tl(7,  .'{l-l- 

Ki:  .'i'.'.'  :ii,  ;is!i  !i;t,  4-t4,  is:,  ii,  ,v.M, 
(!(>;i-.'),  (ill,  771;   iii.,  :t:i:(,   ;i4im;. 


.■i-.;t',t.',  i.'ii. 


I' 


l|u;_'iir|||i- 


liivi'i', 


I.,  (iOli. 


I'a;iiiil'w,   Niiilli    .Mrxit'jiii    trilio,    i., 

.'iTl  HI:  liH'Mtioii,  i.,  Iil4. 
I'MiMilia.    aiii'ii'iil     liiiiiii'    of    iMiiH'i'M 


.\i 


I-,  \.,  I'.k; 


I'lipiilna.  a  iiiMliir  I'iM'i,  v.,  17S,  ItMi. 


l'a>litolik  Itav,  i,,  70,  141. 
rashiolik   (I'.'iM'lilol,    I'l'Mol)    Kivrr, 

i.,  70,   141. 
I'a-liti)lik>  ( l'asi'liioli;;miiilcii,  Pasdi- 

loii^lllUlrll,l'a'>rlilllli;^'llMili'lii,li'il>i' 

of  Kip|iia;iaK,  i,,  ll".t-S7;  loialion,  i,, 

70,  141. 
I'asiiiii;.riia,  Soiitli  < 'alifiii'iiiaii  tiiln', 

i..  40-->'-_>--';  liiialiiiii,  i..  4i;i). 
I'asiia-*.  Noiili  .Mcviraii  Irilir,  i.,."i71- 

!il:  loralioii,  i.,  (;i:i. 
I'aso  lit'  Oxcjas,  N'cra  Cni/,  aiilii|., 

iv.,  4:iH.!t. 
I'ason,  loi'iilitv,  (iiiatoiiiiila.  i.,  780. 


;iiiitrw,    Noilli    .Mi'siraii    Irilu 


i.,  .-^l-Ol;  location,  i,.  lilO, 
Pa-<s|ioitN.     N'aliii.'i    liiii'ial,    i 


(•04, 


lilt: 


il;i.  .■..•(7 


Pa'^lalocoM,  Nniiii   .Mcsicaii  Irilic,  i. 
i>7l-OI ;  location,  i.,  (il  I. 


INDEX. 


731 


ra-*liinr(iya«.  Xorlli  Mexioan  triln 
i..  ')7I'!)I;  loraliiMi.  i.,  lil  I. 

ralai-alc^.  Norlli  Mcxii'aii  trilic,  i 
.'iTI-DI;  liicatiiiii.  i.,  <ill. 

I'ataliiiiia,  i.,  4t!),  m-c  I'l'laliiina. 


I'al: 


rliiiai'an.  v. 


aiaia 
-.IS. 


Iin,   I 


oialil  V, 


Mi 


I'avanmiti,  Toiitral  raliforniaii  Iriln 


i.,  :i(il-HII:   loialimi. 


4."»4. 


;iva<[iii,  iiaiiic  Im'  (  iiii|iiiiiiuia  kii 


.vi; 


1' 

I' 

l'a\a>,  I  iiiatfiiialan  trilii 

liicaliiiii,  i.,  7!H). 
I'ava>,  trilic  of   iNtliiniaiis,  i.,  T47-N.1 


iva  uivfi-,  I. 


(ISC-TII; 


oratKill,  I. 


'.•7 


rata|icc,  Caiili  liaskcl,  i..  7-4. 
I'alawat^,    Nuitli    I 'alil'oniiaii    Irilxv 

i.,  ;{Jii-t>l;  liic'iiiinii,  i.,  IKl;  >|n'rial  !  I'a.vf-'l'iiinc,  l!ra/il  pxl,  v.,  'J.'(-4. 

iiiciili i..  :i-2'X  ;J4S,  ;{.')(),  XM,  'M'>\;    ra'\iial,  Nalma  yml.  iii.,  ;{S7-.S. 


la..;.'. 


lil..  (M:». 


I'atawaVH,    Nm'tli   ralifurnian   triln 


i..  .'{.'li-lll;  loratiiili, 
iii..  <14J. 


44.->;  laii' 


raMialtuii,  Naiiiia  ;;i»l,  iii.,  1>>7,  ~VS 

it,  :<(i.{. 

I'a\siiii.  Ci'iitral  Califiiniiaii  tiilii',  i. 
.•{(il-KH  ;  ioraliiiii.  i..  4.Vi. 


ralrjicciiii    (INiflicciiJi,    rarlicciiflll,  '  l'a\  ikIicn  i..  4ti4.  sec  I'i  I  talis 


tlilii-  <>t   N  Mil! 
tioii.  i..  r 


i.,   174---'(liS;   loca- 


iiiaiiiit. 


.1.  -s.h. 

1..  fi:i7. 


wee   Ixiiiii'lic. 


Iilr,  cacaii  liiiinrv. 


•SSl- 


I'al 

I'atl 

J'atiK'tai',  Cciitral   ( 'alitnniiaii    trilic, 

i.,  :t.il-4ii|;  liM'iliiiii.  i..   i.y.i. 
l'.i!iili/lli,  Nalma  ;:aiiic.  ii.,;{Oil. 
I'alulli,  ^'amlili!!,:,'    Iicaiis.  ii..  :{(l(l. 
I',il<i|i|iia>'lilli.  I'liilli    iiiiiiicv.  ii.,  .'tS'J. 
rat.iiilv  il'(itiiiilv)  llivcr,  i.,  7'.iH-4;  iii., 

7s:i. 

I'alisliil,    citv,    (iiiatciiiala,    i.,    7s.S; 


I'al 


Mi. 

/I'liaiM,  statliin. 


.\/t 


cc  iinuiatiiiii, 


;!.':(;   lilv,  -Mill 


inaiaii,  V. 


Pat/ 
I'al 


:>-2\. 


ill. 


/('ii.d'ii    i.aUc, 

:ii's,  .■.iii». 


Ut7 


.V.'l- 


;f_':t. 


I'al/.iiiia.  |iicalil\ .  ( iiiatcmala.  v..  .Vi!». 
I 'a  I /III!,  ( iiiali'iiiala.  an!  i<|..  i\ ..  I'J.'t-t 
Paul 


I'a  \\\1:\s 


4(ili, 


I'ah  I  I. 


I'a.v/aiiii.s.   Niiiili    .\'c.\icaii   trilic,  i. 
.i7l-!ll:  iiiiatiiiii.  i.,  (il.'i. 


'I'rcalics. 


caic  liivcr,  1. 


1.1(1,  144. 


I'cailics.  i.,  'til'i,  'h\'.), 

I'caliav,   fiiii)!  of    liiiaiid  ('nliiiiil 


naa 


IllllCH, 


•-'(i. 


I'cail  l>laiiil.  Ian-.,  iii.,  7!>4. 

I'cail  Kcv  l.a-oiiii.  i..  7'.t4. 

I 'carls,  i.".   Km,   •J:>\   ;|,S'_',   4(tS.    .Vi.S-<.l, 

."i74.  .■|H:t-4.  (mI,  7<i^;  ii-.  ;i7lf,  4s|, 

7:U,  7ri(»;  i\.,  lS-2. 
I'ccliclani,    liicalilv,    Miclmacan,    v., 

.■lis. 

I'cciis    (Navoli   <lc   ins    Pci'ii>l,    I'liclilii 


,Vit,    (I'OII;   alllii 


I' 

<iiiiaii;'iiiis,   Cliiiiniik    war  cliili 


i..  •j;i7. 

I'aii/aiio,    Niirlli    Mcsicaii   trilic,   i. 


-HI :  liK'alidii,  i. .  <ll'. 


I'a  Naiils,  i..  4(1 


I' 


aiil" 


l'a\i'iiiciit.  i.,  I'v'i;  ii..  .■|7-|, -17^;  aiilii|. 

iv..  •-'.!.  IT.'i.  .■;,ts.  4i'i(i. 
I'a\iliiiii  liner,  i..  '.i\S. 


awai'iiiinv 


<  liii'liiiii 


W 


iiiarai'c 


ruler,  v.,  .il.i- 


Paul 


iiw -.kcijcs,    irilic   III'    .Mi'iii-,    i. 


!)|;  JD/alii 


i..   Ill 


I'.tw  liirlis,    Inlaiiil    (  uliiiiiliiaii   trilic, 

i..  •-•.■|(l-!ll;  Icicati i..  .•(17. 

i'a\  lI'aaM,    .Mava   iiniiilli,    ii.,   (I'.):t. 


PaM'lialcH,  i.,  I'l 


Pa.liali 


:l\li    (  a\al:l,  (,l>Ui'lii'  lilMllli'  rc;:liiM, 

ii..  7l(i-l7;  v..  Isii.  jsj,  jsii. 
i\:iiii  l.\\;iitih,    Sinitli  ( 'alirnrniaii 


irilic,  i.,  4itJ- 


Inialiiin, 


i'a\M'.'iiaH,    Niirlii   .Mexican  iril 
.->;i<.ll;  Iticatiiiii,  i.,  (ill. 


•  .■|S. 
IC,    i. 


\illa;.'c.    i.,    't 
iv.,  (i(i;{,  (i7l. 
I'ci'i|iiaii>,    Niiilli    ( 'alifiii  nian    ti 
i.,  .■{•_•(;-(! I;  local i 


441 


I' 


•nv\-<.  III.,  (iM'.  sfc 


Pi. 


Pccviiii>.  trilic  (if  (  liiniiiik^,    i.,   '2'2'2- 
."lO;  kiialiiin.  i..  :tii'.). 


I'c.il 


ilia- 


c,    .Siiiiili   ( 'aliiiiniia,  i. 


4(>(). 


Pel  i;i\cr  In.liaiiN  i.,  I4(i,  .mc  'i'allit 

Knli'liin. 
Peel's  Piver,  i.,  ll.'i,  I4(;-7. 


Peesliaa.ik.  I 


Sunn 


I  li 


crni  III  i'Mnleni|i|  aiiinn; 


iliaiis,  I. 


Peli-lslk.  term  a|i|ilie(l  til  sinne  'Iriii- 

ily    l>i\er    trilies,    i.,  ;i'.'7,   414;  >rc 

alsn  l!liiiek.  iii.,  (ifJ. 
Pclasilla,    a     .Mexican    ]irineess,    \., 

4»(i-7,  ."i.Vi. 
I'eiican,  ( 'cris' dress,  i.,  .''>74. 
Pclliiiil|iallalis,     liilainl      (  iilninliiaii 

Irilic,  i.,  'J.'id'.il ;  Imalicin.  i..  ;II7. 
Pcll>   lli\cr,  i..  1  IS;  Ian-.,  iii.,  .•.S7. 


Pel. 


trill! 


It  .\| 


i.,    47:t- 


.■|.'(i;  liiciiliiiii,  i.,   474. 


Pclniisc  (I'eluse),   i.,   ;J17-1.S,   M'c    Pa- 
li iu.se. 


:?.•■» 


INDF.X. 


Pcluii.    f'lixl    (if    IiiliUiil    ('<  I  iinliiiiii 

Iriln-H,  i,,  'Jii."». 
I'ciiiiii.f,    ii  .    I  »7.    'i^S.    ilC.I.    .•{(i:i-l. 

:<!_'i  (.  .'i'l').  fiss;  iii,,  •_'.»;».  •.•:.(i.  .•{s.i, 
:{.ri.  1 14,  -iJi,  4;tt;  7.  Aio--2,  4s7;  \., 

•J."iS. 
I'l'iiiiiuli''-',   trilio  of  .\|iarln'-i.  i..  •17;{- 


VJC;  l.i.at 


loll,    I. 


I'l'-iascd  ( 'ii!li'ciii>ii,  Mexican   Itt'|iiili- 


\: 


anfi 


.)liit. 


iViiil  (I  ilivill."  I.aki', 


•j.vj,  :n:i;  an- 


ti  I.,  n. 


:!i 


•u. 


I'ciiil     <l"t  hlillc     (Killu-IH'llIl)     liiMT, 

i.,  :ti.t. 

1'cikI  il'i  >nilli-t  ((  alisiM'lluiiis,  Cali— 
■Is,  l\ali-<;icliii^-,  Kali-|M'lH.  Ki'l- 
•<'icin.  Kiilla-^-l'alil--,  Kullc-iii-liii-*, 


r.>ii<|: 


li 


.IC.I 


uiiiliiaii  ti'i'ii 


.,  "_'."•. I  '.I I ;  1.1.  at  inn,  i. 
[ii'i'ial   iiit'iition.   i.,  'J 

I,;-        .1-1 

.i)( ,     -I  I  • 


.■|7.  -Jilu,   '.'i;.'. 


•_'7.S.,sil,     -jsA  A. 

i..(;i; 


L'S'J; 


iiivlli..  Ml.,  .>--;  I. hi;:.,  II 
r.'iiirs  (•..■..',  i..  •-•!.■.,  -J-.M,  -.".M. 
IV'iViI,  caM',  ( 'iiati'iiiala,   aiilii).,    iv. 


]• 


ii; 


-i.  '  >aiai'a.  ntilii|.,  iv.,  .'I7i> 


I'l'iisaiola  Ulaml,  Niiarauua,  aiiti-i 

iv..  -Is-.-.l. 
rciir-A|ii-,  l'liallii'-\viirslii|i,  iii..  .lul. 


IVi.li 


Niiiili  '  aHt'iiiiiiaii  Irilic,  i.. 


:<_'ii-iil ;  liM'alioii,  ].,   >>.'>. 
ret. per.   i..  (Mit,   (i'.ll-.'i.  7ili>. 
.'J:  iii..  .•I.til. 


I'.i.i,  71s-l!i, 


'.I;   II. 


1 


Viniiiii',  a  >;«'(ii'-<  III   Willi   \iin',   I. 
J'i'i-aii>i'iiaii),    .Mallall/iiira     t'f-ii\al 


iii..  4lti. 


IVrf! 


i.,  (i"il.  i!"il,  7.'iil;    ii..   li'.l. 


•j.Vi-s.  '.'.ST,  (;(»;{,  ci  t,  (;is,  d-jo.  tm. 


'\Wu 


1' 


fiiui'lii'si,  i.uwcr 


Ciilifiii'iiian  tri'ii'.   i.,  .Vi(!-7I;   ima- 


IIOII,     I.,   ■).'i| 


C'.U; 


.■ijircial  nicntiiiii. 
"i7ii:    iiiNlli.,    iii.. 
8.1-4.  l(i:t-7it,  ."'-•!>;  v.,  •JO;  laii;:.,  iii., 


I.,   .11 


s-;). 


as,. 

Vi-iiir\-.   |uiii 
4n,'4:!.'l,  il.MI. 


i»liiiii'iil  iif.  i. .  77";  ii. 


:;i- 


aTitii 
.1 


tmn  aiiil  iin;.'iii.  v. 


rOlS'17 
.  ^4  .-.1. 


I'c^vii.  Miiscjiiiiii  drink,  i.,  7;i'l. 
I'c^lili'iiii',    .Mcsiiaii.x,   i.,  t;us  1);   ii. 

.V.I.J;  iii.,  I'lLM;  v.,  41,1-14;  (.ualc 

liialaii-.,  v.,  lilll. 

I'l'^lll  jilkclW-sWujc,     llilic     <p|'      .\llllN 

i,,  s7  !'4;  li)ratiiiii.  i.,  1  U. 
I'.'t.ili 


it  ii-i'cl  a>  IcmhI.   i. 


I'll 


I'viA 


ijaya,  i.,  .i 


Ki. 


I'll. 


mil 


;i  I  ralaloiiia,    I'cilriiiiiii), 


J'riNiiiial  iialiil-i.  Ii\  iiriliiircans.  i.,4!i, 
(i."i,  IIIIJ;  ('(iliiMiliiaii-.  i,  'J.'l.'i. 
*J'!7:  ('.ilil'iirniaiix,  i.,,'Ul,  ;i77,  4it7. 
4;{i-l;    N.'w    Mi'\iiMiis,    !..    4!l'.':i. 


(•;i'ni 


M. 


Mean-*,  I.,  (i.ii 


.".  I : 


( 


1    .\ 


liirrii'alis,    I.,    (i'.lli, 


7>H';   II..  7lll-.'i. 
' 'ni.    aiilii|.,    iv. 
linn  ii' 


'.M-S(i7:    ri\ilizji 


I",  v..  41-.")1;  iiii;:iiii 


lull    tl'ulii 


r.r 


:i).- 


ii|ii('l.i.    ]irii\  inri' 


if    l»;i 


lVrii\iaii~,  iiivili.,  iii.. 'Jt!'.);  v.,  14-17. 


44'.».  4.V_'-:{. 

i'l'l.iliiMias  ( Nnlliinsi.  Ci'iilia!  <ali- 
fiii'iiian  trill!',  i.,  .'>til-4)i|;  luciitinii, 
i..  -M.-.i.  4.V.>. 


i'n 


ini|il< 


ii  i; 


iii'atan,   iintiii 


IV.,  '.'rid. 


I'rt; 


i|ia.  t  iiiatcniala.  anlii|..  i 


l'i'lM|ia.  liiil,  ( 'liia|ia-.  aiiln 


IJltl. 

.,  ."I.".:!. 


I'll 


i|i.'i.  Iiiwii,  ( taj.iia.  aiil  ii| 


I'l'lali-  il'i'llall).  a  |ialiii  leal    mat.   i.. 

ti.'td.  C'll'i. 
I'clailaii.  Sinajiia  iliali'd.   iii..  7i'7. 
I 'ill '11,  |irii\  iiiic  ami  rilv.  ( .iiali'liiala. 


I..   ('iM{.   7v;;    ii..   'i:i! 


mill 


i:i:t  ".I;  iiamr  fur   Vinataii.   v.,  (il4. 
(;J4. 

I'l'tcii  Lake.  ii..  ]:va:<,  i:;,s;  iii.,  4s:;: 
v..  (;:!t. 

I'rilaialli,  liamlinu  [larkili;;  ra>i'^,  ii.. 

.•!Mi. 
I'rllmiim,  i.,   t.".'l.  »ri'  rrlaliima. 


I'm 


irnals.   1.,  .ViS. 


■J.  Ii_"l-I.  I.4S.."(I, 


II. 


1-2S. 


IV'Viiii',  iiinlicim',  i..  ."isli. 


I'.'V    1    ll 


I..  4iifi 


I'.ili  \  \f<. 


riiallii'-\viir»lii|i.  irlii  >  III',  iii.,  ,"i()l-'.l; 
i\..  41.  4-'.  41,  4s,  ,"in.  ."ii;-7.  (Wi,  li;7. 
17">,  IM'.    I'.H!.  •JdJ,  •J7ti,   .ViS.  4 ■>!•.', 


4J-:». 


.'14, 


I' 


iraniics. 


IMiilaiii'liiliia    l'lii!i«-.ii|i|iiiiil    Niirii  ly. 


Ml 
.■iii'J 


ill! 


Mi'aii  i:r|iiililii',  aMlii|.,  n..  .iiid. 


I'liii'liiii    iiv,  i.,  S(i,  .'t'l.-i,  ."iivs,  (;(;7.  7(;:i. 


■  l.'t. 


I'l 


it;   ii.,  47!'-Mi,  ('.111,  7!»"i 


IH'liiriail-,    .XlllrriiMIl  "I  l;jlll  I  lai'c 

\..  (i,l-7<i. 
i'lmiifi  lia-.  I  'riiti-.il  I  'alil'unii.iii  liilii 

i.,  ;tril-.(lll :  jiicaliiiii.  i..  4.'iii. 
I*li\»iial   ( ;fii;.'ra|i|i\ ,    ilium'    i.f   ll\ 


•riMiii'an-.,  i.,  :ts-'.i.  71;  "f  ''>il 


mil- 


1111-1.   1. 

i.,  471-'J,  I7H.  .Viii 


,    l.V.'.;i,    l,-|i;;  I.f  ('alifiinii- 
.'J-.'l  4;  iif    Ni'w    McNiiaii's 
1  -';  iif  .>ii'\. 
Hi7: 


I.,    tili;-17,    Ii44- 


•  ;    II. 


iif  t'l'iilial  .VniiTiraii-*.  i.,  (■.S|.7.  7 1 -J, 
747-H;  iif  .\im'i'ii'an  tiv  i'i/.ilinn, 
ii.,  .sii-!Mi:  Viualaii.  iv.,  14ii-'J;  'la- 


i\i)i:x. 


708 


li;i*cii  a!iil  Cliiapa-,  iv., 'JST-S;  Vt-ni '  I'iltzintoiii'viMuin,     Xiiliiia     ralrmhir 


<  'niz.  i\-.,  4'_'.Vti, 


I'h 


ll\  -irliilis,  >t'l' 
ll\  «iii;.'llii||IV,   >{'r 


.M.Mli 


"■I;.'!!  an 
mas,  (I'lj 


1  -."1,  ii..  ..1 


iiiiii 


-.  I 


iiiii»i,  tnl><> <>l  I  III 


•  Ills,     I..    .C'li-.id;    liMalliiM.     1. 


.V-'ti, 


.|ii. 


I\  iiiriMircaii" 


ill*.  NS.  ".»:.  I  Hi  17,  I'J--',  i:i_':<;  iii 


r»7S;     ('llllllMlliall^*. 

•J'.M-.'i.  •J.-.til;  (  alil> 
.-fiil 


ITf.-'.t.  •-'10, 
IIS,  i..  .•{•J7'.>. 
••\iiaiiM,    i., 


|iiL'-.{:    N.-w    M 
47-'  :<,  477-'.l,  .V_".»:{0,  .VkS;  .Mi\i<aiis 


."i"_'S-'.t,     fiOl---';      slivcial    liullliiill,    i. 


."..to, 

IllVtIl 


.:{-.'-4,    ,">:<!•. 


A\- 


U7-.V 


.,  7!s  VI,  i;{|..vj(;.7;  v..  i;i- 

14,  '.'O;  laii;:..  iii..  M\'X  ,"i.M  .">,  C'.M-s. 


iinoiaiiiia,  .^oii 


til   ( 


itliliii  mall  till  I', 


40--' •_'•-•,   li(ialiiiii.  i..    Hill. 


•-'4,     CIS-lit,     (Uti-H;    ii..    <i-_'4-.'.;    I'liiiiiH.  iii.,  i;tl 


(•<■  I  iiiia- 


t'liitnil    AiiiiTii'aiis.   i.,  (.'<N1>,   714!  i'iiii|is,  |iiiiiisliiiii'iit  <ii,  ii..  l("!t. 


I 


r.(-."il;    ii..   .S0-_':  (iiiri 


/ainiati 


lii..  '-'"lO.  •_'.">."),  '.'liO,  •-•(111,  •-'7.i-4. 
I'ia'ia,  \illa'_'f,  .'^iiial'ia,  i.,  (ill. 
I'lai'i's  I  I'iarh.isi,  islliiiiiaii 


siiri'i-rt'is. 


I'ii'ai'liii   Kivcr,  i. 

I'l.  Mlis.   i..  .V.l'.l. 


.*S.  (101 


I  III  I 


sec  I'hui; 


Piiiali'Miis  ( I'iiialiiiiis.  I'ifiaK,  IMTk'Ni, 
liilii'iit  .\|i.irliis.  i.,  47i>  •">'-•);  Im  .i- 
liiiii,  i.,  47  I.  .'i".'.'!  Ii. 

I'inal  MiMiiit.iin-i.  i..  I'lirJ. 

i'liiaiiaia-..  Nmili  .Mixicaii  tritir,  i, 
.".7I!»I;  IdialiiMi.  i..  fill. 

I'iiiai',  JiicalitN.  ( iiiatiiuala,  v.,  "(StJ. 


iriili-,    W  Ill|ililll^-1H(; 

till..  i\ . 


•t.   Viicafaii,  an- 1  I'iiii',  vaiiciiis  Uses,  i.,    I04.   l.'ii;.    III 


I'i'l 


1(17,  171.  i: 

lii 


>.  •Joj. 


:i  17'-'.  iM .".,  is!i,  I'.ti.  •-'01.  •-'!: 


iirt'-\\  iitiiii.'.  SIM-  II  ii'r<>i.'l.v|iliii 


•-'.■{7.  •-'•io,  •_'t;(i-7 
.");io,  ti'wj;  ii.,  ,1 


.ui;,  4:m,  4.i'.», 


■'.lit. 


I'iciila  Kakla.    Maya    .iriiik,    ii..  7o:i.  ; 
I'ii'Uii-'   irfinriw.     I'ii'i»risi,    tiilM-  nf    I'iiii'a|iiili'.  i..  7llt.  7;il>.  77.">:  ii..  7"-'4. 
I'uclil.is,     i.,    .IJii-.'ih";    inratioii,    i. ,     Piiifii'Mia,    ."^iiiilii    <  alii'ia  iiiaii    iriiic, 


V.t'.i: 


all'.'  .   III.,  fl^l 


I'ii'Vfil,  Niiliiia  tnlia 

j'i  r..ics  ti'v   i;.i, 


irii,   II..  "JS,. 


.(.     Iri!ii'    1 


i.,   lO--'  •_'■_•;  jn.iiii i.,  4t'0. 

I  til 


llioL'aiia,  tii\v  II.   1  taririi.  l 


MICH,  1..  4'.'-J   »J 


f  Sli... 
•at  i' 111.  i  .  4-'^J. 
4'iH:  s|ic<'ial  iiiiiiliuii,  i.,  -Kilt,  4:<ii. 
440;  lall;.'.,  iii..  (HiJ. 
ii'iliaili'  la  ISoca,  >ialiii',  Niiara^iia, 
«iitii|..  iv. .  .">4. 
icilia  (Ir.iiiiic  I.San  (ias|>ar),  (iiicr- 


Irl'ii,  aiiliii..  i\ 


4^-'4. 


<lr.i  I'iiilal,   at   Caliltia,  Istiniiiis 


aiilii|.,  i\ 

Uvutl   If 


ILTs.    -I'l' 


ll..-- 


n;. 
i .  :»f.'. 


iiKilatI 


,'lllcl.    1..    .1, 


I 

I'ilM.lr    (I'ilinllii. 

.">77-s;  iii..  :ii;o. 
ririnjs.  i.,  ."i;t."i,  >(■ 


Mir,   1. 


I'inalr 
Vi-  TIal 


I'iiiii'  (•>,  i.,  (177, 

I'iiHitl.     ;r<>M'iii<>f    111'     <  iifliai  iitlaii. 

v.,  4711. 
I'ilinll-CliiiclKMis,   i..   (i77,  si'i'   'riaja- 

IIITS. 

I'iiitiiH.  ('ciitral  .Mfxi.an  trilir,  i.. 
tll7l»:  l.i.Mii.in,  i..  .*i7'-',  til."!,  «M ; 
siiiiial  nil  iiliiMi.  i..  ."i74.  Il.'!>  H,  t>4;t. 


liMiiMc^.  N'M'lli    Mi'vican   Irilir.  i.,     I'linila.  tnwii,  I  iiiatiMiialii.  i.,  7'S.'>. 


'I 
."i71  HI;   liM'aiiuii.  i..  (ll-J. 

iini,    .^iMitli    I  alifiM-nian    tiilic,    i. 
41  fj  ■-'.';   liMatinii,  i.,    J.'ilt. 


I'lorli 


fiiMi'.  (rrs>(.' 


ii..  :17I. 


ijiiii"-*.  I. ,  .i: 


10, 


.Mi 


Unas 


Vail. 


t"l. 


iki"    CcMiiity, 
aiitii|.,  i\.,  7 
iUi'k,  (iiiati'iiiala.  anti<|.,  iv.,  |;{|. 
i!>rliMi.    Mississippi   \a!lt',\,   aiilii|., 
i\  ,  7'il  .">. 

ilc.illi.  iiilail  '>i  lainl.  ii..  •Ji'll. 
il-riiiis,  v.,  4IHi,  .VfJ.  tils, 
ill.illi,  iaii.ls  (it    III. I. Irs,  ii.,  •.'•.'.-.. 
illar  of    Dcalli,    at    .Miiia,  ttaia.'.i. 


aiitn 


tits. 


llai  IJ.M'k.  L.-alilv.  i>ri'i:..ii,  i.,  ;{i>4. 


Illais,    set 


r..l 


iiiniis 


Hi.  Nairn. I  till.',  ii..  1^*7 


illi.«-,  ii..  .'17 


rsii. 


Ii/iiili'.illi,  ilaiio.'aii  j:.>il,  iii.,  447 


I'inrliili.  a  scalp  l.ii'k.  ii.,   .'171. 

l'i|Ms,  i..  Id.-..  iMi,  imi,  •.•:i7,  :t.".»,  ;iS'_\ 

4:fl-.'..  .VIJ,  liltli,   7o,K  ii.,  •.'S7;  i--., 
7M. 
riiiiali.  a  s|,.\v,    ii.,  'X')ii. 


Ma\a    iialii.ii,    i  .    (is<;711; 


liiratiiMi  ainl  iiaiiii'.  i 


Mill.' 

li.,  i;:»o  so;f: 

(iss.  7ltil;  ii..  l^-'.'t,   l.'IO;  -p.  ri,ii  men. 

tiiMi,  ii..  i;4.">.  ii.M.  i;."i7't,  i;ri.-).7it, 

7:io. 

.'Si. 


(;7S.  lisol,  70(i-s,  Till. 


,StHI 


iiimIi 


lllst. 


,)S.)  (i, 


lt"<. 


,S,  .-.(17 ,   .. 

liltli  1 1. 
I'ipii.li'.iiiiic.    ^tati.Mi,    .\/lri'    nii):ra 

liiiii,  \.,  .•I'J.'l. 
I'iraiav  Ins,  Isiluiiian  lill.-.  i.,  77^!. 
I'ii'iinlas.  nam.'  fur  Matlah/iii.as,  i. 


hist 


i;i-4. 


i'iio,  N.Mtli  .Mivicaii  laiiL'..  lii.,  711. 


7M 


INDEX. 


Tisr-aiMis,  i.,  31(5,  SCO  Pisiiuousc. 

I'lMi'diir  KivtT,  i.,  'M'2. 

I'iscniisc  (I'i.scoiis),   i.,   'M(\,   hi'o  l*is- 

<|II<III.SL'. 

l*i>lii|iiil|uiWH,    i.,   271,    wo    l'isi|uit- 

|liHVS. 

ri-<liwanwapiiiiiH,  IiiIhikI  Coliiinliiaii 
trilx-,  i.,  -J.')*)-'.)!;  lixatiiMi,  i.,  'AM 

I'iskwaiiM,  i.,  ;{l(i.  SCO  l*JMi|iitiiiN<>. 

I'isoiM's,  Nortli  McNit'aii  Irilw.  i., 
■'iTI-UI;  loialioii,  i.,  (il'J;  laii;;.,  >ii-. 
744. 

I'isiinitpawH  (I'islnniitpaws,  Pisipiit- 
]ialis|,,  liilaiiil  ('nliniil)iaii  triltc,  i., 
'.'.*il)-!M;  locali'iii,  i.,  .'<2I;  .s)N-cial 
iiH'iiiiiiii,  i.,  '2M,  271. 

I'isinioiisi'  (I'i.scaiMiH,  I'iscitus,  IM.s- 
riiiise,  I'ixkwaiis),  Inland  t'oluni- 
liiaii  Irilif,  i.,  'J.'iO-'.H ;  Inralion,  i., 
2'i.'l,  :<l'i,  .'<l(t;  K|icrial  ini-ntitin,  i., 
27">;  Ian-;.,  iii.,  «>IS. 

risi|ii(inM-  Kiver,  i.,  ;il(i. 

J'ist..|  Kiv.T.  i.,  442. 

I'ila,  a  H|nTicN  of  lioinp,  i.,  ri.')7-8, 
(iS'.t-'.K),  ti<.»7-Jt.  7<»<!;  ii.,  4()<». 

I'italiava  ( I'olajava),  a  fruit  usivl  for 
f"...l"  i-tc,  i.,  ,'>;«»-4(>,  .'».•)(>,  .'i(!(),  rtlii, 

."(sc.  (;24. 

1*ilao-( "o<'olii,  /apotfi*  };oil,  iii.,  4.">7. 
ritiio  ('o/ai>>ia,  /apoti'f  i;o(l,  iii.,  44<.>. 
rilaip-.\on,  /apolcf  ^'oil,  iii.,  4."i7. 
I'ilaN,  North  Mrxiran   triiic,    i.,  A71- 

•.)l:  location,  i.,  (ill. 
ritavrariii  NallfV.  i..  rm. 
I'ilratelics,  i.,  I.Vi,  >(■)>  I'itiat'lu'^. 
riti'iics.  i.,    l.'{.'{,  SCI'  Saliipitclirs. 
I'itciii    (l'it<'ni(>M->),    I'ciilral    Califor- 

nian  trilir,  i.,  :<(il-4(H;  location,  i., 

4r,:i. 

I'iiiaclics  (I'itcatdics),   Central  ('ali- 

f'lrnian  trilx*.  i.,  lilil-IOI;  location, 

i..  .•((;;<,  4."».V(i. 
I'iti^iliafuilcs.    Nortli   Mcvicaii  trilic, 

i.,  ■'i7l-'.M ;  location,  i.,  ttl2. 
I'itpan.  Mosoiiito  river  noat,  i.,  72.">. 
I'itI  .\r.liipcfa;;o.  i.,  l.Vt,  2".»4. 
I'itt  IJivcr,  i..  im,  447,  4.')7. 
I'itt  Kivcr  hnliann,  Nortli  Californian 

trilic,   i.,  ;i2(i-(;i;  Hpccial  mention, 

i.  :i'.'<.t-:<o.  .•W7,  ;j4i-(i.  :c.i,  XJU-r., 

:i.">7-<il;  lan^'.,  iii.,  ti.'W,  <i4(l. 

I'i  (talis  d'ai-lclicH.  I'aynclies,  I'i- 
iicliani,  triU'of  Sliosliones,  i.,  422- 
42;  location,  i.,  4(i4;  Hpccial  men- 
tion, i.,  440. 

I'i  I  IcHd'ai  I'loH,  r.viites).  trihe  of 
SIiomIioiicm,  i  ,  -122-42;  location,  i., 
4(l)i-7;  Mpecial  mention,  i.,  4.H 1 ,  4.'t,'<, 
4M7,  440-1;  mvtii.,  iii.,  VXi;  lanj;., 
iii.,  mi'i. 


'ixjilina,  n  Toltoc  prince,  v.,  207. 
'ixWaex,  Istliniian  fruit,  i.,   7''!*. 
'lacer  t'oiinty,  i.,  .S'.W,  4."i«»;  autiii., 

iv.,  7<Mi. 
"lacervilh',  town,  ('aliforni)t,  i.,  .'{(>.'); 

antiij.,  iv. ,  7<l.'). 
Ma}ine«,  Toltcc,  liiHt.,  v.,  274-.5;  we 

also  IVstil'-nce. 
Mantain,  set   Itanaiia. 
'lant  .sculpture,  iv.,  112,   114. 
'!a^'ter.s,     medicine,    i.,    172,    39.V(I, 

4I!»,  .'itW;  ii..  .-.its. 
Mates,  Hce  I  )islies. 
Mat  forms,   ]..    I(k>.   Ifi.l.    .S,*W-!».    .11)7, 

7 IS,    724,  7S2;    ii.,    :{22.    44a,    .V.i;, 

(;!»2,  70.H,  7IH.  7K."«;  iii.,  42.-.. 
•latin;;,  ii.,  477,  7.'»(t. 
'layanos.   .South    Californian   trihe, 

i.',  4«>2-22:  location,  i.,  4tiO. 
'la/a    Ma\or,    .Mexico,    anti<|.,     iv., 

.'>0,-.l7,  r>20. 
'laza     'I'lalt'lulco,     Mexico,    aiitii|., 

iv.,  .-.1 7- lit. 
*leasure-;,'ardeus.  Nahuas,  ii.,  l(!.'J-7.'i 
'leiades,    Nahna  si;,'n    for  new   lire, 

iii.,  '.m. 
'leii'y,  Naliua  jiraver  for,  iii.,  2(HI. 
'lows,  i.,  'AX  .■kS2." 
'lumes,  see  {''eathers. 
'lummet,  Nahuas,  ii..  ,'t.')7. 
'luiikctt  < 'reek,  .Mis»issi|i|ii  Valley, 

antii|.,  iv..  7<1S. 
'oaramas.    North  Mexican  (rilic,    i., 

.'>7I-1M:  location,  i..  lild. 
'olda/oii.  New  .Mexico,   antii|.,    iv., 

({(>:<. 
'idiorosa,  jirovince  aridtriU'of  Isili- 

miauH,  i.,   747-.S.");  loe.ition,  i,,  7',i.-». 
*ocam,  .Maya  feast,  ii.,  (i'.Mi. 
'ochoti,   a   species  of  seed,    ii..   'A't'.*; 

n  Toltcc  |irime,  v.,  2.s,\   2!»'.»-:{ol; 

lord  of  Chalco  .Vtiiico,  v..  :(4<.l. 
•ochtecas,     Nahua     merchants,     ii., 

;«M(»,  4!ti,  tin;. 

'ochilan,  a  ward  in  Mexico  eitv,  ii., 
•»!»l; 

'ochutia,  locality,  Hajat'a.  i.,  (i7!*. 

'oi,'olali,  i.,  .">7.'^.  see   i'o/ide. 

'oconianis,  ii.,  121,  see  I'okomatns. 

'ocomchi    (I'oconchi),     i.,    7fW,    .see 
I'ldvoniaiUH. 

•ocorosa.     Isthmian     ]irovince     and 
Irihe,  i.,  747->S,">;  location,  i.,  7'.M>. 

'oclepet',  town,  (Jnerrero,  v.,  412. 

'ocvetl,  Nahua  toliaceo,  ii.,  2.S7. 

'octrv,  i.,  701,  727;  ii.,  28(i,  4!>,'<-7; 

v. .  42H. 
I'i);;pimo;r;.'on,  club  uf  Smike   Indi- 
ans, i.,  4,'U. 


INDKX. 


735 


P)i1i-lik,     Kliiiiiiitli    ii|>ii<'llati<iii,    i.,  I'i)iiiiiliiinas,  N'urtli  M(>\ican  trilx',  i., 
:V_'7.  4U.  .">7I  l»l;  location,  i..  (ill. 

lN>li(iiu'('flii's,      Cciilrii'      Ciilifiiriiiaii  I'omlt'iiiM,  i..  •_'."»J.  m»t  I'ciul  d'C  hvilli's. 

trilH'.  i.,  .•{(;i-4(»l;  I.H-ati i.,  4.V>-<i.  I'..m.Is.  ii..  hir.,  .•{."».{;  iii..  4:{.">. 

I'i'iliDMi)  l'"all,  iii.,  I"2(i.  I'liiiiila.  villa;,'!-,  .Sniuira,  i.,  (UMi. 

i'oiaiilitla,  a  sai'icil    plafr,   Moxicti,  INmk,  .Mujaxr  slu-ll-iiii>:icy,  i.,  ."i(Ki. 

ii.,  5S.~>;  iii.,  :<:<:<.  I'<>|i,  ll'iiii|i,  ri>|)|i|,  .Maya  iiiniitli,  ii.. 


I'oiii,  name  of  mouth  in  ('liia|)as,  ii., 

7(!(i. 
Toiiit  .\«lamH,  i.,  :«)4.  .•<(M!. 
Point  Itairow,  i.,  41'.  4.">,  47-8,  ."»(),  GD, 

l.'W;  Ian;,'.,  iii.,  ">7*>. 
I'oiiit  ('oni'<>|M-ioii,  i.,  4r>8. 
I'oiiit  Crciivillc,  i,,  WA. 
I'oiiit  llopkinM,  i.,  174. 
I'oiiit  Lewis,  i.,  :<IH;. 


(!',l.'»,  ,.")7. 
I'o|ikali,   liiilli   cateii    Ity    liilaiui  ( 'o- 

liiiiiliiaii  tiilics,  i.,  •_'•;."(. 
l'o|Hi<'att'|ii'ti,    ominous  t'ru|ition    of, 

v.,   4li(>. 
I*o]iocaxtli,  vase,  'ria.seala,  aiilici.,  iv., 

47!». 

l'oi> naltc|ietl.  mountain,  v.,  ■_'07. 

I'opole,  iv.,  ■_'(i(l,  M'e  l'o!e, 


I'oiiit  Nisue,  ^'u(•atan,  aiiti(|.,  iv.,2(iO.  I  I'oj'olocas    i  ropoliica.s),    i.,    ti77,    set 


I'oi.Hon.   i.,  7'.l,  ."UH,   :»7S-!I,  4,f_':{,  .".II 

.■)77-!t,  5HC.-7.  7-'-'-.'<.  7<!0,  7tl-':J,  7.S-'; 

ii..  4(».S-<.l,  7i'l.  74'-'-4. 
l*ojuai|ue.  I'lieMo  \illai,'e  ami  trilie, 

i.,  .")2(!-."»();  location,   i.,  ."•'.»!»;  lau;;  , 

iii.,  liHI. 
I'oklMtc,  citv,  N'liralan,  v..  (i.'W. 


ria|iaue<'s. 
l'o|iol  Winak  t'liitiiv.  (jiiii  he  otlieial, 

ii..  (114. 
l'o|  ol  Winak   I'aliom  I/alatz  .Xrjixe- 

l>a.  <^>uii  he  oHicial,  t>4  (. 

l'o[>otlan.  il'o|io(la),  loeahly,  Mexieo. 

iii.,  "JitS;   station.  .\/tee  mi;;i'ation. 


I'okerville,    ('aliluinia,    antii).,     iv..  '      v, ,  :t'_';<,  name  tor 'I'ai'iiha. 

7<l7.  '  l'i'i|iiiio,  \illa,L;e,  Sonora,  i. .  (!((.">. 

I'okoinanis  (I'oeoniams,    i'okonrliisi.  |  roi|ui('tl.  |iei'inme  eanes,  ii.,  'JOft. 

.Maya  nati i..  i;.S(;-7ll;  ii.,  (i;t(l- i  l'oieu|iine,    i.,    PJS,   -J.-is,   .|-j.-»,    .IS-J-.'I, 

8ii;t;    loriitioii    aiul    n.ime,    i.,    7SS;  |      7">."t.  7ill ;    ii..(!(ll. 

ii.,  I'.'l,   i:t(»;  Ian;,'.,  iii.,  7<!0-l,  7<il-;  l'oren|iine  iJiver,  i.,  115,  l4(i-7. 

t>;  iiisi.,  v.,  .VH,  .">.'i.'i,  r)."(7-s,  ,"it;i.  I  l'oi'|ioise.  i.,  i(i;{. 

.">ii;{-J.  .">(■>(;.  ."ii".!!.  .">7ll-7,  -Vd.  ."i<i;M.      I  IVusinmula  Itiver.  i.,  4.")(i. 
I'okoninos,  Ceiiiial  Calitoiiiian  triln-,  ;  I'oit    Hiseovery.    i.,    'JlOl-.',    •Jl!t-'J(», 
i.,  :<(il-4()l;  loialion.  i..  4>'>tl.  KlI'J. 

rorterlielil,    ( 'alifoiiiia,    anlic(.,    iv., 


I'oie  il'opole),    Viieatan,    aiitiii.,   iv, , 

•_'(il». 
I'oliee,  i.,  ■■»4<>;  ii..  ."iti.")-7,  *>">"i. 
I'lilisli.  Nahua  arehiteetiire,   ii.,  .'tliO. 

."»70l,  .">7;{,  .•(7.S<.I.  ."iSI. 
I'olitos,     Nm'lii     .Mexican    trilie.     i.. 

.■i7l'.M;  loiatioii,  i..  (il.'l.  ,  . 

I'olokawvnalis,    Cenlial    ( 'ali'orniaii  '  I'ort  Ludlow,  i,,:i(fj. 

trilie,  I.,  :ii;t-4l)l;  location,  i.,  4.'>(i.  I  I'orto  liello,  i.,  7,'>;<. 
I'olonches,   Inlainl   < 'ol Man  trilie,  '  Tort  (  hdianl.   i.,  'Jlii.  'J'JO.  '.'•_'•.',  :!(»!, 

i..  •Joil-'tl;  location,  i..  ;il7.  I'oit  (  Ml'onl,  i  ,  4  l.'t. 

I'liloyamas.  t'entral  <  alitoniian  trilie.     Portrait  sciiliiinre,  antii|..    iv.,   ."itis. 


7i>4. 

Porters,  see  <  'arriers, 
port  I'.ssin^'ton.  i.,  -J"!."!. 
Porticoes,  Nahua  market    |ilaces,  ii,, 

:t.s:i,  .*.(;.".. 

PortlamI  (anal,  i.,  I4:(,  •.';»:«-4, 


:<(il-4lll;  location,  i..  4.''ii'i. 
Polvamlry.  i..  (i(i,  hJ,  I',t7. 
Polyer,  i,,  7lt.'k  sei'  Poyer. 


iJVL'amv,  see 


M 


irria^'c, 


linos,  Central   ( 'alitoniian  Irilie.  i. 


.s--',  ',•'.>,   KM.    Ills.    •J7('i-7,    ."I'sl.   4_'7, 
4.'l."i,    4(!J;{,  .-i(L',   .V.)."i;  \.,  4.'»,    l.Ti, 
4,V.. 
Portsmouth.    Mississi|i|ii  valley,   an- 


ti' 


,'<lil-4ll|;  location  ami  ii 
4  IS;  s]iei'ial   mention. 
:<',)<i;  Ian;:;.,  iii.,  (lt:t-4,  (i4ii 


i. ,;!(;■_',     port    Towiiscn.l,  i,,  '.'11.  :t(C.'. 


.'(•.'.-I,   .•t7!t,     port    Iriiiida-I,  i.,  ;{4'.'. 


P 


I'h 


4(i4. 


Miliienilclies 


iicIk 


Pome     Ponios,     Central     Californian     Posole.  i..  (i.">4,  see  Po/ole, 


trihe,  Miil-4(ll ;  location  ami  name.    Possession  Soiiml,  i. 


''Ml 


i.,  :«(;•.',  44S. 


Posiiamas,   North   .Mexican  trihe,  i. 


Pompey,  MiHsiMsipiii   N'ulley,  aiitiii.,       .■)7 1!' I ;  location,  i,  djj, 


115. 


Potu.'iehes,  Central  Ci'.liforniaii  trilii 
i.,  .'<UI-4()1:  hMution,  i.,  4.")o. 


786 


i\i»i:x. 


I'litaiii  (I'lilani.    xil!ii.vi',    Sm.ura,    i. 

liOS. 
rolaliirs,  i..  ICI-J,  1(17,  l!.VJ. 
I'lil  laiii'niaN,  Nmlli  M«\iiii!i  tiilif,  i. 


'I 
I  '.II; 


liM'iitloll.   i   ,  ti(Mi. 


riiliiainic'^.  (  Viillal  ( 'alilul'liiali  ll'iln 


i.,  :{(il  nil:  iiM'iiiioii. 


»; 


riiinaxli.'i'H  (TKiiia-'li^i,  tiilii'  itl  <  li 


Ihiiiks,    I. 
.•{Il."i 


Ml;  liit'atiiiii, 


;t(t;;. 


riiliiii,  I  iiialciiialan  laii;.'..  iii.,  7<>n. 

I'lilnlliliiill,    \.,'J'_'ll,    >l'f     ( 'lialll|H>l<>ll. 


i'l.liMik,  i..  7!U.  M-c  I'atixik. 


I'oi.' 


i\aiiti'~i,  <  'riilial  (  alitiiriiiai 


Irilx 


;ti.l-|(il;    mvlli..  iii.,  N7:  \..    I'.i. 


I.  Nah 


1 1 II  M I , 


.■1.1 


I'lili'i'i'ii,  \illa-i'.  Siiiitli  I  Mlil'iiriiia,  i. 

•»t;o. 

I 'ills,  i.,  |s.">,  Is7.  i;tl,  ,"iS'.',  ti.Mi,  (;;i7 

7-.'l. 
I'liil.  r  \',ill.\,  i.,  .'!(;•.',   IIS;  hiiiL'.,  iii. 


tiC!. 


I'.iUi 


r\ ,  I  iiliiiiiliiaiis.  aiiti< 


( '.llitonii; 


M-.  IV. 


:<.- 


I.'U;    aiitiii.,    iv 


:i(i.  71  II.'.  7IN  -M;  N.w   ,M 


iii.i.  .">iil,  .")i:t,   .".Jil 


I 

i'\ir,iii> 


.iSL';    anil' 


IV. 


.>(■•-(,  .1 


ii,  liiMi.  <;ii  I'j,  c.ct-i. 


(i:ti;,  iMJ  t.  i;iii 

i..     (!.">S; 


fill  I,  (;7s-'.l:  M 


i\- 


nan 


II.     is.l.  1: 


inlK 


:ms,  .tj.  .•!s;i,  .•is7  s.  i-.'7  s,  ni: 


:i,  .v.'i. 


.i.Ml 


.\iiM'ri(  all^< 
7t><!-7:  ii.. 


.11  •-'.    .".17:  ('.•iilr.ii 

r.M. 
i".i- 


7<il 


1.,    (i'.i7  S. 
".'_',  7S7:  aiiiic|. 


'_»:»,  (■.•-•■<!,  711.  7H,  i;!7.  I  .I'.!,  i'.i'.i,  •-'7^: 
Mississi|i|ii  \allc.v.  anli'|..  i\..  77'.l- 
Mil;   IV'iil,  anli(|..'i\.,  7ll.">-l>. 

poultry,  i  .  .ViS.  .">U,  (I.V.'. 

Power,  si'i'  <  ioxc'iiiiicnl. 

PoMla.  Ncnit'i    /,  aitlii|.,  iw.  Il.'i. 

Poya>.  Iril.c  of  Mosi|iiiio>,  i.,  7II-J7; 


loratioii, 
lion,    i., 


li;t; 


'111 


ail''. 


:i»,    7lil,    7111 
,  iii..  7>>:t. 


-|ircli 


ri'ti-s. 


Povaiilillan,     'I'imiI  'iiii  liini 


re     xtl 


liii'iil 


.•i;iii: 


l.alllcs  at,    V. 


:iM\. 


■i.s7  s,  v.u.  1:17.  •".0.1. 

•viT  .Mis,  i..  7!».'t. 

.\('i-  I  i'olvcn  Kivcr,  i..  7!>.''. 

i\  |iii|ili'',  rciilr.ii  (  alili.iiii.ili  tlilM', 

i'..  :«ll   (III:  iani.'.,  iii..  H.Vt. 


.if     (pH^nlr.       I' 


><  ojatl 


^;iin'l,  i 


-s,  i;-.». 


til 


!l'.'. 


>./olli';;a.  town,  .Si'arav'iiii,  1. 
|i,i|i|i-llcil-(  liai'.    .M.wa  lrni|.li',  ^'ii. 
ral.'in,  aiitiij.,  i\.,  'J(.S. 
raii/o^,  i,,  7i'v  mt  <  iiialiiHOH. 
ra\crx,  ii..    *;ij,  i;«'i;  iii.,  :«>.  pi.Vt;, 
•Jiiii-:ui,  ;;j'.-;i(i,  .•t7(t-."t.  .•is|.-j,  r.\s 

!iii,  ;t7'J,  .•<7<"., 


Irnolls     MOID': 


II. 


•l.si-j,  (ioii,  (;;i.v  7,17,  7;><>;  iii.,  'Ms. 


Prr;.'iinnry,  scp  Women. 

Proeiiis,    l|\  iM'i  l.ori'ans,    i.,   t!7,  HI, 

!l-..i;  folnnil.ii;!!.-.  i.,   Ki.S,  17-'.  I'.U  V. 

I'.Hi;      «'aliloriiian>,    i..     :iv.i.      |||; 


N.w    M. 


e\|r,iiis,     I. 


.".(Ml,    ."(t.S,    :ri\.\ 

<i:i-_';i.    (ICi'-:'.: 


ii..    11(1.  •-'.".(;  7.  -'(1(1,  '-'7 


7ti.  •_"•('. 


;{'.l|,  -l-.M-J.  4.V2,    M(i,  IKI.I.  (iii7,  fil'.*, 


«   I  •-•       I   I   «   I 


i  .  7<ij;t, 
ii.,  (;:i.">. 


(il7:  •  eniial   .\n 
7--".l  .Tt,  74(1,  7(ili. 
(HI,  (^17,  (l.M,  ti(i(i-7<l,  <iM.  (I'.M,  711, 
7'.i1l. 
PiiapiiN,  Pliallii'-wors|ii|i,   iii.,  ."Mil. 


ne>|s,  ori'-iii  ot,  III. 


:i--.'.  :!!;   New 


M 


exiiails.    III. 


I7:i:  M 


exifans,  II. 


I IJ .!.  •J(Hi  I.-.,  •.M.S.  :t(i:i,  .•!(i7.  .•(:!». 
•Kll,  12.".,  4-'.s,  4(l".l.  (;(IS;  iii.,  i;u  s. 


(t< 


>-< ; 


."i(N»-l;     (elilial    .\iiier 


:i(i 


I- 

:t»,   74(1:  ii..  (I4;-S. 


(■.(i.t,   (W-.M.    (iss-7l(l. 


:;(i. 


7ii'.i.  .SIHI;  iii.,   I7'.'-:!,  4v.i  'Ml,   4'.l.".-(i, 

4 '.I'.I. 
Pri. ■-testes.  Me\i.an>,  ii.,  •J(U-('.,  'J4.'r| 

iii.,  4.!.">-C>. 
Pri.-M  llai.i.U.    i.,  -J-Xi.  -M-J.    :t|C..  :i-_M. 


inio>ki.    Iiilie  of   l\oiiia;ja>,    i.,  (ill- 


s7:  loialioii.  i.,  I  In. 
Prime  of  W  ale^  .\r(lii|.i 


I 


1-0,  i..  14:!, 


"..">.  -.".I'J:  iii..  (1(14. 


Priiii'etow  11,    (  iilifornia,    anliij.,    i\., 

7(17. 
I'lin.e  William  Soun.l,  i.,  7(»,  7:i.  7!t, 

l.l'.i,  U'.l;  iii.,  .'.s.S. 


Pii.. 


iliel-.  ..^ee   (  apllvt" 


l'ri\ile-es.  ii..  KI.S,  I'.ll,   •J-.'l  •'_>,  4(n- 1. 


Pi 


oee>'.lons.  II 
IS.  ,TJ-J.  .•!.•(.-. 


141.   ISI 


:il(i- 


:t.".ii.  4-'s,  i;i-'.  (1(17  s, 

(ir-'.'l.dCs.  (IS'.i.  7(111.  71(1:  iii..'J!i7-!i. 

Pio|icrl\.      Il\  j.erl>onaii!«,     i..    (i,'t-4, 

l-.'.S;  ('oliiml.iaii-.   i.,  1(17,  I7;{,  ls4, 

I'.ll  •'     •_'(ll,  •_*(i.".  (i.    '.T.    -'.til.    '.'47, 


;».   'Jss  il;  Cil 


iiornians,   1.,   'U', 


.•{S.-».  ;t'.»(i.  4(l'.l.  4;i'.l-t(l;  New  .Mesi- 
eiiiis,  i..  .">(l.">-(i.  ."I'J'J  ;{,  .".t-to,  ."..". 'i, 
">(i»,  .">t;!l;  Mexieaiis.  i.,  (wtl.  (Ml!  I, 
«i."»S.'.l,  (ilM;  ii.,  •-'(;:{-4.  lil'J-lt,  (II; 
iii.,  ".Ml,  4:i(l  ■_':  ('.nlial  .\inei  ie.ins 
i..  C'.i'.i  7(Hi.  7-.">  (i.  74  1.  7(is.  7,s(i  ;i; 
ii  ,  (I.VJ  ;»,  (I.V.MKI.  7.Vi-(;.  7'.is  Sdl. 
l'lo|.lieei,>,  v.,  4i:i;<.l,  4'.KI,  ."il'li,  .V.)S-'.>, 

(;.{;i. 

i'ro|i|iels,  see  Sureeiers. 

Proi|nen.    t'eiilral   (  .iliforiiian    trii.e, 

i.,  ;i(;i-4(ll:  loeiilioii,  i.,  4.".:{. 
Prosiiiiition,  i.,  I  (is  '.I,  l'.l.".-7.  '.'IS,  •J7.S, 

:r>i.  4;ii;-7,  ."114  :.">.  .".I'l.  .".(i.'.ii.  ."..s.".  n. 


(ill. 


Print 


).    1 1 


;(:  II., ,  '.'iKi.  (;7(i 


lea,   I  'eiilial  <  iilifoini.in    ti  il 


i..  :i(il-4(ll;  lor.ition.   i.,  4.'.:!. 


INDKX. 


I'nni'tai",  ('nttr.il  ('.ilifiiriiiaii   trilii 


I..  .'{Ill    101;  lorat 


I'.-l 


i\\ain\.'i|i|>.'ii'is 


J.Vt. 
I  I'r-liawainvaii- 


|iaiiil,    liilaiii'  <  nlniiiliiaii  trilx',  i 

•J.VI  '.II;  lixalinii,  i.,  ;{•_'(». 
I'lniiiiiv-.    <  I'lilral   < 'alifiii'iiian    trilic, 

i..  :>i;i-t(ll ;  loialiiiii.   i.,  4.'»t;. 
l'uallt|>a\Miii>li    (l'ualli»l,    trilx-     of 

Siiiiinl  Indians,  i., '.'(KS-'J'J:  location. 


1 


i.,  .'{(tl. 
'iialli- 


Uiv.r,  i.,  301. 


l'nl.(ilv.  i..  l'.»7,;».-il,;j'.l'i,  414-1.'),  .-.11, 

MS.  .-.s^,  TT'-'. 
l'iil>ii;.'na.     Soiitli    Califiiriiian   trilic. 

i..  4( )•_'••.'•-•;  lo.atioii,  i.,  4(i(>. 


Iirro    lilMT,   I. 


•Hi, 


r 

I'lirlila.    naliiMs    ilcscrilicil,    i.,    (117- 
41;    ii..     l:t:t'liL".);   s|i<'rial      lucntion. 


1..  ( ;•_'<•,  <!•.'.■>. 

laM;^..    iii.. 
4(r.  7S;  lii^t. 


•  .'71.    (174- 
7  lit; 
1!M;-' 


ii.,  -Ji: 


anti(| 


t;-_M. 


I'nclililo.  tj>ni'H'tiiio,  anii>|.,  iv.,  'ti'.)- 


.')0. 


I'lH'Mo  .\rroyo,  New  Mc.\iro,  antii|. 


IV.,  (Ki'J. 


I'lirlilo  r.oiiiio,   New   Mexico,  antii|. 

i\. .  (M.')  (I-.', 
ruclijo  (  lu'liro   Kctllf,    New    .Mc\i 

CO,  :inlii|..  i\ ..  ti."i."(-(i'_', 
rni'lilot  iTck,  i.,  .■);>.");  .\ii/.onii,  aiilio- 


IV. 


(;;i7 


Piiclih 


lo-i    iicvcs,   'I'iii-'cala.   an- 


ti< 


i\..  47'.l. 


sow 


Mc\i 


I'uc'liio    ilmi-.i  I'a\i 
anlii|..  iv..  ti,"i.-|-(iJ. 
riiclilo  I'rnasco   liianco.    New  .Mcxi 


aiilii(. .  i\  .,  ().">.■{•(>•_•. 


I'licMo    l'inla.i< 


M.\i 


ti< 


IV. 


((.■>:{•;•_•. 


I'uclilos.  one  of  ilif  fonr  families  in- 


to « 


lllrll    tl,.'     N 


cw 


.M 


cMiaiis    ail' 


i\\\  nli'il ;    II'    iiiicis     jinil      customs 
of  ,'ill    its  n.iiions   ami    liilK-s    ilo- 


■lilii'il    to-t'tjifi-. 


I. 


.">•_'(  i-."»ti;     |»llV- 


sii|ilf,  1.,  .VJK-.'iO;  (llc--<.  1.,  .■i.'tD-.t; 
(l\\i'llin;.;s,  i.,  ."iH.'l-S;  food.  i,.  .").'{>- 
411;  |n'isonal  iiaiiils,  i.,  ."»4();  \M',i|>- 
oiiH  iiml  war.  i.,  MI-.S;  iniplc- 
mi'iits  ami   inaniifaclnii's.  i.,  ."il,'t-."i; 


ail.  I..  ."> 


!.")-( '. 


i\cnini('iit.   1..   .Vtii 


I ;  iiiai'na.u('  ami    woiiii'i 


>47-!t; 


aiiiiisi'iucnl- 


1. 


int'ous  ciisloms,    I. 


.Vl'.»-.-.;t;     iiiiscci- 
i.'{-4;    mi'di- 


1, 

cine  and  limial.  i.,  .Vil-.'i;  clijiractcr. 


I.,    .i.'i.i  (i; 

l:r.-n,  171 


iimIi.,    iii., 
.  iv.'7-X:  Ian 


MCI,     114. 
r.,  iii.,  MS, 


(;71  1.    (i>S(t-:i;    aiilic|..    iv.,    (il.V.SC 
local 


loM    ol    inl 


.'(;-!».  ."iint- 


iiii:;:  iii>i 


I'lii'lilo.-,  nilic  cpf  I'lU'lilo  family,  i. 
Vol.  V.    17 


iCJl.-,.(; 


local 


ion.    I.,    .')•-'(! 


■"In'c  ial 


mention,   i.,  .V_M»-:f_',  .">;U-4.S.  ."..MM, 

.Vi;i-(;;  invili.,  iii.   .so-;{.  114,  171- 1, 

0-7-.S;  Ian;.'.,   iii..  .">tiH.  tl71-X  <iMI-;t. 
I'lieiilo  Ilia  \iila,  Ne'.v   Me.xieo,  ali- 


IV..  t,(.-.'. 


i'li'-filo  N'iejo,  iv.,  ~:i,  name  for  Te- 

iiani|iiia. 
i'llelilo  \  iejo,   \'eia  (rilZ,  JUltii|.,   i\., 

44:t  4.  4.'.1. 
I'llelilo  \\'eje-;;i,  New  .Mexico,  antii|., 

i\.,  (;iil. 
I'liente  ill'  los   lierj^iintines,   .Mi'xieo, 

antii|..  iv.,  .VJM. 
I'liente   Nai'ioiial,  \'era  Cm/,  aiitiij., 

i\.,  4:!7-.S. 
I'ii;.'a!li|i.iinir~li,   i.,  ,'{01,   see   rilViillu- 

|>ami-li. 
I'ii-alli|ii.  i.,  .'till,  see  I'lnjilluj). 
I'n''et   .Sound,   i.,  l.'il.  •-•US.  •_■!•_'.   1214, 


•J  I'.), 


I'll     •>         .»! 


t.s,   aui:    Ian; 


iii.,  lil.'i. 
i'li^'ets  Ulaml.  i.,  307. 
I'liiiiles.  trilie  of   .Sound  Indians,   i. 

■-'0,S--."_':  location,  i..  •.".»<». 


iiiclion.   (eiitral 


falif 


oniitui 


trilii 


i..  :i(il  4(i|;  local i i.,  4Xi. 


iii|i,  a 


liiedi 


ciiial  |ilanl.  i..  ')'2'2. 


ril|illii.  i..  4.~>tl.  see  Itiisliiimiies. 
l'll)|ioiie.-<    (I'nliienes).    t'eiilial    ( 

foniiaii  Iriite,  i.,  .'tlil-IOI ; 

i.,  :ili:{.   l.VJ. 


a  I 


ocation. 


I'lili 


M 


exicin  I 


I  rink 


i..  .-tl7.  *;:<'!. 
r24;   iii.,   ;il.s, 


|IMi;     II. 

4(I.S-|U;    \,,  •J(I7-,S. 

I'iim|>kin,  see  ( 'alalia.-<li. 
rniiisliiiieiit.    see    I  loMrnmeiit    ami 

<  liildreii. 
I'nnta    .\renas,    localitv,    |)aiien,    i.. 


I'liiila  ( iorda,  localil  V,  llomliir 


IS,    1. 


!»;(. 


,11... 


I'ii|ilems,  .\ca;;clu'niein  sorcerers,  iii., 
KiC. 

I'iiri>ima.  ('alifornia.  aiilii|..  iv. ,<!!).-.. 

I'lili^ima  < 'oiice|M'ioii  lie  .\niedo.  lo- 
calitv. Nuevo  I, eon.  i.,  (;7.'t;  Ian-., 
iii..  742. 

I'lirmo.  Lower 


Calif. 


iriiiii.  iiiiti>|.,  u 


tiirj. 


I'lirnai  Mountain,  i..  liiMI. 
I'lirnlaliiii,  I'ericiii  ;.'oil,  iii..  SI. 
I'liriilea,    Central    Caiiforniaii    triln 


:i<il-|(ll;  location,  i. 


I.".;i. 


I'lislmnes.  i.,  4oO.  see  Itiisliumnes. 

I'lllos  (  reek,  i.,  4.VJ. 

I'liv  acautes,  ( 'omaiiclie  sore,  reis,  iii., 

I'liyalliipami^li  ( l'iiiralli|iamisli.  I'liy- 
yiili;iiiamislij,   irilju  of   Soiiml    In- 


INDEX. 


iliiiiis.  i.,  20.S-22;  lopatioii.   i.,   -29<X        rial   iiuiilioii,   i.,    177,    ISO;    Inii};., 
:{til.  iii..  (MIS. 

I'livalhip       (l'ii;ralli|)i,         l'uvallr>|i)    •V'""''^''"'  (<^ia<'t<wM,  tril'c  of    Nii.it- 


Wivcr.  i.,  :«H. 


l7l--">';    liMali..ii. 


.';»!. 


I'livniiu-,  ('(Mitral   ('alifiiniiaii  trilH-,    (^hiai-utl,  naiiii- tor  ilaiiiaii  lamilv,  i. 

i!,  :{i;i-M»l:  liMalii.ii.  i..  4.").{.  j      'iKJ. 

rii;;liniiii('.  Central  California,  lung.,    (/iia;.'<'liil,  ii..  4(i:<,  xci'  4/iiai'li 


(i4!»-.Vt. 

I'v  Kilts,  i.,  4(!S,  si'c  I'i  r.di'.s. 
rvraiiiiil  l.akt',  i..  4llli. 


l^iialioot/c,  Nalnia  ;,'oil.  iii.,  I.">l. 
l^MialitoMialis,   trilx-    of   (  liinooks, 
•_'-J_'-.">((;  liiiatioii.  i..  :{(is. 


l*.vr:iiniilw,    ii.,   .Vm,    ,">7(!,    ."!*.   .TSS-O,    (^iialiuacan.  a  .Mfxican  rliirf,  v.,  .■}I7. 
"7!I4:  aiili«|.,  iv..  •_'(;,  7.'<-*i.  SL'-'.t,  1  ill-    <jiialiuatla|.al,    locality,   Mixini,  v.. 


.SI.  l(i<.t-7l,    l'.C-'-71H  l>asMini;  v.,  .).">- ;      :<I4. 


">'.»,  '.MKl.  •_'(«. 
l'yto;,'iiis.  Central  Californiaii  trihi 

i.,  .'<lil-4ill;  loraliou,  i.,  4.'i.'>. 
I'vutes,  i.,  4(>(!,  see  I'i  I'tcs. 


Q 


Qak1)at/iilii,    mountain,   (iiiatoniala, 
v..  Mil 


nil 


i^Mialiuitlt'lina   ((^Miavitlrloa),    Nali 

iiioiitli,  ii.,  .'td-'i,  .'>(l<.i:  iii  ,  41!). 
(^naliuitl-l(-ai-an.  station,   .V/tce  mi- 

;;ralion,  v.,  IVJ.T 
(/naliuilonal.   Cnlliiia    Kin;;,  v.,  XW. 
(.^naliunalmiic,    i.,  (!7(>,    so-   Cucrna- 

vara. 
l^iail,  i..  3.TI;   ii..  .110.  .114.  •.\-2-2,  .*«V{; 

iii..  •-".IS,  .-{'.I.-),  4-Jt;,  4;!7. 
(.inainn,  trilx'of  Noi.ikas,  i.,  I74-'J()S; 


Qat.  (Jni(lii''-Cakclii<jU4'I  (lay,  ii.,  7i'7.  loialion,  i..  '-".i."). 

Italic.  ('ak<'liii[n(>l  niontli.  ii.,  7l!ti.  (.jlnak;ir>^,    triln-   of    Nootkai,  i.,    174- 

Oiiin/i;;Ma.  I'ui-lilo  villa^'*',  i..  (i(M».  '      IMIS;  loiation,  i..  •J'.Hi. 

Ijoai'iil,  Niliaili  prince,  v.,  .~i.V2,   .'iiiii.  (^inako,     Inland    Colnniliiaii     triliex, 

l^oai-iitee,     Niliaili    jirinee,    v.,    .V>-,  food,  i.,  •_'(>.">. 

."»(>('>-7.  i  (^niiks"naniish,   i.,    ',H)\,  see  t,lnafke- 


(joaiian,  (^uielK-  jirint'o,  v.,  ."i.'rj,  r>(!7.  '      iianiisli 
Qoraili,   l^uiehe    ruler,    v.,  ,").V_*,    ,V>7,    <,lnalc|nillli>«,    i. 


':i(;. 


<  iiiackoll-i. 


.Vi'l. 


liloi-iiinel,    .Miau  (^uieliu    jirince,    v. 


(^Inania,   Lower  Californian  sorcen 

i.,  .">H7. 
(.Iiiainasli,  i..  'Jtl.-i.  see  Caniass. 


ClcHMvili,  (.Inielie  ruler,  v.,.'>,VJ,  .'■M7-(iO,  j  t.lnanes,  Irilieof  Nimikas,  i.,  i74-'2()S; 


."iiill,  .">71,  'uH. 


at  ion,  1..  •-".Ml" 


l^oeliaiiuli,  Niliail>  prince,  v..  r>(!7.  (jluane/,  a  'I'lascaltec  ruler,  v.,  4111 -S. 

(.jiico/oni,     Aliau  (.^Miiclie    jirince,   v.,    (^Inaoar,    Los  A iij;cles  County  tril>es' 


5(i7. 


(1,  iii..  S4;  v.,  111. 


Qoliail,   locality,  (inateniala,  v.,  .^S.S.    (^luaoilipaniiie,    name    for    'I'arasci 


(.^lotlialcan,     Cakcliiipiel     kit 

.■|S:{-4. 
(jot/il):ilia,  (i>uicli(''  iirince,  v.,  .")( 


:<7i. 


<^>uapilollan.  a  .south   .Mexwan  ]lro^ 


nice.  V. 


441. 


l/oxlialiolaiii.  A;,'aaii  town,  v.,  r».J8.      i  (jliiai|uacuillin,      Naliiia      order      of 


t^ii.  iii.,  IIIJ.  see  Cu. 
t/iiaavayp,  I'ericiii  pid,  iii.,  Ki!). 
C^uacliic  ((^liiau'i'liil),  Naiina  title,  ii.. 

4(i:t. 
liliiacliictin,  Naliiia  title,  ii.,  404. 
(.iliiucliictii,  Naliua   roval  decoration. 

ii.,  404. 
(.jnai'kciianiisli  ((jiiiaks'naniisli),  trilic    <jiiiac|iiiolt.. 

of  .-101111(1  Indians,  i.,  l'OS-l'l';  loca-    (.iiiaria,     N» 


priests,   ii..  •_'(i:i;  iii..  :VM 
(,>iiai|iiaiiliiioclit/in,  Mexican  anilias 

sailors,  ii.,  4*_'l. 
(/u.i'iiiaiilipitziiliiiac,  'reuaiicc  prince. 


am 
.•{(iO-4. 


I  kill''  of     Tlalcli 


XiS. 


(^hiaiiiiidts,   i.,  i!l(!,   see  (jMiackolls 
t.liia(|iiiolt-,  i.,  •j;i(!.   see  (liiackoils 


•j;i(!, 
M 


tioii,  I..  ;«)i. 


(;t;:i. 


e\v     .Mexico,     aiilii|.,    i\'. 


Quackolls       (Co^'wells,       Cnipiiltlis,  ,  (.jMiarries,  i.,  Kij;  ii.,  4S0;  aiilin.,  iv., 
C^nacoltli,  li)iiali|iiiltlis,  t^lii;ic|iiii|ts,        414,  (i7<i. 

(.^uai|iiiolt.s,   «^>iiaw;,'uults,   (^liieelia-    (jiiiatlilapotles,    i..  ;«l(!,     see    Catlila- 
qnacoll,    (jlueeliavnacolt,    (Jii(ii|uo-        ]iooil-'s. 

nitlisi.  frilio   of  Noiitkas,    i.,    174-    (^iiiatomalis,  Nc.rili  Californi.in  tril>e, 
308;  location,  i.,  17">-(i,  L'il.'i-S;  spo-  (      i  ,  3lJ(i-(il;  location,  i.,  44.1 


iNi>i:.\'. 


Qlllltsinns  ((j>liat>illMl.  tlilic  nf   Nimt-     (j)ii:iillilli/.t;ic,    liiiliir    for   Tolomalotj'- 


kas,  i.,  17  4  -'(IS;   l.iciiiii.ii,    i. 
K|H'riikl  liii'lltiiili,  i.,    IsO. 
l/iiat>iiii>s  Siiuiiil.  i..  '-MHi, 


niiilli,  \..  4<.N). 
l^iiaiilitiiclicii,    ii.,   417;  iv.,  4l."i;    m'i* 
lliiatiiM'ii. 


l/'iat  amyajH,    tril'c   of    I 'llill<Mlk^>,   i.,    <tiiiaiilili>iial,  < 'liii  liimcr  kiii;;,  v., '_*'_'(>, 


.-.((;  I 


oral  loll. 


;uif>. 


<,hiaiiliralrii,  Naliiia  jail,  ii.,  4.*):(.  *iMiaiilil/iiitfcii1itii,       'rco-riiirliiiiici 


C,);iaiili.'liiiiaii<'o,    tow  ii, 
441;  \.,  -.".(H,   4S<.t. 


M.\i 


rllirf. 


4',>U. 


<^iiaiili\irali'i>.  placi'  of  cri'iiialioii,  ii. 


.">K."i,  (il  ■   tM'.t. 


Viiaiiiiiacatl.  Naliiia  title,  ii.,  4<)-J. 

<ihiaiiliiialiiiai',   i\.,  4S'_',   .-ft'  Ciirriia- :  (^iiaiili\ilo|/iii,  ;;o\<'riior  of   l/.tajia! 

\aiii.  <'.!i:i,  v.,  ,'{7."{. 

l^iiiaiilinclliiiatlaii,  |iniviiicc  of  Cuatt--    <^iiaiilivai'ai',  ritv,  Mexico,  v.,  iMMi. 


mala,   v., 


4i>'(t. 
tolli 


i-i  of 


iiiai/e,    II. 


<ii|iaiili.\ii'al<'aiii'o,    Naliiia   altar,   iii. 

4(4. 
'.•iiaiivetl,  will!   toliai'i'o,  ii.,  •Js7. 


i*  laiiliiieXiitoUi,  ;:rm 

a.').'.. 

Ijiiaaliiioi'iitli,   (.\eoaliiii)otI,   IJiiaiili-    <Jiia\  itleloa,  iii.,  4'J(),  .-ee  i^iiialiiiitle- 


iiiii'l'tlii. 


Nal 


ma  Jiiii;.'e,  ll 


4.t)i. 


ma. 


(i)|laiili|iaii('o,  a  Soiitli  Mexieaii   prov-    <j>iia\\;,'imlt,  i.,   17''.   wee  t^hiackoll. 


lliee,  V. 


441. 


(^Iiiaiili(iilel<'lmla,  I'lieMa,  aiitii|..  iv. 
4';s:  |ii>t.,  v.,  4(i4.  4".M(.4;i.'..  ."HI4. 


i^Miawtealit,  Alit  ^oil,    iii. 

.VJl. 
<>ilel>i,   l.stliiiiiaii  title,  i.,  771). 


i: 


(i>iiaiilii|iiet/al,    lorii    of      Teliaiiiitee,     (^hieeelii,    ( iiiateiiialaii     ilialeet.     iii 


.•U'.t. 


I  tit). 


•  j'liaiilileeaii,    town,    I'llelila,  v.,   4'X\     ti'iii'i'liolaee,  town,  Oaj.iea,  i.,   Ii7'.l. 
(^'iiaiiliteiiialaii,      name     for     'reijiaii    (^Mieeliolli,  N'alma   niontli  ami  eale 


(iiiatemala,  v..  'M\t.  .">7!S. 
lilt 


liar  m;:ii,   ii. 


i;{.'.-7.  '■i'>\,  oil,  ol. 


(^•ilaiiliteiiaiico,  eitv,  » lajai'a,v.,44.'{-(i.         tilt;  iii.,  4(tl-."i. 
<i>iiaiilite]pee, station,  .\ztee  iiii;,'ration,    (jhieiimtl,  a  Mi'xiean  liircl. 


iii.,  :!74. 


v..  :v.>4,  41-.' 
(i>ilaiilite|iell,  [ilaee    of    saeriliet-,  iii., 

•AXi. 
<i*iiaiilite]i('tla,    Cliiehiiiiee    kin;;,    v., 

•Jl'O. 
<i'iiaulitetl,  stone  ea;;Ie,  .Mexii'aii,  ali- 

ti(|.,    iv.,  4.S-J. 
(^naiilile\|)etlatl,  'I'oltei-  kin;.',  v.,  •_','>(;; 

( 'iillma  priiiee,  v..  .'{(l4-."i. 
<.)ii:uilitin,  Nalma  title,   ii.,  4(i:i. 
(^laulitiBelian,  eitv,   I'lielda,  v..  4"J(), 

4!  to. 
<^>iiaillltiteiieo,  a   Toltee    town,   Mexi- 
co, v..  ■-'!I7,  -'.t'.t. 
(^•iiaiilititlaii.  |iroviiice  ami  citv,  Mex- 

i'.i,     ii.,    :{:t7;     iii..     -'•"'-;    \.,    --U'.'. 

'J4'.t,  .Siu, :{.").").  .•tii'.t.  :{71.  :i'.»-'.  4(i» .-.. 

(j>iianlitla,    .\collma    ciiiel,     v.,    :{I7; 

city,  N'era  <  'rii/.  v..-  I II. 
<,'uautla|pal,    a    Cliicliii chief,   v., 

■2'Xi. 
t,>iian!itlai|ualli.  corn  cake,  ii.,  :t."i."i. 
(^>iiaiilitlatoliiiat/iii,    kin;,'    of    Tlate- 

liilco,  v.,  IVM). 
(.i>iiaiilitlei|iiet/i|iii.   an    .\zlec    jirie.st, 

v.,  :{•_".»,  :m.  xi'x 

i^liiaiilitli,     Nalma    nioiiew    ii.,     '\H2; 

ilav,  ii.,    ol'J,  ,"ilti-17;  Toltee  iiolile, 

v..'-.'7ii,  •2S.{-4. 
(.^iiaiilillix,  Toltee  kin;;,  v.*  "J.".  .'t.'U. 


•  ^iieilcxeno.s,    Nortli    .Mexican    tiiUc, 

i.,  .">71'.M  ;  locati i  ,  (II'.'. 

•  jMleeali.H,    trilie    of   ||aiilali>,    i.,    l.Vi- 

74;  location,  i..  •_".»•_'. 
<i>iieelianii'iiltas.  trilie  of  Nootka>,  i., 

174'.'<IS;  IcMiiti i.,  -JW. 

<^Miei'li,ic|iiai-oll    I'.'uceliavnaeolt),     i., 

L'!t.">,  see  (,)iiacko;i. 
,  (jlileeli  (liaiiotte  1-iaml,  i.,    I'd.   I.Vi, 

l.")S-!t.  KM-.'..  1 71  >-4,  '.".••-',  •-•••.".:  Ian;;., 

iii.,  ."i7!>.  <iti4. 
(^•iieet-.    tiilie   of  Souml    Imliaiw,    i., 

•-'I («•.••_*;  location,  i..  ;iit;t. 
I.liiej  ((^eli.  <j>ucli),  ii.,    7.'>S.    see   Cell. 
<,»Mejii|pa,  village,  Siiialoa,  i.,  iil4. 
t,»;ic1a|itonlil!>,  tiilii'iit  •  liinonk-,  i., 

•-'•_'•_' -."ill:   loiati i.,  ."O."!. 

<^»iicleiies.    Ma>.i    naiioii,   i..    t!ll-7<M 

ii.,  t;:!(»-.SII.'!;  local  ion,   i.,    fll.'i,    il.S"; 

ii..  I'JII-I;  special    nii'iilion,  i.,  ills, 

•  i<i''J;   l.ili;:  ,  iii.,  7l'l;  liisl.,    v.,   .">li."), 

.V.Ct,  (;(i;{.4.  t 

(^•iii'let/.ii,  ( 'eiitral  .\m(ricaii  liiril,  iii., 
I      .-.I. 
tj>iieina,  Nilialli  prim'c,  v.,  .■■.f;7. 
<i>iieinaiia,     /acalecas,     anti<|.,     i\., 

.">7,S-<l-';  v.,  .V.t;  hist.,  v.,  'J-2-J. 
(/iieiKcleiitiis,     Ceiitial     < 'aliforniaii 

I      trilie,  i.,  ,'tiil ml:   locati i.,  4."i;t. 

(^>iienie\a,  i'inia  ilialeet,  iii.,  I>.Sj. 


■Jl) 


INDF.X. 


<>iirnri-li.     (>iii(lii'    tiili.il    name,    v.,  '  <j»iict/iillarxiiyiill,    Tnlti'c    kill;:,    v.. 


>iii. 


i(u{,  2(H!. 


(,•  ii'iiiiill  (<,>iiiiiiii«ln  ItiMT,  i..  .'id.'l.        <^iict/al|>ii|Hira, 'I'olli'i- iiriiit'c,  v.'.VlT. 
t^'iiniiiilt-'      (t^iiniaiill.x,     •/tiiiiaiclt,    </""''''allfliiir>ar,     (  liirliiiinT-l'c.llcc 


(.hiiiiail 


<.>iiiiiail('<-,       (.Miiiiaillr, 


rliict.  \ 


IS.'>. 


(.Iiliiiliilts,       <.)iiiliullsl. 


tiilii 


<>t      (>IH 


Siiiillii  IlKliaiiK.  i..  'JOS 'J'.';  Iiir:'-  li 
tioii,  i.,  ;«):{;  s|ii'i'ial  iiii'iilioii,  i.,  <^ii 
•Jl(»  I  I,  "JKl,  •-••-'O  I      ( 


<,iiit'iiii,  town,  liarini,  i.,  7!*<'^. 
t'liriiaiioH,   Niiitli    Mrxiraii   liilx',  i.,    <ii 


fl/al 

.1 

ii>ai 

llfC    (• 

IK 

(.  v.. 

c/allt 

■Hi 

in;,'" 

iiiali' 

III. 

ila.   i 

•.'■»;   1 

i> 

.,  v.. 

ivalli 

•|'< 

■r.    t< 

'l-'.)l:  loralioii.  i..  (ill. 


liisi..  \..  •_'•.>!!,  H-J,  47 


\rtill,        Tl'ii-C 'lliilii- 

i'.NI. 

(<i*iicNalt«'liaii;:f»),  ritx , 

aiilii|.,     i\., 

',  .V.I I 

i»  II,    <  lajai  a,    i.,  (iM); 


*,''i<'|)iiiiaii,    ii.,  .'><!.■{,    iiaiiK'    f<ir   'I'la-    <iiiiri/:i|\iiili||i, 'ri-o-Cliicliiiiirc  i  liici. 


i|iii'('liiiilira!i 


I'.N). 


<,>iiiM|ini/,iliciliiia,  prii'^l.-^  of  ijtiictzal-    <,>ii(t/alMMliit/iii,  v.,  'J(ilt,  naiiic    I'm 


III, 


Xnihill 


(.'ucicrliiiM,  trilic  iif    \|iarlics,  i..  ■\''A-  '  l^Miialiaiilrs.  IriKc  of  llaiilali>.  i..  I." 


.'I!;     s|MMiiil     iiK-iiliiiii,     i.,    4!l.'t-.">,  \      "4;  l.ual inn,   ■_'!••_'. 


.■|(Hl,  .">(IS,  ."(IS. 


<.)nialill.il< 


|--'.">.   «■<•  Yaiilitlalli. 


<  liiricciti),  liir.ilit  V,  Mirlinacan.v.,  ."il'J.    t.hu.ilinil  I.      Naiiiia      uav,     ii.,    .MJ, 


'I 

• 'iM'li's,   iii. ,  (iS'_',  .-rf 


.".km: 


<ji:irii>ta!n,  trilit—   lii'scrihcil,    i.,  <il7-    <^nialiiii/.llan,  a  <|iiartt'r  i>f  Tlascala 


44;    liiralinli,    i.,    <i7'_'l;  lali;,'..    iii. 
T^JT;  nMlii|.,  i\.,  .">4'.l-."i.'{. 
<>;;i'rMau,u'a,  i.,  (i7<>,  m-i-  ('iicriia\:i<-i 


•  iiv, 


4 1  J;  v.,  4<.I7.  ."'(Kt. 


S(,iiiianiia.    I'nrMo   \ilia'.'i'  anil    tri 


.")-<;..">(i;  location,  !..  (iill. 


>,•  ii'ivini'ltins,   trilic  o 


•J.'_'-:.ii: 


f  (Ii 
■alion,  i..  ;!<•.">. 


I.,    <,>iiia!'l|ii,     1. 


JCl-J,    ;(i 


<  haiiilicrcs. 


<.'n. 


c-.:ii|clian;^",  i. 
Iiaii-'o. 


rss,  s<  c  (.»iic/a!tc-    (.•ill 


llcot,     N 


i.aiiiL'ii.i    •'.» 


i,    iii.,    I'Jii 


4  ".••J 


('■ii'l,    Cciitial    ( 'aliforuiaii   trilic,    i,  ■  (.•iiiaiilil 


ciii'Miiiiia. 


alma    caliinlar 


;!i;i-  ml :  Incation.  i..  4.'i;<. 
iilalilorcs,  i.,  ,"i'.»J,  .SI 


Ni'Mi  aui 


1   L'.mI, 


ii..   .'llli 


apiiat. 


(»ailii.li.i.  ( 


(..'iicl/al,   a   .Mc\ii;iii    liinl.     ii..    :!'.'i!,    (ii 


iiatciiialaii   tniic.   v.,  .i4l>. 

Iv 


I .  (  Kiiaiii.  (^•iiii'lic  kill 


4S,S-'.I,    (i;!."i;    'roll..-    kin;,',    v.,   '.'■_'(>,        ."iliti,  ."iS:!  '.14. 


I'c  also  ( 'iicl/.il 


(.Miicali  II.  (Kicali),  (.hiiclic  kiii'_'.  N. 


(,>;ict/al.icxii\a 

v.,  47.V 
(j'iict/a!al|iitciai, 

ii..  ;i7<;. 


Il,    (1 


iiili'     t'l-    jiiiinc, 


;u 


'.IS. 


N,ii 
I'i 


ma    onianiciit. 


»,"Mcl/ala|iaii,    citv,     I  atiiaulijia-,    \ 

47-'. 
(."'icl/alalcciililli         ((jhicl/allclilitiil.         kin;:,  v.,  ."illl!,  .V.Ci, 


(,>iiiiali  III.  (  Kicali).  (ituiclu' kill','.  \., 

.'iilii,  .'I'.i.'i. 
(v>iiic;ili  l\'.  (Kicalil,  (^iliclii'  kin;;.  \., 

."iCli,  ."i!l."i. 
(.hiicairraiiiili  I  Kicali  'r.'iniilii,  (.Miirln 


lord  nl    .\oi'iiiliiili 


.•t4".t. 


(,*iiicaiii<i|ia.  N  iiiiia  ilialcil.  iii..  (''<4. 


I  >'ii-l /alail    liivcr,    \.,   'JV.i.   name  fur    ijiiii'licnicl,  Mexican  female  d 


rc.s-.,  I. 


Monte/iinia  Itivcr. 


(v2tl 


( iiict/aicoati    ((>iiel/aalcoiitl.    (.>iictz-    ( •iiicln'i  (I'tlctecas).  Ma\a  iialioi 


acojilll,    Naliiia    'j.ii<\.    i..    ."><;    ii.. 

•.'(»•'  Mi.  :\n,  :»!i7.  .■|S4  ."i.  .■.,s;».  7i>tiN; 


(lsi'i-7ll;   ii..  ii:tii.,sii:);  location  ami 


name,  i.,  i>.S(,  ,S(S;  ii. 


Il'l,  l:!(l;  \. 


iii..  ."i7.  (ii>-l.    110,    I.Vi,  I'.t.'i,  •2M>:i         l);4.  ."i."i(i.  ."i<;."i;  ^peci.-il  mention,   i., 
l.'4S-N7.  4l!t-."ii;.  4S4;  v.,  •_';»-7,  .S7-H.        CpIM,    7<x>.    7tt;t,   707,  71":    ii.,   c::2, 

(;;17  44.  (is7!t,  7:iL',  74-.'-4,  7(i-i,  71.(1- 
7,  7S!i,  7'.Hi-H(»-':  iiivili.,  iii.,  44-."4, 


l-.'i.',    iss,    I'.i.'M,    |'.I7,   •.'()(>-■ 


.*i; 


'2i:\. 

r.i.-i. 


.VJ-C.J,   •JdS,  47'.IS(I.  -JSI. 


VJ7-S,  ."is-j,  (iiKi.   (;•_••_ 


474  '.HI.  .'il'J;  v..  •.'(!: 


t>iiet/.alc(iall,  .\(  \ill.   |. 


kill''  o 


f  Toll 


an;,'.,  in.,  i 


llii- 


;in. 


v..  •.•7ltS(i.  iViS,  (ill  I'J.  (;i'.l.-_'l;  se. 


•J.    7i;7-7:t;    Iii  t.,   v..   L'l--.',    ^.")7-^.S, 
."lUtdd-J.  (ill),  i\2<<.  (M. 


11 


■Ml  .\c\ill  ami  Toiiiltziii  .\c\iil.        (^iiiicksiher,  ii..  474;  i\.,  7!'4. 


ij'iei/alcoatl  Cluilcliiiiitl,  v.,  '.'."il, 

Ceacatl  (,>iiet/;ili'oall. 
(;  ui/;ilciiiila|'illan,    |iro\iiicc.  South 

Mexico,  \.,  441. 


(iMiick--ntiiiiit  (ijliiicksiiliniit  I.  trilic  of 
Nootkas,   i.,   174-'_'(»S;   loc.ilioii,    i.. 


INDEX. 


?n 


Q'liriliMiia,   litcility,  Onjai-a,   i..  TT!'.    ()'"''^'''^"''"'""i'    "niiio    for    N.i|iai 


I  is  I;    v.,  XIJ. 


'iiiii.  Ill .  ti; 


tj'aicrlHii-*,    iiilic    (if   ShiiihI    linliiiii'^,    V'^"''"''   ii  •"'"•    l"'l.   ■'•'•"'•  •"'*'•    *'' 


.•('S-JJ;    l.i.alinli 


:w.i. 


<<W:  ii.,  C-.'d. 


•  ^iii'  ii,    '^iii(iu'-(  ■ak(liii|iiil    il.iy,    ii.,  [  t/iii\  ira-^,  tiilicof  I'm  Mos.  i.,  .V2('i-. 
T'-..  '      liiiMliiui,    i..  ."ii'T:  aiili.|.,   tlii't,  (i' 

t^iiicrrt  iiani,  i.^aiily,  .Mii'iii<a>'aii,  v.,    i,Mii\U'.  Cliiaiia",  aiili<|.,  iv.,  .'{"I. 


•  I-. 


<.>iii\  aliiiit/tlaii      .\iialiiia< 


>tatiiiii. 


<JtilL,'vaiiia-'.  frilh'  nf    \|iai'lii'>,  i.,47'l-  i      Tnlti'i-  iiii'_'raliciii,  \.,  "Jl.'l. 


■  >.'(>:  liM-atniii, 


!IS. 


(^ii\aiilit/iii,    lonl   nf    HiU'Milla,   \. 
:»t!t. 


<,'iiiyfclia|ia,  ( t.i  jaci,  iiiitii|.,  i\   .  :t7'>. 


<,'iiiliiiiiiia:<.  111.,  '>S.">,  ■>(•(■  (^>iiii|iiiiiia.i. 

<,•  iilM|iaii,  (tajaia.  aiilii|..  iv..  .'!7'i. 

<()  lila/lli,  ii.,  ■_'()'!>;  iii.,  '.i'i'A,  >vi-  (  ina-  !  l,>iiiscniiaiii,  fiat.  Uji; 

en. III.  <,iiii', (•(■iilaiii  Muiiiit.iiiiH,  i.,  ''M\. 

(,>iiil!i'liiitcs    i<,>iiilliliiili-s),    trilii-    nf'(}>  iiiia,  city,  ( iiiatfiiiala,  i.,  T^T 


kCJ 


Siiiiiiil  liiiliaiis,  i.,  •.'IIS  -Jl';  iiM-alioii,  !  <,>Miii|i.  .iltli.  i.,   I" 


(»iiai 


Ui.ll. 


(.)ailli 


.'iil.J;  N|iccial  nii'alii.ii,  i..  '-'.'i.'.        1  (/lua-atiin  l!i\ri-,  i,,  44<;. 


i|ii('iii|iias,    tnlii'   II 


•-'•.'•_'.")(»;  liMatiiiii.  i.,  .'{II."). 
<(iiiiiiiirlitiii,  Naliai  s|>it's,  ii.,  4'J(. 
t,laiiiiiH,    Niirtli     .Mc\iraii     tiilii',     i., 

.'■Tl-'.ll:  liiiatiiiii  i.,  til  I. 
(la'iiaiclt    (i.liiiiiailv,  i  iiiiriailii-,   (liii- 


I    < 'hiiiiioks.  i  l^VMil.uiiis,  i.,  •JO'.I,  .mt  Ksvaiitliii 


iialli'),  i.,  ."{ii:!.  m'i'  (,iiii'iiiiili. 


B 

Ita'  liifH.  i.,  2'20.  3:t(l.  4(U.  4-.'.".  4,  4': 


(.liiiiiaiii 


|i,iiiiiiaiiii'i  III  > 


CciMral 


.iil.     ISS,    XiS, 


.)iS.    C'J.i;     II. 


M 


I'xiraii    trilif,     i.,    (>l7-44;    Ima- 


tiiiii,   i.,    (;7<)-l;    liist.,    v.    I'.C-'-MHI, 
4.s:{. 
l^iaiiiaiitzin,  ("liicliiinci'  Uiii;,',  v.,  :i\7> 
•Jii,  .'ni^T. 


<iiiiiiia,\at,    i.,  3(K{,  m'c    Kwciiaiw  ii  I. 
<jitiiiii'liiiayaii,  ( 'liii-iinin/lui'  ((i/inih, 

Nialiiiii,  .\/.\vr  iiii;;iatiiin,  \.,  ;tL*:f-.'». 
•  jiiiiiiii-iiaiii'^.    Ninth    Mc\iiaii   liilie, 

i.,  ."171  '.II;  liiratiiiii.  i.,  (ii;{. 
<jl'lililii'i'liails    (l,liiiiiiiciliaiit>i,    tlilif 

III'  Siiiiiirl  liiiliaii>,  i.,  •JIKS-L'-J;  iiica- 

timi.  i.,  :!ll.'l. 
<,liiiinills,  i.,  .'{(».'{,  MM-  (,iMriiiiills. 
tjiiiiii|c|i('i',   (lajaca,  aiitii].,    i\.,  4IS- 

-'• 

(jlni'iiiiinas    ((j»iiiluiiiiia-iK      tiiln'     nf 

I'lii'liliis,  i.,  ."> •_'(!■. "ill';  laiij.'.,  iii.,  (is.").  '  liaiiiu'iit,  sic  I>ii'.-s. 
<ji;iiics  (<,liicri\|.  irilic  111    I'lii-lilns,  !.,  j  liaiiilmw.  rmniaii  iiiytli,.  v.,  |ii  17. 
•V.'i;  .Ml;    liH'.iti i.,    .">J7:    s]ii'ci  il  I  iiaUi's.  fill  li-liiii;.'.   i.,    Idl,    Hi.',    Isil, 


7'-'n  I.  7.'l(I-7;  iii..  l'-".i. 
Kaliiii.'i!.    tiiXMi,    I  iiiati'iiiala. 


.'M 


7HS: 


II.,  liMl-l;  aiitii 


:i. 


■>4(i  '.I. ; 
.■.s7. .". 


i."i.*{-4.  ."i.iti, 
II.  .Vl.'i. 


l.'fil  I:  lii<t,, 

..■)S  -'u\,  :,(i:\. 


itarniiiii,  Navajn  iiivlli.,  iii.,  SI. 


1.1         . 
Ilari's.     Iliiiiiaii     l!ari>    ili^tiiK  timis, 

cti'.,  i..  1-J  -Jil,  :ii;,  S7S;  iv..  Idl.'l. 
Ifaiiiij,',  i.,  'JHO.  ■).■)•_'-:{,  ."iSC;  ii.,  l.".l(i-7, 

m;i'.i. 

liafts.  NC(>  lliiats. 

Italiaiiitiii,     ( 'ak(liii|tirl     kin;,',       v., 

."ilHI. 
I',ili|iii|i- Miili.  i.Miiilii'  litli',  v..  .")S0. 
l;alit/iilaiii-.\rliili,    Ijiiiiilii-    titli',   \., 

."iS'.l. 
Italiiiiii   (Itai'iii),    villa;,'!',    Suiinra.   i., 

(iliS. 


iiii'iiliiiii,  i.,  .^M 
l.iiiiri;.'iia,     ( iiiali'iiiala,     aiiti>|.,     iv.. 

Ills. I.-). 
(jliiiiii;,'li's   iljliiiiiili's,  ( Jiiiniti-il,   Ccii- 

tial   ('iilil'iiniiaii   tiilif.   i.,  .'tiilHH ; 

liicatiiiii,    i.,    'M'<'->,    l"'."i:    laii;.'.,    iii., 

(1.".'.'. 
'  hiillaliiiaias,  v.,  .'iiiS.  mt  • 'iiillati'i's. 


(,iiiiili'|iaiii|iirt/ni 


.1' 
I'mmiy.  ii.,  H 
( initiiiiallia,    u 


alma   .-'inai  irr- 


ll'i'i'ii 


V'-*     til     II 


lll'.ul, 


II. 


CI-. 


l^>iiil/aciii'<,  iriliriif   \|iai'Iii's,  i.,  47.'{- 
."i:iti;  liiraliiiii,  i.,  'i'x2. 


•JI'J,  '.•;{.•{. 
itaiiias,    trilic  nf  .Mii9'|iiil(is,    i.,   711- 

47;  liM'atiiiii,  i..  7l.'l,  7'.l.'t  4;  ■.|i('iial 

iiii'iitiiiii,    i.,    71 1,    741);  laii;^.,    iii., 

7s.'l. 
Italia-*,  (liii'ii'tarii,  aiitiij.,   iv.,    ."i.lO-l. 


ilii'liri'la,    I  alltul'Iiia 


illci't 


lull      iif 


lilts,   I. 


;i. 


ii'aiirli.Tiii  Naiiry,  i.,  .'tllL'.  4  I'.t. 
Itaiii'liilii    lie     l.iiL'o,    \illa 


<  alitiiriiia. 


4 1  ill. 


.'u.iliii   ili'l    Cliiiiii,    villa; 


Siiiiili 


:i',    Siiiiili 


I'alil'i 


i.,4r,H 


Haiiilin  ill'  Ins  I'l'l'  ,  \illa;.'r,   Smiili 
C'aiilnrniii,  L,  4iiO. 


INDKX. 


lln    (It 


I'i.'.ll 


'I"MliiMilli]i;is,     ItciKi,  ((Uvn,  N('\:iil;i 


100. 


aiili<|.,  i\.,  ;i'.l.>. 

;ilii  III)     di'     lii.s     Vi'lclli;^.l-<,     \ill.l;. 

Siiiilli  Cilil'c.iiiia,  i.,  Kitl. 

iiiirlii)     (Ic      liiH    N'liiin-,!'^,     villa; 

Siiiiili  Califoi'iiia.    i..    K'll). 

aiuli>l|ili    ('i)iiiitv,    Mi»iN^i|p|)i  Val- 

I 


fV,  aiiliii.,  IV. 


r(i-':». 


nil 


I'c  ( lOVfl'llrlM'lll. 
si 


jlC,     |llllllsl|!IIIMll     lit,      I..     (iflO 


4(;(;,  fi.'iCi.  ()■.">'.».  (1 


lit    •iiili.'iiis 


Irild'  iif  'riiliiiUccts,  i. 


•)(MI  I;  liM-atinii.  i.,  I  CI. 


It   l-<laiiii. 


1.,  S? 


♦•_'. 


if  11 


ivfr,  laiiu'. ,  111..  •">'<•'. 


;its,   as  I'.hmI,   i..    :{7I,  4(ir>,    CJT-.'IO, 

)ss,  .■.(ii,  ri7(i.  i;-2.'t. 

iiiii.s,  i.,  !)i.  70.-.;  ii.,  uvi:!,  :!:m,  (jic, 

7i:t,  7:(7;  iii.,  .is,",,  HI. 


lit  I  li'siiaUc 


;!i:!:  Ill  ,  s(». 


nili,  I.,  (iOS,  M'c  KaliiiMi 


iiM'ii,    i.,    10!>;    HI. 
.\ntl 


CCklllllll'',    SCI 


,    ItlJ  1(14. 
iiiictif. 


lis    1 


ll>liillr 


il.   .!.■.,   ii.,  .Vjn.TJ; 


i;{ ,"),  iti;t:>,  i  ((»•.',  ii'iti, 


>ai',  liii'ali 


Iv,  N'oitli  Cal 


Ital 


tiinii.i.  1.,   I  l."i, 
I'll  ( 'ri'ck  ( '.iriiiii, 
7 1  ".17. 

I'll-liaiiil,  |iaiMtiii;:s,  aiiti< 
hi' I.  '-'(I'.i,  •.'I'J,  'J."il,  •-V.7. 
imIK 


I,  aiitiii.,  i\ 


.'t7S, 


iiiM's,  iriiii'  II 


I  Ti 


i.,  II  1- 


i;c|itiU's,  i,,  :(7;i -"..  :<7'.t.  4(i:>,  417. 4in, 
4_'s.  4;;(i.  ."i.!'.).  ."(Co-i,  .".(IS,  .".7(i-7, 
(;•_'.".,  7.'>.s-'.i;  ii..  -SM.  :i\:>,  :i.>(\.  7'-'i. 

ItcsriVDirs,  i..  ."i.'V.i;  ii.,  ."i(i.'»,  ;'i7."i;  aii- 
ti<|.,    iv..    I'.IS,    •.•01.    -.'JL',    •-'■-'I.    '24:\ 

'J4'.t.  •-•."»•_'•:{,  -jdd.  :t4i.  4i!t.   i-_';i:!i, 
4(;(»,  .vjn-u,  ."lsk,  (;;i:i.  d.i.s  70.  <i7(i. 

7!tH. 
I!i's;,'ii;ir(l(i,    fiirtrcss   at    I'tatlaii.   ii., 

7S'.t;    iv.,   !•_'."».    1-_'S;    V  ,  .-.7H. 
i:.'>iii.   i..  4I!»,  ."Hi-'   (■.'.>7;  ii..   KIS;  iii., 


•.V.)± 
lioiiiifitiiui,  licliif  ill 

:{|;  v..  .S(i. 
Ikcviiliitioii.  sfc  War. 
II 


ill. 


liillltaiv,     1. 


7(;4- 


i",\aril 

4(KI  ;i. 
I!r\  iiii^a.  \  ill.i;.'!' 
KliniiiiatiMii.    i.,  S(i.   •_'(l)-."i.   •_N7 


:uiiaiili|ias. 


lO- 


(il:(. 


4.{!».  .".-J 


(id 


,  7(i'.».  71'-':  ii. 
Naliiias,    i., 


.(Mi;    11. 


.'{7;  Iiu'aliiiii,  i.,  Ill  .">;  s|irrial  iiic 
til. II,  i.,  I'_'l. 
I'll  l.aUc,  i.,  470. 
I'll  1; 
il 


IVlT,    1.,   ."lit  I. 


Cll 


n'llu  null 

iii..  (;4.'<. 
ii'ilwiidil  N'alli'v, 


i.,  :!•-'!•.   111! 


Itlliliiiii  ilalii'f. 

•_'S'.I  !M>. 
Itiilijlr-,  Naliii,!  ainii--i'iiii'Mts,  ii.,'_'Sii. 
Itiiiriiii,  Imalil  v,  .Siiiitli  (  aliliiiiiia,  i., 

Itiiiriiiiailii,    W'la  <  rii/,    aiitii(.,    iv.. 

Ltd. 
I!iiiiiiii<,  ( '.  iitial  ( 'alil'iiiiiiaii  Iriln'.  i., 

:;iil-4(il;  liiiatiuii,  i.,  4  tit. 
I!iii'.;s,  i.,  -.MI;  ii..  4.SI1,   7:t-'.  7">(t:  aii- 

ti.l.,  iv.,  I7:t.  177. 'J.'tit  I.  -''"«(I,  -'7:t. 
lliii^'w iinii,  I'liri'  t'lir,  i.,  .■{'.•.">. 
Ifiii  .Maiiiii.  i.,  (il.'i. 
Hill  .Vharailii,  v..  47.'{. 


la--  .\iiiiiia-.  i..   470. 


IC'-.',   I4S. 


'I.    '.•il;    Coliiiiilii; 


vaiiiMis   iiM 


\  |ii'ilMH'caii-<, 
ins,     i.,    -Jdl; 


(alil'iiriiians,   i.,  .Tid.  .•{(l.  ;{l."i,  .'{dS. 

•t.  ;i7-'.  .'{77  .s.  .'{SI. 4.  ;iii:!,  mi.  lod, 

4(IS,   I'.VS;   Ni'w  Mi'xicaiis.  i  ,  4!>l-."i, 

.'"idri.  ,"(;!;t.  r>\\,  .'u>s-t;:i,  .")7.vd,  .■■)7i)-s:i: 


Mi'\ii 


til 


.\iili 

4;t7. 


\'i'i,i  ( 'ni/,  an- 


Kill  .\tii\ai',  !.,  Ii7(i;  v.,  l'.)7 


Kill  .\/iiI,  i.,  .VIS;  I, 


iiiu 


iii..  (is  I. 


Kin  I'.iavi.il.'l  Niirt.',  i.,  .'>'.»•.',  M'f  1 

( iiainli"  ilrl  Niiiti'. 
Itiii   Calasaliri,   ('liia|ias,   aMtii|.,    i 

:II4. 
Ivii)  ( 'a/iiii('s(Saii  Mari'iis),  i.,  d7.'">. 


I.,    fi-'l 


(1: 


II. 


-."(!>,     Kill  (  lia 'Iialaias.  i.,  (i7">. 


;t(i:i,  .•<1IS,  4tld,    LSI,  .")7:i:  iii.,  :i:t4-.").  I  Kill  Chaiiui,  i..  .V.td. 


:Ul).    4:i,"i;    Ci'iilr: 


.\ 


liii'rii'aii.s,    I. 


(ill--',  (i'.t'.t.  7'-''-',  7'-'4,  7."»1  Ii,  7(i 


7i'j  :t.  :s^-.\ 

KiviT,  i..  4d-.'. 


1! 

ili'l'ii-ii)   IMavi 


i(v,  Siiiilli  Cili- 


tiiiiiia.  1..  4."i'.t. 


ti'iinlci 


r,  i..  IIS,  I'JS.'I. 


KiiiC 


ia:ii|iii|iiii,  )  iH'at.'iii.  aiitui.,  iv. 


•Jd.'t.  -Jru). 
Kill  ( 'liarnii'i'.  i.,  470. 
Kill  ( 'liii|iiiii;;iiari',  llninl 

iv..7-.'. 
Kill  ( 'iialiiiavaiia,  i.,  (i7l) 
Kill  <  'iiiii'iiiis,  i.,  dio. 


mas,  aiitiii. 


I!i'lvi|iias.  Niirtii  ( 'alifuniiaii  tiilu',  i.,    Kinilcl  Cnrtr.  i 


dl ;  liiraliitii.  i.,  41 1. 


Kill  l''iiii,  i..  7'.it-."i. 


if  <'aiiia\tli.  v..  I'.t7;  sec  also    Kin  ili'l  I'ik  rti-.  i..  (KfJ.  (iii7  '.). 

Kill   (iiaiiilc,    i..    V.i!»-(i(iii,    d7 


.\iil  liiiiilii's. 
i'li'.;iiin,  M'c 


Mvll 


I'll. 


KiMiii'iliiiN,  \,lla;4(',  Siiiiiiia,  i.,  dHI.         Kin  ( iiaiiilr  ili-  l'.~|ir!i't;i.  i.,  (Kil. 


iNi)i:x. 


•i:{ 


Kill   flrainlc    (I'.r.ivdi    <lrl    Niiiti 


i\..  i!t« 


i'.tlJ 


fw  Mfxicti,  fiiiti 


Ikiixli'   \'iII;niilPVil  (ili'l    I'aili.lcii,  aii- 


I. 
Iiiii  Ihii'lia,   i. 


i: 


till.,    IV 

Nil- 


r.7'.». 
cii,  i..  .".'.(S. 


Itii)  Xoxii,  aiitiii.,  iv.,;{71l. 


Uiii  lla~>a>  aiiijia.  i.,  47'i. 
\\i<>  II  iiiiia<'i',  i..  til  t. 


!i<i   1  aijiii,  I.,  •iU.'i. 


1111,1.    f  tiialaii,  aiilK 


|.,  IV. 
'la  <  I'll/,   aiilii 


l;i(..l; 

Kio  •l,iljia|ia,   \ 

i;u. 

It'io   l,a.:art<>'.,    N'licataii,   aiilic| 

•JCI. 
Hill   l."iii|i.i,  i.,  7"-. 
Uiii  Maniii-.  i.,  A'O. 
Kill   .Maiarimi.    I'mi.  aiiliij.,  iv. 
Kill  Ml 
Kill  lie   Miiiilr/.iiiiia,   Mi'vii 


Kill  /I'lil.  i..  7'.t.'i 

Hill  /iiai|iii',  i.,  liOS. 

Itiii  /iii'ii,  aiitii|.,  i\.,  lit  (' 


ilila.  Nrw  .M 


cMi'ii.  aiilii 


iv.,  CCi.T 


i\(  T  I  aiial,  I..  ■_".!  I. 


l{jal.sc'lic.Miiiiiijc--,   liil I   .Miiil- 


S7-'.ll;  liicalii .,   in. 


i; 


II. 


SOI. 


11(1-1: 


.•i.s7 
aiitiij. 


r.i; 


i),  '<-(> 


II,  -Ji;, 


;!7i, 


I',  I'lTii.  aiiiii|..  iv.,7'.i;t-.sii(».  i    4.SI.  .v-'ii,  .j;i'j,  .vn,  ;isi.;ii,  c.kii, 


am  i< 


IV.,  .'.J'.t. 
till   N;ivaiit,  i. 


(■.7-':  1.1 


I  - 

■|;t. 


Uiii   Na/,i-,  i.,  til  I. 
I!iii   Ni'Xalia,   laii;^.,  iii. 


Itiialaii    I>laiiil,    i.,   7tlll,   7'i''>;    aiilii 

iv.,  71  >. 
liiilii'Nrii,  viliajc,  Siiiinra.  i..  <i'n7 


Itiii  lid  Nurd 
Null  I 


i».-    Ikio  (iraiiilc  ilrl 


Kill  Ni 

Liiiiii' 
.V.I."). 

Iliu    I' 

Kill  1' 


i..  i;ii. 


I  Kill  I  >M-),  1.,   .">!l."l;  111. 


ml  la.   I.,  lull. 


iiiiiiiiilarv  .icxiraii  i-.m- 


lliilil 

v., 

liu.'k 

iv. 

Kiii'K 


|)iiii  i'ciliiiiji',  .Nili.i 


.'la    Cni/,    aiilii 


lii;;-stiiiii's 

•i:u. 

iaiiil,      Caiil'iiniia,    aiili< 


Km  U->r\lIlil  II 


r.t. 


Kill  ill!  I'ai'liilii,  iv. 

\'illaiiiii'\  a. 
Kill  Ar  l:i 
Ki.i  I'm\: 
Kill  I'.'iii 


Kio  <k- 


1-1. 111.   I.,   ,(!(»,   ,st 


( -111. 


.III. 

i.il.  ."ilH- 


'XI 


Kill  i'i.ii/i.i.  i.,  Ill  I. 
Kill   I'iniii--.    i..  ."ill'.l. 


Kill  ilr  la  I'lala.   i.,  47II. 

iiiii    i'llriiii,  i.,  ."('.I."!-!;,  lilll);  aiilii|.,iv. 

(Ill,  (17 J. 
Kill  N.iiiiii.is,  i..  (iiv!. 
Kill  Salailii  (Saliiia>l,  iii.,  (!S|;  aiilii(. 

iv.,  il.'il-.'). 
Kill  Saiiiia-*,  SCO  liiii  .Salailn. 
Kill  Sail  .\iiliiiiiii,  !.,  lil  I. 
Kill  ill"  .s.iii  ('iisiiu<,  iv.,  7;!.'{. 


.Ml 


11  ir|ii;^l\  {ilii 


lllllalll 


Inil 


Til 


iiu'li,  i.,  II  l-:i7 
il 


laiis,    irilic     I 
iraliuij,  i. .  14." 


spi'i'lal    lurlilliili,    I.,    rJlii;    I. ill;;, 
iii.,  lil'.i. 
Kiirkv   Miiillllaill-,    i.,  ,"S.    II  I.    1  l."i-(l 


i.m:!. 


ill -I.',  ,•(•-'•-',    till. 


Kii-iic  Ki\iT,  i.,  •-'•-'•-'.  .•i-'il. 


li 


'    15 

liliitilU, 


liiil 

'i'lilnlrl 


ncr 


laiiN  I 


I I 


'I'liliili 

lllllia,     'rnllllillll',     'I'lltlMll 

tiiiliii,    I'lltiili'ii,  'rulniiali 

taiiivl,    Niirtli     ('aliloi'iiiaii     Irilir 


7,  II-'  .'!. 
I'll,  I  1111- 
I,  I'lilii- 
II'.    I  1111- 

,   'rutii- 


:v_'fi-<i 


liiraliiili,    I.,    :t'.'7.     II.' 


I       >|iri-|: 


!tii>  .>aii  .liiaii.  III., 
Kill    Sail 


r.sj.;i. 


iiii'iiiiiiii,  i.,  .'i'.'s,  :t.'i 


.-llf.s, 


:i4i,  :ut,  .•tiii,  :t."i 

ltiiil-i'iiil-|iaiii,      iiaiiii 


:i(il. 


Kliki'l.il 


li 


I'liiiiit i'\ , 
.   Dii 


•-'."ii,  ;!JI, 


iiaii  I 


U;  <. 


HI'  lir    i^lll,:.:', 


,ilill. 


.M; 


li,.>,       SCI' 


(  'll/llllC'^. 


Kill  San  I'cilr.i.  i..  iln-J. 


I; 


1--.   iii.,  7^.'l. 


Kill  Siii.'iliia,  i.,  liii;);  iii. 
Kill  Siii'hil,   i..  Ill  I. 


Kill  I 
I'Jl. 


ci'iiiiia\a,    <  >ajacii,    aiitii|.,    iv. 


Km  I  iiitii.  I..  ,:•--'. 
Kin  'I'lii'ii'ii.  iii.,  ,"»'.(,"), 
Kill  I  lii.i,  i.,  7'.f-'. 


I' 


!.,  (iO-J. 


Kill   \  iiilc,    i.,  .V.Ci;    Ian;;.,   iii.,   fIS4; 


Kiiiiiis,  ii.,  ;!•_".>,  :i,"ii,  4S-J ;{, 


III. 


Kiiiiiaiinlis  I  Kiiliiaiiali 
il'iiiiiiali    li'i'ic,     i 

i.,  ;iii;„  4ri:i. 


1>I,  (' 


,1  (' 


:{HI   |iil:    liira- 


Uiici'ii'all  iill;;lli   trai 


t  mil 
Kiiiiiaii^ 

I  •.':(. 
Kiiiits.  i..  74,  s',1,  Id-.',  1(11,  •.'II.  :t;ti-.'>. 


.•|7-'.  404,    ISil  7.  ."il 
(iJ4,   (i.M-'.'.   (I'.f.'-:i.   7 IS, 


i:i7,  ."iCO, 
.Vi-('> 


1(11, 


■|-4,  7~il  (I;  aiilii 


'_'.")7.  -(I'l.  .'lO^t,  .'!•-'.■' (i.  .'t;ii, 
."is.'i  (i,  (1(1(1-7. 


.  ,    IV., 

;i  4o;t, 


aiili 


i\.,  ii;>4. 


Hunt- 


N.llliills    Uses,    1. 


:i,  ,to  1, 


101,  lo.t,  1:':j,  i;to,  i.v.»,  kki,  i.so, 


lU 


IXDKX. 


H7,  204.  il-J-ll,  iSn-fi.  2fil,  201-7 
.•<4ii,  :m."..  -Xtl,  •M.i-i,  4(l»;,  4.s,s,  4'.M 


.v;i(,  ,),i;,  .>: 


s:»,  (;.")»,  <;',i4,  Tii' 


;•,  7<i-';  II.,  ;{(>.'), 


.'4,  7iw. 


M",  i.,  :-s,   107,  is."»-(;,  .>i4,  cm, 

-'4;  ii..  4S4,  7.V_';  iii.,  240. 
III.!--  Itivcr,  i..  441. 
uiriii,  (  Miiitciii.'ilii.  ,'uiti<|.,  iv. ,  121. 
■,  i.,  447,  4.")1;  liiii'.'.  iii., 


.1  V 

(i  i;{,  t;4s. 

I!ii\   T/iii.  (jhiiclir  niontli,   ii.,  7'><». 

l!iil..V  Vall.'v,  i.,  4(i2. 

Ikii  Call   .Mam,    ( 'aUrliiiiiu'l   iiioiitli. 

ii.,  7ii'>. 
Kii    I  all    I'ai'li,    ('aki-lii([iu>l    iinintli. 

ii.,  7'itl. 
l!u   <';ili  'rci;,'i<',    ( 'aki'lii(|ii('i    inniitli, 

ii.,  7i'(!. 
Kiicali  I'liiiiii/ii/,  ('ak('liii|U('l  inoiitli. 

ii.,  7'ii>, 
lliiialii.l,  NicaraLTiia  ;;iiil,  iii.,  4'.t2. 
liiiin.iI-.VliaMs.ZiiiiiL'il  kiiiLi.  v. ,."i.S."i-(l, 


i; 


(I 


iMiisicn^i, 


t'ciitral   <'iili 


fiiriii.iii  Irilic,  i.,  .■id.'t-loi :  lnratinii, 


•M-.i.    4.)1; 


MSC,  .-{s.s-;*.  :i'M>\  I 


prrial     IMi'liI  lull, 


nil. 


Vallulls    ^|^^('r 


10..  li't'A-i. 
i.,  jsj,  |!»0-l. 


111.  2;ii.  2;i(; 


2(iO. 


711- 1: 


a-'>iaii 


iivcr.    1. 


!II2,    ;i;i7-S,   448; 


ii.,  OIT-S,  (Ml. 


S 


Saalis,  i.,  'A\'2,  set-  Sali>li. 
Saa|>tiiis,  i.,  •Ki2,  ^^l•(•  Snakes. 
SmIi.iiiIh',  N'ucalaii,  aiiiiij.,   i\.,  211- 
12;  v.,  (."fJ 

S;ili.ii!in 


scil'tl 


.M 


c'Mraii    Inlii'.    I. 


.■)7I  ill;  liiialioii,  i..  .">7.'.  ill  »; 


01..    I 


IS, 


lisiM.  iii..  112  i:{,  I  II. 
.Sa.;ia.  .Mi/tci'  inirsl. 


20S. 


.^aiai'iil.  \  ncalaii.  aiili<i  .  i\ 


I'.iii  s. 


;i!t. 


|i;il('|M'i|Ui's, 

i..  7N>«;  liist. 


liiii'c,   <  iiiatcitialii 
.■•77.  .".'.11-7. 


SacatiiM.  IciralilN.  .\li/.iiiia,  i. .  >'<*>-. 
Smi'Iic.  Niicalaii.  aiilii|.,  i\.,  200,  •Jii7 
Nirli.il  i.ak.',  i.,  .'lo:!. 
SailiaN.    trilicnf  ShiiihI    Imliaiis,    i. 


20S-.-J 


iiica 


tiiiii,  i.,  :to.'<. 


•Is,  i.,  2'.t'.», 


SKau'il- 


.Sa-.'liii 


iiaiiii'  ai'iilii'i 


III  Ti'i'ts, 


Sarliili'ii,    ('I'lillal    < '.ilit'oriii.iii    tlllic, 

i.,  ;<iil-4iil :  liMiiliiiii.  i.,  4.~il. 
Sai'kn.  MM'  Ita'^H. 


S.ir 


\>t\ 


iiiiiiiii  tilii'.  I..  1 1 


Sa'Taiiio!it<i  IJivcr.  i. 


4.->0, 


.i'.»'.t;   111.,  S.S. 


Saiiaiiiciiln 


\al 


'■\ . 


N4, 


.•!(l."i.    .■{(is. 70. 


:iSl,  .-{.Sli,  ;»SS,  'MH,  4.">0,  .V.i7;  Ian-, 
iii.,  f;4'.». 
.Saciril   l!ii<liisiir('s.   Mi---i>^i|i|ii   \'ai- 


v\ ,  aiiliii.,  IV 


.)7-<;2. 


Saci'iliratiii'iii.  at  I'tallaii.  ( iiiaiciiiala. 

aiitiij..  iv..  121!. 
Saililirr.    lly|M'rliiil't>ails,    i.,   K(i,    lOS; 

(  iiliiiiiliiaiis, 

i..  .•{s7.S;   N«. 


•M. 


.'S.S;  Calif.irniai 


ii..  17S- 


SO;    Ml 


1,,    (i."i(i.    (KI.'iCi;     II. 


117,  .'{Ol-ll,  420.  42s. .'.•.'.  ii:t.  4.")7, 
47!l,  fill.");  iii.,  (11.  1  10  II.  •Ji:,"i  ICO 
1 


lasMin; 


8.1  S, 


.")S;     (  iiilral 


rifiicans.  i., 


7o,s,  7_';t.  740.  7s  |-;!; 


II.,  (Kis,  (;7S-!),  (;s7 


10 


».■ 


'.Mi 


.SOO;  iii..  .V2.  Ilid-llS;  iv..  l!)'.t;  v 
."iliO,  .■)72;  iili;:iii  nt'.  iii..  :V>\;  v. 
"•72;  sec  aNii  lliliiian-saciiliri'. 


Sacri 


lii'ial   stun 


.lO'.l- 


:!.  707;  iii., 
"ill;  \..  471. 


2;i:f  I.  4SS:  iv. 
Saciiliciiis  Islionl,  \ Cia  Cni/.  aiilii|. 

iv  ,   I27S. 
Saisiiil.    Siiiitli    ( ■:i]ilii|'liiaii    Irilic,    i. 


102-22;   I 


ir.'llliill,  I..    I.i'.l. 


S.ii'spili,  .Siiuili  ( 'alil'iniian   liilic.   i., 

102  22;  local  inn.  i..  4">s. 
Sailancs,    Central    Calit'urnian    tiilie, 

i..  :i(;i-401 ;  liicaticiii,  i..  4"i."t. 
Saiidies.  i.,  270-1,  4:t<l.  .".01.  72(i. 
Sadies  (Saelissl.i..  .'ll  l-I.'l,  sec  Salisli, 
S;i:ravaytiiiiiics(Sa;;av.'i.'iiiiinc-i,  ( 'cn- 

tial    C.ilifiiniian  ti'ilic,    i..    :i(;|    |0|; 


liicatim 
.Savin,  Central 


4."iO;   Ian 
<  'alit'i.r 


III.,   ii 


tril.i 


;<i;i  101 


lit  inn.   I.,  -t'.  1. 


Siu;iiiite.    ('eiiiral    Cjiiii'nrnian    (ril.e. 


Itfi  1-401 


at  loll.  I..   !."..'{. 


Salia|itins  (S1i;iIi;i)i|,mii-,  sh.iw  liaaji- 
tciisi.  one  of  llic  iiilK'  t'aiiiilic  -  iiitn 
w  liicli  I  lie  Coininl.ian-  aic  ili\  iijcil, 
liclonnili.ir   to   tlic    Inlaiiil   taiiiilic-; 


iiianiicrs    ami    ciisioms    oi    a 
nations   a 


ml   tri 


''ctlie 


I. 


il.cs    ilescrii.ci 


'I' 


II    its 
I     t.i- 


i:l-'.l|; 


11' 


2...;  dress,  l.,  2.ii.;  c|\\ellin;:s,  i., 
2.">ll;  w.'ir.  i..  2110;  lioiits,  !.,  271:  im- 
|.leiiiciits  ami  |.ro|icrl\.  i. 
Sl,i\crv.    ■       - 


••!: 


I'l;    uomeii,    I.. 
.'S."i;  cliaiaclcr.  i. 


nicilicine.  1, 

m\lli..    iii..  ill-.".;  laii'j. 

location    ot'     tiil.cs.    i.. 


Oil; 


111,.  li'Ji)  K; 
."i2,    ■J.i.l-I, 


:<iii2i. 

Salicliwainisli,   i..  ;t01,  sei'  S 


laMiini.'-li 


Saliiiianii^li.  trilieof  .Soiiml   Imliaiis, 

i..  20S-22;  location,  i  .  ;iOO. 
Salinaripa,  \illa:;e.  Sonoii.  i..  C'Kl. 
.S.iliiiarii.iis,  Noiili  .\|c\icaii  tiilic,  i., 


r)71-01:    liiiMticii).    i 
iii.,  (I'.Ct. 
i;tilH.  i.,  kk;,  (;:kS.  7'J">; 


INDICX. 


nrui;    Imii''.,  !  Sjilinon, 


r45 


i.".  Tfl.  ]'2<x   \.'R,   1. ;•_'.:{. 


ii.,:t!i7-s,  7;t;». 


St  ( '\|iii;iii  liivcr,  \.,  (id. 
St  l;:iiii!iiis  .Mi>.-.i(iii,  i.,  .'{l.'{. 
Si  .liilm's  i;i\cr, 


<M. 


St  .1. 
St  I.; 


Ml..   ■)i<l. 


Itivcr,  i..  :]|4. 
(■     Islaiiil,    i., 


l.'iv.T,  i.,  :ti:{. 


ill:    !. 


nil 


St  Nhi 

St   Mirli:,.'l  Miiinl,  i..  111. 

St    riiiiiM;i>.  ill  .\iiirlicii,  v.,  '_'.")(!. 

Siiiii>lkl,i>  (SaiustUa-*,    Saliiitla>.  S;i- 


Viili-llas. 
Siii>la\\  --I, 


Savmi 


-las 


Siii-ilaw- 


rJ-'-iil 
llirllliiiii,  i 


(HI 
liiiatii 


IC      lit 


:f(is; 


•  III, 


Sajiav.    Suiiili   ( 'alifii,  ai.in    liilM',    i., 

■K •■.'_'■-•;   I.icali.iii.  i..  4.V.». 
Sakiii'iir^.  iViilial  <  .'ililciiiiiaii   tiilx', 

i..  ."Iiil-lill;   liicaliiiii,  i.,4.'i.");   laii;.;., 

iii.,  O.VA. 
Sa!;i>iiiiiiic-i.       ('fiitial       ( 'alilHiiiian 


llllir.  I.,   .'{lil-lil 


111-,      <    CI 


Hal    (alii 


■,iti"ii.   I.,   t.'iil. 
iiriiiaii    Ii'iIm', 


i..  .■{I'.I-IOI;  liiiatiiin,  i.,  4.VJ. 
SaUiiiiii'liii.   trilx'  uf  Suiiinl    Imliaii 


I.,  •JdS- 


liirati 


:iiKi 


Salailii,  Siiiilli   ( 'aiiluniiaii    tlilic,    I., 

■HI'.'. •.'•_•;  Liratioii.  i.,  4.".!t. 
Salaii:,'i.  <  iiialciiiala.  ant  i'|..  i\. ,  Kin  I. 
Salaii     rciiiia-*,     ('ciilial    i  alituniiaii 

tiilM",  i..  ;t(;i-4(t|  :   iinati i..   4  IS. 


Sain 
iv. 


issi>>iii)ii     \  alicv 


ant  i< 


Saliii.is  lii\cr.  I..  4.' 


')!•.")-(  I .  .'lOH. 


S.iliiiirns,    North    .Mcxiraii    liilic.   i. 


■|  ill 


■iiticni.    1.,    (id.i;    s|M'<'ial 


llli'lll  loll,  I..  .),li-.S, 


Sah- 


(NaaliH 


■aclii' 


Sa.'l 


llsll  I,  nlic  ol    tlic    IIIIH'  taillllli'-  into 


W  illr 


ihr  Cojlll 
>li;^illU-   to   till 
.1 


iilnaii-  an'  iliNiijri 
inland   I'aniilii" 


ni.iniM'is    ainl    I'n-toms    o;    all    it- 


nail  'ii" 


nil 


1    I 


lllir-     ilr-cn 


il'i"l      t> 


J,'illlrr,     I.,     '_'.".'J-'.I|  ; 
'_*.")4  ll;    ilii'--.   i.,   •J."iii 

i.,  -Ji;!;  t 1,  i.,  L'l;!: 


171.  I7.S.  Is.-., -.'i-j,  -J 1 4.  •Jj'.i,  ■j:<ii-;t. 


'.I,  '.'(ii-:!,  .•(;t7-!i.  ."171. 


.Saliiioih    Kivrr.    i 


'.•I, 


ll.")<; 


4i;.'{;   laii''.,   iii.,  li.'t'.i.  (IT. 


iii! 


Soiitli    (  aiiloini.iii   ti  il>i'.  1. 


4tl-J 


iralloll.  1.,    I.V.I. 


SaUi'%  t'fiitral    < 'alil'oi  iiian    Iiilir,  i. 


;iiil-40l;     loralioii,      i.,     liill!, 

l.Miu'..  iii.,  <i">-. 
Sal>i|ini'ili's  Ulaiiil,   i..  fiii.'i. 
SaUoii.i-,    (Viiliai    <  alit'orniaii 


I." 


Iritx 


.•flil-4(»|; 


.Silt.  i. 


•  >iii.  •' 


atioii.  i.,  4.">l. 

l(i:t.  )(;;{.  isi;,  loi; 
M,  (i;ti.  ii;>'.  ii.i:{,  cm  . 


I. 'id. 


."is.   7i;o.   7t;s;  n. 


il'.i. 


:t.".:{.4.  7-JJ.  7f. 


.SN,  4.V.I,  ."lO;!. 


Sail    (  ivrl. 


K.   1. 


'.14. 


Saltillo,  town,  (  ualiiiila.    i..  I'll  t. 
S.iil    l.akr     hi--fl>,  i.,  4i;;i;   -ri' 

kaiiilikali^. 
Sail  l.akf  \  allr\.  i.,  4(;;i: 

711-1.'.. 
Salliiiakrr> 


llo- 


aiiln 


Nalina  fr-li\ 


Sall-iHlif.   1.,  Ii:il.  liin. 
Salt  l!i\cr,  i..  .V_>s,  .V.I.").  cm. 


Saliitatio 
741,  77 


i..i;7  s,  |-_'(i,  c; 
ii.,  •_'.S4.  (;:!.'<. 


Salvailor.  liilic?*  ilcMiiliiil, 


i.,i;.si 


ii.,     filill  S(i;t; 


irrial     nii'lllliili.     I 


i;ss,   711;  ii.,  I-J."!,    Ian;: 
7"i'.ii!ll;  aiiiii|.,   i\.,   lis- 
."is.")-(i,  (ids  1 1. 
Salves,  Hcc  ( liiiinii'iil. 

Salzi 


lii-t. 


III,  ( 'fiilial  I  iilit'innian  trilir.  i. 
.'ii'ilJdl;   loiaiimi,  i..   fil). 


.Saiiialitniiiiu  lioolali,    i 


W 


1- 


.'iini  I.     <  Ikaiiauan     ni\  llix'al      i^- 


aiiil.  III. 


ill. 


|ili.\ -ii|ni'.  I., 
7:  ilwilliii;:-. 
|ii'ii{ii'i'l  \  anil 


art,  1.,  'J7M-4;  ;;o\('iniiii'iit.  i..  •_'7'i 
iiiarriau't'  ami  I'liiMri'M.  i.,  '_'7ii-'.l; 
tiiylli.,  iii  ,  !I7  S,  l.-.l-.-.,  .'.Ill;  Ian-., 
iii.,  (il.">--.'d;  loi'ation,  i.,  l'.VJ-;*.  .•t|-J- 
lii. 
Sali-li  I  l''lallM'ail-l.  Inlainl  ('ojiiiii- 
liian  Irilic.  i.,  -.'id-til;  loratinii,  i., 
-•">.',  .'tilt;  NjiiM'ial  iiii'iiliiin.    i.,    !"'.">, 

'-'•js,  ■.'."i,\  •.'.■((;,  '.'."is.  •jCid,  '.Nil  .*>,  '_m;7- 
7:i.  •-'7">  !i,  '-'SI,  •JS7.1II;  nivlli.,  iii., 
i:id.  .VJd. 


Saniaini^li,    tril f   SoiiihI    linliin-i, 

i..  -JUS. •_'•_';   liirali'ill.  i..  ."idd. 
Saniilan--.  i.,  I  11.  .■mi-  Siiinliw  n>. 
SaiiiilkaniiiL'li-..     Inlaml     ('olunil>ia;i 

Irilif.  i..  •-'."id  111  ;   loi'ation,  i..  ;tlL'. 
Saniiiiilas  iSalnilinla-i,   I'mlial  I'ali- 

fiiiniaii  trilii'.   i..  .'ti;i-|d| ;  Imalion, 

i..4l7.  4l!i. 
Sanii-li,  tril I'    Sonml    Imii, in  ,    i., 

•JdS--_".';   loralioii,  i.,  JdS,  •J'.l'.l;    I. in-, 

iii.,  lil.'i. 
Saiiii-li  iiivcr,  i..  'J!l!l. 


SlIllllHll'lll"- 


(I'ill'll 


ainiu'iii  lii'-<. 


Saliiill 


i,,  ;idS: 


Mkl;i 


Sani|iiiln'H,  San  I'iti-lic--,  Sain- 
|iirli'  a^l,  Irilir  of  Sl|ii.«liiinr-,  i.,  I'J.'- 
4'_';  loialion,  |(i",»;  sjiiM'iiil  inrnlioii, 
i.,  4:t;{,   Ml;  Ian-,  iii.,  lilll-'-'. 

Samiiiii'li  Nallt  V.  i.,  4ii4,  t"i',l. 

Saiiiuiiilas,  i..  447.  sii'  Sainiinla-*. 

Sanaitf,  \'uiiilan,  aiilii|,,  i\ ., -Ml  I'J, 


71(5 


INDKX. 


San  Amii'r-,    Imalilv,     I)iHiinL'",    i., 

(il4.  ■ 

Sail    Ainlro,     Im-alily,     ( iiiatciiiala. 

v..  .".ST. 
Sail  Aiiilic^*,    Calil'iiniia,   aiitii[.,    i\., 

704. 
San  AikIi'i's  ('lialcliii'iiuiiila,    i'liclila, 

aiilii|.,  iv.,   Ills. 
San   Aiidns    Cliiiiiiias,   lofalily.  Clii- 

liiialiua.  i..  Cii'). 
San    Aiiilri'N.  (uaniiat,  \illa,L:r.  /aia- 

tccas.  i.,  OTl'.  ' 

San  Ainlii'-' ill' ( 'iiiiiiari,  xilla.uc  Sin- I 

alua,  iii..  7i)7.  i 

San    Aiitiiiiiii.   villa;^i',    ('cnlrai   Cali- 

fiiiiiia.  i..  .■!(')7. 
San  Aiiliiiii'i,  \illa;,'<'.   *  iuati'iiiala,  i., 

7.S'.l. 
San  Antiiniu,  I'nclila.  aiil  ii|.,  iv.,4(J8. 
San  Antmiiii  I>!aiiil,  i.,  (iiti. 
San  Anlniiinili'  Tailiia.  nii»iiin.  ('cn- 
lrai ( 'aiiini'iiia.  Ian;;.,  iii.,  lii'iii. 
San  .\ii;4ii>iiii,    I  )iiraii;;ip,  aiitiii.,  i\., 

(Iili). 
S.in  Hartiplniiu'  liatarn^a,  villa^^'c,  Su- 

iiipia,  i.,  ('1II7. 
San  r.iTiialu'  l>av,  i.,  (!(llt-4. 
San  iii'inaicliui)  ('iinnt\,  i.,  4.">7-.S. 
San    lirMianiinii  .MunnlaiiiN,   i.,  4()°2, 

41IS,    l.')7. 
San  r>!a--,  louii,  i>arii'!i,  i.,  7'.'i>. 
San   lilas   Imliaii^,   i.,  7'.'i>,  >i't'   Maii- 

zaiiillii-<. 
San  i>  11  iiavriil  Itivi-r,  i..  4.V.I. 
San    liui'iiaM'iitnia,    Cliiliuahiia,   aii- 

ti.i.,  i\.,  (lo;!. 
San    r>ii(iiavfiitiira,    nii»>ii)ii,    Smilli 

('alil'uiiiia,  i.,  4'>\);  aiilii|.,  iv.,  (llt.'i. 
San    ('ailH>,    mis^iun.    Central    (ali- 

fiiriiia,  laiiLT.,  iii..  <'■''•'!. 
Saiiriiiin-i,  t'fiitral  ( 'alil'mniaii  trilic, 

!.,  :!i;i-HH:  liiiMtiiin.  i.,  4."i;i. 
San   (  liri-.liilial   (San   ( 'Ini^ulial,   San 
('i'i--li>\all,     nii>^iiin,     ( inalciiiala. 

Saiiilin.   Siiulli  Californiaii   Irilic,   i., 

4lL'--J'J;  liii'aliiin,  i.,  4.V.I. 
San  I  liiiiciiti'  Ulaiiil,  i,,   KiO. 
San    < 'ii-.tip\al,    Oajara,    aiilii|.,    iv., 

H7.'t;  M'c  aUip  San  I 'liii.-<ii)lpal. 
Siin    ( 'liri>.|i'p\,il    'r(i>|paiil('|ii'r,    I'lic- 


l.li 


I,  anil 


Kili, 


Siinil,  i..  i.'is,  ii;;i.  17.S,  isi,  -is:.,  :v,i."i, 

.lUCi,    7--*,    7ikS;   ii.,  4SI;   iii,,  80;   v., 
47J. 

Saiiila  jnaiirs,    NiPitii    Mc\iraii  liiln', 

i..  .'lYl  '.II: 
Saiiiials,  s( ,' 


iii.pii,  i.,  (p|  1, 


'.i;i,  M'l'  /aiiilia 


San  l>ii'U(i  CiPiinly,  i,,  4.">7-S,  4tiO, 


San  IiiiLfp,  town  ami  iiiiv.-.iiPii,  .Soiiili 

(  aliiiin  ;a,  i..   )."i-s. 
San    hiniii-.,    In'-alilv,     1  liiraii;^ii,    i., 

<;i4. 

San     Diiiiii.-i  I,    \illa;,'c,    (lajara,     i., 

(LSI  I. 
Saiiil>,  Cciilial   -' 'alil'ipniiaii  tiilpc,  i., 

:{lfl-4(ll;  lip.atiii.',  i.,  .'iii-J,  4."il;  spf- 

I'ial  ini'iiiiipii,   i.,    ,'{.Si;:   uiyili.,    iii., 

:>-i:  Ian-.,  iii.,  liJ'M. 
.San  l".>ti'V.iii  l^lallll,  i.,  CiM. 
Samtili,    trilpi'  «p|'  Nmptkas,    i.,    171- 

•JilS;  1,11'atiipii,  i.,  ■J!C>-7. 
San  IVlijic,   I'iicIpIu   \iiia:c.    i.,    4.')^, 

.V.'7.    lilHl;  Ian;;.,     iii.,   liM ;    aiitii|., 

iv.,  (pii;{. 
San    I'liiiaiiilii.    \illa.ut',  l.uwir  Cali- 

I'nriiia,  i.,  iin.i. 
San  I'l'inainlip.   inis>ion,   Sipiiili  Call- 

fiinii.i,    i.,   4.V.)-(;(l;  I.iii.l:'.,    iii.,   (itiO, 

f!7.V 
.San    I'raiii'i^cip,     villa  :('.    iia;,.ra,   i., 

(I.SO. 
San  I'raiu'isiii   liay.  t'ciitral   <'ali:'ipr- 

nia,  i.,    .S(il-40l,    4."i'J-."i;   l.iii:^.,    iii., 

<p.">-';  antiij.,  i\.,  710-1  I. 
.San    !•  raiiii>rip   ilc    l>iir;^ia,    niissiim, 

l.ipwtT   ( 'alil'ipinia.    lani;.,    iii.,  (I'.IO. 
San  I'rani'i.-^i'i)  lie  I  iialiiiila,    nii^sinii, 

Cipaliuila,  i..  (Ilo,  <il'-'. 
San     I' laiii'iscii     l.stalti'iPi'i',     \ilia;:i', 

(lajara,  i.,  (pfsO. 
.San  i  ramisni  ,la\  icr  (.\a\iir',   nii>- 

.siipii,     Lipucr    (  iilil'ipiiiia,     i.,    (>o:i; 

laiii:.,  iii.  (IIU-'J. 
San    I'lamisrip    Muiiiitaiiis,    i.,    4ti7, 

.".'.IS. 
San    I'lancisro  dc    ()rna|ia,     \illa;:o, 

Talia-Mi..  i.,  (IS'J. 
.San  I'laiiii^iip  lii\fi',  i.,  ."!ll,   ."p'.'ii. 
San    I'lamiMii  ,\a\it'r.    ini^-i'Pii,  'I'a- 

niaiili|pa-^,     i.,    CA'A;    mm'    al>ii    San 
I'laiiiisi'ii  ,la\  ici'. 
San     r'lan.'i^iinitii,    viila.ur,     Cciitial 

( 'alit'ipiiiia,  1.,  4.")4. 


San    I'Vaiiiisinii 


to    I' 


( '.ililoinia, 


antii|.,  i\.,  (i'.ll. 


San  (ialiiicl.  inisMon,  South   (alilor- 


ma. 


Kill;  lain;-..  111.,  i;74-." 


San  ( lalpiii'l  liivcr,  !.,  4."i7. 
Saii'.;aiia.     |iiip\  iinc.     Ilaiirn.     Ian;.'., 

iii..  704. 
.San    (iaspar,    iv.,    4'_M,    mi'    I'iciira 

( iramli'. 
San  ( liM'~('|Hn'  Islaiiil.  i.,  (lOl. 
San  ( loi'uonio,   \illa;,'t",    (oaiiuila.    i., 

4.-.7. 
S;ui  ( ii)i''/oiiio  I'a'^s.   i..  4."i7. 
.San    (irc.uipiio.    ('liia|pas,    aiiti'i.,   i\., 


IXDKX. 


3."^;  SCO    ;i1mi  ('crni   dc    San    (liv-     San   .Iiiiiii    Tciil,    Zacati' 


ca-,    aiitii 


L'ollll. 


IV.,   ."I'.fJ 


Sail  l;^iia<i(i,  mi— iciii,  I.uwit  ('alil'nr-    Sail  .liiaii  ^'alI«•v,    New   .Mexit",  an- 


ma,  I.,  t:ii;{:  Ian-.,  in.,  (i'.lO. 


Ill  lu'iiai'io.  VII 


SidiiPia.  I. 


tiij.,  iv.,  t;.")(t-i. 

(!ii!i.     San     l.a/ain.    New    .Mc\ 


III),     aiilK 


San  I.' 


iiai'iii  I 
a,  i.,  (Kl.i. 


Ir  <■ 


iiriin>,  \  lila_'i',    Si 


IV.,  (•.(;;{. 


San  l.iiii'iizo.  ( 'i  tall  111  la.  a  II I  ill.,  iv.,. ">!>'.•. 


San  I'MiaiMi)  iiiatitlaii,   \  illa''i',  Siiia-     San  Luicn/n  dr  <  l-iU'ia,    \ilii 


Ina,  i.,  (il  I. 


iiiira,  I.,  IKM). 


San  lu'iiiii'i"  lie 'I'oia,  \  illa''» ,  Sciiinra,     San    I.ii;--  (ic    las    Cainta.-, 


1.,  till, 
an     IM 


'ton 


( iiiali'iiiala,  l.,  T^V. 
( ^'llIl■l^|||Ml),     I'lu'lilii    S.in    Liii-icriiis      (Lni^inn^i,       Sinitii 


town,  I.,  ,"i',l!l;   Ian;,; 
an  •la"iiitii,   viila^'c, 
Ilia.  1.,   '."tT. 


,  iii..  lisl. 
Sniilli    Calihir. 


(aliiiiniiaii   triln',    i.,  4(f_' "J".';  Ima- 
tinll,  i.,    tilii. 


San  l.ni 


<»> 


>|Mi,    Calii'iirnia,  iintiii 


S.iii  .laiintci    Muiintaiiis,  !.,  4UJ,  l.'iT.  ;      iv.,  (!'.••_'. 


.1, 


inin   liixfr,  i.,    ;{<i;i,    I.")}-*!. 


San  l,i:is  <lc  la   I'a/,  t< 


San 


.!< 


iiai|nui 


alli'V,  ni 


vlli.,  iii.,  8S; 


itii. 


liT.-i: 


,11,   (iiiaiiajii- 


V2. 


la'i :.,  111.,  ii.">(»;    antii|.,  iv.,  (tlT-S. 
San  .lii^i',  tiiuii,  Siiiiili  ( 'alifiirnia.  i. 

'Aim.   IV_>.   l.".S.  4(1(1;  anlii|.,  iv  .  l'l'. 
San  .lo^  ■  lie    liiica--,  tuuii,    1  >iiiaii'.:ii 

i..   (Il'l. 
S.in   .liis'  del    ralici.   nii^.-iuii,  I 

(  aliiiiiiiia,  i..  <HH. 


I.iiis   l',,i,,-i 


:•:!.  (17.'!; 


la  Il'l. 


i  >*  i  ,         i 


4''     Tsd;    alitii 


IV. 


■'.(.•{, 


San  laiis  || 


cv,  iiii-->iipn. 


South    (■ 


tiiriiia,  l.,4.">S.  4(Iit;   iaii;^-.,  in..   (171. 


iiwci-    San 


.\h 


\ilia;^c,    .Scinlli    '  alitni- 


iiia.  1.,   I.">'.>, 


San  .Ins,'    ( 'iiniiiiiihi,     tuwii.      Lcpwcr  San  Maicu-,  Niu  Mixiin,  aiitii|.,  i\. 

* '.ililoniia.  i.,  (1().'>;  laiiu'.,  iii.,  (I'.M..         (1(1!!. 

S.in  .lii-c^  l-laiid.  i.,  mil.  San  Manns  KImt,  i..  CdJ. 

.^,111  .los,.  (If   I'iiiias,  \  illap',  .\iiziiiia,  •'sail    Mailiiu,    ( 'naliiiila.   ;inlii|.,    i\. 


I..  <il)l. 


^.lll 
.Sin 


.Ins,',  i; 

.I,.s,-.  T 


(lllll 


It'.l; 


IV. T,    1.,  (KH). 

Viiiiaii.  \  iila;:i',  Sininra,  i. 

I'nrliln    \il]a;.'c,    i.,    '>'2~ 
:.,  iii..  (M. 
.Iiian    r>aiitist;i    i  liaiiii.^ia  i,    mi- 


Sail 


t'.l-lKHI. 

.Mai  I  in    I 


11  in     I. avian 


-.    M 


c  \i(  II,  an 


till.,  IV.,  4s(l. 


'\ 


San  Matcii,  ( 'alifurnia,  ani  iij..  ;\ . .  7l(i. 


San 


.Mai 


I'll.  \  ilia 'I',  <  la  lai  a,    i. .  (Isc. 


San  .Mali'ii  M.il/iira,  villa^'i'.  ^lllllll•a, 
i.,  tlliil. 


■  lull,    t'l'iilral     ( 'alilniiua, 
iii,,  (;.".'{ 


l.'i 


i.,     t.'il;    San  Matcn  Miniiitaiii- 


Sail  .liian  llaiili-Ia  liay,   i.,    (in.V 
S,in  .liiaii  ( 'aiii-irann.  iiii>,-iciii.  .Smiil 


an   .Miuni'l,    \illa'_'i', 

;{(i(!.  .■!7'.i,  :tS(!,  ;(.">.s,  nu;  i; 

(l.'lS-ll. 


I  ■;ilil'niiiia,    i. 


Cilil'.iniia,    i.,   Id.'i,    Hill;  lan.L;.,  iii..     San  Mi-iii'l,  villam',  < 'iiianas,  i.,(;>J 


(171. 
.1 


li 


IIL'.,    111.,    .<i(l. 


Sail  .liiaii  ( iinrli 

i.,  (isd. 
San  .liiaii  NJanil.  i. 
San  .liiaii    l.aUr,  .1,- 


iri(\i,  liiwii,   (laiara,     Sail  M  iiTin'l,  vill.i!.'!',  Sniiura,  i. ,  (HIS  !l. 


JdS,  •2'.^, 
\-rii,  an 


San    Mi;;ii<'i,   priA  iin'c,  .*^al\alllll•, 

"'■"'■ 
lii|..  iv.,     San  Mi'iiii'l,  l-llinins,  aiiti'i.,  i\.. 


San  .liian  lii'  Ins   Maim-,  M 


r\lri>,  an 


lii|..  i\. 
:i  .hiaii  ill 


1 1(1. 
1(11 


San    .Mi-n.'i   il.'l    .Mila;:i.i.     Ilas.ala, 
.,  17,s. 
'1   tic   MiH'iifiiii,    iiiis-iiiii, 


aiil  ii|,,  i\ 


San 


\;; 


lii:i!,i.  i. ,  7'^.i. 


-|iii,  niissiiiii,  ( iiiali'-        Siiialiia,  Ian;;.,  in.,  Jii 


,,'111   .lUlMl     ill 

i  ,  (171. 


1  I! 


Ill,     tnWll,    (  lllrl'rian 


San  .liiaii  drl    l!ii>,  tu\Mi,    /.ai-ati 

i..  (114. 
Si'i   .Inan    liixcr,    i..   4(1(1,    170, 


San   Mi;;iicl  (lull',  i..  7'.i7;  laii'..,  ii 

"'■"■ 
San    Niriilas,  N'ria  ('in/.  aiiii'|.,   i\ 

IC'I. 

San  Niriilas  Island,  i.,   Ki'J. 


S.in 


1' 


.SI;      Nrw    M 


I  '.ililiilliia.    alill<|.,    I\ 


cMi'ii,    an 


|i  ]  ,  iv.,  (l."i'l  I;  ('alifurnia,    aiilii|..    San    I'aliln  di  1    Mnnlr,  'I'la-iala,   aii- 


iv..  (1;M. 


i 


till,,  n,,  l> 


748 


INDKX. 


S.iii    rMs(|iial,    \ill;i;;i'.     Smitli     <':il 


liirniji,    I  ,    l.">S. 


I  ■.•.In 


1' 


iicl.l..  \ill;i"v,  I.,  C'la. 


Sail    I'ciirn  Ali'iiiitar.i,    iiii»i<iii,    'I'a- 


iiiaiihpas,  I. 


(;i:<. 


Sail  I'lilio  ( Jua/avc,  \  il!a''r,  Sinalna, 


I..  (Id'.t. 
an  i'cili'ii  \ii> 
ti'iiiala,  i., 


Iiicilas,  iiii>>iiiii,  ( ;iia- 


Saii  I'lilio  Itivcr,  i.,  cs;!. 


San 


I'.i. 


•alilv.  liali.  i.,   Kl'.t. 


San  rill  Ill's,  i.,   Kl'.l. 


Saiiiiiiil  ( 'rci 


k.  i.,  .•ll.-i. 


Sani| 


ili'li 


i  ,  !tl."),  sff  San- 


I' 


San    llal'acl,   !iii.--siiin,    <'cntial    Cali 
I'liniia,  i.,  .'Kl.'!.   i'l'J;  Ian;,'.,  iii.,  (117 
San  lliM'lic  Islanil.  i..  "I'il. 
San  SaKailui',  m'i-  Sahailnr. 
San  Sclia-lian,  \illa;.;i',  /.acatcias,  i. 


Sans     I'dils      (N'lMxliI 


San^ 


San|)( 


I'ni'llcs,  Sinaiiiiil^,  SiniiMiiial.- 


■-in|iaiif!i^li.     Siii]iav<'lisi, 


li>li 


S I  n  I II 


ilsrli 
I, 


111",     Sins 


hilainl  I  iilninlnaii  trilii',  i 


I'lisll), 

.'ill  ;i|; 


Santa  Cvw  F-!aa.l,  i..  Hi'.',   l.-,;i;  lail;:. 

iii.,  (i'.')S-'.). 

Santa  <  rii/  llivcr,    !.,  Cif.V 
Santa    hclliiia    ('aiVMi.    I   lali.  ant  i>| 

iv.,  7:{;f. 
Santa     ( MTtrndis,      iiii--ii 


I. 


(  alifiiinia,  laii;.'.,  iii..   ti'.il  •_'. 
aiita  liic/,    iiii^siiiii,    Sniitli    ('alirni- 
nia,  i..   |--'(l.   r.'.i;  Ian 


III..  <i.>l 


S.iiita  Maivaiita,   villa^i-,  .Suntli  (al- 

it'iiinia,  i.,   Iiill. 
Santa    Maria,    iiiis-icni.    Lower   (  .ili- 

I'lPiiiia,  laii;^.,  iii.,  il'.wt. 


ita  .M 


Santa 


M 


II  la,  \  illa;:<' 


Da 


Ilia,     Mllauf. 


<  >: 


(I'SIl,  CS'J 


jai-.i.     I. 


Santa    .Mariii 
•-'lit. 


ili'at.'in,    aiili<|  .    iv. 


.Santa     Maria      ('liiiiiala|'a,     >  il!i' 

Oajai'a,  i.,  C.N'J. 
.Santa    .Maria  i\r  Ins  .Manins.  Mi\ 


antiii.,  IV.,  .1 


Sai 


ta    M 


in, I 


II 


111. 

iM'r.   (Jualci 


til 


iv..   I •.•(». 


Santa  Maria  Iliv 


lorall'ill,     I. 
ticMi,  i..  •JUT 


.■{|."il(i:  s|ii'cial 
.".Id. 


Santa   .\iia,    I'liclilo   \iila;i(',    i.,   rr_'7, 

CIHI;   Ian;,''.,  iii..  tisj. 
Santa  Ana,  xilla'^c,  Smitli  t 'alifoniia, 

i.,   W). 
Santa  .\niia  l!i\rr,  i.,  t.'iT. 
Santa  Itarliara,  tnuii,  .Sonlli  Califor- 


iiia,  I.,   lll.t  1,   I.V.t;  ant II 


i\.,  (I'.l.). 


Santa  Itarliara  Cliaiint'l.  i.,  401. 
Santa    (ataliiia,  I'lnlila.   antii|.,    i\., 

■Jti'.t. 
.Sa:ila    Cat.iliiia    <'a\ainiia    (Canina), 

\illa::i',  Sniiiira.  i.,  (iti7. 
S.iiita  ('ataliiia    Ishiinl.    i.,    lO'.',    HIS, 


'Ml);  iiivth.,  iii..    i;U. 


Sant.i  •  'atarina, 


vill 


I'.'i'.  ( liiana  jiiati>. 


I.,  III.;  anlli|.,  l\ 


Santa    Clara,    ini-sinii.   ( 'cnlr.il  ( 'ali 


liiinia,     I., 

(;.-i;m. 


:!(;, 


;i'.IS; 


Ml. 


Sant.'i  riara,  Piiclilu  viliii 


;i',   1. 


VII; 


111..  (iSi. 


Santa  Clara  iiivcr,  i.,  UU.  4(1S. 


Santa  Clara 
S;in 


\alli 


III  HI. 


(Mli, 


Crn/,  iiii-^iiiii,  ( 'I'Utiiil  <  alil'iir- 
i  .  Its  I,  ;!s;t.  ;i!w.:i.  ;!!ii;,  -aw, 

;     laiiL;.,    iii.,    ti."ili;    aiitii|.,    iv.. 


Sjinta  ( 'ill/,  inissiiiii,   ( ;ii;iti'iiia!a,   i. 

7H.S. 

S;iala  ( 'riiz,  \illa,"t',  S ra.  i.,  iKin'. 

Sa'ilii  ( 'r;i/(l('l  t.iiiiclii',  Incalitv,  (iiin- 

tr;.iala,  \.,  ."iS' 


ili'liiala.    aii- 


ir,  \  rra  (  rii/,  ;inl  i 


IV. 


■IIS. 


S,ini;i-M;irta,     jimvi 


|i;i 


S;intanili'r,  tnwii.  'raiiiiiniiiia-,  i. .  (il.'t. 


San 


ta  Kiisa  l-lainl.  i..  Id'.",  II' 


I;  anih 


i\..  (I'.U-.'i 
Santa     li'ii~; 


ili;i,    \iila"i', 


i;ui 


.Sal 


t;i  i; 


Na.l.i.l. 


(  iialiiiila.  i..  lil'J. 
Santa  SinlunWa,  Nillaui'.  ' 'liilin.ilin;i. 

i.,  Cdii. 
Santa    N'.salicl, 


MiNl-r,     SiilMli 


i!i    « 


tmiiia,  I.,  4." 


I'nclilii  viila-c,  i..  itid. 
I. 


Sanlia.L 

SanI  i.iLtii,  liiis-iiiii,  I.uvm'i-  (  alilnrnia 


I.,  lldl. 
Sanli;iL;ii    l\iiiinl!a,    .lali--r 


San 


til    III 


mid 


iv..  iUUi 
.^antii   llniiiini 


U'li,     I'llrlilii    \  i 
aii;_'.,    iii.,    (isl 


ant  II 


ant  I 


■  iiati'iiiala, 


Sai 


.  7S!I. 

Ill  n 


nniiiiLiii,  N  illa'jc 


•J'.id,  ■Jill. 


Saniii  I  nnias,  \  illauc  Sniinra.  i. .  (IIKI, 


San 


til    i 


iiln; 


I'l'ii,   .'inlii 


|..  l\.. 


S;iiitiitiMi,  ( 'liiiipas,  ant  ii|..  i\ . 

San  X'iicntc,  |ir(i\iiin'  ami  iit\.  Sal- 

\ ailiir,  antii|.,  iv. ,  i;s-;i. 
Sail  \'iriiiti'  Miiiintaiii.  i.,  7!'l. 
San    \  iiHciit.    la'cward    l-lai  d-,    i., 

7 '.!.•!. 


INDKX. 


■19 


Smii  ^'M^full■■ 


'.I'.  I. 


Sail  lldr.    Sava-'isiii,  i.,  .1-t.  '.'.Vrt.  nS-l.  I.V«,  I?! 


:v_'i;  ii..  It;,  .-{♦-s.  ;{.}•. 


ill..  :iti.-n. 


Sii|iiiiil  Ian,    ]iniviiicf,   ( iualciiiala.   i.,    Sa\aii»i  irs,    Irilic    ut     Utliniiai 


IS.    I. 


,ss. 


■J7-S.- 


lorati 


Sa|i<i|iilcils  ( l,a|iii|citi.l-).  (  ciilijil  I'al- 
il'oi'iiiaii  trilic,  i.,  :i<;i  |n|;  lucatioii, 
i  .  l.">o. 

Sa III  ill  l;i\cr.  i.,  4(!.'{,  m'c  Snake  I!i\('r. 


iiHtic  Kciiicl,  I.,  il'.Ci 


iiir.uiit/i,  \  ilia. 


Suiinra.  1.,  (iilT 


l-llll 


<  riilral  ( 'aliliiriiiaii  tril 
lalimi,  i.,  I.Vi. 


Ilirlilliili,     1. 

iii..7'.»». 


.".(I, 


■»!l.  T'.IC;  .sj.cc-;;,! 
.">(!,    7Hl>;   laii;;.. 


Sa\aiiiia    ItiLilit    Ka\,  li< 


Ih 


IV..  711. 


.Sa\  iiiiiais.  tnni'  i 


.'MS: 


oialiiiii,  1. 


il    Nc.i.ll 
'.I.'.. 


.Sa\saiiii^li     (S.ijiiliw  aiiiisli. 


iiiaiiii>l 
Siiiiiiil 


Sflicliwaiiii-ii  I,     111! 


Iii>liaii>,  I.,  •_'( IS ■•_'•_'; 
:(lll-J. 


Sai  li.iiaii,   N.iliiia  liiuw -|ii|ic.  ii.,  ,'{.">l. 
S,ir:i-iilaiilkas,    Cciilial    < 'alitniiii;ili 

liilic.  i.,  .'Kil- ((•! ;  Imaliiiii,  i.,  4."(J.    ,Sa\\a\     Nan; 
S.iiil-clicir  l.slainl,  i.,  II'-'.  I      tnlir.  i..  tdJ 

Sai'li-lips    (.SailiJMis),     liiiaiiil   dijiiin- ,  Saw -li^li,  May.i   \\ca|ii 


liii'.'ii  icm. 


Sdiiih     ( '.ilifurni.iii 
,  JDialiiPii.  i..  I.V.I-ljii. 
i.,  7i:!. 


Iiiaii  Irilii'.   i.,  'J.'iO '.II :  IdiMlimi,  i.,  ;  Saw  |>a»  >,    iiilaml    ( 'ii|iiiiil<laii    tril 


;i(il. 


Sa\s  a- 


;<i:!.  :!i. 

SaiiiMtar.   ('ciitral   ( 'alifuiiiiaii   liil 

i.,  .'tdl-KII ;   luiatinii,   i,    l.'i,'!.  iiii>li. 

Sairilriicas,  liilic  of  .Xiiai'lu-',  i.,-l7'i-    Sa\  nUciii'ls,  Smiiii  ( 'aiifuriiiaii  tril 


i..  --'."((I  ".11;   l.Hjitioii. 
.Sa\  lia\  iiiaiiii^li,    i 


"r-'il;  liMiitiini,  i.,  ")!•■_'. 


i.,  •»(»•-'■•_'•_';   I. Mill 


I'lii ,  I.,  A't'.l 


'.'ii'saiiai  Ilia,  i. 


.'(1.  ids. 


Sai'si-i   (( 'iicccs,  ('iri(  s,   Sai>i.    Sni-si,  |      Saiii.-<tkla'< 


Saviiii>llas  (.Sa\  iiii--la- 


.■>li.S, 


iirris,   Smsi'cs.  Sii>.-»iM' 


-(.   trilii-  III"  ,  Si 


'rimirli.  i.,  IIJ-37;  liii'alinil,  i.,  I  I'l;  :  Si 


111 


\  w  aiiiliir>,  I.    l.'ilt.  Mc  Si\  w  .'iiiii'iii  » 
il  iiiciiiili.  ii.,  7i>ii 


111.,  :>si. 


SaMiu'ili'l,     Sc.iilli     ( 


aliliiriiiaii 


tlil 


■aiiviiic 
S.alli-M- 


|llil,  'r/riicl; 
,  -IT   I'lalli 


I..  n»-j 

Ih'li 


oralliill. 


"',     S(al|i>  (Si  al|iiii;^),    i.,    KU,   'Jl.'),    'J'.'', 

;     •_•(;'.»,  :u».  :is(i,  1117,  4-j."),  4;!;m.  I'.i; 


ii: 


Sa-.Ualilii'\\aii    lii\cr, 

.1X4. 
Sa-'ki'liHiMi,  t'lioil  III'  liilamH  iiliiiiiliiii 


I'.tS,  .')(!(»,  .".^I,  (;•_".). 


Scaiiilliiai  iaiiH, 


.\ 


tiai'cs.    \. 


ltl-J-1." 


IIiIm-,  I..  -Jl.'.-i. 


SraiiriiMtliPii,    i. 


iiHinan      oii^in- 


4  1(1,  :,■>].   .V.'.t. 


Sjksslllji^ 


llll 


f     Ml 


iiiiiaiis,     I. 


7t7"«.">;  s|i('iial  liiciil  iuii,  I.,  7^"'. 

.s.i^^i,',.   Nmili   ('aliliiriiiaii  liilif,   i. 

;t-'li-lil  ;  >| ial  liirliliiiii,  i.,  'M  I. 


S.lsl, 


in; 


Sha-t.i-. 


.-iSii,  .">ss,  7(:<,  771I;  ii  .  •_'l."..  •_'7'.»  Ml, 

:<(»:{.  :t_u,  :!;{.'.,  4-j.".,  (Khi,  t;..s,  cc.-t, 


<i7s,  7.'!.'l:  111..  .VJ, 


•.'II,  ■Jl'.l, 


.III 


•J7S,  :i;;(;  7,  .■{;••').  4:.'i.  4  ii'j,  471,  4,v;, 


alillrll-,   I.,  .•fOl 


ii;:it-«. 


Satii'iiy,  Siiiiili   ( 'alit'iii  iii.iii   liilic,   i.,  i  .Sii|iin>,  in.,  ."(li'.i.   •l(l7-"_* 


4(tJ  •.'•_'; 

Sal  iiiiy 

c.it.vi;, 


I, 


itlllll.  I.,   I'' 


Scliail  U,  Niiilli    '  aliliii  iiiaii   tril 


ir.   I. 


K 


4.")S.'.I;    ,1111 K 


.•{•-'( ; 


local 


itiiiii,  I.,  4. 1 1. 


:  SiliaUtiil.  I. 
Si  I II 11  111  I,,    ( 'I'litral  i  'alitipiiiiaii   ti'ilii',  ,  SiliaUl  iiiarl 


tl,    Ml 

1.,  141. 


liaUtiihU. 
<■  Sh.ikliilik 


.'{lil-KIl;   l.icati !.,  4."i;{. 


Sil 


Satiiii  Sat,  ^' 


iiiataii,  aiitiij.,  iv 


la  \v  I 
(ilia. 


iiratali. 


(i."i,s  ;•. 


Sat  ma  11  nil  I,  ( 'cnii.il  ( 'alil'miiiiiii  tiiln',    ,Si'lirci't-.ti>li,  IiilaiiilCnliiniliiaii  tiiln', 


I..  :tiil  41)1: 


atnni,  i.,   I."i;;. 


•J.VI  'II;   1. 


at  lull.  I.,  .'tl 


S:it/-l/.iiiiitl,  Nuiiik.i  niiiiitli.  i.,  I!'.'!.    Si  lic|iiiili>,  Nmlli    ( '.ilil'iii  niaii  tiiln 
Saini'litii,  ( 'alil'iiriiia,  aiitii|.,  i\.,  71(1.         i.,  .'tL'ti-iil ;   linatiiin,  i.,  441. 
S.iiiniii.  ( 'ciitial  ( 'alit'iiriiiaii  l|-ili<',  i.,    S-rliiiik' 

:iiil   ml;  Iniatiuii.  i..  i.">;t. 
Saii!^,riliitiirlisiSaiikaulntiifk>-i.ti'il 


It,  I.,  '.Ml, 


Sill 


Scliiv^atiiili,    liilic    iif     Ni'iiil 
174  'JtlS;  liMatiiiii.  i.,  'J'.Ci. 


iif    NiHilkas,   i.,    l74-"i(IS;    luraiiini,  S-iliitclia-rliun.  i..  IKi.  -.cc  .silica-, 

i..     \''),    'J.tS;    N|ii'i'ial    iiicliliuli,    i,,  SriiiinN,  mt    llilinat  imi . 

|ss.  SrlMMiiiiailit-^,    tril I     Nuiilkii-,    i., 

Saiiia|ia'4iiriiu'-..  Nmlli  Mi'\iian  tl  ilir.         I74"J«S;  Inralimi,  i.,  'J'.Ci. 

i..  .■i7l-'.ll ;  liiialiiiii,  i..  till).  Srli(i|'aii    iScliiiip|pain,   Kiiniiij:ii  iiialc 


S.iiitatiiii,  i.,   I.V.t,  .■M'f  Mtiilii. 


ciinilllilllr,   I.,    S'J. 
Si'lnjuclinua[i,  i.,  lil.'i,  Mc  Sliiisliwaii. 


±m 


750 


INDKX. 


S  •lirc;,''>iis,    Niirth  Ciiiforiiiaii   trilx?,  ]  Socliotnawi',  Piicliln  villa;,'!' jind  trilx', 


i.,  :iJii'(°>l :  Icii'atioii.  i.,   til. 


.>'_'<i-.')li;    hiialiiiii,  i.,  tidl. 


Srlin)((yi'l|ii.  i.,   ;il.">.  sec   ('liaiulitTPM.     Sfcus,  trilic  iif   M(i.si|iiitiis,    i.,  711-lj 


S-l 


luiiiaiciiisk, 


II: 


'll>i.  i..  :(l  t. 


f^cf  Sliiiiiia;_'iii, 


(■ 


•  li 


locat 


1.,  (•-'(;, 


Inn.    I.,     I  IJ; 


-I' 


ici'lal   nu'iilliiii, 


aiiL 


Sfiali>''as,    lnlaiiil    < 'oliiiiiliiaii    tiilic,    Sccmiin 


III.,  ',s:\. 

SckdIMI 


D-'.ll;  loiatiiiii,  i..  ;tl!*. 


III. lit,  <  lUaiia'Mii 


'11(1,  111. 


I.kJ. 


Sconas, 


tiilie    of  «'li 


.">(»;   hiiatioli,  i.,  »»S. 

o:i.  i.,  (ilO;  iii.,  :{70-S(». 


Sr„r,, 

Send  l.^laiiil,  1.,  'I'MV 


C  iltsldin's.     tri 


tril f   CI 


iiiiiioks,    I. 


cs  (Sckaiiiiii', 
riiiiiiifsi,  ( 'ciilial  <  'a  I  ill  nil  ia  11  tri  lie, 
i.,  :i(il-4(»l:  liKatinii,  i.,  I.'iii;  lini-.. 
iii.,  (iHi-.'iO. 


Sec,  Is 


variKiis    uses,    i..   .'{40,   .■t7."{-."). 


-•Jl'-.".();  I.H-aii.iii,  i..  .S(»S. 
Si'iitt's  Itivcr  (()tt(!tic\va),  i.,  447;  aii- 

tii|.,  iv..  7t>7. 
Sciitt's  N'allcy,  i.,  447,  4.')7;  Ian;.;.,  iii.,    So^rafaji'ir 

(;;'7-S.         '  I      474;'iii. 

Snil|itMrf,   lly]irrli<>r('aiis,  i.,   fiS,    .SO,  .  Sc;,'ii\iiiu's.  Nnrtli   Mexican  tiilic,  i., 

;H,  107:   ('(ilmiiliians,  i.,  ICI--.',  IC.'i,  i      .■»7I-'.»I;  l.xati.iii.  i.,  iWl. 

\H\.\K\,    lil'.'.S,    •_'((.")-(;,    'j:{S-n,    •J74;IScIi.-liwaiiii-^li,  i. .•-".)<.»,  sit  Sawamisli. 


.SS7-S.   40(i.   4-_'s,   4.*t!»,   .V)lt-<;o,   ."(77, 
(.•.■)S.  7.'{4,  7")-';  ii.,  70:t;  iii.,  .S:!,  i<M, 

.sii;.  :U4.  :<7i,  :t'.t.'>. 

Sffkriic,  Muxiiiilo  folival.  i..  7.'!">. 
Scfkywa,  fixnl  nf  Inlainl  ('nliiinliian 

triltfs,  i.,  'iii."). 
Sf^rafaji'iint'.  .\|iacli(!  trihal  name,  i., 


!U. 


aiiiK 


.'!4,   7.'1*>;  < 'alil'tiriiiaiis,    Si'liiialiiha.  .Siiialna  l'ixI.  iii.,  I.S.i, 


17;  Ni'w  M 


aii!ii|.,  IV.,  /  l.>-l  ( 
!.,    ."i:l7,    .■')45-(l;    antii 


t'Mcaiis 


.")!>(),  .'>!t,'{-7,  <l-0;   .Mexicans,   i.,  O.'ti: 
ii.,    I(!l,    l()'.>7--'.   47.SSI,    .V-'4.   .")(;(;; 


aiith 


1-,  IV. 


;{ I. •{•_'•_•,   .•!.!•-*- II,   ."U 


<■•>: 


issiiii: 


:t7.i-(i,  .'{si-s,  ;r.KS,  4i.">,  4-.>o-:?,  4-J 
4:i.V!;. -444.    (.■)i-."><;4  u 

tial    .\iii 
7.")ii  I, 


Cen- 
i.,    701,   7(i;i:    ii.. 


7.Vi ;  aiilli[. .  IV. 


l(i  17.   •-'.«■ 


8,  ;{'.>■  i;!s.  i(;()-'j7;t  i.assini;  Mi 


si]i|pi    \'alley, 

aiilii|. 

'.s  to  K 


V 


aiitiij. 
i\ . 


.Sell 


Clalli 


nil      ilellioi 


iii.,  <».'.,  I.V.. 


iirit- 


Sejeiiiie.  ,\]iai'lie  tlilial  liaiiie,  i.,    174; 

iii.,  .V.I4. 
Sekaiiiisli,    liilie  of  S 1    Indians, 


_'OS.L'-J; 


■atioii,  I.,  :{iio. 


Sekonines.  i..  4."iO,  see  Seeiiliines. 


Selaw 


ik  I. 


Ike 


141. 


.Self 


iiiiiiHilation,    1. 


rsi-:?;    ii.,    CIO, 


IV. 


.M-»: 


fSO.'id;     reseiii- 


ryptiaii,  v..  .(! 


»(il. 


Sea^iis,  Central  Californian  trilie,  i., 
;{(il-l;il;  location.  !.,  ;{()L.',  44!»,  4.-)l. 
Sell  llailioiii-,  i.,  2!)4. 
Se.i-li.Mi,  i..  .".:t-(iO.  Sli,  SiMlO. 


Ne^ 


1.,  4!»-.Vt.  ."•(-(lO.  7:{-t,  77-H,  .Sd- 


(i-iO  -J;  iii.,  44:i;  v..  L'O."!. 
Selisli,  i.,  .SI-',  see  Salisli. 
.SeMoalpallalis  (.Scwati-allasi.    Iiilaivl 

( 'olilliiliiail      trilie,     i. 


.">0  ill  ; 


ealioii. 


.•{IS. 


Selt/eiton,  .Mississi|)]>i  \'aliey,  jintiii., 

iv.,  7117. 
Seiniaiinias,  trilie   of  Souinl  linlians. 


•_'0S -•_'•_'; 


lei'ial  nientioii. 


'JO'.i. 


8,  ',t;l-l.   ICpO.   I(1;{.   ISC.  1,SS,  mo,  UOO,     Senaen,  New  Mexico,  aiili(|.,  iv.,<;t;;{, 


•J14,  :{:{o,  ;{s;i.  4o:{,  (J27. 

Se.TiivsIvs,     trilio    of    CI 


iiiiookH,    1. 


•J_'-'-,"iO;   loeati i.,  ;{(»(). 

Sea-oiler,  see  Otter. 

Seasons,  see  Caleiular. 

Seal  lies,  trilie  of  Soiiiul  Tiiiliiiii8,  i. 

•_'0-i  -Jl';  location,  i.,  :{0I. 


.Seiii jextees,  Irilial  name  ot   lakes,  i., 

.•{14. 
Sonnatiiclis,  trilie  of  Nootkas.  i.,   171- 


Seiioies.  snliieriaiiean  s|iniit;s.  ^  m  a- 
tan.   aiiti<i.,  iv.,  I'.KS,  -JOI,  -.'l-.',  •-'Jl, 
-MO.        ^ 
Sea-weed,   \arioiis  uses,   i.,  |(i;{,   lO.I,    Seniii>acal,  \  ueataii,  aiitiij.,  iv.,  I'tO. 


■<ca-\viiler,  uses  o 


f.  i.,  n 


•JOS;  location,  i.,  •_'<•." 


Senii 


elkaiiieell   lilMl 


'M-1. 


1S.1 


IS7-S. 


!I4;  iii.,  144. 


Seiiiiltiire.  .see  lliirial. 


Seliassas  (l.atiassas,  Slieliaslml.  Irilie    Sei|iieclinl  (Sei|Ueeliil),  Ci>uiclie  kin 


if    llaidalis,    i.,    i; 


loi'iition. 


")(l(l.  .V.l.-). 


i.,    l.").">.    "J'.ll:   s|iecial    liiention,    i.,    .Seraiie.   Mexican  dre^ 


.-.:{'2,   r)8L», 


1: 


'.»,  170,  174. 


(i!H». 


Secatinoiiays,    trilie    of    'I'lilinkeets,  '  .Seraijue,  villaire,  Harieii,  i..  70.'i. 


i.,  '.11-11  I;  locitioii.  i..  I4:{. 


Secliclt,  trilie  of  Nootkas,  i.,  174-208;:      .S7-04:  location,  i.,  Ill 


loealioii,  i.,  17(i,  'IW,  •-•'.•8. 


Seredkiiiskoji's.    trilie   of    Aleuts, 


Soris,  i. ,  (J04,  see  Ceris. 


INDKX. 


<.Jl 


Si'rn)wkimin(»,     f'cntral     ('alifi(riiia. 


iiiLT.,  ill.,  tU!!. 


SiT|Miit.  s\  iiilmU.  ("tc,  ii.,  .V»(I,  ."i7 

."s,  :,s-..  -:>\.  Till;  iii.,  i-_".i,  i:u- 

17i:<,  isi).  .T.is.  4011;  iiiiti.i..  iv.,  ;< 


18.1 


7.    L'-'(l-7 
il^ii  Stia 


•_'•_>;>-.•{ I,  •.'.-{."i 


Si'i|ii'iit     Uivcr,    i.,    ;{17,    rifc    Snake 

liiwr. 
Si'iraiiu  lie  Cajinics,  Za|n)t('c  dialcil, 

iii..  7">4. 
Scriiiiin  lie   IxtcjM'i',  Zaiiotcc  iliali'il. 


III. 


.)». 


SciTaiiii  lit"  Mialiiiatlaii,  Zaputi'i'  dia- 

Ici't.  iii..  7">4. 
Sfrraiiiis.  Smilli  Calif 


Slialtattiis(>^liallat.f.t.  Tiilaiul  Coliiiii- 
iiiaii  trilx',  i.,  '.'.'>( I-*.) I ;  liiration,  i., 
.•tJ(l-l. 

Sliiiiiiaii,  a  si>r<'crcr,  i..  77.  X'>,  ■">'-"-; 
iii..  141-4,    I  17-S,   I.VJ. 

SliaitiiHiiiiauirli-^.    Iiilaiul    ( 'iiiiniilii.iii 


tll'n',      1. 


'.">(»-',ll; 


ui'atiiiM.    I 


"•riiiaii  tnlii',  i. 


41  >•-'-•-'•-•; 


at  lull.  !..  4.")S. 


ScriitKs,  \illa;,'c,  South  California,  i., 

4(;(>. 
S<'i\  u>liaiiinr-i.    Ccntivi!    Califmniai 


.Slianclkayas,  Ccntnil  I  alifnrnian 
tiilic.   i'..  :{til-Kil:  loiMiioii.   i..  4.  I. 

Siiasta  I'.nttc.  locality,  NoitliCali- 
fiiiiiia,  i..  414,   147. 

Slia-ta  .Mountains,  i..  .•{•_'7,  4  17,  •l.")l. 

Shasta  Uivcr.  i.,  44<). 

Slia>tas  (Cliaslay,  Sastc',  .sliastc, 
Slia-.ty,  Wcoliow.-i,  North  C.ilifor- 
liiantiihc.    i.,   .'Lti-lil;   location,   i., 


;{L'7.  44(; 


lai  iiiciitioii,  i.,  ;{:{,'{, 


;{»:.',  :U4,  :f.".l,  :i(;i:  myth.,  iii.,  r>4T 
v.,  r.t;  lan^'.,   iii.,  (>4n. 
Shasta    N'allcv,    i.,    447,    4."i7;    hui'', 


trihc.  i.,  ;{ill-4(il ;   location.!..   l.">i>.  i      iii.,  »i:{7-.s. 


S('>a,unl' 


tiilpc   of    Alt'Ut^ 


location,  i..  141. 


S7-1»4:  '  Shastc. 
Shastv, 


447,  see  Shastas 
447,  Ncc  Shasta^ 


S(-c]iaulali;i,  Moi|ui  villa;rc,  i.,  .VJS.     |  Siiawhaaptciis,    i.,    ;{17,    •••ci'    Sahap- 
Sfshals    (Scshahls,   Shccharts).  trihc        tins. 

of    Nootkas,    i.,    174-'JO^;    location,  i  Sha\v"s  I'Mat,   California.    anlic|.,    iv.. 


i.,  •-".••"),  •J'.i7 
Sc-.|ic.    Sonlh    Californiaii    trihi',    i. 


.•!ll7,  sec    Siiia-tiick 


Shcastiikles. 

IC.H. 

Shchalnc  I'onios,  Central  Calii'orniaii 
Se\t'ii  Caves,  name  for  Chii'oinozioe  '       trihe,  i.,   ;{<ii-4((l:   location,   i.,  .'{tJ.' 


41 IL' 


ation,  i..  4."i!). 


.Sc\cii,  sai'reil  nmnlier,  iii.,  '210. 


ami   I  iilaii  Aiiiva,  <[ 
seveniox  skia.    nami; 

main,  i.,  441*. 
■ieveriio/cr,    nil 


.  V.  i      44.S. 

for    Ciiwacha-  :  Shehashas,  i.,  '2'M, 


S,.l.; 


Shelieretches.  t  rilie  of   Slio--lioiics,  i. 


line  for  Ciiwachamajii,        4'J'J-4'J:  location,  i..  47i>. 


4411. 


I.ak 


4-_'L'   4(1 1-S. 


Se\  ier  iScvere)  l!i\er.  i..  4<!' 
Sevier  \allev,  i.,  4(11,  4<;s. 


Shecharts,  i.,  -J'.Cf.  see  Seshals. 
Sheep,  i.,  LM-'i-ln,  4>s'.>,   ."»(».',   .")(».".,  r>M, 

5S.S. 
.Sheeii  Iiidiai 


IS.  i.,    14." 


.\ml); 


Sewatpallas,    i.,   ;$1S,   see    Selloatpal-         tawhoot'linin'li. 
lahs.  Shehees,    trihe  of  i 

Se\<'s,  i..  <);?,  1-JS,  I7(»,  :!!»(),  .•!!':(,  4I(M7 


trilie  of  (  him 


.")(■>(;,    7<);t-4:    ii. 


!i;{- 


."iU;  location,  i..  .'id'.i. 
'.Ill,    Shekoins,  Central   Californiaii   trih 


(ill.').   7'-': 
Sextapav, 


i..  :till-((ll;  location 


South    California    i:i 


Shells,  varioi 


•s,    II 


..  4.-. I. 

\  noilioreans. 


111.,  il.'iiiS. 


Seywamenes  (Sa\  w.amiiicsi.  Central 
('alil'ornian  tribe,  i.,  :{(ll-4(ll;  loea- 
lion.  i.,  4.")();  Ian;,'.,  iii.,  H4'.l. 

Sh.ihaiitaiis.  i.,  .'Uti.  see  .Sahaiitins. 


Shai-tclies. 
i.,  •-'.■)( I  !»1 


lull 


mil  Colnniliian  tril 
ation.  i..  .'114. 


i.,  4S,  72.  S(t,  !I7.  \-2-2,  I'JS,  I.T!; 
Colnmliians.  i.,  K;,"),  I7',i.  |,S'.»,  l.st!- 
'.!•_•.  -Jill.  -Jdi;.  -Jil.  •_M7.  •2-2\).  '2'M, 
2."iS;  aiitic|.,  iv.,  7.'tM-4(i;  Californi- 
aiis,  i..  .Tto,  .•(;!.•{,  :{17.  'M'-s,  ;{.s|-_', 
;{H.),    .•{'.t.*{-4.    4ti:i.   4(l7-;i,    4-.'C(;;  an- 


tl.,. 


7il!l-HI;   N. 


M 


e\icail> 


Shaktolik     (.Schaktol,    Schaktiilack I        i..  4.S-J.  ,-Hl(;.  ."..fj-.'k  .V)l.   .V.,s '.I,  .">ti:<. 


May.  i..  141. 
Slialachiiiiishnnim's,  Central  Califor 
nian  trii)e,   i.,  .')(il-4()l;  location,  i. 
4.-.II. 


">s4;   Me\i 


17:«.  i: 


cans 
'.III.    • 


I.,  <!J_',  (.':{(»; 


:{:{7,  :<74,  r.7:{;  iii.,  .'JH'.i,  .'{v..  4(»7, 

41ii'-l7;  Central  .Vmericans,  i.,((!ll, 


Sh,iIalas(Slialahihs,  Sliallalahsl,  trihp  I      7(l(i,    717, 


.">-»: 


<;sl,   7i:k 


of    Chinooks,    i.,    "J'Jll-.ld;  location,         7-!'. 
1,,   30i;V.  ;       Villi 


■:w:k  TM 


.Mi.ss 


ISSllMIl 


ey,  aiitDi. ,  iv.,  iS'J 


M 


752 


IXDKX. 


Sllflt.Tf'.,V(.,    i..    ttO. 


ll(|Mi\\  |;i\M' 


M 


ItMlll      Vlllil''(', 


noi. 


SliciuiMPil  \allc\,  i. 
Sli(-*W!i|i,  i.,  .'{|  I,  M'( 


Sliiisliwa 


Slii't-lii-iaiu',    (>kaiiaL:aii    liair    nnia- 


iiii  iit>, 


lii'w  lia|iiiiii<'li,    1 
'I'' 


Shii-li- 


Slii'w  lia|i>,  i.,  ;!1"J,  SCI'  Slmsliwajis. 
Sliia-tiifklcs  (Slica-iuklf,),   irilic    of 


( 'nil 


Slii. 


-'L'-J  .'(U;    liH'alloll,    1. 


<  'iiliiniliiaiis. 


yiici'lMircaiis,    i.,    / 


;•,    ll'.t; 


Talif- 


i..  .'tl.t.  4:!I-'J:    N.-w   Mr\i.Miis,   i, 

4'.t:<.  r.m.  .-.ji.  ."sk;  Mc\ifaii>.  i. 


«;-'7-.s,  ( 


i.i.>;  II., 


.■1 


:!;i 


KM,  4il(i 


(idt;.  CIS,  C-Jl;  iii.,  L'St-rid"  pas-illl 


M 


SI  I 


ivas,  M. 
i! 


I'-'. 


liiiiialiiiiiMis,    trilir    ni    Siiuml      In- 
ili.iii-,  i..   •_'liS--_'L';   lucaliiiii,   i.,  '-".I".); 
laiiLi. ,  iii..  (il.'i. 
Sliiii;:li'    S|iriii;^s,    Calit'drnia,  mitiii., 


SI 
SI 


i\ . 

lilM|.. 


704- 


I'li.'l, 


n  Village.  I. 


lllTVillkas,     tlllM-    111     SIlllsll'IIH'.H, 

4'J-_'-t-';  jncatii'ii,  i..   1(11. 


Slii^     I 


iiilav. 


M. 


name  tm-  .Xii; 


II    lit    I  lie    wood 
rs.  i..  474. 


Slioromrp.   fcntral  r'alifoniian  trilio, 
i..  .;<ll-4(ii;  lii.aii..ii.  i.,  4.">>. 

Sl|ll>lll>kiM"'   (Sl|li>lll>llics,   Sllll»!|llC(i:<l, 


Irilif  lit  SliiisiiniK 


41.';  Ii 


t  lull. 


4111): 


I'i'ial    liirlitliili,   I. 


41l'_';   Ian;:  ,  iii..  (Itll. 
Sliiisliiiiics,   iiiif  iif  till'   fiuir  faniilic-i 
iiitn  VN  liii'li  till-  I  'alil'iiriiiali>  air  ili- 
viilrij;     iiiaiiiii'r.s   ami    I'li^tniiis   nl 
all  ils  iiatiuiis  ami  ti  ilics  ili^ciilicil 


4'.'-J-4-.';  Ill 


i\.-iiiiii',    I. 


tii;,'i-tlnT; 

4-Jl.'-:i;    ilios,    i.,    4-J:«  (1;  ilwriliii--, 

i.,  4"Jti-7;  t I,   i.,  4"_'7-."!";  |iiT>oiial 


lialiils.  i.,  4;i(l  I; 


i..    4:{l-4;     ii 


\vi'a|>iiiis  ami  \:  a 


l.Ti 


its,     ]i|-i 


ll|||l■|||<'llt^ 


I.,    4.!4- 


!tV, 


a\civ,    1. 


.IliNl'IIIIIICIlt,      I., 

4.'{.">-(;;    iiiaiiia'.'i' 


mil  wiiiiirii,  I.,  4.'t(| 


aiiui-i'iiitiils 


ami  iiiisrcllaiifiiiis  riistums 


i,    4;t7- 


'.);  ini'iliiiiic  ami    Iniiial.  i.,   1.'!'.)- ID; 


cliaiai'tiT, 


4  1(>-_':     liicalii 


it 


Iril.is     i.,    i.V.',    ;{;.'•-• 

i:{-4,  i; 


4-. 


4ili 


IIIVll 


III. 


'iIn-S.  (iti(l-7'.» 


Sliiisliiiiics    (Sliiolidiici',     Slnisliiiiiii'), 
i..  42i',  sec  Siiakis. 

i.,  4(i!>,  SCI-  Tiisawci'.s. 


Slii--laki)iisti'('s    (Sisiiiiiiisias),    Niirtli 
( 'alil'iiniiaii    triiii',  i.,  .■(2(i-(il:    loi'a- 


tiiiii.   I.,    4i;{. 


rMiiiijurniii, 


C'lMitn 


Calif.i 


tnl 


i.,  ;{<;i-l()l;  liMaliiiii,  i.,  4.">4. 


Sliiuiiimi.  i..  (i(M),  sec  Siw  iiiiia. 
Sill  jam     Stliuii,     Ki)iiia;,'a    ;,'imI,    ii 

I'l:!. 
Slmalwitir  I'.av,  i.,  '20!),  .'{O.S,  »).".. 


Sli.i.ih 


l>av    Iiiiliaiis,     triln-    i>f 


( 'liiiiiMiks,    i.,  •_'■_'•_'-,■)();  li)i'alii>ii,   i. 

:<o.-.. 


^Ii 


II 


\  lu'rltiiirans. 


i.,  4!)-.")(),    7.{: 


i  'iil'iiiiliiaii- 

i..  •SW,  4-_M-(;:  N 

4Si)-4.    5(1  J,    ,kU-: 


'-'."iS;  ( 'alifiiniiai 


cw 


M 

.").")'.),  ,"ii;;). 


I'xu'aiis,   1., 


M 


I'MlMlls 


i.,    (i'JO,    (i.lO;    ii.,    :<•_'(! 


.'{;i7.  :<(!!)-7t>,  .■<7.'',  ;f'.»(i,  4()">;  iii.,  4:{."> 

t'ciiiial    .\iiu'iiiiiiis:    i.,   (iOO,   71l> 


ii..  (!:(."),  7:U. 


Slmki 
S'l 


i.,  .'iO'.',  si'c  Skiikoiiiisli 


miMaiiiisli,  tiilii'  of  S 
i.,  'JOS-L'-J;  Imaliiin,  i. 


oiiml  liiiliaii 
!)!),  ;i()l. 


Slliisllolfl 
SIlollloUl': 

S"Ilollciiiaiiii>li.    Iiilic   of  Soiiliil    III- 


I.,  4(;; 


see  >iiakf! 


liaiis.  i.,  L'OS  •_'■_';  loralioli. 


.•{01. 


Sliiitiis.  tiilic  of  I'liimioks,  i.,  -•_'_'•.")(•; 

loi-alioii.  i.,  :{0(i,  :>os. 
SlioiiaLraii  (Sliowiraiii.  liilic  of    Mai- 


ills,  i.,  I.-..-,  74: 


•  M'alioii,  I. 


Slioiislnvajis,  i..  .'ilO.  sit  Sliii>li\va]'s, 
Sliromli'is,   luirial,   ii.,  (io;{,  (ilo,  (il!) 

7!)',)-S(M);  iii.,  4(m;. 
Sliiiril,  i.,  4."iS,  SCI-  Xiiril. 
Sliiiiiia;.'iii     (Srlmiiumiiisk)     Islamls 

i.,  (il.  ,S7,  14-'. 
.Sliiiiiifias,  ('t'litral   ("alifnriiiaii  tiiluv 

i.,    .■{(il-4()l;    special    iiiciition,     i. 

:!7!l;  location,  i.,  4  IS. 
Slitiinutliiiii,   -Moiiiii  \illaLrc,   i.,   .IJS 


(KK). 


Shin 


Slinsli 


i;ioi>a\vc,  i.,  CiOI.  sec  .\oti;.'ii|ia\ 


\va| 


l.ak 


.•U();  iii.,  (il;t. 


Sliiisliwaps,  one  of  tlic  nine   families 
into  wliicli  tlie   ( "oliiniliians  arc  ili- 


.leil; 


niaiiiicrs   a 


ml 


CllStollls     l4 


Slioiionincs.  Cential  ( 'alifoinian  trilie 
i.,  :i(il-40l;  location,  i.,  4.")0. 

Sliook.inys,  trilie  of  Cliinook.s,  i. 
•JJ-'-.")il;  location,  i.,  ;{()!). 

Slio.i|islia)is.  i.,  :U'_',  sec  Sliiisli\va|)s. 


.Sjioosli 


•i\0,  see  Sliiisliwaps, 


Slioiisliewaiis,  i.,  ^10,  see  Sliusliwaiis. 


;ill  its  nations  ami  trilics  ilcsciiln  4 
toijctlicr;    i.,   '_'.">l-!)l;    location,    i., 

I.'^l.  •-'.■> l-L',  aiO-lL'. 

Sliiisli\vapsi.Selioiiclioii,iii.Slioo|islia|i, 


Sliooslia 


lioiisiii'wap, 


wajis,    Slmslixxaiinincli,    Siniswap 
niiicli.   Sliiiswaps,   .Sinisli\\a|i,    Su- 


\va]iannii 


Inland     < 'oliiinliian 


trilie,    i.,  '_'.")(>-!)  1 :  location. 


{lo- 


ll;    sjiecial     iiieiilion,      i.,     'JoO, 


iMii:x. 


inOCO.  'JCl-.-.,  -JTI,    -JTC,  '.'SM;  Ian;; 

iii..  lil;{. 
Sliiitllc.  i..  ."idi?.  ."is-J. 
Sliiivrl]ii,  i..  .'til,  ^I'c  < 'iLaiiilii'iT-. 
Siaiis  iSiaiiNi.  Niulli  (  alilm  iiiaii  1 1  ilic 

i.,  .•(■.'';  fll;  lucatii.ii,   i.,  iM;  laii^'. 

iii.,  .v.»:i. 
Siamaiia  Lake,  i.,  -J'.t'.t. 
Siaiiiaiia-.    Iiilii-   ni   Siuiiiil    Tiiiliaiis 


Sierra  i 


Ir  T 


I.,  -JUS  •.'•. 


atiiiii, 


'_".l!t. 
f     Aiiachi 


Siaiia'inin'>.     trilif    ii 

47:i-.V_'(;;  l.icatiiiii.  i..  .V.l-j. 


SiaiM,  i.,  44<i 


Siali 


Silia'4iia,  Siiiiili  ( 'alifuriiiaii  frilir,  i. 


4U.'  JJ; 


ImaliKii,  I.,    |(;n. 


SiiiiilMiia-i,    Niirtli  Mcxiiaii  Iri 


■I'.il; 


iicalioii. 


<i(l7 


Sii-aiiiiis  (Sicaimic-i,  Sikaiiisl,  trilif  nf 


Ti 
14! 


1 14-:{7:  liicatioii  i.,  1 14, 
1  :.'■".,    i;i7; 


|>i'<'ial   iiiriitiiin. 


IllVtIl.,    III. 


>\: 


III.,  .iSi 


Sii'ia,   t'ciilral   ralilnriii.iii   trihc,    i. 

.•Ml-4i(l:  Ic.rali i..   J.'ilt. 

Sirliicaii,   Cfiitral    < 'alil'iMiiiaii   tiiiic 


;r>l   KM: 


iliiiii,  I.,  4." 


Sii'kiry  Itivcr,  i..  4II.1 
Sickiiaaliiitl\s,  iiiln'iif  Tliliiikcft- 
!..  !M-ll4;'l.Malioii,  i.,  |  i;!. 


Sii-kii 


^ii'iiii:!      a, 


nili'r. 
Siciiiiiiii 


.M. 


ilJ-i; 


W 


lliat'arr 


4.")(),  sec  Sci'liiiilii's. 


Siciiralia,  .\i-a\cr  dialcil.  iii.,  71!'. 
Sicxaiaiiii's.  Nurili  .Mcvicaii  tiihi',  i. 


■>7 1 -'.•!; 
Liii.iks,   Iri 
oi'aiiiiii,  i., 


,'itiiiii,  i.,  (ill. 


..I   Aleuts,  i.,  S7-;i4 


II. 


Sierra  ile  .\elia, 
Sierra  .Vnalmae 
Sierra  .\iMlia,  i. 
Sierra  I'.Iai 


iia,  I.,  .>!'.). 


Sierra  (le  faunas,   (jhieretaro,  aiitHj. 

iv,,  .'mII-J. 
Sierra  ilel  ItJalilo,  iii. 
Sierra    lliinla,     i.,     (J 


'.It- 


iaii: 


r4-_>-:(. 

I 


Sieriii  Lar^i'iia,  i..  .">!•"(. 
Sierra  de  MaeiiilapM,  i.,  ()7!). 


Sierra 


M; 


!i..  S, :  111. 


10. 


Sierra  <lr  .Maliiulie,  'I'lascaki,  aiitiii-, 

iv.,  477. 
Sierra  (lei  Mezi|iiiiak  i..  (ii."!. 
Sierra  lie  Ins  .Miiulncs,  i.,  47.">,  ."i'.l.")-(i 


III. 


>:•!- 


Sierra  ijcl  Navaril.  i.,  (17-. 

Siena  Nevaik'i,  i.,  :{-':;.  4l'_',   444,  Kit!, 

471-'-'. 
Sierra  lie  I'alniiias,  Zaeateca.s,  autiij., 

iv.,  .")S:i. 
Sierra  I'irial,  i.,  .T.l."). 
Vol.  V.    18 


lena 


\all. 


uiiaiili|>a  Me 
•\.  i.,  4i;ii. 


a,  i.,  CirV 


Sierr.is  (( 'ariiaiia*!,  Soiilli  ( 'alifnriiiali 
trilie,  i..  4i»-_'  ■-'■-•;  Itieatioii,  i.,  4.'iS. 

.•sieves,  !.,  ."> 44,  ti;!(i. 

Si;:iials,  i.,  ;{S(t,  4'.I7-S,  .")l!l-'Jl),  (!'.I7; 
ii..  4--V.7. 

Siliiiiii,  .Siiiitli  < 'aiil'iiriiiaii  trilie,  i., 
4t »•_'-•_••.>•,  liH-atinii,  i.,  4."iS. 


Silik 
Siliii 


M. 


mill  least. 


Soiilli    < 'aliliiriiian 


trilM 


1.,  4(l-_'-J'J 


lor.il 


lull,   I.,   4.'i'.'. 


M.|l 


ill,  V 


iieataii,  aiitiii.,  l\ .,  'Jli'J 


Sikaiiis,  i.,   I; 


.1,  see   Siealiliis. 


Slkiti|Mie.    Siiiitli    ( 'alilnriii.iii    Iril 


i..  4(»-'-'Jl';   liiealiiin,  i.,  4.V.>. 


Sii.iii,  V 


iiealaii,  aiitir 


.'i;i. 


Siliiiiasiii>,   .Sdiiih  (  aiifiiriiiau   trilie, 


1..  4(1-'- 


'alinli,  !.,    l.-iS. 


Silinii,    Siiutli    (  alil'nriiiaii    triln 

l(l-_'--jL';    I.ieatiiill,  i.,  4.'iS. 
Siliiin,    Siiiitli    (  iiliriiriiiaii    liilii 


4(C_'- 


atiiiM.  I.,   l.'iS. 


Siii^iie,    .S.ialli   ( 'alil'iiriiiaii   trilie,    i. 


4(1-'  •-'•.': 


iti'iii,  i.,  4."iS. 


silk,  i.,  :f7ii,  'Ms.  (i.'id,  (;."i7. 

Silla,    I'uelilii  \illa;re,   i.,  ."r_*7;  iaii^'., 

iii.,  (isl. 
Silver,  i.,  ;{70,  4Sl'-:!.  .-,01-.-,  .-ii:!,  ."71. 

"■-',  4(ii;, 

7.s-<i,  7'.i-'-4. 


(l.-tl. 


Ii,    -Js.l 


47."{-S;  iii.,  .•t--'.'i;  iv. 
Silver  Crei'k,  i.,  7'.t:i. 


Siiiilialakee> 


(Cntral      Calih 


trilie,  i,,;;(;l-l(M;  li 


itiiiii,  1.,  .'!(;•_-.'; 


Siiiieriiiies,     trilie    of     |.-tliiiiiaiis.    i. 


■47-S.i 


aii'_'..  111. 


!I4. 


.Siiiii,     Siiiilh     (  .ililiiriiiaii     tnhe,    i. 


4(I-J 


It I.,  4.''i'.>. 


Siiiiilkaiiieeii  l;i\er,  i.,  ."{I'J. 
Siiiiilk.iMieeiis((  hit  Willi  I ),  liilainl  (  n- 

luiiiliiaii  trilie,  i.,  -'.-id-',!!;   luratimi, 

1.,  .Sl'J;  laii;,'.,  iii.,  fil.'k 
Siiiaaliiiiisli,   i.,  "J! Ml.  see  Siiiiliunii^li. 
.Siiiai'slioiis,  liilaiiil  ( 'iiliiiiiliiaii  trilie. 


!•_•(). 


i.,  ■-•.■|(i-'.M;  Itic.iiiiiii, 
Siiialieiiii^li,   i.,    .'{11(1,  see   Siiiili(iiiiisli. 
Siii.-iliiiiiiisli,   i.,  '-'!>'.>,   see   Siiiiliiiiiii-li. 

Kilmiiiisli. 
iii..    (i(;7.    C'.il, 


.^iiialiiiuiiie/,    i.,  .Sdd,  see  .S| 


Siiialiia,  1. 


Ill; 


7(l(;-l(l:  aiitii 
iiiiu;ratiiiii,  v. 
Sinai 
trilie,  i. 
CdT 


IV.,     (.Ill 


Nail 


((  iMalna-.). 
l-ili; 


Niillll    .Mexie: 
liicai  lull,    i.,  ."i7 


ivth 
hi;,'., 


spei'ial      liienliiiii,      l., 
,    iii.,    S.'k     ISd,    .VJd-   V. 
iii.,  (!Ci7,  <!'.I4.  7i"l  10. 


Sinaiiusli 
il 


.')d(l,  see  Sniilmniis'i 


Siiia|Hiils,  i.,  ."iKi,  sei 


an- 


1 


Siiia 


tclii'^'LTs,  Ink 


ml  (  iilinnl'i.ia  trilie. 


i.,  L'J0-"J1;  lueali.iii,  i.,  .'{1 1. 


7M 


INDF.X. 


Sinrcqiionifn.Tb.  Tnlatnl  roliiniliiaii 
tril.c,   i..  --'."lO-'Jl;   Incati i.,   .'U."). 

Siiu'ws,  v;iriiiw<  iix-s.  i.,  ,"i(>,  .'>s-<.\.  74. 
7t;,  !tl.  104,  117,  Iti4,  KS(i,  ISS,  '2\.\ 

L':».-.,  -jcs,  341,  .•{77-8,  4:n--j,  4'.»i, 

All,    .■>7'.t;  ii.,  4(tS. 
Sinii'i'ii,  Sinitli  <  ■iilifiiriiiiiii  trilic,   i., 

40-_'-i.'l';  location,  i.,  4.V,». 
Siiii|ioii.ils,  i.,  'AWt,  sec  Sans  I'oils. 
tSitiUoniiiM,    iiamo    for   Sjiokancs,    i., 

31."). 
Sinuock,  M(js(iuito  lisliin;,'-sii»'ar,   i., 

7--'0. 
Sinnoniisli,  i.,  3((1,  soe  Snolioniisli. 
Sinoi|ni](o,  villair*".  Sonora,  i.,  (itMi. 
Sin|(auclisli,   i.,  .'{K!,   see    Sans  I'oils. 
Sinpavclist.    i.,  .'{10,   see   Sans  I'oils, 
Sin|ioli(>!lc(.'liii(-lis,  inlanil  Colunihian 

tril.c,  !.,  iVtO-'H;  location,  i.,  :{)•_'. 
Sinjioilisli   (Sin])oiisclme),  i.,  ."{l.'i-lt), 

sec  Sans  I'oils. 
Sinsclaws,  i,,  .'{((S,  see  Saiustklas. 
Sinsclaw  Itiver,  i.,  3(»H. 
iSinslililiiiiiisli,       Inlanil     Colnniliian 

trilii',  i.,  -.'."lO-itl;  location,  i.,  .'{1."). 
Sins|pcclisli,  i.,  .'{1">,  see  Sans  Toils. 
Sintooioos  (Sintootoolisli),  Inlaml  <  'o- 

Inniliian  trihe,  i.,  -."iO-'.tl;  location, 

i.,  .".l.->. 
Sintziclia  Tanirajmiii,  name  forTan- 

traxoan,  v.,  ."»H>. 
Sinw  lioycl|i]pefooks,    Inlanil   ("olnni- 

l)ian    Irilie,    i.,  "J.")!)-',)! ;   location,!., 

3I_'. 
Sio    Cotcliniin,    Tentral    Californian 

trilic,  i.,  3(;i-4()l:  loc.ition,  i.,  4."i4. 
Niiiannin,    Contnil  Californian  trilie, 

1.,  3(;i-4()l;  location,   i.,  4."..3. 
Sipico,   locality,   .Michoacan,  v.,  'ilS. 
Si|>liclii(|nin,      Central      Californian 

trilii',   i.,  .'{(il-4(ll;  location,   i..4.">.'{. 
Si])uca,    Sontli   Californian   trilio,  !., 

4(>_>-:'-2;  location,  i.,  4.V.>. 
Siipiir   inals.       Central      Culiforniiin 

trilii     i.,  .'i'!l-40l;  location,   i..  4."ii). 
Siraj,"'    I    Lake,    .Midioai'an,    antiij., 

iv.,       0. 
Sirotit      cai^clieinein  nivthlcal  person, 

iii..  .    i-.">. 
iSisa,  Si    i|i  Californian  trilie,  !.,  402- 

•_'•_';  1.      tion.  i..  4.")!l. 
Sisalian    lase.  Sontli  ( 'alifornian trilic, 

i.,  4(1    ..'•_*;  location,  i.,  4.VJ. 
Sisac.   iianie    of    month    in    Chiapas, 

ii.,  7ii'J. 
Sisahiiihiit,   Snnth  Californian  trihe, 

!..  4ltJ'-'l.>;  location,   i.,  4.";!). 
Siscastac.  Central  Californian  trilie, 

i.,  .■{t»l-401;  location,  i.,  4.')IJ. 


I  Sishns  'T.ishnsV  Central   r'aliforiiiMn 

irilie,   i.,3i;i-t(il:  localion,   i..4.H). 

!  Si^i'iiiiaris,  Ndrlh   Mexican   trihe,  i., 

.'>7i-Ill ;  special  nienlion,  i.,  '>>i'\,  ,"jS7, 

.V.MI. 

Sisichii,  Sontli   Californian   trihe,    i., 

4l>--'-2'J;   location,  i.,  4."i!l. 
.Sisinilires,    North    .Mexican  trihe,  i., 

."i7l-!ll;   location,  i..  d'iO. 
Sisitcaiioixna.  South  ( 'alifornian  trihe, 

i.,  4(I1.'-"_'l';  location,  i.,  4(;(l. 
Sisjiilci.iv,    .South  Calilornian    trihe. 
{      i.,  4(l-_' -'•_'•_';  lociitiiiii.   i.,4.'i!l. 
I  .Siskiyou  County.   California,  i.,  4i:{- 
I      4;  aiitiii..  iv.,  7'l7. 
Si-kiyoii  Nloniitaiiis,  i.,  443,  41'i. 
Sisiihip,    South   Californian    trilic,  i., 
4()2-'_'l';  location,  i.,  4.")S. 

Sisti stas,  i.,  443,   see   Sliistakoos- 

tees. 
Sisiichi,  South   Californijin   trihe,  i., 

W-2--2>;  location,  i.,  4r,<.), 
Sitax,  N'ucatan,  aiitii|..  iv.,  23(5. 
Sitiiitajca.  Central  C;iliforiiian  trih(>, 
1      i.,  ."iCI-Kll;  localion,  i.,  -i,")3. 
I  Sitka  May,  i..  i4-.'-.3. 


I  Sitka  May,  i..  i4-.'-.3. 
Sitkas  ((;-tiiikit.  S-chinkit,  S-chit- 
cha-clion,  .Sitcas,  .Sjtk.i-Lriiouays, 
.Sitka-Koaiis),  trihe  of  'I'liliiikects, 
i.,  it4-ll4;  location,  i.,  iiCi.  143; 
speciiil  mention,  i.,  l(r_'-3;  Ian;.'., 
iii..  .")7!>. 


INDKX. 


4>>it 


Skai«<'liilt'iii>li.     Iiiliiiitl     ('(ilmnlii; 


.TIT.  acT-s,  :\".'^. .-is-j. 3SS.  aox  4-j.i- 


tnlH' 


i..   -J.".!*-;)!:   I 


■  M'lltlnll, 


.{1. 


;{•-',       »HI; 


M 


Skal 


cMiaiis,    I 


/I,   iiaiiii'  l<ir   KiMiti'iiiii-,    I. 


kaiiiuii 

trilM', 

kaiimv 

liilaiii 

■)l. 


4,si  :{,  4st;-7.  »'.t.'.-ti,  :>u\  .vn--.'.  .v»i. 


iiiiliail;_'lis,  liilaiiil  <  iiliiiiiliiafi 


il.l 


.ViS-tiO,    .MIT 


."4. 


m. 


.1^.1 


.">»l'.ll; 


alidii,   i.,  .'<!' 


M 


rxiiaii>.  1.,  Ci-Jll-I.    t;-_'7.    <i;«l,    tA<, 


nil  mark  >  iSkaiiinyiiiiiiiarli 
I    I 'iiluiiiliiaii  trilif, 


(;.")(i,  (ir>7.  ('..v.t;  ii.,  ;{||,  ;{(;;{.<i.  :{,mv 


!H;   l.Matiuii,    i.,  .-{ll'.   ;il(;. 

Skatcat.    tril f    No-.tkas, 

•_'II.S;  I. .cat inn.  i..  '2'M'i. 


:..(»- 


174- 


4l)ti 


440,    4S(i.    .VJ4:    lii..    .T..'.-H, 


4l:<,  4I.'>,  421;  Cfiilial   Anirriraii 


.,    70.V(;,    7lfl. 
.11.  74 1--.'.  771. 


ins, 

7-1),   7*'"',    7<>S:  ii., 

:s7. 


Skatkiiil'^i'lii,  I II  la  III!  I  'nlmiiliiaii  tiilif,    Skitsiiisli  i.skil>\\  i>li  i.  Iiilaii<l  ( 'nlii 


111- 


.■.(i-'.tj:  I 


Illation 


:u  I. 


Skfawaiiii^li,  trilxMtl  Soiiiiil  linliaii.-i 


i..  •_*tt.S-L'"_';  I.H  ■"il.in.  i.,  :{(I0. 


Iiiaii   lriln',    i.,  '.'."lU-HI;  luralinn, 
SI4;  iaii;^..  iii.,  tils. 


SI. 


iiii>li  iiiviT.  i,.  :«H». 


Ki'.iwa 
Ski-rjicraiiiiiiisc.    Iiikiiiil    I 'nliiiiibiaii 


tiilM 


.•.(t-!t|; 


liiratiiiii. 


Skfi'ilaiiM.  i,,  '2'.i'2,  sec  Skiilil.iiiH 


Skitta;:i'cts  (Skittiic;ralcs,  Skitti';.';is, 
Skilti-yrtts),   i.,   :;;(•_',    see   Ski.ltli'- 

.•II."..    Sklallain     (Sklalliiin,     S'kl.iliiiin.     i. 


Ski'i'iia  liivcr 


l.Vi.  174.  •-".•:(  4. 


.'!(I-J;  iii.,  (;i.'>.  >.(•  Clallaiii. 
Ski)icl|.iii,  iiaiiii'  for  t 'i.i\  ijlc.-.,  i., 


IS,  trilic  iif  IJaiilali^.  i..  I.V.-74;    Ski.ki.iiii^li     iSlniki.iiiisii).     tril i' 


li.i'atii.ii,  i.,  1.').'),  '.".II;  .s|>('i'ial  men 


timi,  i.,  174. 
Skrrtsiiiiiisli.  [nIaiiiU  'ul 


iinil.iaii 


tril  II 


'.'.O-'.ll;   li.i-atii.ii.  i.,  ;II4. 


,Sk 


•ton 


antii 


IV. 


:i.    Il7-i:!i), 


2:i7-4(>,  -Jia-."..  :ii;s.  .Tt;.  4-_N-;;n.  4."ii, 


Mllllll 


llllli 


•-'ils--J-_';  liiiatiiiii. 


SI. 


1.,  :!iii--j. 

vlHM'OOin, 


rialki 


il 


«|iint.    111. 


474 


■  Ui, 


r)'.»7-tJ(Ki,  (;'.cj-7(>7 


:{7-»"». 


.)-•;. 


.S'lvi'li'liliiii-li.  triliiMif  Siiiiiiil  Iiuliaii.s, 


1..  •J(l.S--_'i.';  jiHatn.n,  i.,  .•(IM). 


«kcti;,'('t,- 


1. 


Ill', 


.Skill. 


•■•Its 


kctsiiiiiisli.  Iiilaiiil  ( 'iilniiil.iaii  trilii 


Skii|ii'alimis]i,  trilii'  iif  .Si  m  in  I  Imliaii-^ 
i.,  •-'<iS-'_>-.>;  li.,atinn,  i.,  .'{U). 

Skiiw  linmi^li.  Iiilainl  ('iijiiiiiliian  tiiliiv 
i.,  -J-'ill-itl;    loialinli.  i.,  .Sll. 

Skiiw  tniis.    Iiilaiiil    (  i.Iiiml.ian   tiilic 


I. 


;.'i(l-!l|;   liHatiiiii.  i..  :!1  I. 


Ski-clliii;:s.  ai-cuuiit  nf.  v..  Il(»-1-J. 


Sktal 


1.,  •_'.■■.( »-:»!; 


iliiiii,  i.,  'M'.l. 


ili'liii 


IS,  trilic  III'  Sill 


Imii 


I..  •J(IS--J-_';  liitat  11.11,  1.,  ;<IMI. 


Skr\  scliamisli,    triln'    iit"    Smiiiil    In- !  Skiickstanaiiimiis,     tiilic    i.t     .'^niiinl 


•_'(KS-'_'-J;  liiratii.n,  i.,  ."{(Ml.  i       Inil 


aiiH,    I., 


-'(IS  •!.'•_'; 


Ii.raliiill.      I. 


SkfVsiliaiiiisli  ItiviT,  i.,  ;{(I0. 


:i(Hi. 


.Skiila;;ati's     (Skiilauiiti'i's),     i.,     l(>."i,  .  Skiickstaiiajiiriii.s  l!i\i'r,  i.,  .'{(Ml. 


:!»L>,  sec  Skiiiiit-ats. 


Skulls,    i..    p. 


4f., 


I.-.S.   i: 


Skiililans  (Skci  ilaiis),    tiil.c    nf  Mai-        -'<l-K  --");  ii.,  4:tii-l,  ijS.VIi,  (;J4;  iii 


(lali 


l.Vi-74: 


at  lull.  I.,  •_'llL'. 


<Xi   .'U.'i;  iv. 


■4(». 


Skiiiilc''atf  {'liann.'i,  i.,  "Jill.'. 


i..  .sol,  si'f  Nisiiuallic: 


Skiilili';,'ats    (.Skctiircts,    Skiil.iL'atccs,    Sk\.i|i|i('.  iii.,  l.'i."},  sec  lOlfiiii'liiiiiiki! 


Skiilau'atcs,  Skiilc,u'!i(s,  Skitta^icct- 


inwaist. 


Skittili';iat('s,      .Skittc;;as,      Skitti--    Skviisi',  i..  "Jti."),  sec  ( 'a\  use 
;,'ctts),  tiil.e '.f  llaiijaiis.  i..  l."i."i-74;    Skvwlianiisli.  trilic  nl"  Siniml  iiiiliaii'- 
li.catiiin,  i.,  |.">."»,  "-".II';  s|icci,il   nu  n- 
tiiiii,  i.,  l<i."»,  174. 


•J0S-2-J;   liicati i.,  :!tH». 


Skiciis,    Inlaml   < 'iiliiinl.i.in  tril 
*_ViO-'.ll ;  Iniatinii.  i.,  .'{•JO. 


Slacii: 
Slate,  i.,  .'i 


4.-iS. 


.11 


I.  ICi."..  iss.  ;ii:i;  il.  ;  7^4-."). 


Slavi'.  Km   liiii  ilialcct,  iii.,  ■>.S7-S. 


.Skilhitcs   (Skilli.iits.    Skilm.tsi,   trilie  I  Slave  liivcr,  i.,  141. 


It     Cllillniik-.     i.,     -'•_••_'-. "ill;    Inrat 


i..  :{(I4,   ;{(l(i 


lull. 


slici'ial    llli'lltliill.   I. 


SI. 


•J74:  I 


III''..  III.,  (r_M>. 


s,      II 


\|.erlnircans. 


X'.l. 


Slavcrv,    ii..    (i"J;    Hv]icrliiire;iii-<.    i 
(;.').  SO- 1.  10S->.I,    |-.'i-."i.    l.'J.'i;  Ciiliili 


lilaiis 


n; 


171,  l7;i-4,  177, 


i.ss,  I'll,  i;i."i.  -zo.".,  •217-i.s,  •_'■.'•; 

•J4(l-I,    LM.S,    i.'7(;;    (^nlifi 


oiiii;in> 


kins,   xariiiiis   u.si 

i.,  4(;,  4'.Mi:{.  (id.  7:<-.'>,  7!i.  .si; 

100.   I01>.   lO.S,  117-lS.   l->-.'.   I-JS.  I.T!;'       '.H'.),  .'{SS,  4;.."i<;:    New  .Mexiealis. 
«'iiliiiiilii,iiis,    i.,    I.V.Mi'O,    !(;•_>.    Kii;.'       "ilO-ll;   McNicaiis,   i.,  C.i;! ;  ii.,  "Jl 


170,    is-J-.-f.   L'll,   -JU 


.'s-;{|, 


!.•{,  4.Vi-Cr_',  (;o7  S,  (lia-l.T  O^L',  (Il'C., 


I.T),   I'li'.l,  'J.IS-CI,    ■_'•!(;,   •-•70-''    --Nil;  ,      (Iss'.l.    7^7;  111. 


Il-i;{: 


:v.i4, 


Ciilifoiiiiaus, !.,  330-1,  .'{41,  313,  ;{4."),  ,      413-14,  4.52;  Central  American.-,  i. 


.)i) 


INDEX. 


7l'!),   771--2;    ii.,  CA%r,],    fi."-;!;    v. 
•  i.-U. 


ICMlL'l.'.s 


fil-'-'. 


Diisli,  Sn(i\vlimui>li),  triho  fif 
Soiiinl  luilians,  i.,  "iOH-iii';  Inca- 
tidii,  i.,  ■2!tll-:{01:  laii^'.,  iii.,  (il.'t. 


Sliii^iN,  i.,  -I'.M.  r)41,  aC'J,  f)-27,  '!.">,  <i!»(;,    SiKilidtiiisli  Itixcr.  i.,  .'{(Ml. 


rui;  ii.,  -«()S-<.»,  743. 


Siiiiiiiialiiiiicii,    trilie  of  Sdiiiiti   Iiuli- 


oiiaciiss 


'I'iiiiu'li    (Slciwai'iiss.   Sliia- 


'1 
aii> 


•_'(IS--_>L';  IcRatiiiu. 


.•Jl)(). 


ciiss-iliiiuis),    trihc   cif    'I'iniicji,    i.,  i  Siiuinialiinicli  Ilivrr,  i.,  .'{(Xl. 


1 1  }-."!7;  l()i'ati<iii,  i.,  14."); 

5s: 


iii.,    Sii()(iiiali]iiii(k,   trilie  of    Sduiid    Imli- 


"1 
all-;,  1. 


L'()S--_>-_':  l(icati(,ii  i., -.'".lii-.'inO. 


Siiialiiiiiinciiaisli,    Iiilaml    ('(iliiiiiliiaii    Sii(M|iiaiiii--li.  trilie  nf  Sniiinl  liid 


ti-il 


IC.      1. 


'lO-'.ti;     liicatiiiii,    i..  ."il 


Siiialrliliiis,  tiilx'  of  ScMiiiil  Iiiiii 


1.,  •JO.'S-J'i;   location, 


;t(M). 


Siiiall-]i 


i.\,  i.,  -J-JO,  •2ii\.  L'Sii,  Ml,  .5-M, 


■|!;S.  .kSS-'.).  (i;iS-'.>,  7()S,  7l-_';  ii.,  ")!»4: 


.")•.>.").  (iOl,   (L'll. 


Smel 


Kan 


liaii.  t  lilii'  of  Souinl  Iiiilians, 


i.,  '-'((.S-i'ii:  lo.atioii,   i.,  :m\. 


Siiit'ss,  trilic 


if    Nootkas,  i.,  175-208; 


loi'al 


Sni 


lie: 


•'■'inith   liili't. 


Kill.    I..  •JUS. 
LaUe,    i.,  --'(IS. 
i;iv.  r,  i.,  -Jits. 
.'!I4. 


Siuitli   Itivcr,   i..  .TiO.  :);!.'!,  .'Md,  44."-(; 

Ian;;'.,   iii.,  ."iV.'i,  (i.'i.S, 
Smocksliops,   trilii'    of    Cliiiiooks,    i.. 


1.,  l>n,S-'JL':  loc.iiioii,  I. 


m. 


Snow. 


!•: 


uino  I 


hve! 


ini. 


li('a\  V  fall  ill  .Mc\ii'o.  v.,  4i;i. 
Snow  lioinisli,  i.,  ."((li.  m'c  Snolionii.-li. 
Snow-slicic-..  i.,  (I.'i.  l'(;4. 
Sniiir.  i.,  7(;.  i:{:i:  ii..  --'S'-S.  cut). 
Soa\al]ii.-- iS(iaiall|iii,  Inlainl   <'olnin- 

liiaii  trilie,    i..    L'.")(,'-'.li ;  location,  i.. 

."il-J:  laii;^.,  iii.,  fiKi. 
Soliaipiiiis,     (Solia\  |iiiri> 


i'lielil 

Co:  I 


OS,      1. 


trill! 
.V_'(i->"i(i;     locatiol 


Ian;.'.,    iii.,  (i'.lt-."). 
Solia-',  North  Mexican  trilie,   i.,  ."i7!- 

'.U;    location,    i.,    (iOti;    laiij;.,    iii., 

(iiC). 
SoiliiniaiKiue,    iii.,    4'20,    sec    Xoclii- 


•.'•-'l'-.'iO;  location, 


.'!Oti 


Sini 


i.,  (is,  I  ;(.•{,  n\:\,  184,  lits-o. 


•J  I ;{, 


!»,  LMli,  •_'7:!. 


.'s.-),  ;(;{!>. 


.Tit,  :iso,  .•i',i4,  4:{:{-s,  407-8,  M.vi; 

."ilO-l'O,   ,").">0,    .Vi-l,    ."iCC-S,   ,")S((, 


i;i>(i 


.'0- 1 


0,    74-J 


(Ii;  II 


>s.')-s,  (mC,  (;7:{,  (IS I;  iii.,  i; 


■t, 


171, 


•_'.is 

Sii;iikv 


■\'all 


Snioos,  trilie  o 
locatiou,  i. 


f  M: 


ISIjllltl 


■|2,  70:i: 


s  i..  711-47; 

liecial    llieii- 


tion.  i.,  714,  7l(i-l7,  7-0,  74(1;  Ian;,', 
iii..  7s;i. 
Sniiilkaiiiisli.  trilie  of  Soiiiul  Indians, 


i.,  '-'((S- 


Siial' 


lociili 
liver,    i., 


4ii'l-;{;  iii.,  (i'JO. 
nakes  (Slioslionee 

sllollie,  "sill]!  JloUC: 


II.  I.,  .".00. 

.-)•_',   •_•.-.;!,   .'{17- IS, 
Slio^liones,  Slio- 


.Sosli 


v),  trill. 


of  Sliosliones,  i.,  4"_'_'-4l!;  location 
i.,  4'_''_',  4(il-."{;  special  mention,  i. 
4--U-(i.  4-JS,  4;iO-.-.,  4;tS,  440- 1 ;  Ian- 
iii.,  iW± 


liiaiii|ni. 
■^oci;aniiikes, 


trilie  of  Somid  Indians 


i.,  '-'OS- 


locat 


loll.  1.,  :!iK). 


Sockatciieeiiiiiii.-<,    liil.ind  < 'oltiniliiait 


trilie.  i.,  -'."lO-Ol ;  lociioii, 


ill. 


.Socklnmiies  (i.ockloinnee-).   Central 
< 'alii'ornian  trilie.  i..  .'{(11-401 ;  loca- 


tion, 


4.-10. 


So.'l; 


in,  ( 'entral  <  'alllorinan  trine,    i. 


iiil-401;  locatimi. 


I..  4.1 


Soco.is,  Central  < 'alii'ornian   trihe.  i. 


;i(ll-40l;  location, 
il 


;ii-.'.  440. 


Socoisiikas,  ( 'entral  (  aiiloi man  trim 


i..  .'{(il-IOl;  locati.m. 


:!(;:!,  4.v_'. 


i.,  7SS,  see  Zakiileil. 


Micollonillliis 


(  entral     (  aliloriiia: 


trilie,  i.,  .'id'l  401;  loeati i..   .'{(!.{. 


SoCOIIIISIM 


(.\. 


iirovince, 


Cli 


n lico),   town    am 

a  pa-,     i.,    (iSO,    787 


r(iO;  liist.,    \..    4-J.-),    47."{,    5;{0, 


i.'il,  (I'tCJ,  (i(»l,  (IOC, 


Siiak 


I. 


.'174,   .•{70,  40,-),   417,    410. 


.»!,   .").'{!»,    .-idl, 


o, 


(I,    r.78-!t,    .-)87-0. 


(;■-'.■),  (MO,  74;{,  7(i'-',  778;  ii.,  (!(«», 
(iO-J;  iii..  MS,  '2S\.'2,  -JOO-l,  '204, 
•->ilS,  .'{21 -'2,  .'{'21,  .•{4:i-4,  .'{18,   12!). 


Snares,  see  Tra 


Siiellin;,',  California,  anlii|.,  iv.,  707. 
Siiiliujiv,  S<iiitli  Californian  trilie,  i.. 


40J 


oral  ion,  I.,  4."iO. 


-Mexii 


;iiitii 


.Socorro,     New 

(i'(i;{. 
Soda  .S|irin;js,  Idaho,  iiivtli.,  iii..  O.'tl. 
Sodomy,    i.,   81-2.   02,    W.'t.  :>{:>,   .'ts:,, 

77;fi;    ii.,    407-0,    (i(i'4,    0,7-8;    \., 

108. 
Siil;ii|is,   trilie  of  Siioshones,   i.,  422- 

12;   location,  i..  4(11, 
Soiilelill,  i.,  2'.l.'i.  >ee  Soiitillil. 


Sdiiiiim.    iSiiuleiiil 


I,    trilie  of    N  loi- 


.SMohomisli  (Sinaaliniish,  Sinalieniisl 

Siiiiilioniish,      Sinahoiime/,     Siiia- i      i.,  .'((il  ■  lol ; 


kas.    i.,    I74'20S;  locali i.,  20."i. 

1,  i  Soisehme.  Central   ('alifornian   trilie, 


at  loll,  I.,  l.-ri 


INDEX. 


•J7S,  L\S7.  2S\\:  laii.L'.,  iii.,  Olil. 
Sola,  t<i\vii,  Oiijai-a,  i.,  (iSl. 
SdUuiu    ('(Hiiily,    L'alit'iiiiiia,    i.,  4.V2: 

iii..  (.'.">((. 
Siilciliiil  (Ic  las  ('aiinas,  town,  (,Uit'n''- 

tani,  i..  (>7-. 
Siiliiiiaii   I'liiiit,  ^'iii-atuii,  aulicj.,  iv., 

SoIiK'is  <  'a|n',  v.,  (i(>. 

Siil(il:i,    tiiwu    aitil    |in(viiir(^,    fiiiati'- 

liiala,  i.,  7.SS;  iv.,  |-_'|;  v..  ."(77. 
Siiliiluiiiiics   (Si)liiiiiiiic-..  Siihiiimccs). 

('liilrul   ( 'aiit'iii'iiiaii   tiilic,    i.,    .'t(il- 

401:    Incallnii,    i.,   4."(U,   4.'i;>;     iaii-, 

iii..  (U'.i. 


Siiki'aliiits,  Xiiitli  ("'.ilifdrniau  irilic,    SojjotaHuiiiic,       t't'iitnil     Calilniiiia. 

i..  .'i_'(i-fil;  liH-atiipii.  i.,  44.').  |      laii;;.,  iii..  (i4!). 

Sokes,   trilic  of  Nooikas,  i.,  174-1'()S;  i  .KcMiuainisli,  i.,  .'iltl,  .si-i' Sn<jiiami>li. 

loi'alion,  i,,  17.">,  ■J'.'.")-7.  :  Soinics.  i.,  (!47,  si'i'  /oiiiii'.-*. 

.Sokiiliis,  liilanil  Coliiiiiltiaii  trilio.  i.,  !  Soiccier,    name  j^'ivcii   to  an  I'vnial 
L'."i()'.»l;    lo.ation.    i.,    .TJI;    siiciial  I      kin;;,  v.,  <;:W. 

mention,     i.,    •2.'(S,    •JiKl,    'Jti7,    -71,    SorciTC'i'.-*,    IIvjk  rltorciins,   i..  S."),  li;f, 

1-JOl,  l-_'4';  iii.,  141-4.  I47'.t;  <  o- 
lumlii  ms,  i.,  U;7.  I7n-i',  l!(_', 
•J(M)-,"),  2Ht,  '.'l.Vt;.  •_'S4.  'JS(i-7;  iii  . 
l.'iO,  14'.t-.")(J;  Calilornians.  i..  .'i  I  1, 
.S.V-'-."»,  .SSI),  :i!t4-."(,  4lS;  iii.,  I.'.sii.": 
New  .Mi'.\ii"ins,  i..  .")•_'•_'.  .V)4,  .■)tl7-^: 
iii..  17tt-l,  ISII;  .Mfxicans,  i.,(;i(!-l, 
(;(;7;  ii..  •-'.■"».■{,  •2U--2,  .•{17.  4(1:.',  C.Kl--.'; 
iii.,  •241-'.',  liM;  v.,  4.")0.  4t;!l.  .Vi.'i; 
('('iitial  .\mciicans,  i.,  7li;!. 7ii7.  7(1!', 
74(t;!,  777-Mi;  ii.,  i-'il-l--',  tl.v.i.  ess, 
<>'.l(;-7,  7)11,  74."i.  7!t7-s,  SOU;  iii,,  47.<, 
4'.».'(  ."iMO;  oii-in  ot".  iii..  .'ii. 
Sormeli.  t'catlicr  oiiiamcMl.s,  i.,  4S1.'. 
;  Soi~i.  i.,  14.").  Ml'  Sai>is. 


Solti'cs,  Sontli  .McNicun  trihc,  i.,f)14-  Sosjionics,  i.,  4(r_',  xe  Snakes. 

70;   lor;ition,  i.,  t;s|.  Soleom<  ilos       (S,  tomieyo^l,     ('elitlal 

Soniliieiiio.   (>ajae;i.   anlii|..  iv..  4l'l2.  * '.liifoiiiian  trilie,  i..  .'idl-tol;  ima- 

Somes     l.'somoi.     Soutli     (  aliloinian  lion,  i,  44S. 

triiie,  i.,  4(l'J-"_'_';  location,  i..  4.")".l.  Solonioenu  (SoloMoemu),  Soulli  Call- 


fornian    tiiiie,  i.,  40'.'-'Jl';    location, 
i.,  4.")',>. 


Son,n:na.  .Sonili  t  alilornian  tiil)e,  ]., 

402JJ;  location,  i.,  4liit. 
Sonuliic  • '.Son^^cs.  .Son;.'liisiii,  tril)t'  of  ]  Soni^^somls,  i.,  4").'},  s('(^  Sni.snnes. 

NooiLas    i.,    I74-_'0S;    location,   i.,  i  Sonl,  ideas  of,   iii.,  .'Uo.  .")i4-l,S. 

■J'.)';-7:  111' tli..  iii.,  .")-'•.'.  ,  Sound  Indians,  one  of  llie  niiii'  fam- 


Son^rs,   i.,  (i7.    Il-J,    17U-I.    liM).  -JOl. 

•_'l!»,  '_m:{,  '-'SI--.'.  :t.v.'-;i.  ;r.s,  :f'.i;t, 

.")l().  .")■.'•.'.  .").")0-j,  (!:{.").  (I'di.  704,  707, 

7:i(;-s.  7s'J-;{;  ii..-_'4;«.  •_'s.-).  -jso,  i:!i;{- 

4.  ;(l;f,  (io7-S.  til7--l.  (Iti'.t,  7I-;  iii., 
(!2-.'i;  see  also  Miisjc. 
Sonoma »  iSononieJhis.'Sirnomisi,  ( 'en- 
Hal   Califoinian   tiDic,    i.,  .'tOj-lOl: 

loc.iiioii.  i,.  ;it;j.  4i;i.  4."(.'i. 

Sonoiis.  t'eniial  (  alifornian  Irilie,   i., 
:i(il-40| ;   location,  i..    |.">:!. 


ilies  into  wliieli  tlie  <  oliimliians 
ai'e  (liviiK'd;  manners  ami  ciisiou.s 
of  all  its  nations  and  trilns  de- 
seiihed  to-etliel',  i.,  'JOS-'J-.';  |.|i\- 
sii|lie,  i.,  I.")(I.  •JIO;  dress,  i.,  'JIO  11  ; 
iKvellin-s,  i.,'_>ll-lL':  food,  i.,LM-JI  !; 
im|ili'ni''nts  and  \vea|ions,  i..  L'll- 
l."(;  mannfactnres,  i..  '_'l.")-l(!:  hoals, 
!.,  -1(117;  |pid|iei'ly  ami  trade,  i., 
-17;  ;;'o\('rnnieMl  and  .-^l.-iveiv,  i  , 
-'17-lS;    Women    and    manias;!',    i. 


Sonora,    tiil)es  desc  )il)ed.    i.,  ."(7I-'.M;|      '21S-I'.t;  amnsemcnis,    etc.,   i..   •_'!!'; 

location,    i.,     <)04-l'J;     m>lli.,    iii..  1      meilicine,  i.,  "Jl'.l-'JO;  Imnal.  i.,  •J-JU; 

17S  0,    .'■■.".I;   Ian;;.,   iii.,   .")Vt.    .V.Kl-."),  I      cliar.nlcr,   i.,     174.    •_'•_•()-•_';  local  ion 

007-7(1.    iliiJ,.7lti.    717:    anli(|.,    iv.,        of  trilie-.  i..  I,")),  •JOS-ii,   •_",is.:i()4. 

OO.'t;  liisi,,  s.,  •_••_•  1.  .")( lit.  Sonseiie,   Soiilli   ( 'alifiirni;ili   tiilie,  i., 

Soiioia  Kiver.  i,.  no.").  40"_'-l'-;  locaii i.,  .|.')<,». 

Somuas,    Nortli    Me\icaii    tri'ie.    i.,    Siin~li\\a|i,  i.,  .'ilo.  see  Slins|i\\;i|i-. 

.■)71-'.>l;    liiiati i.,    (')(I7:     mvlli.,    Soulli   lia\ ,  i..  :fOl. 

iii.,  17'>'.l.  o'-".';  lan^'.,  iii.,  <i(l7-71.     'Sontliern    <  alifoini.ins,    see   ('alifm- 
Sonsonale  (/on/onaiei,   town.  Sal\a- :      nians,  Sontliern. 

ilor,   i.,  7'.M»;  aiitii|.,    i\.,    (i'.i;  lii-t.,    Sontliein     .Mexicans,    .see    Mexicans, 

v..  ()0\  I     Sonilieni. 

Soiines,  tiilio  of  .\|iaclies,  i..  47.'t")'J(i;    Soiilli  P'oik,  i.,  44."),  44.S. 

location,  i.,  r)'.IS.  Sii\enniini,  Inland  ('iilMinliian  liilie, 

Sill). oo  it,    ii.iiiie     for    iiilialiilants    of        i.,  '-'."lO-'.H  ;  lucalion.  i.,  .'117. 

I\.iiliak,  i.,  70.  Sii\o|ia.  village,  Soimra,  i.,  litKi. 

Smioiio,  i,,  4."'!l,  see  Missojieiio.  Spamiit,  <lkaiia;;an    weaiioh,   !.,  'JOS, 


■58 


INDKX. 


S|):iiil.irils,  ;irii..il   mi   llic  <'()iisl,  v.,    Si|ii;iMiar((-is      (Sip 


-I,      Ti 


■nil  (ill,   IT.'i,  I7ii,  ITS-.SJ,  .VJ(i,  :.;i.".-(l,  ;      ('(iliniiliiiiii    liil.r,    i.,    l'.VMM;  I. 


!iH  :t,  fioi-'-',  (;■_'(;  7,  ('>-!». 


(mil,  I.,  :!•_'() 


S|iiiiiisli    I'liil,  ('alilMiiiia,  iiiitii|.,  iv.,  j  Scjiijiw  iiiislii,    tiilic    of    NimiIKjis,    i., 
7ii">.  i       I7I---'I)N;  liiialioii,  i.,  17(i,  -'.II'.,   -iW. 

Spaiiisli  liisintiaiis,  liililiiij^'ra|iliy.   ii.,  i  Si|iiiii;iiiiisli,  irilirDl'  SchukI    linliaii.'', 


I,".,S-(;(I;   v.,  II'-'  !». 


I.,  '-'IIS  -Ji: 


liiiat  i 


:!II0. 


.S|)allaiii,  fiiiiil   iif    liilaiHl    ('oliiiiiliiaii    S<|iiiiicls,  i,  "lO,   171.  tsS;   iii.,  l.'iO. 


IllllfS,    I. 


.Si'iKii  ji'iiiaiiii^li,   ti'ilit' (if  Siiiiiiil  li 


S|ia\vii, 

1711. 
.S|H'ai> 


IihkI, 


Kll,    lii;i,    IS7H;  ii. 


alls,  i.,  l!(l,S  •_'•_';   loiati 


:;(ii 


II 


\  iici'lpciicaMs,  I. 


nil  ■'>;  I'oliiii 

ISM,  'Ji'.'-ii,  -j:!;!  (I 


,  77,  7'.t. 
iiiiiiis,  i..  i(i--'-i,  \h:,, 

(  alifidiii- 


IN  liir,  ( 'I'liliai   (  aliloi'iiiaii    t  I'iln 


i.,  .'iiil   lllh   loraliciii. 


1.".;!. 


Ssi 


liil 


ra,   <  nil  I'.'il    ( 'aliliJi'iiiaii    lr|iii 


i.,  ;tiil-t<ll  ;  JcM  aliiiii,    i..    I.'i.'). 


alls,    I 
■i;tl'J: 


:f:i.S,  :tll  •-'.  .•(77  >*.  W><.  ■I'.i^,  l  Ssipmlra,  ('.nlral    <  iili!uii 


nail    III) 


Mr.uc 


i.,    I'.W  (I 


;{(;i  toi 


al  iciii,  I.,    I.i'f. 


ill,  •">7S'.»;   Mi\iiaiis,   !.,   (>i;7,  fM.-t;  i  Ssili,    r.iilral    Caliloi 


man    ',i  ihc,    i. 


ii.,   .Til,    lOS,   .JKI;  (Viilr.il   .\iiicri- 

i.,  71-J  .'t. 


:ti;i-4iii; 


ill  lull,    1..    l.-l.'t. 


rails,  1.,  (IIH 


I.  /;;-,  i<ii 


nil 


,S|ircilu's,  i.,  I'.l'.l,  .'LVJ,  ,-..sil-l,  7IIS;  ii 


1 IC,     1  I'.l  .'iT 


."!, 


.'(I'C  .S, 


■-'711  7,  :is7.  ml--',    l.'t'.i,    I'.!'-'-."!.   C.oT, 
(II  I,  (121,  ciis;  iii.,;;i;r.  7,  ."iss,  tiiid-l. 

Sim'IIm,  sec  <  'harms. 


S|iii 
Npiii 


.•ts7,   I'Jil,    I -'I;  v.,   11.".. 
i.,  ."iii:!,    (I'.l.s;  ii.,   Is.">.    r.7'.i: 


S'slniiiaiiiisii,  li  ilir  (pj  Sciiiiiij  linliaii 
i.,  -JUS  ■-'!.';    lurali i.,  .'illl. 

Sso;,'i'n'ai(',  ('till  lal  (  aliriiiiiiMii  liiln 
i.,  .'Ii;i-I(ll:  ioi  aliiMi,  i.,    I.'i.'i. 

Ssii|iii'liiiiii,  ( '('III  lal  (  alil'iii'iiiaii  Iriln 


.■Kll  Kll;   local  i i.,    I.Mi. 


St; 


iii.,  .•I7'-'. 
S|iiiiiiiiiV'.    i.,  .''li'l  1,  li'N,  (I'.IS, 

•-'I.-.,   IS  I-.".,  7'>'-. 
.S|iiiils,   lii'licf  ill,   i.,  7  III  I, 

.■{|,  Xi\± 
S|iirkiii    Man. I,  i  ,  III. 


St 


ii'kiiii',  I. 


(StacI 

ii:t, 


liiis),    i.,  ',1(1,  Ml-   Sli- 


si'i'  StiUccii. 


M;  ii. 


SlaUliiiis,  I.,  'MI,  s( 


Stil 


.Slaktaiiiisli     (Stalvtoiiii 


vines, 
^hl,     I 


rilii-    111 


i7;    iii.,  *       Siilllicl    llhiiaiis,   i.,  •J(I.S--J"_';  Imali 


II 


IMT,    I.,    -'.iJ, 


i.,  'Jii'.i,  :t(ii. 

Stala i.,  :«ll. 

Slaiiilaiil-,  sec   I' 


Stcil 


ilai Ill 


iS|)i(kaiit's  (S|Mikaii.s,  SiMiKclinisli,  S|)ii-    .Sianislaiis  ( 'ciiiiit_\ ,  <  alil'ciriiia,  iiiilii|. 
kriiis,  Siiiikiliiiisli  I.  Inlaiiil  ( 'iiliiiii 
liiaii    tl'ilic,    i.,   ■-'.'■11  til  ;   luiatiiiii,  i. 


•-'.VJ  H.  Ill 
■Jill,  --'(17, 
iii.,  (Il.'t. 


s|ii'i'ial  ini'iil  idii,  1.,  ■-'(ID, 
.•{,  '27(1  SI  I,  '.'Ml  '.Ml;  Ian-., 


l\. 


.11/ 


Stanislaus  llivcr.  i.,  •I,"i,"i4!. 
Sianii  ( 'ii  rk,  i.,  7'.ill. 


SlMiki'iiiiisli  (S|Mikiliiii,-,|i),   i.,  ;i|."i,  SIM 


.SiMikaiii's. 


•ins,  i.,  Itl.'i, 


S 


|MIIII|S,      I. 

I!l."i. 


Kll, 


|iiikaii(' 
II,    'Jltfl 


S|ilill;;rK'lil,    Mississi|i|ii    Xalli'V,    Jill- 


Stalin 


.M 


I'.Mcalls,   II.,   .l.^l,;    III. 


;)" 


■_".ll,     l.'ilt;    audi 


:ii7H.  :t7 


•I." 


( 'ciilial  .\iii(ii<aii 
.■ill  .VS,  ,S-J 


i\.,    :!l  I,  li.td  7, 

t.'i7-x,    r.ii''.  ■•I  I ; 

,   (llltilj  ,   i\..  'Js, 

S'.Mi'.i.    1 11. 1,-.,    I, -.11.    |(i;i, 


l.sd'.i,   imi'.i,  •-'(i--'-:i,  'jl.-.-^jd;    r.ii 
anlii|.,  i\. ,  Ml.".. 


Ill 


7(111. 


iSiiiuci'  lir,    vaiii.iis    iiscs,    i.,    .".'.l,   (i 

I ().•!,  Kill,  'Jl).".. 
>S|iii/./iiiii,  Imalilv,  I'liili^li  ( 'iiliinilili 


i.,  Hill. 
Si|iialisiiia\viiii 


Ml 


^li,  t 


ril.i-  iif  Si.imkI  III 


iliaiis, 


'JII.S ■•.'•-':    liMMliiin,    i.,  :i(l'-'. 


Slaliin 


II 


'I" 


I  liiiiiaii" 


i.,  !.".,  71,  iS.s. 


I  III;   I  'iililliiliiali~.    i.,    I7( 


(ti  ., 


il  .'.;  <  aliliiiiiiaii> 


III'-'.    I'. 


;«»,    ,"i,VS,    .V 


(IIS,      (i  1(1-7 
•Viiicricaiis, 


M-.-., 

:f..'.s,  :i(ii  II, 

.Mi'.\i('aiiM,  i..  •t77-'.i, 
■■-'■.■({  Mc\iiaiis,  i., 
i..     (."-'I-.'.;     rcNlial 


1.,  (I.SS.  711;    ii.,    MI'J 


Slcaiinu',  src  'riiclt. 


t''>i|iiaiaill,  Irilirnl'  Sniiinl  liiiliaiis,  i.,     Strlirliasiiinisli  (S|  ilcliassainisli.  Slit- 


■J(I.S'J'.';  iiM'atioii,  i.,  mil. 


liiiisiiw  inisli).    irilic  I.I'  Siiiiinl    li 


Sc|naks'iiaiiii--li,    tiiiic  i.l'  .Sniiiiil    In-        iliaiis,  i.,  'Jll.S 'J'J;  luraticin,  i,  ;iii| 


liaiis,    I..  •-'(IS-^.'^J 


liiratimi.    i.,  ■-*'.!<. I.     .Sti'liMiiin   (Slciil  lilliil,  tl'ilirnt'  Siiiiiiil 


Si|iiallitiiiiisli    |Si|!iallialiiiii^li,    S<|al  Imliaiis,    i.,     'JIKS -'_'■_*;    liicatiini,    i. 

Ixainisli),    tiilii'  I.l'  Siiiinil    linlians,  I      .■III-', 
i!,  '.!(I.S  'J'J;    li.ialinll,   i..  •_".!!•., '1(11.  Shi  lariiiilll  (  Stalai'OliO  (   1  rrk ,   i.,;iii| 


Sqiiallii 


'.III,  s. 


N 


i-i|iiallii's, 


Slcil,lriMillli-ll 


(."■IciiariMiuianiisli), 


INDKX. 


if  Siiiiihl  I:iiliaiis,    i.,  L'US-'. 


a'  lull,  I. ,  ,'tlll 


St.'ih 


i|ii:iiiji.^li,    i 


SlckilP 


I.,  '.iCi 


:!iK), 


SI  iUiiii's. 


St  i  I  hi 


Slcnlliiiii,  i..  iiilj,  MM'  Sii'lilliii!!. 
Sli'|ili('iis  l'a>sa;.'(',  i.,  W.i. 
Sti'iiiiH-  \  alli'V,  i. ,   Iti.'t. 


<lcu  ar 


Si' 
.Sli 


I's  Lake, 

■11..   i.,  '.Wl 


171 


M  ikltlCM. 


(lis,    liilainl    I ''iliiiiiliiaii    till 
i.,  l".")!!-'.!!:   IcMali.ia.  i.,  lil  I. 


Stilvi'i'ii     iSlarkiiif)     lli\ii,    i. 

I  l:!;  iii..  .")7',l. 
.Slikiiii'-i 


'M, 


Slarl 


Slakliiii.  Sic 

Slikriii,  Si  jkiii,  Si  ikili 

tril I'    'i'lilii 


nil,  Sl.ichmc,  Sl.iilviiic, 

»iii,  Sliikifii,  Sllkc'i'ii. 

I',  Sl\  iliiiic). 

i..  ■'.Mill; 


SlIuliLr-liows,  (lilir  (if  Tilillili,  i.,  III- 
:i7;  Imaliiiii,  i.,   II  t. 

Sll'lllll-nll  Hill,    lllll'-iiai   ill><ll'IUIirllt.   i., 

7.iS. 
Stta  Miliiiili,  ImI.iikI  I  ciliiinliiaii  llilii', 


I.,   L'.)!) 

Si  nail  I. 


liH'aliiiii,  I. 

ikf,  iii.,  (;i)7. 


;i 


SIlK'Cii,   II. ,  .I.)'),  ,<4 


'.II;  aiilM 


iv.,  ii'ii,  ii.".i,  171,  •-'<);•,  -M/.-li:,  -Jl. 


•J  1 7 ■.">'.>,  'Jli' 


7(1,  ;(ii;! :('.», 


Sliii'ii,    Siiiilli    I  alifiiniiaii    IiiIm 


■|(L"JJ;   III 
Sluivi'iiii,  i. 


al 1.,    I.V.I. 

7:i,  -'i.'i.  'SA'.i  'ji;--', 


ikl'cK, 

liical  inn.  i.,  '.Mi,  I  l:f;   laiiLT.,  iii.,  .~t~'.\. 


Si  ill, 


i'|iiaiiii^li     |Sll'ilal|llallli^•ll,    Sin- 

I    li 


llli''i\\.iinl>li),    tl'll 
liiaii-..  i..  L'tlS.'.':. 


il     Siitiiiil    III 


Sivrliiiii'M,  i.,  !l(i,  Mc  Slikiii(>.. 
Siiaiiaiiiiiirlis,    tiil f    N(Milk;i> 

I7I--MIS;   Idialiiiii,  i.,  -J'X't 
Sii;iii^;a.  \illa;,'i',  Smilli  ('alifuiiii; 

•Mil). 
Siiaii"iia,    SdiiiIi     I '.ilifm  ni 


Hill 


I.,   Mi-J 


liii'ati 


't(;ti. 


M-ali'iii,    1. 


;!iK). 


Slil 


a<|iiaitil-<li   111 


Act,  i,.  :iiii(. 


Sli|iii,    Siiiilli    I  'alifiinii.iii     1 1  ili 


•ID-J 


liiraliiiii,  i.,   I.i'.l. 


S(  ilriia---aiiii^ll  iSl  ilrlii'ii-.iwiiiiili  l.  i., 

;!(>l,  :(IC.'.  .-re  Sl.-lirlia>rniii:.li. 
Slk;iiiii-li     .ril i   Siimiil    lii(li,iii>, 


IIS  •_••_>;    liiral 


lull,    I..  .'ilHI. 


Sloli^liailikit.- 


lur  N' 


ikiiiias,   1. 


:tL'ii 


SI. 


I''ijrl  ilii'.'il  inn 


Shilii'lrA.iini    II,     I., 

ijiiaiiii  'il. 
Sliiiii'.  \,n  inns  NX'S, 


:it)t>, 


Slilli 


!.,  IS,  .-.1,  .-.'.»,  7i;, 
sii,  !i|,  lu.t,  1(17,  nil,  l'-':i,  ICa,  is.i, 
I.S7,  ls;i,  -ji;;,  •.';ii,  •-':t7,  '-'(is.  ;i;;',i, 
:iii,  ;!7i,  i!Mi-s,  i'.Mt,  i:!i,  im;,  .v_"j. 


i.i'i,  ."ii." 
•J  I;    ii., 


'I,  (ii'.i,  (i.")7,  (i'i(i,  71'; 


•'.K   .•i7-',    17 


17s, 


liiiii 


rsl-'.ll;     III. 


4s.i;   i\.,  Iiisiiii  |i.i--ini. 


fnr 


Slniiv    .Mnniilain-.    J.,    Hl'J,    iiai 

liiM'kv   Mniinlaiii'^. 
Sinli'   llnll-.l'-..     i,..i.-',     |S7,    na.'l  ."i,     ."i7n; 

ii.,  nil,  i(i;i,  -j.-iri.  ;ii'i.  ."i7i;  iii..  i;ii. 

Stnlnllia',    Irilll'  nf    ('ilillnnk-,     i.,    '-'-J- 

."lU;   l.h  al  inn.  i. .  .'!ll7. 
StliliU  l.ak.'.   i..   I  l."i. 
Si  i'aii;'i't'^,    liilanil    I 'nliiniliiaii    liilir, 

i,.    'Jnll  '.l|  ;     In,  , Ili, ,11.    i.,    .'tld. 
Sir.i i'\      l^l.lini     (Sliraiii   Ulrl,      \., 

|(i;». 

^'l  iMiilnliniilr  (."^l  ii'ani   riiljii.  jnc'iiily, 
iml  I  II  IM-I     fn.l    I     nl      .\iiiriira,     \., 

Stiau,  \.iiinii<  iivi'-*,  i.,  71.  -"I'.k  •"I'lii, 

,1.1:;,  ."i7(;,  ms,  <;,'.i,  liim,  77s;  ii., 

Ii.'lli,    7'^  I     1. 

ytii,'L!i>,  ii,,  .v.ii'.i,  ,v;7,  isi'M. 


Siiai|iii,  \  illa;.'c,  .Snnnra. 
Siilii'lii.'iiii,  (I'litral  <  alifni'iiiaii  tlilii 


i.,   :<i;l     lOl;    jnr.ilinn,    i.,   -In.'l. 


Siiliti.'iva  iSnlilialial,  \  ilia 


N 


ii'arii- 


V'lia,  I. 


iniK 


l\.,   .'{L". 


Siicii-,>.inii.    li.,    i.'ii  »;,    I  Id  :;.    •_'!  1, 

(i."il{  II,   Iil7;  M'r    al-n    liiliii  ilaini'. 
Sni'liia|ia.  Inuii,  ('liia|ia.s,  i.,  il.sl. 


.M 


C.XIi  n,     1. 


,'Mli'liiriial  I. Ill,     |il'i)\  Hire, 

(17.">. 
Slirlii;.'ill,    ('clill.il    Califiillliall    Ililir, 

i..   :ii;i     Kll:    Inralinll,    j.,    {.'..'t. 
Snciiillciiciincs,  |i|ii\  iiiir,  (  inali  iiial.i. 


I. 


,  S^-' 


Sncliiinili'n^,  i.,  'i7n.  >-i'<'  .Xnijiiinihas. 
ncalii  \ ,       I  iinilrinala. 


.•siirlillchcT, 


\n< 


ill.,  7(111. 


.Slli'iilii,     ( 'I'liti'al     I  alilni  lii.ili     1 1  il 


i.,  :i(il-llll;   imali 


■InK, 


Sink 


;i'.M 


111;^,     ini'illi'al     |ilarlnr,     I  ,     .'l.i,), 


rtl'.l. 


•SII;    II.,  (Illll. 


.Mk'I 


in.'irail    I  Illll,  v.,  .III. 


Sinjai-faiic,  I.,  (i,'l(l,  (i.VJ,  7,'t'.l. 
Slliri.lc.  i.,  I'JI,  •JHS,  71». 
.Sail  >ia,   .Sniilli   < '.ilifnl  niaii    tiilii',    i., 
.JII'J  •_••-';    Incalinll,   !.,  -I.V.I. 

Sni-.|a\\-»,  i.,  -."id,  hi'c  Sain-l  kl.i-<, 
.Sni-iiiii'-i  (Sniii^iinns,  .Sm  -iim  i.  ( 'm  • 
lial   I  '.ilifnini.iii    liilii',    i.,   ;;ii|-|lil  , 

Ini'.iiinii,  i.,  ;iii';!,  .|,v.'  ;t. 

SniMiii  \  alii'.v,  i..  .'IC'I,   I.VJ. 

Siii/nl,   ( iiiali'inala,  iiiili<|.,   i\.,    I.'ll. 

.Snkia,    MiL^ijiiiln   WHICH"..-.,    i.,   7td; 

iii  ,  i;i7. 
.Siiku  anii"<,    liilic  nf  Sniinij    linliali.^, 

i.,  L'dS  -'J:   Incali i.,  -".I'.l. 

Sul.i.  Incalily,  llnniliira'.,  i.,  7'.i:i. 
Siilain   l!i\cr.   i.,  7'.>.'1. 
Siilaniiil,  L,  'J'.yi.  Mc  I.iilaiina. 
Silinlics,  i.,    I,"i,'i,  .sec   (  llilniic.s. 


roo 


INDKX. 


Smiia.  N'lii-lli  ^^('\•icn,  lanp..  iii..  714. 
Smiiacli,   siil(>liliili;    for   tiiliiifcu,    i,, 

.■.17. 
Siimi',  I'lr.-i/iliaii  .l,'im1,  v.,  'J.'!-4. 
Sum,  iiivtii.,  i.,  .■■)!s7;  ii.,  'MKi,  .'WO,  7<X1. 


:{S;    Ml. 


■>1.    (i(t-l,    S-'     S.">-(1,    l(M>, 


lO'.MI,  I.VJ,  KM,  170,  MS.  I,S7,  I'.tit, 
VXi--y.  :{li.'.,  J'JS,  ■4.S7  X.  Kil,  4.s:m, 
4!tS,  .")II.V  .■')47-.")0;  v.,  •_'()."i,  .V_'S:  plii"- 


liciiiirniiii   II 


f   til 


rci"  Sims 


.i(it;. 


SiiiialniiMcs.  Irilii'  of  SouikI 


hxli 


I. 


JIIS- 


alioii.  i.,  •_'ll'.». 


Siiiialoxa  .Moiinti.ins,  i.,  Ui'A. 
Siiii('liai|iic.  ( 'ciitral  ( 'aliforiiiaii  ti'i1i< 


i.,  ;«>l-lill;  loi'.'itii 


Ml,     1.,   4.')."{. 


Siiiidowiis  (SaiiKJaiis),  trilic  of  'I'liliii- 


ifcls,  i.,  <I4-I14; 


atioii,    I.,  I  ',.i. 


Siiii-liiliiti'rs,  i.,  470,    .see  'I'alii'i'liy; 
Siiiilalio,  Soiitli  ( ';iliforiiiaii  tril)f. 


IOJl!'J 


(ii'alioii,  I. 


kc, 


.)S. 


I,ak( 


Sii|ii'i'ior    l.a 

Sii|i('rior. 
Sii|M'islilioiis,    llyiicrliorcaiis,    i.,  7'!, 


[•_'4;     ( 'iiliiiiilii 


If.'! 


171, 


•J0'_'-4,   'Jl'.l.  '.M,"..   L's:!;  Caliloiiiiaiis 

i.,  .•{.■■.4-.">,  ;i(;o,  :{'.ii.  •.wr,,  wi-is-  ncv 

.Mexicans,     i.,    oi'O, 


S7--S;  M<'\i 


cans 


i.'i-l.    .".(IS-ll, 

i.,  (;:i4,  tidi,  (it;.">- 
7;  ii.,  'J()7.  .■1">I,  "lOO,  COI-i.'.  tl-.Ni;  iii., 
I|il-l:<,  ;tt;-_'-4,   ;{'.»4-.-.;  iv.,    lUS;  Cen- 


tral  .\iiicricai 


707,  7;ft.  74(»;{, 


777;  II..  (;7.s,  7 1 !»-•-'(».  7:t.S,  7'.i»l-S;  iii., 
.|!I7-.S.  r.(K)-l:  iv.,  lm.'.-k;. 
Sii(|iiaiiiisli     (.S(ii|uaiiiisli),     trilic     of 
•-'OH'J-_>;  Ideation, 


Soiiii 


I  IikI 


laiis,  I. 


1.,  '-".tit,  ,'{li|. 
Siiraiiiiiiis,  ( 'ciitral  ( '.ilifoniiaii  tril 
i.,  .'!(il-40l;  location,  i.,    I."i(». 


Siircis, 


14.' 


I'c  Sarsi> 


Siiri;('lp,    evil    spirit,    Trinity     itiver 

trilies,  iii.,  17l'i. 
Siiijicry,  sec  .Meilieiiio. 
Snrillos  (Cartakasl,  South  C'lliforiii- 

an    tiiiic,    i.,    40'i-'J'_';    location,    1., 

4.VS. 
Smiles,    !\Iatlal/inca   yocl,     iii.,    4l(i; 


I'i 


S:  usees. 


ira-^eo  liiLrli-|iriest,   v.,  .'rJ' 


!<i. 


I4."i,  .see  Sarsis. 


Siirii'.j'iiiiti,    trilic    of    Isilnnians, 


-S.i; 


local 


ion,  I. 


Sii^- 


( 'ciitral  ( 'aliforiiiaii  Irilie,  i. 


;n;!-l()| 


location,     I. 


;tii:{,    4.v_'; 


Snvacal,    a  s])ecirs  of  jialin  ie.if,  i., 

(i'.t(». 
SiiysuiM,  i.,   f.'i.'!.  sec  Siiisiincs. 
Swallow,  fooil  of   riicMos,    i..  .IK). 
Swcat-lioiises,  i.,  S'A,  ."Cili,  .'{!•."),    "•iw-H; 

ii.,  ;V.l.")-(;;  iii.,    I.V.I;   iv.,  (MS,  (i.")il, 

(i.Vi.  (l.V.l. 
Swcctland,     ('alil"orni,i,     aiiliq.,    iv., 

70(;. 
Swcel  w.iter  Lake,  i..  470. 
.Swielprce,    trilial   iiaiiic  i 

i.,  .-{14. 
Swiiriiiiini',    i.,    I7-,    I'.IS,    ."i,V.',    (itiii, 


.f  Coh 


11. 


!I7 


Swodiiiiiisli,  trilic  of  Soiiinl  linlians, 
i.,  L't )«■•_'•_';  location,  i.,  ;!(MI. 

Swcirils,  i.,  •J:!."i,  .•{7'.>,  407,  (l"i."i,  7--, 
7(!l;  ii.,  .'tio.  74:{. 

Sviniiols,  i.,  IS,  (;:U:  ii,.  -.ViS,  •_'7--*-:{. 
'•J77;  iii.,  •-'(is,  •J.si)-.-.,  :ili.'-'_'."i.  ;i.V_>-», 

:{7i--'.  ;{'.m;-s,  4ih»,  4():{,  lui-is;  v., 

!l(l,  'J'JI. 
.Sy]iliilis,  see  \'ciiereal  IHsease. 
Syrinx,  a  musical  instrimieiit.  i.,  T.'tM. 
i."i.'{;   iii.,  7S- 


S/eiiklia,    I'ilii.i  god, 
l»;  v.,  14. 


'i'aa,  irouduras,  I 
'raamisli,     llaidal 


111','.,   HI.,    c^.i. 

sori'crcr,    i. 


Ill 


.'lO. 


alialitca- 
i.,  :t(il-l(ll; 


( 'ciitral  ( 'alifoi'iiiaii  trilii 


alioii,  i..  4.M. 


■|'ali;ii.  Mi 


ya  ^od.  ii.,  tl'.is. 


'ralijiscaiis.  Naiiiia   ii.itioii.  i.,  (Ill-till; 


:t:i  (;■_'!>; 


special     liiciltloll,    I. 


II. 

(MS-!»,    Ci.M-ti,    fi,"iS  !l,    (ICI;  ii,,    40S, 


(il'.t; 


an 


111. 


7-'(i.   7o 


t.   7(f.'l;  V. 


tild;  liisl..  v.,  '.'.'t'.l,  47:!.  f>;ti. 
'I'aliasco  I'raiiascol,  trilies  descrilicd, 
i.,  (i  14-70;  ii.,  i:i:{-(l-MI;  location,  i.. 
(IS-J,  7!tO;  ii..  II'J;  iiaiiic,  ii..  Ill; 
lang.,  iii.,  7-(i,  7oO.  7li.'l;  iiiitii|., 
iv..  •JS7-S:  lii-l.,  v.,  ■_':i'.l,  47:i,  tl.'ll. 


alia  SCO, 


I'; 


iiasco  i;i\er 


/acalcci 
Ii 


a  111  II 


!('J 


(i7l. 


niic 


'I'alicclivas    (.Siiii-liuiilcrs),     t 
Sjioslioiies,    i.,    I'_'--I-;   location, 
470. 

'{"aliCLruacliis,  i.,  4(i."i,  see  'I'aiiiaclii 


laii;,'., 

Silssees, 


lil.,  (i.'iO. 


I4."i,  see  Sarsis. 


Siiilisctts.  Irilie 


if    Noot 


ka- 


i.,    174- 


■JilS;  location,  i.,  'J'.t.'i. 
Slitter  ( 'reck,  i.,  4."i(i. 
Sun  ipaiuilck,   iii.,    Ill.'k    see    Slillsli 


ilic-naclics,  I.,   liM, 


T; 


'I'.'ilii,  \'ncalaii.  aiili 


iiiiai'liis 
chesK    tril 


I'l'alii 


MS. 


Talii 


if    Sllii'.JiiiiK.s      i.      -t'J 


4'-';   local  ion.  i..  404, 


ihle-cliilli- 


.Mi 


\as,  II, 


( .--.  1^1. 


'i'alile    Moiinlaiii,    (  alifoiiiia,   aiilii|. 
iv.,  ()',tS-!». 


IN'DKX. 


T.ilili'^,  i.,  ()."p(;;  ii. 


IMS. 


'lal 


Miir.  {ii'ii\  line    I  )ai'i('li,   i. 


'laliiin.n,  i.,  dul, 


•I'il) 


Noitli   .Mi'\ 


iril.i 


lean    lril>t',    i 


l-'.(l 


atiiiii,  i..  Ill  I. 


T 


ic'alciMll,   ii.,  4.'it),   sec 


Tl^ 


Taclics,  (■(■iilral  <  alifuiiiiaii  liiln 


!i;i-t>)l: 


il  inn,  I.,    I.ili, 


r 


I'Diiiis,  tnlir  (it  (  liiiiiii 
liii'alinli,    i.,  ;tl)7. 


2L'L'-.i(t; 


'I'ai'ti,  .\ia,i,'ilicim'iii  iiiylliical  iicisnii, 

iii.,  III."). 
'I'ai'Ma'lie,  u  nicclicinal  nmt,  ii.,  .MMt. 
Taciiliii     ('l'lai'ci|iaii),     <'ily,    Mexico, 


aiilii 


.")(»:!. 


'raciihax  ,1,  Iciraiilv,  Mcxicii,  iii.,  4(l.">. 


Taciilliis  i(  '.Liiii'is,  'racili 


■I'aUuli 


■|',ik 
:t7; 


ilisi,   tnhc  ( 
iiratiiiii   aiH 


if  'liuncli,   i.,   J I  I- 


I   Hi 


i.,  II4-I: 


l-_'l,  in; 


ln'ciai  iiK'iiliiiii,  I.,  I'il  -Ii 


i:{i»,     i;{7;     nivll 


'.IS,     14;{. 


I'.):  I 


111''.,  iii.,  "iSl,  ")!)l-2. 


'I'ai'iilta^  (■raliciillalisi,  tiilic  "f  Nnnt- 


17  til  IS;   I 


ni'atiiiii,    I. 


IIS. 


'racclci'laii,   lrili(!    uf    'I'liliiiki'i'ts, 


;il-ll  I;  lucati 


[•A. 


'ra;^iialiliis,  Nmili    .Mexican  trilio,  i. 


I -111; 
;-,ii 


aliiiii.  1.,  (il.'i. 


'I'a'_'ii/;4,ii|ia,  i..  71l."i,  sec  'rcj,'iici^'iil|ia. 
'lalialiiicii,   laii;^'.,  iii.,  ."i'.l.'J. 
'raliaiiii-'  ( TaiiMiias),  tiilii-  nf  I'lielilns, 

i.,  r).*!!-.'!!!;  Icicaliiiu,    i.,  lidO. 
Talialciis.    Niirtli    ('alifiiirii.iii    tr 


liic, 


i.,  .'{■-'li-dl ;  Iciiatidii 


•H.^ 


i!ic<i   iiivcr,  I. 


■is. 


'raiiciill.ili-.  i.,  l.".IM,  sec  'racullas. 
'rali(^'clia\  p.ili    I'ass,   (alilnriiia,  an- 

lii|..  i\.,  li'.l."). 
'I'aiii  jiia-i,  SiMitli  ( 'alil'ciniiaii  (r 


llH',    1. 


■HI'J 


liicalidii,  i.,   (."I'.l. 


Tal 


i\').  sec  I  iilcwalis, 


Tahoc    Lake,    i.,   Hill;  iii.,    ,s:i-',M);  v. 

II. 
'I'aliiis,  i.,  lillD,   sec  Tans. 


Taiiti 


us.    CeiitiMl    ( '.ilifiiiiiian    ti'ilic, 


i.,  .•{HI  nil; 
iiiculiiiii,  i. 
liCi. 


cat  inn.  i..  44S;  spccia 
;tlll,    .'CIS;  hill''.,    iii. 


•Jal 


ma-,   tnlii' 
jiicaiiiiii 


M. 


i-'|iiili 


I.,    (  I 


■  I ;{. 


'raliiicii|i.  'I'alia--'aii  c;iniie.  ii...'l!IS. 
Tiiliiis,  Niiilii  Mexican  trilie,  i.,  ."•7 


-)St-.- 


i)l;     sjicciai     iiieiilinn,     i. , 

iiivlli.,   iii..    ISII-I;  laii;.'.,   iii.,  7i'.l. 
Tai-li-.  i.,  :C..'ll,  see  'i'aiillas. 
'I'ailnllacs,    lijli.'  (if  'I'lillecs,   v.,   .'CiS. 
'I'aiill.is  (Taiirlis),  liilaiMl  ( '(iliiiiiiiiaii 

liilic,    i  ,   •J.'iil'.U;  li.calinn,   i,,   .'fJll. 
'railiiiiiiiaius,  trilic  (if  Sdinid  Indians, 

i.,  '-Mis-Jj;  liicaliuii  i.,  ;t(ll. 


Taitzaos.   Afava   nation, 
ii.,  ii:{u-su;!;'  iaii;:.,  iii.,  7iil. 


701 


r;44-(i!): 


i|lniai'(i;i,  v. 


•A.  .sec  T 


iiii''iin;ir(ia. 


I'ak.iilskv,  name  lor  Kai\iiii  .Mmiiit- 


i.,  lis. 
I 


ains, 

ikaiiia  l!i\cr,  i.,  ;!(I4. 


V: 

Takankdii,  i'liiinl 
14S. 


eel  >|iinl-lali<l.  III. 


Ti'ikocyck,      'i'lilinkect      laiid-sjiiiit, 

iii,,  I  IS,  .")|i;. 
Takdd  Inlet,  i.,  I  l.'i. 


•j'j 


Ikdd  liiver,  I. 


4:!. 


I'akdds  (I'akds),  trilic  (if  'riiliiikccts, 

i.,  ',II)-1I4;  Idcalidii,  i.,  !lii,   I  Hi. 
'I'aktik,   Ideality,  (iiialcmala,  i.,  7SS. 
'{'akiili.  i.,  I4.">,  sec  'I'aciillio. 
'I'a-Kiilli- Kiilcliin,    trilic   df    rinncli. 


i.,  Il4:i7 


dcalidii,  I. 


in. 


Talain,   (liiatcniala.  anlii{.,   iv.,    1,'tl. 
if   l>lliiniaiis,    i., 
7!S,   7il|;  s|ic- 
"iS,    7S4;  Ian-., 


il.'imancas,    tiilic 
717-s');  Ideal  inn,   i. 


incntidii,    I. 
■'.1;!. 


alai|iii 

i.,  .-.71 


idiis,    N.iiili    M( 


xicaii    till 


ill;  Idcalidii.  i.,  (il-J 


'i'.ilatiii,  <'cntrai  < ',ilif(iiiiiaii  trilic, 
i.,  ;{lil-4(ll;  Idcatidii,  i.,  4."i();  Ian;:., 
iii.,  (il'.l-,"ii). 

'I'alawas,  i.,  44."i.  see  'I'djcwiilis. 

'I'ala.xaiid,  Snulli  <  alifm  iiiaii  iiilie,  i. 


OJ-lii: 


Tal 


illdii,  i.,  4')'.l. 


can,  (  ciitral   ( 'alituriiiaii  I  nlic,  1. 

,•{111-4111;  Ideal  inn.  i.,  4."i.'{. 
Talclicdiiiics,     i.,     ."ills,     see    ^'aI(  lie 

diliics. 
Talelics,    Ccntial    < 'alii'diiiian    tiilic, 


I.,  .iii I 


nil; 


lealidii,  i.,  .'ill.'!,  4."i."t. 


Talkdtiiis  rralcdiins,  'j'aiiliii),  tiilio 
df  Tiniicli,  i..  Ill-  :<7:  Idcatimi,  i., 
ll."i,  I  Hi;  s|iciial  iiiciilidii.  i.,  l'-'.")!!. 

Tallai'citlds,    Idc 
fdiiiia,  i.,  4."i4. 


Iii\, 


Ceiilial    t'al 


■lies,  i.,  4.Vi, 


'i'i 


:d|. 


'I'alliielics  (Tallciicliesi,  Central  ('ali- 
fiii'iiiau  tiilie,  i.,  ;«il-4(li;  iocatidii, 
i.,  ."tli;!,  4.V>  Ii. 


Tall 


ii.ilccs,   tiilic  df   'I'lilinkccts,   i. 


•II  114;   Idcatidii.  i..  11.'!. 
Taltic.  Iiic;ilily,  ( iii,ileiiiiil;i,   i.,  7SS, 
Tiim.ica/ldlial,  N  icaiauna  ;m;:(d,  iii., 

4;i.'f. 
Taiiia,u:ast.  Nicara;jiia  |irie-l.  iii,,  l'.l.">. 
Taina'_:iislat    ('I'amjiudslai! ),     Nicaia- 


I'l 


;:iia  ;:ii(l,  111. 
il 


41111- 1. 


majalis,  1,,  .rj.i.  sec 
nialaiids,  i.,  4."r_',  s( 


N 


iiiiajaliH, 


Tdiiiali 


Tanialcs   irani;illii.    a    kiinl  nf  meat 
jiics,    i..    .'177,    li'-'tl.    li.V'i  4,  lilH;  ii  , 

:rn;,  liis,  7'-"J. 

'I'amalld-,  i.,  l.'i'J,  see  Tdiniilcs. 


IXDKX. 


Tainal>  (Taiiiiilcs,  Taiiialos),  i.,  4r)'2,  '  Taiinakntslii,    (rilic   of    Tiiiiiili, 


sec  rtiiiiali's. 
Taiiiaiiowas,    CliiiUKik    si)irit 


14 -.{T 


l.-.(i, 


loi'atiiiii,  I.,  147 
i.,  4'.t.   L'Tl,    'M.: 


il4,   (i. 


II.,  .■{(;;{■.■).  4.s(i, 


'i'aiiiatli.  ('Iiini>i)k  parailisc 
T. 


>1<.). 


iiiiaiili|ia  Mu/a,  locality,    laiiiaiUi- 
pas,  i.,  CI:!. 
'raiiiaiili|ia-*,  trilics  dcsciilicil,  i.,  (117- 
44;  loi'alioiiof  trilics,  i,.   .")71 
mi.  (;7I;  ii.,  II  1;  siMTial 


m. 


rial  liU'litloli 


(i-Jt.    Ci.'iL'.    (!.;.");   Ian;;.,    ill.,   7--'7, 
744,    ~'>'.),    77(i;   aiitin.,    iv.,    ()',t;{-7; 


Iiist. 


L'.'V.I. 


aiiiaiiliiii'cos 


1.,  .), 
iii. 


North  .Mexican  trilie, 
-'.tl ;  location,   i.,  (il.'t;  laiitf., 


44. 


ainaziila,  villauc 


Sinaloa.  i..  (iOl). 


'I' 


iiiia/ula| 


a.  Mi/tec  dialect,  iii.,  74',). 
•.,  71. 


f  ^Io>i[uilo>,   i..  71 1-47 
location,  i,,  7I.'>. 
Taiiilila,  IJoiicliifai^,  aiiti<|.,  iv.,  71.         Taiiaiaxiii,    a  ."-iiccics  of  animal,    ii. 
'rainliouiiiic,  i.,  '.II,  ll->,  I7(».  o'.lll. 

'ranicil.inc.  an  .\siatic  piiiice,  v.,  4(!.  ,  'rapalan,  locality,  (luatciiiala.  v., '214, 
Tainisscc  Kivcr,  'raniaiilipas,  aiitiij.,  |  'l'a|iali'4iii.  Nicai.iuna  title,  ii..  7401. 


Taiios,    I'lielild  \illa;;('  and  tiilie,   i., 

."i"_'()-.~iii;   location,  i.,  (idl. 
Taiitsant-Mtiiine,      name      for      Itecl- 

kiiives,  i.,   144. 
Taiit>a\\  liot-I)iiiiicli,    name   for  Co))- 

|icr  liicliaii^,  i.,   1 14. 
'I'aiiiili,  'I'lilan  kiii;r.  \..  004. 
'I'ao  Monnlaii 


aos 
trilie.    i. 


I.-,  I..   U>.\ 
Talios),     I'lielilo    villa:.:e    and 


.")•_'((  .")(!;    Idcat 


loll.     I..    -iL', 
.")'.i'.l-(l(lll;   lalij,'.,  ill.,  (isl:  aiJlic|.,  iv. 

out-."). 

ao.s,  irilu'   o 


IV.,  .')'.I4. 


Tanil 


iniiocuio( 

tr.il   ( 'alitorniaii 


ks  (^'anilocklocks).  ( 'e 


Tap; 


ac,  Soiiili  ( 'alil'oiiiian  tribe. 


i. ,  4ll"J-"_"_';   location,   i. 


trill! 


loiMt 


ion,  1.,  4.")0. 


;{(jl-4(tl;    'rapestry,  ii..  Uil,  44(».   IS4. 


I' 


ipir,  a       loil,  1.,  i-i ;  II 


Tanioaiiiliaii      (' "ciuoanclian),      liist  , 'I'apo,     South    Californian    ti 


ilie,     1. 


home  of    \i 
lS'.t-'.i7,  (l-M. 


iliua.s  111    ,\iiierica,   v., 


4l)-'--_''J;  location,  i..  4.V.t. 


i'amoli 


<  'eiitral  ( 'alil'oiiiian  trilie, 


fiil-lUl;   locati 


10:1  and  name,  i. 


4.'i(;. 
'amiiico,  lain 


Tan 


lip   I'ali-i 


tes,   trilie  of  Shoshone.- 


ra|itiil  KIm 


.•fl 


U'.l. 


Tarai 
411:1 
T 


iti,  N 


icarauna   aii.uc 


HI. 


IIJICOIIC' 


."I'.ll,  see  r'araoiies. 


4 •_'•_'  42;   locatiiMi,  1.,  4ti'4. 


ramuli.   t^'uiclK'  iniiicely   t'amily,   i., 
7><'.';  \.,  0  Hi  ."»(!,   olid,    'M'2,  odo,  ."iSS- 


",l.  .v.i-j 


1); 


in. 


147 


14 


(,    see    leliali    l\iit 


'i'ai 


iai|iuapenie: 


, North  Mexican  Irili 


T,-naliiini,ira  (Taraiimarai,  district  of 
Cliilinaliii.i,   i..  (i(l,^-'.^. 

Taraliiimare>  I  raialiiiniiirasK  North 
.Mexican  trilie,  i.,  .")7I-'.U;  location 
i'lid  name,   i.,    ")72,    (Klll-ld;  special 


iiicniioii,  1.,  .1 


■4-S. 


.I.S'J 


".SS.  .I'.KI 


III' 


1; 
1.1. 

araicli 


iii.,  ()().")-7,  li72.  (i7S,  7iit!,  7I(»- 


i  CI" 


iraitzi),  \illa,L:(',   Sinaloa, 


i..  (1(11,  (lit'.l. 


i.,  .■|71-'.'I ;  locatioi 


I.  I.,  (i 


Taiicah  (Taiicaj),   locality,  \'ticalan, 

v.,  (12';. 
Taiichi,  \'iicataii,  aiitii|,,  i\-..  211. 
'i'anel.i,    localitv,    I'anaiiKi    l-iliiiii;s, 


(•> 


'aiK'l/.c,  localitv,  (tajacii,  i.,  (17'.). 


aiiuaxoaii 
.■.21. 
'aii:.;axoiiii 


I.,  Ti 


irasco  kiiiLC,  v.,  ."iKl, 


II.,    Tl 


.r2.>  (1. 


T: 


it-sa,  i,.  i:!2.  see  T 


eiiL'ial.sev. 


Taii;:iniaroa     (Tajimaioa,    Tlaxiimil- 


Tarapcclia       ( 'lianliori.       Chicliiniee 

W  anacace  chief,  v..  .".IS. 
Taian'iiia,    localil\,    (liilniiihiia,    !., 

(i(M». 
Taras,  T;ir;iscos  l;(m1,  iii.,   411.''.   Hii. 


arascos  (.M  iclic)acai|iie 
tioii,    i.,   (117-44;  ii.. 


-1,  Nal 


i-(;2;t;  1. 


iiin  na- 


ica- 


tion, 


()i(i;    special    ineiitioii,    1. 


(12.'1,  (12."i,   tllll,   (140,  (li:!;   ii.,    |(I7-S, 

i;m,  140-1,  214-1.1,  22'.t,  :i.".:f.  .•(ii.">-s, 


.•171-2,   407-.S,   41 


4."..s!t.  47:1. 


4',I0,  .")2l-2,   (Kill,   (;r.t22,    (12."">,    (12!l; 


o\aii).    citv. 


.M 


K'lioacaii, 


4:i4, 


Tank 


■e  i;eser\  oils. 

e,  \'iicataii,  ani  in.,  iv. 


IllNtll.,    III.,    (1(1 
v.",    1:!;  lan; 
fiOS;    hist., 
,')(IS-2(!. 


111. 


40:!.    41." 
.    7.'!7 


141 


14-7 


;io7-io, 


4;!4-: 


Tar 


iiimara,  1.,  (lOS.  see 
laciiii,  'I'aiasco  kiii^ 


Taial 


niniara. 
■)22-4. 


T 


ll'l  L'MnUI, 


M 


irlmacaii  ruler,  v..  .)|  / 


IXDKX. 


768 


20:     iii.,     inO-l; 


'laniiii  <  liiiiiilido,    localiiN,    Micliua-        Hsl-'J,  ."iT"). 


fan.  v..  .■)•_';», 
'ar|iiiiii,  a  lisli, 
'anil,    localitv, 

i.,  4.-..-). 


■1!». 


'ra\li|>ii,  Siiiilli  ('alifiiiiiiaii  tiilir,  i. 


4U-2-2-2: 


il  inn.  i..  iM 


(t'litial    California,    'I'ava^al.  (iiialiiiiala,  .iMtiij..  iv.,  \'.V.\. 
Taxauli,  a  'I't'iianci'  |irinfc.  \. ,  .■{S4-.">. 


Tar^lii>li,  Icicatimi  of,  v..  (!4-."). 
'i'arlars,   Anicriran  ori,L;in-tr.n'('s,   v., 

."i4. 
Tasliluiantas.  Nortli(  "aliforniaii  trilio, 

i..  :!L'r.-t;i;  l.nalion,  i.,  44."). 
Ta-li    lies   ('ia>li    \\ilasl,    trilic   of 


T 


Shoshoni 
4(i!,  470. 
:l<-'ajo,  I 


4-J-J-IJ:  location,   i. 


Iric.l 


Ta>M'ls,  i.,   (I'.il: 


nu'at,  i..  t)!i.">. 


II. 


:«i(i' 


:wx  40.S, 


Tavlor   IVak    .Monnlaiii,  iii.,  S(J;  v. 
14. 


Tavs,  i.,  \\n. 


M'f      I  VfC. 


T: 


Mi/t. 


L'07;  v.,  .") 
Taywali.  i., 
'I'av-\van;;li. 


i>;li-l) 


ri.'st, 


(lOl,    .SCO 

iii.,  071, 


Tfj;iia. 


i-cc  I  cLriift. 


40.'>:  iii.,  :<(!!»,  ;{S.'.,  4()7-l'; 


Tata^nas,  i.,  4.">S,  see  l,a;,'iiiias. 


Tat 


i\  ai',  (.liiiclu'  iinni'c,  \ . ,  .'ill 


Tatcl 


It',  Soiitii  (  alitornia,  lani 


(mO-S. 
'I'.iti'nia,  'I'araiiiiniarc  fooil, 


Tall 


■  Knt- 


iilshi  (C 
li),    Irilic    o 


f     l 


1.,     ■>!    I. 

I'oii,  Tial- 
inni'li,    i., 


i;i7;  loraliiiii,  i..  147 


'I'al  iinolo.  iii. 


'!•  Naolinp 


Tallil-Knlciiin  i  I't'cl  Itixcr   linlians) 


in  111'  ( 


if    'I'l 


•li,    i.,    Ill 


tlOII, 

]-21> 


!.,    IK 


Talonrhc.  ti 


i;  s|M'i'i,'il   int'iitioli,    1. 
iii.,  .'iSO. 
'  of  Soiiiiil  Indians,  i. 


■iilS-'J'J;  location. 


illj 


'J'afi|iiintc,  ('cnli-.il  ( 'aliforniaii  trilic 


i..  .•{i;i-4()l; 


aiioii,  1.,  1." 


Tatshi.inlin,  trilic  of  Tinncli,  i.,  114- 


a/.i,  111.,  .'t.'iO, 


u/,  town, 
lionc: 


Tcatl 
Tclial: 


cc  Tctcioiian. 
Thiscala,  v.,  4'.IS. 


iTclioloN 


olllsl, 


Central 


Calilorniaii  triiic,  i.,  ;i(il-40l;  loca- 
tion, i.,  4."i:{. 


Tchciiicl,. 


:!u;i 


Chcli 


Tcliiloiiiis  (Tcliclonii>i,  t 


riiic  o 
i.,  '_'■_' J -.")t I;  local  ion,  i. 


f  Chi 

.'too 


T. 


•.i-20. 

liiikitanc,  i.,  0." 


cliinoiik     I  Tclii-nnki,    i. 


Iilinkccts. 
.'i<M,    si'c 


(  iiinoii 


Tclii|iantcliicklcliicks.     Inlaml      Co- 
Inniliian  liilic,  i.,  '.'."lO-'.M  ;  loc.ition, 

i.,  :{lmi. 

Tchokovcnis,      Cciilral      Calitorniaii 


trilic, 


;{lil-4l)l;  location,  i..  4411. 


.'17;  location,  i.,  141 


Tcliololahs  ll'.al.l  Hill  InOians), 
Norlli  Califoiiiiaii  trilic,  i.,  ,'!'_'ii-OI; 
local  ion,  i.,  44li. 

'I'rliolooncs,  Ccnlial  ( 'alifrrniaii 
trilii'.    i.,  ,'itil-4lll  ;   location,   i.,  4."i.'{. 

Tcllolo\  onis,   i.,  .'Ki."!,   sec 


Tatt 


ooiiil;' 


II  viierlii 


i.,  4S,  7'-',  I  T 


cliiit;alclilli. 


l.'i'.l 


117,  li'7;  <'o|iinili 


i..    I.V.i.  I,s.',  '  Tclint>ki,  i.,  l.';0. 


Tclialal  one^ 
I'c  ( 'liii-at:  clic; 
Tscliiikl^clii. 


ikiiaeit/icai),  Coia 


'Jl(t-ll,   -Jl".!,  •_'.")7:    Calilornians,    i.,    Tcaciiaeil/.ica  (Te.il' 
;{:!.'-;{,  .•!I7.  :iO'.l-71,    104,    l'J4:  New!      ilialcct,  iii.,  710,  7'.M. 
Mexicans,  i..  4S(),    IH.'t,   ."i;i.>.:{,  .'i.-|'.).  '  Teakiiaeit/i/li.  North  .\le\ii  an  tri 


r)74-."i;  Mi'xicaiis,  i.,  (i_'.'{,  (i.'il;  ii., 
.'{71;  Central  Americans,  i.,  (i'.M--. 
71017,  7"i.'i;  ii.,  li'il,  7ol,  7.'i.'>,  741. 
ana^ 'o,  i..  (171 ,  ~ee  'l'.-ilia'^''o. 


I.,  •>< 


I -ill; 


alion,  I.,  d" 


Tealas,  North  Mexican  trihi 


ill;  hicatio 


()07 


Teati 


•J'.IS,  see  Tcet;- 


1_'0-."i(i 


I'llelilo  \  illa;:e  .'inil   tri 
ation,  i..  Ooii. 


Teallaliniani,    iii.,   4IS, 


:i- 


Te/cat- 


/oncat  I 


'i' 


:iiile{ia.  ( liiatcnialanilialei'l  .in. ,7 


rOO.     Teal 


Taiiro,  Sinaloa  dialect,  iii.,  7li7 


/Cllll 

,,  4C 


lia,   name    for   Najiatccntli 


Tantiii,  i. 
Ta\oiinii, 
'I'aw  iilenii 


r 


ilUoi  ins 


iisonoiis  li>h, 


ousei-jemnie: 


Tea  vain  ii|ni,  v.,  4  I,  see  Teo\  aoinii|ile, 

Teliacas,    North    .Mexic.in    liilic,    i. 

."wMH ;  location,  i..  Oil;  lani,.,  iii. 


1( 


miii'si,  ( 'eiitral  ( 'alilornian  tnlie 


i.,  .'iOI  -  ml ;  loc.'iiion,  i.,  4".0;  liin;^.,    Tclicihvas    (Sun  liunlci.-i,     tri 


III. 


04!t. 
il,  M 


ava|i;in 


lonl. 


Slio-~iio|ies,   i.,   !•_'•_'•  I'J;   location,    i. 

nil. 


lociliu,    (Incrrcro,    ii.,    .'is-J,    Tccali,  a  traiis|iarcnt   sloiic,   ii.,  101, 


axe-^,    I. 
•-Ml  0, 


Mil,    O.'iO, 


7ti;    II. 


"i,"i7,  ."17:!. 

rccam.'ich.ilco 


(1 


ec|iaiiiac!ialc(.), 


.'ls,s,    401,    O.'iO,    04: 


low  n,  <  iiieircro,  1,,  0' 


0 


rci 


INDKX. 


'rcriir'-iinis,  Norlli  Mcxii'aii  lril)i 


itzin,    a   N;il'.ii;itliii'ii    cliicf,    v. 


T, 


Villi. 


aliiiii,  I.,  f;i)<). 
V,  i.,  -l.'tH. 


'I'l'iiiN :i;,'iiis,  Ndrtli  Mc\ii',iii  trilic, 
i.,  r»7  I  'M  ;  lipcaiicpii.  i..  fiOT. 

Ti'i-iiMiliiiat/iii,  loi'il  of  ilii('.\i>t/.iiii-(i, 
v.,  .'•)()4. 

Tccavas,    Nmlli    Mcvicaii    Irilic,    i.. 


<  r|i;i\(Mail,     slatiiill, 


A /I 


(.'!•    iiii;;rii- 


liiiii,  y. 


i--':{-4. 


rcpax  lira,  Ntatloii, 


A/t 


I'C  lMl;:i:illiiil, 


v..  ;!■_';!. 

(•i'|Mivn 

v.,  :\\:>. 


iliili 


Ti.lt 


CI'       IKlllll 


III.' 


■|-'.ll; 


III. Ill,  I.,  (il4. 


'!".'c|Hi\  nil,  a  .•.iiirt  .ri.'f,  ii.,   I.'!!) 


'r.M'.alli,    all  t'litail   in    'I'ias.'ala,    ii.,    'rci'iialin.-s,    N.iitli  .Mi'xiiaii  triii.',  i. 


'l-^'X 


.".71 -id;    1; 


U'Z..    III. 


,•-'0. 


Hi,  N 


lima  ti'iiiplc.  ii.,  "tS."). 


'r.'.'i 


i.'Uiiai'lialc.i, 


1.,  Ii7'.). 


r. 


Iial. 


li-.'ii.'ii'icitiliiiatll,  a  .'.iiii't  iiiaiill.',  ii. 
r.'.iicxi.'.illi,  iii-ic^l':.  .Irc-s,  ii.,  ;tl.">. 


'l'('.lii-al.'|i.M',    slali.iii,    .\zt.'c    iiii;,'ra-    'IV.mi.vm's  (  Tc jiicinc,  Tciiicxi's),  <  cii 


tl.lll,    V. 


:f.':t. 


tral 


.M. 


tiilic,    i.,  (;I7-I4; 


.■I'll. 


alillaii,    stati.iii,    ,\/tc.'    iiii'T; 


call. Ill,  I.,  (i 


aii;r..  III..    I 


l!l. 


li.iii,  v.,  .•(•_':i-4. 


'r.'i'lii'all,  .sail.'.!  Mictc.iritc,  iii.,'24M. 
'I'.'.lii.liis,  .M.'\i.'aii  (l.iL^s,  ii.,  7-1. 
'rt'i-liiiil  (I'.'.linllal.i,  'rcclLilialat/inl 


'r.'i'iilitlai'iiili. It/ill,  l.ii'.l  .if  .A.'.iliiiaii, 

v.,  M'X 
Tci-iiiilli,    Naliiia    lillc,    ii.,    I'M  'Jdd, 

4:{7. 


( 'liiiliiiiii'.'    kin;,',    ii.,    lys-'.lj;    v.,    'I'c.'iii.-lic,     Ciiinra.l.i     KImt    .liali'.t. 


;!,!.■.,   :{i: 


:t;;ii 


-,S-2; 


I. It'll    iif        iii.,  liMi 


l/t 


i|iala|iaii.  v. 


4 :{'.». 


itlala  (  l.'clinilalal/.iii) 
'r.'.iii.li. 


■Ml 


'I'c.'niiliuil/iiilli         ('ri'iiiiiliiiiiuiii  lii 


N.iliiia  nil,  ii..  :{•_'."),  X>-2.  ."liu. 


'r.'.Miat.';,'a,  l.iwn,  Nifar.iu'iia.  ii..7l'<. 

'rcriiliitlaii,    aiii'ifiil     iiaiiic    .if     \'cra    Tcciiitlatl,  Naliiia  f.i.iil, 


('.•nilif.'atl,  an 
.•{77 -S. 


A.'.ill 


ma  in'iiii'i'. 


:{.".( i. 


I' 


,  -.iV. 
.M. 


\i.'(i,  ani! 


IV.,  ."iK;. 


'I.Tiiiiial  I,  .1  .M.'xi.an  iii|i,  ii.,   ISt. 
'I'l'niniii',  a  .Mi'xii'aii  iliirf,  v.,  :{t7. 


'I'ci-nin,  <,iiiiilir 


Mi. 


ll.Cd'J. 


'I'l 


I'll 


ijiali.'.'s. 


'I'c.'imilialani,  (,liii('lii'  ni\  liiic  animal, 

iii.,  47. 
'rc.'iini  rniani,  (,liii.lit''  kiiiL;,  \.,  ."idli. 


'rfc.i.xc|iii;l,  (,>iii.li.''  niniitii,  ii.,  7li'i.    ! 'rciiiliatiii|iic.  Naliiia  1  illi-,  ii..   \'. 


.•.•.ixin.'s,  i.,  ()77,  ^*i'i'   ria|ian('is 


ilmill. 


ii..  4.S7 


('riiaii,    liiwii,    ( iii.'i  Tcr.i,    I.,  H~S\  a 
( iiiiliinic.' ilii.'f,    \-.,    '2'y.i;  sialimi. 


'l'('cii/i>if.atl  ('i'f/ni.i/lfcal  1 1,  Naliiia 

-imI,  iii.,  (fj. 
'rcilfx.'nns,    Ntirtli  .M.'xi.an  tiilic,  i.. 


CI 


il.lillii.'C      liii.i,'l;ill.iii,      V. 


!I4:      I 


.■>7I-!»I: 
cfswin, 


l.i.'aliiiii. 


i;i: 

k 


ia<  lie  (ll'iiiK,  I. ,  .il  / 


thiitcn   Irilics   ..f,    lii,>t.,    v.,    .-»4(i,    'IVctli,  i.,  4(i,  ill,  117,    l."'S,    Jii.'J,    177, 


".i;;t. 


•j-_'.'.,  '_'i4,  -J.").'!  (i.  :f;i:t-4,  .•iiii-.".,  .''..'{(i. 


T<M'|iaii   .\lillaii,   (Hiat.iiiala,   ;iiilii|.,  !      .ViS,  (ilit,  (;•_'-'.  (;i7,    <!.")!,    7ttl,    711, 


1-JI. 


ociiaii. ■all/Ill, 


T.ill 
iiaini'  f.ii'  1 1  u.'iiia.' 
■|ian('i-s,  iii.,  T'J  t. 
'liani'Mii.'-^,   ii.,  .'iii< 


('.•  Kill'',    V. 


•J(;.'.-(i 


II. 


•_'i; 


M'l'   I  I'lianc.'.'^. 


I.),   si'c    I  .'iianrt's. 


'I 

T. 

'I'. 

'i'.'r|iaii  ( iiial.'inala  |'l'i'('|iaii;:iial. 'ma- 
la), liiuii,  ( Iiial.'iiiala,  i.,  7MI;  liist., 
\. ,  ■)77. 

'rt'i'|ian|i. Hill. lilt!    ('!".'. '|iaiil!a.a|,    I'al- 


"il>,    ,.VJ.    ,, 


I;    ii.,  .•i7i- 


O-.M, 


.•{I- 


iii..  ;{•.',"),  :iiis. 


ill'.'    IM'Ulll.',     II. 


.'•.'4. 


Ti'('l>  (llailliiis,'IVal.'>i,liil>f<if  N.i.il- 
kas,  i.,  174-L'(IS;  l.i.'alinn,  i.,  17"', 
'JitS;  N|i.'.ial  nicnliiiii,  i.,  ls.">.  liU, 
•JdS. 

TfLrna  (Tavwali,  'ray-\\aii;_'li.  '!'.'. |iia, 
'ri;.'iia),  I'll. 1)1. 1  \iila;:.'  au.j  liili.', 
],,  .VJli  ."id;  l.i.ali.iii,  i.,  (Jdd;  lali;:., 
iii.,  (;7i,   (i7.'{,  ilSl-.S. 


'r.'i'|iaiillalli,  i'ala.'.'  lands,  ii.,  'J'_'4.  rrcL'iia.'ii,    ii.iii.liir.is,   lan<,'.,   iii.,  7'^.'!. 
'I'i'i'|iai('|u'.',  slali.iii,    ( 'lii.liini.'c    mi- | 'l'i'j;iiaiit('|i.'inii',  i.,  ()7'.l,  ^c^  'Icliiian- 

;^ialiiin,  v.,  '2'M.  \      li'|p('.'. 

'!".  r|ialillaii,  i..  (i7'J.  sec  'I'cp.ii  illaii.  | 'r(';.'uii;,'al|ia  ('l'a;,'iiz;.'al|ia|,  a  ilisliirt 


T. 


Ill,     Nail 


la    .la\,  II. 


(if    ll.iiiiiura- 


rud. 


i  1(1-1 


. ;    II 


i,,  ."i7-S;    lull!  iif  .Vt.il.in- 


:ilit. 


('.■pallaii,  t.iwii,  (liiapa^,  i.,  (kS'J 


iii..  7iid;  ant  ii|..   i\ .,  7d. 
'r.'ji'i.'.'ii,  i.nvn,  Siiii.iia,   i.,  (id.S. 
'rc-iu'.'ti  l!i\t'r,  i.,  ()d7. 


76S 


INDF.X. 


'J'l'iiiidc  of  tlir  r.caii  Itcliff,  <'liia|iiis,  j 'ri-micktt.-iu,  tiilicof  Nmiika^-.  i  ,  171- 


aiilii 


:i-j,s-:«». 


•_'(IK;   liH-aliiili,  i.,  l'!!."!. 


'rniiplr  (if  till' (  loss,  ('liia|ia>,  aiilic|..    'rrnaiiniM  li,  iluiiir   Imuk   of  'I'lijti'cs, 


.■{.•«I-S. 


•r.l. 


'rfin|plc  iif  Mil'  Sun,  ('liiajias,  aiili"|.,    Triilial,  N  iiaia;,'iia  iiiiils,  iii.,   I'.t."!, 

'rfiiraiiuitl,    il  .••|ifrics    iif     pilrli, 


iv.,  .TIS  M. 
ri'Mipli'of  tlicllirt'c  Talilcts,  I'll 
aii(ii|.,  i\.,  .'{_:{- 


I  pi 


•inplr: 


Cnl 


iiiiiliialis,    I. 


I <;.-.;   Call-'  T, 


'I'l'iiralli,  Naliiia  lriii|il('.  ii. 


Ili.'l 


ir,    Mlla;;r, 


.lali-.' 
.lali> 


i.,  <;?.». 


IK,     1.,    (l 


fiiniiaiis,     i.,     Ut'),      Kl'.t;    Mi'xicaii^^,     'rnirallillaii,  \  ilia 

ii.,    •-'II,    -J-JT-H,   ;!:t-J  ;{,    lll-i:.,  .V.l,    'riuiliia|.aii.    tuwn,    Cliiaiia^,    i.,ti.Sl. 

.")(;(»,  .■")7 1  IS! »,    (;i:t;  iii.,    I'.I'J,    •.'.V.MIO,    'rco-riiiiliiniccN,    Naima     iiali i., 


.>7>>       on.l 


»•_•■»,   •i:{(»  I.    -j.-t:  s. 


•UTS;      (117- M;   ii.,  i:t:{-t;-.".i;   h 


xaliiiii,    II. 


aiitii 


iv. 


!'.».S-:t,VJ.    .Til  S-l,     :f!»l-         ll'-'-i;i;    NiuTial    111.  nil. Ill, 


i-'(».  i;!i,  .vji-i'.i.  ,-.71-: 


i'.»L'-;(;  lii--l. 


.V.C.,  (ll'.l;  iiixlii.,  iii.,   llC!;  hi^l..  \ 


.S(l,  •-Mi:.,    ■((»'.»,   ■(•.'•_',    ll'd,    -l.TS -10, 


.•{.•{I  I 


•17S;  Cfiilial    .\ 


iiicri.'.'iiis,   I. 


:m 


T. 


ll>i 


IS7,  1117. 
■Iii,  Niliiia  N..ali.  iii..  (IC,  CS. 


ii.,    (117.    7'S7!*>;    iii..    477.     4."^.'{  t.  i 'rf.i.iiitla|i.i|i.p.-ai/iii.  L.r.l  .if  (  ii.l  la\- 
•r.ll,     I'.lit;    jiiitiii.,    iv.,    •.'7-.S,    S-J-',l;  1      <'.>liiia|.aii.   v.,  :M!I. 


ll.-(  1(1,   i:t(I-7,  1  i:i  4,  l.")4'.'N."»;   I'cni,    'rci.-Ciilliiiaiaii  ('rci-CillHiaiaii. 'i'.ii- 


aiili.j.,  IV 


•I". 


itlar,     I 


'.1(1,  ,S(M». 
iMiilil  V, 


.'iilliiia.aii),    stali.iii,    .V/tci'   m 


All 


Iniii.  I.,  (IK),  (17(1;    \. 


.■{■j:i. 


:{7H. 


'r.'iianiit.'.',  I.i.'.'ilil V,  Mcxi 


:»i4. 


ciiaiiiiiiia 


/.*-/. 


il 


on. Unas,  aiiti.j.,  iv.,  / 1 


I'iilt; 


A. •oil 


ma    Kill'',    v., 


.•{;{;i-.-.. 

'rcnaiiclics.  sick  nurses,  i.,  ■'"•Ml. 
'r.ii.'in.'.i,  l.i.aiily,  Mcxi.-.i,  v.,  '-'SO. 
Tcnaii  Kiiti'liin  (Tananalis,   (It-ii.s  iIc 


Mult. 


In  lie 


if   'I'i 


114- 


I ;   liiia 


lion,  i.,  1 1.-|.  nil,   147;  spi 


I'lal  iiii'iili.iii 


i.,  I  •-•7,  VM--2. 


i.,  47:«- 


'I'.'uaw.is,   Irilif  of   .\|iaclii 

."(•_'(l;  loi^alioii,  i..   I7lt. 
'r.'ii.iv  ii.'.in.  .'ilv.  M.'\i.'.i.  ii.,  104;  v. 

■Jicj,  •J'.i.'.,  :{ir-i-_>,  .•{•-'0,  :!;f2-."). 

'I'l'iiavina.  scriiciit-sv  niliols,  iii.,  1117 


.•ll('\ol/lll, 


■11 


ala.  aiilH 


477. 


'I't'iii'/,  1..  (ISI,  St'.'  (  liinaiid'i 


I  .'ii;:i'als.'y 

li'iiial  iiaiii.'. 
I'i'iiiiiii's.  i. ,  (i' 


1': 


iii:.'s 
i..'l;!'J 


ilsaK    Kiil.li 


I'.'.il 


ii.'|ial|iaii.    sii|ii'i'ii:>'    tiiiiuiia 
'I'.'/,  lie. I.  ii..  440. 


1    at 


T.'ol 


ma.  an.   town.   ( lajaia.   i..  i<~'.y 
.1     .if    (,)iiialiiii 


I  coliiiavaial/iii,    loi 

llan,  v.,  .■|0:t. 
'I'c.iliiii/.naliiia.',    stall. ui,    ('lii.liini 

nii;^i'alioii,  \..  'J  TJ,  4.S7. 
'r.'.ii.|ialli,  a  sa.r.'.l   li.i\. 


iii.,  .'Kin. 


a-\\ilk,     naiiK'    for    lliiiiiliol.lt 


r>av  In. Hans, 


.'{•J 


44(1. 


Tciloii 
.-inliii 


ii^^.i,  r.icUiii;;  stoli.'.' 
I.,  iv.,  4:!1. 


ra  (  III/, 


'I'.'.iiiaiia.  .'.tl,   il  kiii.l    .if 


ii,,  .•iilO. 


'r<'.i| 


lan,   il   <|iiai't.'r   . 


if    M 


niiislinioii 


.•M.'o    cilv, 


ilso  t.'iuiil.'  jila..',   ii.,  .-|(i;t,  ,"17(1;  v. 


4 '.!(». 
'r<'.i|iiitli,  divine  im.'t  i 


III,  II. ,  (101 ;  ill. 


4;t.".. 


eoliix.ii.    I.I. 


v 


iijiiine.'s. 


eni.iiii  .lie.  South  (  ajiiornia,  laii;,' 
iii.,  (ISd. 

C'lilriil  ( 'alifoniiaii   Irilii 


enisi.'hs, 
i.,  ,'1(11-101:  lociilion. 


4.'.il, 


'rcniiess.'e,  Mis,sissi|)|ii  \;illey,  iinti.|. 


I  (1(1 


7t), 


■jility,   <'liia)ias 


i|iix.|iii,  .inler  ot     |ii'i.>ts,   ii, 


(104. 

'Jd'J. 


liiiii  saeraiiieiil.  in.,  ^UIO 


I 

T. 
reo.|nal.i, 

.•{!.■.. 
'r.'o.|nauteiie.',  v..  .'tl'.t.  se.'  'r.liiiiint.'- 

.,>"'■■.    ,  .. 

I'e.il  liil.'li.'.    Nii';n;i^'ii:i  ;;.i.l,  iii..    ('.••J. 

'I'.'.il.'.'iililii.     Naliii 


'-'(»'_';  ill.,  4: 


i;;li  |in.'st,    II. 


'r.'.il.'iiiin.'iis,  tiiln'of  Niilmas,  v.,  'JSO. 
'r.'ol. 


« leiini'Mia  "o.N,  in. 


'rciioi'lililliin,  .'ilv,   Alexie.i.   ii.,  414, 

.'>:>!»;    v.,   ;{4.'{-(l,' 4'JO-l,    s.'.'   .Mexi.'.i 

lily.  I'r.'ot.'tl,  name  for  .ilisi.liiui,  iii,,  'JUS. 

'r.'iip.'imy   I'talis  (lies),  i.,  4(l.'t,  470,    'reoli,     I'ipile    eliief    or    jionlill',     ii. 


.'.'    I  lliilii'liii;;'iieli\iis. 


(!4S;  iii.,  4S!I. 


'rt'iil.'li.  Niiliuii  iii.iutli-st.ine,  ii.,404,    'r.'olilii 

(114. 
'reniiiii,  N.ivajo  trihal  naine,  i,.  474." 


eiini'li 


(1 


".I 
enii. 'Ill/in 


.Mexi 


Cilll 


iiii'f.  v..  'j'j;!.  .'U."!  (1.  ;{.->(!, 


la.'iin.    ei 


Iv,    M 


exit'. I,    ii.,  1 14, 


411,  (il.'i;   iii..  1S7;  anlii|,,  i\.,   ."iL'O- 


44; 


'."(-(i:  liisi.,  v.,  I'.io-'J,  i.>o:{. 


'J.'tS-!t,  '.'IS,  '_',S|-S4,  .'{'.I,".. 
Teotilai',  t 'lii;i[iiis,  iinli.i.,  iv.,  .'t."i;J, 


iM»i:x. 


Tcoli'laii  (Tciilitl.in),   town,   Oajata, 

i.,  (WO- 1;  liisl.,  v.,  4\\. 
Tc.itl,    N.iliiia   ;;ihI,    iii.,    ll(»,    Ih.'til, 

I '.I.I. 
'I'coilarlico,     liicalitv,     Mcxiiii,     iii., 

•_".ts. 

'I'ciilla  < 'oiIiipmIio,    station,   'I'l'D-t  hi- 


l'c|M'aca,     I'lii'lila,    aii;ii|,,    i\.,    M\~ ; 


liiM 


v.,  4-_'o,  I'.Mt.  i'.i.>.  r,i»t. 


riiiijicr  nii;;i'.illiiii,  v. 


:i-J,  i<, 


'rcKllal.ilr-Mal  la\  a-'r<'|ii'\a,  iiaiiit'  I'ui 

'roriacalciitli'.  iii..   P.M. 
Tf<.tlal|.aii,  \allfy,  'I'lasrala,  v..  IlKS. 
'I'l-iitli'i'd,    Naliiia    iiiDiitli, 

-.lt». 
'I'ciildst,   iii.,    t'.t'J,  ^•('(•  TiinIc 


.•(.•{•-•-J. 


Tc-uty 


;i|Millaii,  liiwti,   Oajara,    i.,  (iT'.l; 


liisl.,  v.,  ;{■_'»,  4I(!,  .VtOI. 
'rt'iixculiiialcii,     tdwii,     Ml 

4 1 -J. 
'J'fDxiliiiill,    N'aliiia    (liv; 


'!"( 


:«(l»;  iii.,    |-_".t. 

CI 


<'iiva<iiiiii|iii-  I  I  cavaiiiniiii,    Icityan- 


in!   vcar,   ii. 


liiiiii).    .N 


lima  ;i<>i|il) 


iii.,    Iss, 


;v.i7-tHii,  .-,i;{;    v.,  41;  .Mcxi 


til 


ilv 


IViivaiillatiiliiia,     Naliiia     ;^i>il,     iii. 
TiM/uinai'o,  station, 


.\/.t 


CI'  iiii'_rialion, 


:f.'4. 


'J't'|(ai:iics  ('rc|ialiii('s),    Nmlli    Mexi- 


can  tl'lllC,     1. 


■1-ill; 


loralnili,    I. 


(i((i),  (;|(I;  s|ic<-ial  ini'iitioii,    i.,   581; 


Ml.,    ,((,. 


(■|iah|>ai'a 


Traallati 


■foiN; 


ti'i'iii  Ii,  iii.,   1 1; 


'l'iMiaiial>a/,  ( Jiiatciiialaii  ilniin,  i.,  T'l."). 


ii'ainloii    (Iniiii,    i. 


'l\'|iaiiaiiiiasli',    I, 

'J'i'liaiici'.i,   station,  .\zt('c   iiiiL,'iatioii, 

v..  .•!-•;!. 
'rt'|>aiici'a|iiin,    a    waid    of    '\\'/.c\iiii 

city,  v..   1(11. 
Tcpaiicca  'rc!iililli,  'rcp.iiicc  iiii|pciial 


title,  v.,  :{'.i(; 


Tc,.; 


■|'i 


Nal 


ccipaiici's,     1  cc|i;ilicc|iic^l. 


ma  nation. 


(117   II;  ii.,    l: 


fi'.".(;     location    ami    name,    i  ,    (i7.">: 
ii.,     I.'tll;  s|ieci,i|    ineiilion.    ii.,    !f_', 
.•{.•{(1-1,    :tli.'..    Il:{;    Ian-,    iii.,    7--'4-.->; 
hist.,  v.,  ;{(I7-I.S-.'. 
rcjianoava,     ioialilv 

•j.-i;t. 


.M 


e\ico.      III. 


'rc|>aiileoliiiat/.in.    oiclcr     of    |iiiesl? 

ii..  '-'OJ;  iii.,  4:{:t. 
're|pantlatoani,    Naliiia    lawveis,    ii. 

■i44. 
"l  cpapavecai 


I,     station,     'rco-CJiiclii 


nice  im;.'ration,  v.,  4S!1. 
'rc|ialec.  locality.  Mexico,  v.,   ;{7'). 
Tepatillaii    ('rec|i;itillanl,    town,  Ju- 


li 


()7^-';  until 


u<. 


Teliecaiios,  Centiai  .Mcxiiaii  tlilie, 
i.,  Iii7-4I;  special  liiention,  i.,  (i'JS; 
Ian- ,  iii.,  7I'.». 

Ti'piclipan,  Nalma  title,  ii.,  4H. 
epecoaclliico  I  repcciiaciiiliol,  low  li. 


r. 


( iiieircro,  i.,  ()• 


mill 


i\.,  4-'4. 


'I'epelmaiies,    Noitli     .Mexican    tiil 


r)7-.'.  c.i;)-!  I; 


location    ami    iiaitie,    i. 
lei'ial    iiicnlion.     i. 


T' 


(>7S,  7t>tl,  7n 


V.Mt; 


ail' 


111..  <)(ii,  () 


pciai',  tow  II,  ( (aj.ica,  i.,  i',~'.). 


Tepeillmitl,    N'aliiia   inoiitli,    ii.,   .■);il. 


T, 


III.,  .•m:). 

pejacac,  V. 


.•i->:t. 


ee    lepe\acac 


Tepeiiiaxalco,  ciiv,    .Matlall/ii 

4. •{.•!. 
'rejieliec,    station,    CI 


iiclilliiec   nil-ia- 


lloll,    V. 


M_',  \s; 


'I'epepiil,  (j>uiclii'    kill-,    v.,  ."ifid,    TiHI, 

.>s;i. 

'repepii!  11. ,  (,iiiictii''  kin-,  v.,  ."i!)4. 
epepiiico,    station,     (  liicliimi'c    nii- 


Ti 


;iatioii,    V. 
:as,  47(i 


•-".14;     town,     .Mcxi 


Tepeticpac   (  Texcalt  icpaii,   a  iinaiter 

of  'I'lascala   citv,    ii.,    41-';  v.,   liKl- 

4;t.S,  .■.().•{. 
'I'ep<'lla,    station,    Toltec    ini-i'at ion, 

v..  ■Jt\X 
'i'epetlao/toc,    town,  .Me\i(o,  ii.,    Ill; 

v.,  .•{I7,  4;i7. 
'repetlapali   (  Tcpetlapa),   slalioii,  .\/.- 

tec  liil-iatioii,  v..  .■{•-'4. 
Telictoca,   iocalilv,   .Mexico,  iii.,  'JJtH. 


'{'(■pel 


/.ili-o,  locali 


itv,  M( 


iii..;{;f{. 


Ti 


epeiili  I  I  epeii).  name  lor  ( iiicnmat/, 


:i(i-i; 


47"';    (iiialeiual.i 


tiihe,  v.,   -Jl,    .^Kl;  (.tiiicli.'>  ^'o.l,    v. 
I70;  station.  (,)iiiclie 

.'•)(;■ 


niL:iat  ion,  v. 


name  fur  I  /la\  iil.  \ . 


l. 


Tc  1 1- 


I'llll.  (  llllcjic  t  ll  le,   II,,  (i-1  ^. 


\ 


iejo,   I'lielila,  aniii).,  iv., 


a!  Itv, 


.M. 


station,  .\/.tec  nii-iation. 
'I'ciiexomaco,  Iocalilv,  .Mexii 


i..  (i7:{; 


epe\ acac 


Cl'i 


pejacac).   sl.it ion,    .\/- 


tec  mi-ration,  v.,  Il'_';t. 
Tepeyollot  li  ('repeyoloyiilma  I,  Nalma 


Te| 


llell.h 


ir  si-n  am 


1  ;.:o'l, 


ie\  olovolma,   II.,  .>H(,  see    lelicMi 


II..  .iM). 
I'l 


loth. 


Tepic,  iliilisco,  antic 
repieine,  Nalma  iil< 


<\.,\> 


iii..  HIT 


Tepitoton  ('i'l'iiictolon).  Nalma  iiiols, 

iii.,  4I'.». 
Tt'iMJcas,    Nortli    Mexican   tribe,    i., 


7(JS                                                  INDKX. 

."I-HI;    liicalioii,    i..  ."2.  (Kt.'i;   sj>0- 

TtMo  .Jjviiiic    Caclie,   lociility,   T.rilisli 

(•i:il  liii'llliiill,  i..  ."i.S;i;  l;ill„'..  ill.,  "IM. 

Coliiiiiliia.  i..  :il(). 

'ri'jiii|ii|iii;i,      iiiiiiie    lor      Xiiyai'aiiiii- 

Teteiianco,  acity  of  .Matlant/inco,  v., 

<liMii,  v.,  4!I7-'S. 

4:t;{. 

'I'l'lMHia^lli      ('l'c|»c>iiii/.tl('),     Mi'xifiiii 

Tele|iaiico,  station,  .\/lec  iiii;jration. 

iiiiisii'iil    iiisti'iiiiii'iit,    ii.,    '.".).'{;    iii., 

v.,   .■{2;{-4. 

(•.;{;   iv.,    ITS. 

'I'elevaltia.  Naliiia  i'eli;,'ioiis  feast,  ii., 

Tcim  Miijiiiili/ili,    iii.,    ^22,    .si'i-  Tox- 

.•{;(."). 

ral  . 

'I"ete\itl,  Naliilii  |i;i|iir  oHcrinu"i,  iii., 

'rc|Mit/iiilaM,  a  |prn\  iiicc  of  Mcxiio,  v., 

.■i4t!. 

,  ,  •''"'• 

'{"etiivilliali.  'i'oton.ic  dialect,  iii..  777. 

'I'r|i(p\rli,  .Naliiia  sacriliii',  iii.,  .'11."). 

Tel  ipac,  ( incrrcro,   .iiili.|..  i\.     IJI. 

'rc|M)/i)lliiii,    .slalMii,    'l'c(>-(  liicliinu'c 

Teli|iac     el  \  icjo,    (iiurrtro,    anlii|.. 

iiii;:ral  inn,  v.,    Isy. 

i\.,  424. 

'i'f|iii--|ic,  \illa;^i',  S(uii>ra,  i.,  (i(t7. 

Tetlalito,  Te/ciican  title,  ii,,   Is'.';   v.. 

'I'c  (ii/iiiliila    (  l'i>|iu/iMilaiiii),     .Mi/(cc 

:{.-.(». 

1  iali'i't,  iii.,  Tl'.i,  7'">1. 

Tellaliiieliiie|i|ni/it/.in,   a    <  iiicjiiinec 

'l'('|Ml/tccall.  Naliiia  ;4(>il,  iii.,   U.S. 

prince,  \. ,  474-.".. 

'I'l'ilH.I,   i.,  (KKt,  SCI'    l'i';,'ll,i. 

Tetiiinonaniiiiiiiaii,    Naliiia    s.icritice, 

'I'c  |ii.iiliiilli,    Naliiia  cliicf  |iriost,  ii., 

ii.,  -MO. 

•JtKJ. 

TetlivjK'iic  (Tediyiicitli,  .station,  Teo- 

'ri'(|iiccliiiii'caiiiahi,  ii.iiiii'  I'm-  Tc/cat- 

( 'liicliiiuec    nii^ialioii,    \..    IS'.i. 

/iiiuall,  iii,,   U.S. 

Tet/.aaiian,    Naliiia   tcnipic    lialli,  ii., 

'I'l'iiucjiaH    (  rn|ii('|i('s),     SiMilli     Cali- 

•"'S7. 

fiiniiaii  tiiiif,   i.,    KC.'-Ji.';  linalimi. 

Tet/ateoll    (Tet/aiiliteoll),    ii.inie    for 

i.,  !.'>:•. 

Ihiit/ilopocliiii,   iii.,  ^s'.l.  ;!i>2. 

'r.i|ui'\cs,  iii.,  7-(l,  sec  'rcciicxcs. 

Tet/anli,   name  for  Te/cal  lipoca,  v.. 

'l\'(|uiiiias,   Nnilli   .Mexican   IriUc,  !., 

.•(24. 

."iTI-lM  ;  liHMiiiiii,  i.,  diKi. 

let/coco,    i.,  (i7(i,  .'*ee    Tc/cnco. 

'I'cijninas,  isiiinii.in  .soii'crt'rs,  i.,  777. 

'i"et/.iliiiat/.iii,  a  .Mexican  princess,  v., 

'l'ci|nisi|niai'  (I'ciinixiiiiiac),    slalioli, 

.•{(in. 

.\/,ici-  iniuraliiin,  v.,  ;{'j;i. 

Tct/;ilacatl,  N;iliiia  ^'on^',  ii.,  2'.)!!. 

i"ci(nilintl,ici)ll,  liilnilaiy    provinces, 

Tet/it/iniitI,  a  Teo-Cliicliiuiec   cliief, 

Mexico,  ii.,  ■_';!(;. 

\..  4;k>. 

'I'ci|ni/c|nitl,  coarse  salt,  ii.,  .'(."••t. 

'I'et/ontli.  a  species  of  stom-  used  for 

I'di'Miemlo,    .Miclioacaii,   aiiliii.,    iv.. 

linilil';i^,    ii.,    ItUt,    ."i."i7.    .''US,    .")7(l, 

a7l. 

aSl;  v..4,-.l. 

'rerralias  (Tirihees,  'I'iriliis),  trilio  of 

TeiiculliUiican,  i.,   (i7t>,   see   Teo-Cnl- 

IstliMiiaiis,   i.,  747-.S.");  localion,   i. , 

linacan. 

7  IS.    7'.>4-.">;    sjiecial     iiienlioii,      i.. 

Teiili<liiiMalt/.iii,  an  .Xcolliua  ollicer, 

7S4-.');  Ian;;.,   iii.,   7l'.'i;   antio.,   iv.. 

_    v.,  44S. 

.,-*• 

Teulitli'linac,   n  Tepanec    prince,   v., 

Terra  colta,  i.,  70">;    aiilii|.,   iv.,   2'2, 

.•i."i.")-(i. 

(i.vii,  7-'-:{,   i-'7.  L'li;)  .">,  :u(!  .v.>4  j.as- 

Ti'ill.    loi'.-ility,  .Jalisco,    iii,,   44S;  v., 

sini,  7.S(». 

.")(!'.». 

'I'erra|ia,  villavre,  Soiior;..  i  ,  (!(MI. 

Teiiiiietl,   iiiaijiiey   wine,   iii..  24li. 

'rcrrenate  .Mi.iinlain,  i  ,  (>'*;<. 

Teiipii,  I'ipile  ti'inple,  ii..  7('7. 

'I'crwars.  North  ("aiil'uiiiiaii   Irilio,  i., 

Teiiieeoiiiatl,    Naliiia   drinking;   cii[i. 

:«(;-()  1:  location,  i.,   'I.*,   14."). 

ii..  '28"). 

Ti'sia,  town,  Soiiora,  i  .  iii.S. 

Tetitila.   town,  Oajaca,  i..  (iSO-l. 

'resoi'o,  see  Ct-rro  del  're.soro. 

Teatitliin,  i.,  fiSO,  see  Tootitlan. 

'I'esotal,  locality,  .\ri/ona,  i.,  (i()'2. 

'I'exas,  trilies  descrilied,    i..    47;{-">-"); 

'i'csiKine    (TeziKjne),     I'lielilo    ti)\vii, 

location,  i,,  .")!t|-4:  lan^jj.,  iii.,  .")'.i:i-"), 

New    Mexiio.    i.,    ">-_'7.    "»',•!•;  laiiy., 

(ititt;  anlit|.,  iv..   ."i'.)7. 

iii.,  <>H1;  antii|.,  iv..  (!fl7. 

Texas    l''lat,    California,    aiitiip,   iv., 

Tete    (le    liiclie,    localitv,    I'tali,    i., 

7(f2. 

4(i».  47<». 

Texciilapa.  locality,  Mexico,  iii.,21"). 

Teteioiiaii  ('I'a/i,  'I'occy,  Toci,  Tocit- 

Texcali'evia,    Naliiia    drink,    ii,.  ;!.")!». 

/in,  'I'o/i),  Nalin.i  ;;-o(l(less.  ii.,  '27'.', 

TexL'alcc\ilo,  Muliiiu  drink,  ii.,  ',iM. 

30S,  (ilH;    iii.,  ;i08-lt,  3o0;  v.,  41)4. 

INDKX. 


roa 


'IVxralla  (Tpxraltifpjic),  v.,    JOl,  soo 


Th 


ilpa.  .M< 


'xicti,  iintiii.,   iv. 
M. 


XI'ldll'IKT     .MllUlltillll,    V 


:v.',s. 


Tfxtiilllatilieo,    iiivtliifiil   rivtr,    iii. 

•2  Ki. 
'rfxcatliiMicatl,    name    for    Tczcatli 


I> 


•24'X 


Tfxiii'lii|iaiit/in,    v.,  .'U)l,  we   Xoclii- 
|iaiit/iii. 


TfM.lcM'.  localitv,  (ti 


ijii 


i.,  CTI. 


Tt-XDiu's,    Ncirlli    Mfxiraii    trilie,    i. 

■)7I-!H;  localion,  i.,  (ii;{. 
T(^\iixi'M,  Ni('ara;L;uaii    sorcerers,  iii, 

4!».->. 
Tcvaliiiali'o,     locality,     Mexico,     v. 


'1\ 


.1 


liii 


eyaoiiiialohiiaiii, 
t'ra.l.Ts,  ii.,  ;{,S|. 


Nal 


iiiii 


TeyoliiialiniiKiiii,  a  TIasciiltec  i'liief, 


VM't 
V\'iitlrna,  ( 'laiiaiii  ''oi 


1,  iii..  i; 


I'e/aiiiiitl,  name  for  lliiit/ilo 


'iitii 


III. 


IS'.).  I'liT 


;{(>:{. 


Ti;;i'.L(  alii,  Naiiiiii  teiii|>le,  ii.,  'tS.'i. 
Te/catii|Mica  ('I'aot/iii,  'IV-.truioa,  'IVz- 


eatli|>iica. 


're/.catii;>iicatl,      Titla- 


ea.'ioii),     Naliiia    ^'od,     ii.,    ."{IT-'-l, 


:VM4.  r.SL',  (Ki:?;    iii. 
2S_'.    f-'L'-."),    r)07;    V. 


Hti,   iM'.t, 


IS_>- 


'2(il-."»,   -.'(is,    -JTI-SG,   4--'(j,   4S4,   4m;, 
4!M». 
Te/cat/oncall     (Toaltlaliiiiani,      Te- 


(|ilecliiiiccaiiiaiil) 
2(ii»:  iii.,  4IS. 


Nai 


iliiia  <roii,   II. 


Te/cociii'_'o('re/cozinco),  city,  .Mexico, 
ii.,  l(iS-7;{;  aiiti(i.,  iv.,  ">•_'.'{-(>. 

Tezcoci/tecatl,  iii.,  (("J,  see  Teciiziste- 
catl. 

Te/ciico  (Tetzcoco),  <'ity,  .Mexico,  i., 
<J7v")-(i:  ii.,  !»•_',  104;  aiiti<|.,  iv.,  .VJd- 
3;    iiivtii.,  v.,  -JO;  liist.,  v.,  lU'.I,  L'S.'i, 

;m7-i>,  :u-2-4S"_',  vmi 


Tez(  iico  Lal> 


e,  V. 


'Mi. 


Teziiniacciialiiili,  v.,  •J4.'J,   see  'Fziliii- 


tliiiatl. 


ezom|iaii,  town,  .laiisco.  i.,  ()/2, 
Ciiicli- 


iezozoiii'ic,    (  liicliiMicc   eiii|iclor,    II., 

(i(>!»;  v.,  ;ui,  .•us-!t,  :).■) !-.">,  ;i(;7-s4; 

lord  of  .VzcajMizalco,  v.,  Hi4. 
Tezpi.  Naiiiia  Noali.  iii,,  (Ki  S;  v.,  I.'V 
Teziiliitlan    {'reziiliitaii),     name     for 

Vera  I'az,  v.,  olio. 
Teziuiue,  i.,  ">'.(!),  .see  TesiiciMe. 
Tliamicns,  Central  <'aliforniaii  tril)(\ 

i.,  :{(il-10I;    location,   i.,  :W.i,  4,V_'; 

laiij,'. ,  iii.,  Cht'.i. 
Theatre,  .see  |)raiiia. 
Theft,    jiiiiiisiiiiient  of,    i.,    ()4,    .'ISii, 

Vol.  v.    4U 


.TOit-lO,   720,    770;   ii.,    4rM-H,   (i.iO. 

f;."»(i-.s. 

Tiietliotin,  triix-  of  Tiiiiieli,  i.,    114- 


:»7;  I 


ocation, 


i..  !».- 


Tiiick-woiiil     Imliaiis, 


144. 


I! 


eaver 


IikII 


Tliilhoa,  Naiiua  ''od,  iii.,  4IS, 


11 


ii|ieloi,'<',  name  for  .\i| 


iii..  411. 


Tlillli''c|i,'i  ilinneli  ( I>o''-ril>s),  trilie  of 


Tinneli,    i.,     1 14-:{7 


location,    I., 


144: 
l.iiiy 


al  inentioii,  i.,  120-1,  l.'{< 

.'(,S."». 


Thiinkeeis  (Klinkits,    Tchiiikitaiie), 


me  of  the  live  tainilics  iiilo  \v 


hich 


the     ilvperlioreaiis 
.1 


are     <li\i(lctl; 
manners   ami    customs    nf    all    its 


nations 
■  'ether, 


dress, 


am 


I     t 


riltes    (lescrihcd     to- 


'.•4-114; 


ivsii|iie   1.,  '.), 


<.t7-l02;     d\v(dlin;:s.     i. 


I02-.S;    food,     i.,     Io;M; 


and    war,     i. 
lo<;-7;     manii 


'.lapon.s 


lO-l-d;       Ito.its,     i. 


f.icl 


arcs      am 


merce.  i.,  107-S;  ;,'(ivernmeiit  ami 
slavery,  i.,  lOS-'.l;  NVimien.  mar- 
ria;,'!'.  etc.,  i..  .S2.  lO'.MJ;  jimnse- 
meiits,  i.,  I12-i:{;  ineilicine  and 
Itiirial.  i.,  IIH;  character,  i.,  W.i- 
14;  mvlh..  iii.,  !)S-I04,  I2!t-:{|, 
M.-)-'.l.  oK!;  v,,  14.  HI;  lanj.'.,  iii., 
."i7!>-.s:{;  location  of  trilies,  i.,  3S, 
iti  <;.  142.'{. 

Thlislii.tkmm'hes,  Inland  Coiumhiaii 
trihe,    i.,   2.")0-<.ll;   location,   i..  .'iU. 

Thlje;,'oiicholaiia.  trihe  ciI  'I'inueli,  i., 
I  i4-:{7;  loc.iti i.,  14.S. 

'rhlje;,'on  l;i\cr.  i..   148. 

riinaina.  i..   140.  see  l\en;ii. 

Thoi'',!  rik-kah,   name  for  Nez    I'er- 


Tl 


I.,  2r,:i. 


iomi>son    liiver, 


2.-.1,   201.    .'ill); 


III. 


(!i:j. 


Thoii;_'eitli.    name    for  Cowichiii,    i., 

17.'). 
Tiiorames  (Tiitorames),  Ceiitial  Mex- 


ican trilie,   i.,  (il7-44;  1 


Ii 


hist. 


ocalion.   I. 


v..  .")(»0. 


Tl 


lorns,  various  ii.ses,  i.,  Ci,'h>;  ii. 


!!•.; 


lO,  col. 


•j».>-i>,  -.i;i, 
Thieail,  i..  7'.l.  01,  107,  oo.').  (;,")7.  7iiii': 

ii'..  404. 
'riirone,   ii.,    440-1.    (il2,   ('cM.    (llVi  :{, 

(!:t7.  (i4!-2,  ()t(i.  7S!>.    704;   iii,.   2!»t, 

:t!IO. 
'rinimiaterioii,  a   I'hoMiiciaii  city,  v., 

(Kl. 
'rhiinder,  i.,  741;  iii..  lis,  ."{24.  40:{. 
Tiacapan,  name  for 'I'lazoltecotl,  iii., 

.'{SO. 
'I'iacapaiitziii     (Tiacaiiapaiitziii),    v., 

\i'.iO,  .see  Tlacaiiantziii. 


770 


INDEX. 


Tialiuanaro,  Porn,  antiq.,  iv. ,  80.). 
'J'iana/.atlaii,     liL'i^'lu.'s,    rUiwcala,    v., 

4'.I8. 
Tiaiij,'iicz,  ( iiiateiiia'aii  market,  i.  ,70(1. 
TiaM;,'iiii!tuaj,'o,  [irov iiu'u,   .Mexico,  i., 

(iT"). 
Tian;,'ui/,toiietl,  loealitv,  Me.xieo,  v., 

•2.'). 
Tiaiuiui/.tli,  Nahua  nuiiket,  ii.,  38.'J. 
Tia/.olteiitl,  iiaiiie  for  Ceiiteotl,   iii., 

Tilia,  Istlmiian  title,  !.,  770. 
Tilialia;,'iia,  Smitii  Califoriiiaii  trilie, 

i..  ■U)-2--2-2;  location,  i.,  4(.'(». 
Tiltuica,  cave  near  I'opaii,  tloiidiiras, 

aiili(|.,  iv.,  Sli-;{. 
Tiidiioii,  city,  Yucatan,  v.,  (iU'J. 
TilinroiK's,  North  Mexican  tril)e,  i., 

t')7--'.*l;    location,    i.,    ")7-;    siiecial 

mention,   i.,  iiS'.i,  58."),  oOO;   Ian;,'., 

iii..  704. 
'J'ihnron   (Tal)uron)    Island,    i.,    .'"i7-. 

(;04-."). 
Ticeuiracocha  (Ticeviracocha),  v.,  "J.'$, 

see  \'iracocha. 
Ticitl,  Nahua  midwife,  ii.,  '2(iS. 
'I'icul,  Yucatan,  antiii.,  iv.,  'i.S7-40. 
Ti'-uni,  \'ucatan,  anti(|.,  iv.  ,L'I"J. 
'J"ie-poo-eet,  i. ,  .")4,  see  Topek. 
Tieriii  .\marilla,   locality,    I'tah,   i., 

4(l'.»-70. 
Tierra  ISIanca,   villa^^e,  Chiapas,    i., 

iiS-2. 
Tierra  ("aliente,  ii.,  8!)-'.l0. 
Tierra  l'"ria,  ii.,  87. 
'I'ieira  'I'emplada,  ii.,  87. 
Ti-al.la  Island,  i.,  141. 
'J'i-aldas,   trihe  of   Aleuts,   i.,  87-04; 

location,  i.,  141. 
Tillers,   i.,   (i48,   710,  7'-'."?,    7">2-;{;  ii., 

-"'V  •'.")1,  720-1;  iii.,  120. 
Tijjua,  i..  (too,  see  Te^fua. 
Ti;;ucx,  I'nclilo  jiroviiu'e,  New  Mex- 
ico, i.,  .■>27,  .">;?s. 
Tiha/,    t^niclii'-Cakciiicinel   day,    ii., 

707. 
'J'ihoo,  cjlv,  Yucatan,  iii.,  4i(7;  antic|., 

iv..  24.t'-4. 
'i'ihiiL'iin.  Tinneli  ;j;od,  iii.,  142. 
Tikal.  (lualeinala,  antii|.,  iv..  i;t,~i-8. 
Tilanton;,'!),    eitv,    Oajaca,    iii.,    ~',\; 

iiist..  v.,  41(i.'4(il,  .V27-0. 
Tilapa  liiver,  v.,  (102. 
Tileina,  (*ajaca,  anti<|.,  iv.,  .'i74 
'J'ilijaes  ('i'llijais,   Tilijayas),     Ni^rtli 


>i 


e\ican  trilie,  i.,  ."171  •!•  I ;  location 


i..  (111-12. 


Tilhi 


.'{07,  see  Killannioks. 


Tiiina    (Tilnnitli),    Mexican    nianlh 
i.,  ,".74,  (120:  ii.,  'MM,  727; 


Tilof.ayas,  North  Mexican  triho,  !., 
.")7I-0I;  location,  i..  (112. 

Timhalakees,  Central  Californian 
trihe,  i..   .S(;i-40I;  location,  i.,  440. 

Timita  (Timi^itae,  Titmictaci.  Cen- 
tral Californian  trihe,  i.,  3(;i-40l; 
location,  i.,  4.'i;{. 

Timpana  Yutas,  i.,  470,  see  Timpo- 
na;,'nchyas. 

Timpanij,'os,  hike  and  desert,  i.,  4(Ji), 
407. 

Timpaiii;i;o8  Yutas,  i.,  440,  see  Tiiu- 
pano;,'os. 

Tinipano;,'<)s  (Tenipanah;;oes,  Tini- 
]iana;:os,  TiMipani;jos  \'ntas,  Tim- 
pano^ies,  Tim]i.ino;^si,  trihe  of 
Slioshones,  i.,  422-42;  location,  i., 
440,  4(i2,  4(>4,  4(iO-70. 

Tiinpeiia;,'ncliyas  ('i'enpenny  l' talis, 
Tenpennv  ("tes,  'l'ini|>ana  Ynlas), 
trihe  of  Shoshoiu's,  i..  422-42;  lo- 
cation,  i.,  470;  special  mention,  i., 
440. 

Timsim,  Central  Californian  trilie,  i., 
:{i;i-|01;  location,  i.,  4.").S. 

Tin,  '  ,  4S.S;  ii.,  ;{S2.  47:5-.");  iv.,   704. 

Tinalootis,  Inlanil  Coluniliian  tiihe, 
i.,  2.".0-0l;  location,  i..  ^^\■^. 

Tinachi,  South  Californian  trihe,  i., 
402-22;  location,  i..  4.Vil. 

Tinajas  .\ltas,  Sonora,  i..  (iO.S. 

Tinapihuaxa-.  Noidi  Mexican  triho, 
i.,  .")7l-oi;  location,  i.,  ((12. 

Tinnch  (  Dinneli  "Iitiiini',  'I'inne.  Tty- 
nai),  one  of  the  live  families  into 
which  tlu'  ilyperlioieans  are  di- 
vided; niannci's  and  customs  of 
all  its  nations  and  trilies  deNcriiieil 
to;;cllicr,  i.,  ll4-;{7:  pii\sii|Ue.  i., 
•Mi,  Il(i-I7,  122.  127;  (bv'ss.  i.,  117, 
122,  128;  niarriauc  and  wnnien, 
i.,  117-18,  121,  12:{,  t2.-)-().  1,(2.  i:il; 
Dwelling's,  i.,  IIS,  12;i-t;  I'ood,  i., 
lis,  121,  I2.S,  120.  l:!.-|;  Weapons, 
i..  110;  .\ii;nsemcnts,  i.,  110  20, 
122;  Ihirlal.  i..  110.  I2.-.-7.  I:i2, 
IIU-.-);  Ciiar.nler,  i..  120.  122.  l.'!.")-7; 
(iovernnient.  i..  121.  l2;t-4,  KiO-l, 
i:{4;  Medicine,  i.,  121;  I'.o.ils,  lin- 
]ileincnts,  iS.c.,  i.,  i:{((;  Mvtli.,  iii., 
H>r,.(i,  i;{|,  141 -.•(..■ilS;  v.,  10;  lan.i,'., 
iii.,  r».')7-8,  .5s;t-i;(t:{,  (I(i2:!;  locadou 
of  tiihes,  i.,  2."i,  .'tS,    IM-IC,    N.'Mt. 

'i'inum,  Yucatan,  antiij.,  iv.,  2.'l(i. 

Tipitapa.  villa;;i'.  N'icaia;;ini,  i.,  702. 

Tipitapa  lii\i'r.  i.,  702. 

Tipotani,  Nicava^'ua  ;.'od,  iii.,  4!)2. 

Tiriiiecs  (Tirihis),  i.,  704-."),  see  Ter- 
ra has. 

Tiripito,  locality,  Michoaean,  v.,  .")21. 


INDKX. 


771 


Ti>ayao,  rontial  faliforniiui  inytliic 

ip.Tsoii,  iii.,  !•_',>. 
TititiU'ii    Island,     IVrii,  aiitin. ,    iv., 

SIMM'. 
Tilifaca  Lake,  IVrii,  ;iiiti(i.,  iv.,SO()- 

•_>.  ,S0.")-(;;  v..  -2:i. 
TititI,  Naliiii!  tVstival,  ii.,  337. 
Titiyi'i,  Ceiitral  < 'aliforiiiaii  tribe,   i., 

3til-4(»l;  location,  i.,  AM. 
Tillacaaon  (Titlacaliiia.  'I'itlai'aliiian, 

'ri(ia('aoanioc|U('<|iu-loa,      'I'itlacoa, 

Titlacoan),      names     tor    Te/ealli- 

jioca,     iii.,   u7,   70,    I'JI,   1!M»,   214, 

•-ViC;  v.,  ■_'.")!>. 
'ritniictac,  i.,  4,')',i,  .see  Tiinifa. 
Tiiilda,  ('eiilrai  Calitornian  trilie,   i., 

3lil-4(H;  location,  i.,  4.m. 
Tixnalajtnn,     Vucatau,    antiq.,    iv., 

•_'4(». 
Ti/aapan,   a  district  of   Mexico,    v., 

;t4(»-l. 
'I'l/ajocan,  v.,  3'J.'{,  see  Tizayocan. 
'I'i/.a|icf Ian,  ('Iii;i|ias,  antic|.,  iv.,  'X't'A. 
Tizallacat/in,     a    Tlast'altec    leader, 

v.,  4."i!»,  .")(t4. 
Tizatlalli,    a    species    of    stone,     ii., 

'I'izalian,  a  i|uarter  of  'I'lascala  citv, 

ii.,  4I'J;  v..  4!>7-.S.  .")0:i. 
Tizayocan  I'riz.-ijocanI,  station,  Aztec 

I'li-ration,  v.,' :{•_'.•{,  .S.'iO. 
Tizof,  kin;,'  of  Mexico,  v.,    117,  4'_*4, 

4;{t)-!». 
'rjuicMiijenne,    Apache    trilial    name, 

i..  471;  iii.,  '>'M. 
Tjulcliide.     .\paclie    name     f<ir    I!ii) 

( 'olorado,  i.,   ,">'.•."). 
'rjiinclii,  .Vpaclie  nanii'  for  l!io  I'eeos, 

'i.,  .V.t,-). 
Tka,  i.,  447,  see  ilamliur;,'  Indians, 
'rkhinikee.  .\lcnt  auinlcl.  iii.,  144. 
'I'kilvUes,  i.,  lis,  SIT  lii^'uliks. 
Tliiallilzin,     slaves  ;,.r  sacrilice,    ii., 

31I4. 
'J'laan;a\  ii)iics,    Nalina    coinbatarts, 

ii..  .;■»(>•. 

'I'lai'aliepaii,     Niiliiia    vice-;,'ot),     iii,, 

427. 
Tlacacavili,  Nalnia  iiii-tress,  ii.,  'JtU. 
'I'lacaceli.istlii,  .M.i\a  i^iiii' in'' dialect. 

iii.,  7i'ii. 
'riacai'oi.licaii,     Naliiiii    temple,    iii.,  I 

.•fS7. 
'I'lacaelellzin  I'remp.inccall  I.  a   Mi'X- 

ican     commaijiler.      \.,     ;{S',tll(>;    a  ' 

.Mexican     p'ince,     icentical     with 

Miinleziima  I.,  v.,  42:>. 
'riac.ilnia,  Niiliiia  title,  ii.,  1S7. 
'I'lacaliiiepaiuue.xtotzin,  NaUu.i  yod, 

iii.,  ;103. 


Tlacaluiepatzin  (Tlacaliiie]>;intzin).  a 

.Mexican  piiiice,  v.,  443,   4.">'.',   ,JII4. 
Tlacallinaztilmatii,    a  court  inantie, 

ii.,  '.ilTh 
TIacamilitzin     (Tlacainilitzin,     Tla- 

cainitziii),  a  Tidtec  priiup,  v.,  211, 

220,  24;{. 
Tlaca|(antzin  (Tiafapanfzin,  'riaca]>a- 

pantzin),  an  .\ztec  [irincess,  v.,  ',\'2'X 
TIai'atec.'ill      (Tacateeatl,     Tlaeatec- 

catl),  Naliiia  jnd;,'e,  ii.,  -I'M. 
Tlacatecolctlotl,     Naliua   evil    njiirit, 

iii.,  IS4. 
Tlacateofziii,     -Vcolliiia     prince,    v., 

'XV2,    3.'U;    ('liimaliiaiiec    chief,   v., 

."t.'kS;  Kili;,'of 'riatelillio,  v.,  ,%"4-8(i. 
TIacatlaolli,  a  dish  of  human  llesh, 

ii.,  .SOit. 
Tlacattecco,  a  temple  in  Mexico,  v., 

441. 
Tlacaveiian,   name  for  Tezcatlepoca, 

iii.,  241,  24(;. 
TIacaxipeliiializtIi,     Naiina     month, 

ii.,  :{0t:,   ,H0S-I2,  .">0!t;  iii.,  :«)!»,  42(1. 
Tlace|ioalli(laxcalli,    corn    cake,    ii., 

.•I.V.. 
'I'lachi'ala,  i.,  (i7(),  see  'I'lascala. 
'I'lachco,    a    play-;.'round,    ii.,     207; 

town,  (Inerrero,  v.,  412 
Tlachiach,  Nahna  title,  v  ,  2()4,  48tl. 
'I'lachicatzin,  a  'I'oltcc  city,  v.,   211. 
'l'lachiidonii|Ue,   Nahna  sceptre,   iii., 

40S. 
'I'lachihualtepee,  localitv,  I'nelda,  v., 

2:10. 
Tlachinotzin,   v..  2.">(*,    see   Ixtlilcne- 

cli.'ihnac. 
'I'lachmalacac,  town,  Mexico,  i.,(i'77; 

v..  412. 
'riac!ipani|iiizi|iii,  liuexotzinca  chief, 

v.,  477. 
'riailii|nanhyo,   court   dress,    ii,,  -KK!. 
riaclii|iiiauhco,  citv,  Oajaca,  \.,  IMi, 

4(;i. 
Tla.'htli    (Flachtl,    'I'laxtli),    Nalimi 

lir,il-;;aiMe,    ii.,    2117;    iii.,    2."i4;    v., 

4(>7. 
Thiciiiaantin,    Nalnia    mistress,     ii., 

2(i.">. 
Tlaciiiantli,  Nahn.i  mistress,  i;.,2i)."i. 
'I'lailipialii,  iii.,  .'t.SO,  see  'ria/.iiilcoli. 
'I'laco,  iii.,  .'tSO,  see  'riazollenll. 
'I'laciM  h('ah  atl,    ii.,    l.'kS,    si'c   'I'laco- 

hecalcatl. 
'I'lacochlli,  a  ja\elin.  ii.,   110. 
'riacoculai|uilo,  cradle  ceremonv,  ii., 

271;. 
'Ihiciili  ctil.'all   ('I'lacochcalcalli,    Na- 

hu:i  title,  ii.,  VM-fy,  201. 


Il\ 


INDEX. 


Thi^olula,  locality,  Oajaca,    i.,  7' 


a.i.ii).,  IV 


•M 


'I'lacoiiiiliiia,  a  Tultpf  cliii'f,  v.,  243, 
•_'.").•{;  Ocdti'lulco  ruler,  v.,  4!t7. 

'ria('ii|)an  (Taciilia),  citv,  Ak'xici),  i., 
•  174;     ii.,    1»2,    1:J4-«;  'iv.,    .TOU;    v., 

:vM',-\). 

'i'lat'ott'o,    Tczciieaii     seiiiinarv,    ii., 

■-'4(i. 
'riai'otcpoc,  town,  Vera  Cruz,  i.,  (»77; 


aiitK 


iv.,  44.V(). 


riaciilin,  a  T('i>ant'r  ])rince,  v.,  355. 


Til 


icollan,  town,  .lalisco,  i.,  ()7-. 


'i'lacot/ontli,  Xaliua  ;,'(m1,  ii.,  .'iSJt. 
'riai'uiliuallaii,  ntation,  Aztoc  inijjra- 

tii)ri,  v.,  .S-'4. 
'I'la^jra  Sillas,  tribo  of  Koniayas,  i., 

(;'.tS7;  location,  i..  140. 
'I'lahuac  (Cuitlahuac), Mexico,  aiitiq., 


IV,,  4;is-<,». 


Tlal 


luicas. 


Nal 


lua  nation, 


i.,  f.17-44; 


ii.,  i:i.'{-()L".l;  locatidU  anil  name,  i 
]((!),  i:{0;  special  mention,  i.,  (i'J 
laiiL'.,  iii..  7'J.');  hist.,   v.,  .'<()7-lil. 


TIalinicol    (Tlallini( 


.n 


■'cncra 


1.    iii.,  4: 


a    i  lascjiltcc 
477-S,   5(15, 


'I'lalinililpan,  Mexico,  anti(i.,  iv.,  .'")4',(. 
'r'aimii  'reculitli,  a  .\ocliiniilco  chief, 

v..  'M)'.). 
'rialuiitollzin,  a  ("hichimoc  prince,  v., 

475. 
Tlahuitzin,  mythic  person,  iii.,  H7'.'->->0. 
'i'laiiiitlacan,  a  wanl  of  Tezcnco  citv. 

v.,  4v  t 
'riaillan,.ilinii,  name  fur  Xapatei'utli. 

iii..  417. 
Tlaixncxia.  Nahna  feast,  ii.,  .W). 
'i'laixpan,  locality,  Mexico,  i.,  (i7.'{. 
'I'Im  jcimulco,  town,  .lalisen,  i.,  (I7"_'. 
'I'ialamo/toc,  .statiiin,  Cliichimec  mi- 

j;iali(in,    v..  iMIt. 
Tlaiihiluialtcpec,  name   for  Cholula, 

iv..  47:t. 
Tliili'iiiioltziii,  v., 'J.'iO,  see  ixtlilcuo- 

I'lialiuiic. 
'I'ialchitonatiuh,     Nahiui     |i(M'i(iil     of 


Tlaloc,  Nahna  pod,  ii.,  .10.'),  .108.  .334-7, 
.")H-J-4;  iii.,  (17,  US,  I'-'O,  134,  ;{'_'4-4n. 

TIalocan,  Nahna  invthic  rcj;ion,  iii., 
.■).33;  v.,  1!I7,  5'_'7.' 

TIalocan   .Mountain,  v.,  480. 

'I'lalocateuditli,  name  for  Tlaloc,  iii.. 


3'J4. 


)cxic,  ravine,  Tlascala.  v.,  507 


Tlalpep 

TIalpilli,  Nahna  period  of    time,  ii., 

.505. 
Tlalitnimiloltecnhtli,     an     order     of 

jiriests,  iii.,  4.34. 
Tlaltecatl,  v.,  '_'50,  see    lxtlilcue<ha- 

huac. 
Tlaltecatl  Ilnctzin,  v., '2.50,  see  Ixtlil- 

cuechahuac. 
Tlaltecatzin,    name   for   (^ninaiit/in, 

v.,    347;    lord   of    l^uaidichin.ii..   i. 

v.,  340. 
Tlaltetecui,  a  Nahna  i)ro|ihei.  n  .  '''n. 
Tlaltecuin,    name  for  \  xtlituM.    r.i., 

400. 
Tl.iltecutli,  Nahna 'fod.  iii.,  •_'07. 


Tlalti 


■pa.i 


ne,  name 


for  T( 


iteo;l' 


iii.,  101. 

Tlamacatolon,   hoy   jtriests,   iii.,  '.]:\r>. 

'I'lamacatzin,  Chichimec  kin;,',  v., 
L'--'(»,  L'OO. 

Tlainacaxiiui,  (Tlamacaz(]ni),  an  or- 
der of  ]iriests,  ii.,  •J03-4;  iii.,  43((. 

Tlamacazcallotl,  an  order  of  priests, 
ii.,  •20.3. 

Tliiiiiaeazcaviac|ne,  an  order  of 
priests,  iii.,  3.35. 

Tlamaeazcayotl,  an  ord'r  of  piic--ts, 


Tl; 


II.,  -204. 


iiiiacaziinecuicanime,  an   onler  nl 
]iiiests,  iii.,  3.3.5. 
Tlaiiiacaztei|uiiia;4iies,     an    ordei     of 


iriesis,  iii.,  3.3.1 


v.,  '245,  sec  Chal- 


tiiiie,  II.,  .")0I. 
TIah'liinhtlaiicl/in. 

I'liiiih  TIattiiiac. 
TIaicocomocco,  locality,   Mexico,  ii., 

5.->0;  v.,  .3,30. 
Tlaliinicol,  v..  477.  see  Tlahnicol. 
Tlaliiic,  a  mini'ral  xnlistaiice,  ii.,  487. 
Tlallamanac,  .Nahna  u'od,  v.,  103. 
Tl!illi(|uiimallas,    tiilie    of    ,\pache!«, 

i.,  47.3-5'2ti;  location,   i..  500. 
Tlaliiiaiialco,  Mexii'o,  antin.,  iv,,.501; 

hist.,  v.,  '2(K). 


Thim.'icazte/cahoan,      an      order     of 
priests,  iii.,  3.35. 


Tl 


itl.  t 


enants,  ii 


TIamalhn 


III 


isical 


instrument. 


.M 


exico,  aiitiii 


."i(t4. 


Tlaiiiama,  Nahna  ciirricrs,  ii.,  .3S(i. 
Tlaiiiaths     (Tlamatl),      i. ,     411,     see 

Ivlamaths. 
Tlamat/inciitl,   name  for  Tczratlipo- 

ca,  iii..  100,  405. 
Tlaiiuixcacavotl,    a   ridi;;'ions    order, 

iii.,  4;i(;. 
Tlami,  Tezciiriin  title,  ii.,  180;  v.,  350 
TlMii;i./i,  Tarasco  mantle,  ii.,  3(!8, 
Tlanchinoltii'pac,    locality,     .Mexico, 

i.,  ()75. 
TIancmiliaiii,    Nahna   solicitors,    ii., 

444. 
Tlancmpopidoii,    iiiime    for    Najiate- 

cntii,  iii.,   117. 


INDEX. 


TlanodiiP     (TIaylotlac,     Tlaylotlal),  1  Tlainiiinilnl-Tcciilitli,    an     order    nt 


N:;liua  iiul^t',  ii.,  4;{(!, 


priests,  11.,  •-'IIJ 


'riaiiniMeeliiilliiyiiH'     ('riaiii|iiaeeiiiil-  j  'I'laseala      (Texialla.      TcvcallieiiMe, 


iiiii|iiu; 


(.hiet/aleiiatl    a(lile|•ellt^ 


Tlarli 


Tl 


;i\eal 


'I'l 


iixealiaii  I 


iii.  241,   ^Xy 
Tlanlli  ('I'laiillij,  driecl  eoni,  ii.,  .'?47 


ii)iiiiiii|iii,  iiiveiitii 
row,  ii.,  .■{4I{. 

iteli,  i.,  •.'<»-., 


rof 


low  and  ar 


<|i 


"»,  sec  <  lavoiiiiiits. 


Til 

'■' 

'I'laiiaia,  X'craCru/,  antii|.,  iv..  44r>. 

'I'lapaleatt'iiee,     loeaiitv,    Niciinigua, 

i.,  7!K). 
'riapalliiiitz   rria|ialliiii/),    a    Naliua 


fillet,  V. 


'.VA. 


Tlaiializiiuixoiliitl,  a  Soulli   .Mexici 


laiif, 


4(il. 


'ria|iaila     ('l'ia|iaiiaii),     an      ancient 
Soiilli  Mexiean  l<iii;,'(liMii,  iii.,  L'.">;{- 


Tl 


:•>( ;  \. 


•-'11, 


4,  •JS4- 


),  ii.iS. 


|iallaiieoneol  I  la|iallaiitoM 1  lap 


riii 


llaii/.in 


CO,    I  lappallan/in;.^! 


tloll, 


Tlapall, 

IIoihI 


Tolt 


ec    nii;;iatioii,     v. 


sta- 
-Ml, 


III    I 


le     Cort 


'.'i; 


rtes,    a    rt';;ion    in 


'l"lap:illaiiloiico,   v.,   'Jll,   see  TIapal- 

laiieiiiieo. 
'I'lapallaiil/ineo,   v.,  I'll,  see  Tiapal- 

laii'Oiieo. 
'I"  la  pa  I  met /ill,  a  'I'oitee  prinee,  v.,  'Jl.'t. 


Thi 


laiiiiet/.ot/iii,  a   Naliiia   ( 


■liiel', 


•J ;:!. 


'I'lapaiiees  (('liinc|iiinies,     Clioelioiii 

(  'llncjiontes,  !(   iloelios,     ( 'liueildlie; 


trilies  (leserihed,  i.,  (il7-44;  i  i\'- 
iii/ed  nations,  ii.,  <.'t.'t-()'2!l:  locatimi 
and  name,  i,,  (i74.  ti7(l,  7ill;  ii.. 
Ill',  i:{ll;  liivtii.,  iii..  111.  I'.K"..  4:t7, 
44{,  .')()(;,  .■)1'.';  v.,  -Jll;  Ian;:,,  iii., 
7-'.">;    aiitii|.,   iv.,   477-'S(l;    lii>l.,    \., 

•_'(;L'-;t,  4():i.  4.".s.ti(),  47(i,  4!»;{-.")()7. 


T\. 


iseiiltees, 


Ni 


liiia    iiatliiii,    1.,    l> 


44;  ii.,  I. S.'i-f >'.".);  loeation  and  iiaim 
!.,  •)7t),   7!'l;  ii.,   l.'{ll;  special   men 


i. .()•-'•-':  ii.,  l41-'_',  iii."),  -J'J.Vt!, 


'2-2'X  271, 


•.m,  -XW-l.  .■f.')4,   H7I, 


40.")-(i,  4i!-12,  4lti-17.   42.T 


41(1 


r>i)H,    <;(»!»,    (;2S-'.I;    mvtli..    iii..    Ill 
111.'),    4;{7,    44:t,    ."ilML    OI2;     v.,    2( 


laii^'. 


hi-t. 


."((71(1, 


:<s.s,  417-i.s,  4.'>s.(;(»,  47(i,  4'.i:{-.')()7. 


'Flat. 
TIal 


ecmnxocliicaoaea 
ineilicine,  ii.,  ,">!t7. 


(1,  iii.,  4IS. 
inventur 


Tlatelnlcas,  Naliiia  nation,  i.,  ()I7- 
44;  ii.,  l.'!.'{-(!2'.t;  special  liielilioii, 
ii.,  .'{SO-l,  ")().");  hist.,  v.,  ;i2.')-(i,  iCiil- 
4S2. 

Tlateliilco  (.\altelnlco),  city.  Mexico, 
ii.,  .'!.S()-I.  ."id.");  iii..  2'.ts';  hi.^t.,  v., 
;r>7-!l!»,  411.  421.  42'.»:!l. 

'i'latlauliiiiiicenteotl,    name    for  < 'eii- 


( 'o\  iscas 


.!< 


I'lnomes,    I'iiiotl- 


Cllorlions,      I'opolocas,      I'opolnciis, 


ecoH,  I  ecoxines,   I  eiiiiiK 


tcoti,  iii.,  :<.")(». 
'I'latluicas,  Central  Mexican  tril 


le,  1. 


Yop 


Vop 


.ppll 


((17-44;   location  and  name,  i.,  tl7">. 
'rialoani,  Naliiia  title,    ii.,    l,S()-7;  v., 
24S. 
Naliiia    'i'laloiiil/intli,    Naliiia    title,    ii.,  ISt!. 


nation,  i.,(il7-44;  ii.,  I.'{.'t-(i2!t;  loca- | 'I'latoniie,  Nalnni  title 


IS(), 


tion  and  name,  i.,  (!77;  ii..  Kl'.i,  IHd; 


Npecia 
laii'4'., 

r)2:?-4. 


I    mention,    i..    ().")l-2,   ()(i.")-(i 


iii.,   7.")2,   7S;{;  liist.,  \. 


apail.  a  nieiiicinii 


ant.  II. 


207 


'.lit. 


Tl 


ap'l/annacaii,  name  tor  (^iniaiini/t- 

lan.  v.,  4!t7. 
Tlapit/cal/iii.  an  order  ot'  priests,  ii., 

2(i;t:  iii.,   i;!l. 
Tiappallan/in-ii,  \.,  211,  sei'  TIapal-    TIaiiili,  ii.,  ;!47,  see  TIaol 


TIatsaps,  i.,  ;tll4,  see  Clatsops. 
Tlatskanais,    trilie   of    Cliinooks,    i. 

222-00;  location,  i.,;{07;  Ian;,'.,  iii. 

")!»2. 


Tli 


TIatzalan,  v..  2'.t."i, 

'i'lauli<|iic<'liol,    a    iii\tliii'    liird,    iii., 

241. 
Tlanli(|Ue('lH)lt/oiitli,  a  fcitlier  dress, 

ii..  .'Cfl. 


r 


i\ite/i|iii    lTla\  itecciiiii,    at'i'stival 


Thi 
Tli 


■I.' 


il!o,  a  mantle,  ii.,  .'{21 . 


M 
cliar.icter,  til.,  .'i.d. 


ii|iiec{uiilicaii.  a  i|U 
cit\.  ii..  .")(1.'!. 


liter  of  .Mexico     Tlaxcall 


an,  v.,  4!l 


Tl 


:iscala. 


Tla(|niliiia.  Nalnia  title,  ii..  |S7. 
'I'lai|uilliui>^lis,    (•i<ana;,'an    sorcerers.!      .'(."lo 


Tiaxi'iili,  a  Kind  of  caUe,  ii.,  .'{.■>4. 
Tlaxialpacliolli.  a   Uiiid   of  cake.  ii. 


I.,  2S7 
laijiiilxiK 


diitl 


i.aii-i.,  v.,  ;i2!t. 


jiriiKM 


.f      Zi 


ixcallolopoclil  Ii,   a    kind   of    cai< 
ii.,  4:1 


ixiaco, 


Mi/tec  dialect,   iii.,   7  111. 


la'piiiiii 
iii.,  (12. 


Iloli 


sat 


red  ndies.   ii.,  202: ,  Tlaxicoliiican    (Tlaxi    ('oliulicanl,   a 


rei'ion  o 


f  Mexico,  v.,  211,  21,H. 


771                                                  INDEX. 

'ri,i\im;vli)yMii,  town,   Arirlioaraii,   i., 

Tunnoli,  Tnanooeli,)  tribe  of  Souial 

(177.  si'i"  Taii^iiimnia. 

Inilians,  i..  '.'((S-i'J;  location,  i.,  :M± 

'I'laxoi'liirnacii.     Naluia    imiiitli,     ii., 

Toaiic,  \illa;,'c,  .Sonoia,  i.,  <i(l7. 

:{-J7-.s,  xs;i.  :.i(»,  fiis. 

'I'oliaeco,     varitiiis    nsi-s,     i.,    (IS,    7<>. 

'I'laxdimiltcc^,  ( "i'l'tial  Mexican  liitii', 

i;u,  I'.t'.i,  -J lit,  -js-.',  :i'.4,  iv.n,  mo, 

i.,  (il7-44;  locaUiMi,   i.,  (>7-,  Ian;,'., 

r)17,  .M(».   ."iiW,   .5.S(»,  (I.VJ.   (i(i7,   7<l(i, 

iii.,  7I'.». 

7.'i!t,    77.'>-<i;    ii.,    2S7-,S,    (ii)l,  7!l">; 

Tlaxtli.  ii.,  '2<»7,  stv  Tiarlitli. 

iii..  .S(». 

'riayliiiiac,  ii.,  4.'{(!,   m'c  'rianotlac. 

Toi.acco  IMaiiis,  i.,  :U\. 

'I'laylotlal,  ii.,  '.';t(i,  sit  'riamdlac. 

'I'oltet,   iianiu  for  ('Iiiiii;,'cliiiiii  li,   iii.. 

Tia/alan    (Tlatzalaii),   lofalitv,  Mt-x- 

Kit;. 

ic),  v..  '2\)r>,  '-".17. 

'Totieyo,  v.,  '271,  see  Toveyo. 

'I'la/oalovaii,     ('liiapas,    anti<i.,     iv. , 

'I'olioliar,     liist     man,     Los    .\ii;,'e!(,s 

'•'"*■ 

lril.es,  iii.,  84. 

Tla/oitcoll   ('rcicii,   'I'iai'apan,   Tlacl- 

'I'oliosos,    North   Mexii.iii     trilie.     i.. 

.'  '1  'li.  'I'laco, 'riazolyuliua),  Nalina 

aTl-'.ll;  location,  i..  (•I>»-1'2;  s|peiiil 

^     1              . ,  .•{;i{;-7,  .">l(!;  iii.,  .■{77-.SI. 

inention,  i.,  ."ijti;  Ian;.'.,  iii  ,  71  1. 

'i'la/...                 ii..  ."ilC.  .set;  'riaziillcotl. 

Tolircytrota,   trihe   of    Istliiiiians,   i  , 

'I'Icliiii            1,     lord     of     'r('|i,'lii'|iaf, 

747-iS.");  location  i.,  7'.>();   lanu.,  iii., 

v..  MA. 

7!t4. 

Tlcniaco,    station,    A/lcc    niij;ration. 

'I'oi'a.s,  North   Mexican  tiiln-,  i.,  .■")71- 

v.,  .•{•24. 

!tl;   loealioii.  i.,  (ll'2. 

'ricniaiti,  a  I'lMisor.  ii.,  .'{•_'.'t. 

Tocaxeiiiial,   ( 'akcliii|iiel   nioiilh,   ii., 

'rictl.  calcnilar  si;in,  ii.,  .">l(i-17. 

7<!(i. 

'I'lfviclli.  a  Ina/ici-,  ii.,  :{-':{. 

'I'occy,  iii.,  .'{.■>().  see  'releionan. 

'riilco.il/in,  'roitcc  kill;:',  v.,  'idd'. 

'rochinteciihtii  (Tochiii  'I'ccahlli,  'I'o- 

'riiliii('l/|paliii,    an    (Moiiii    ciiicf,   v., 

chiiitziii).  a  're|iaiiec  chief,  v.,  ;{|;; 

i:!;t-  1. 

,\coiliiia   laiiice  and  lord   of  lliie- 

'J'liilaii,  iiaiiic  of  a  tt'iii|ili'  in  Mexico, 

xotla,  v.,  .•i.T2-:{.  :«.■.. 

v..  441. 

'rocliinl/in,    a    Mexican    inince,    v., 

'I'lill-iiicaicatl,  an  order  of  juiests,  ii.. 

;f74;  see  also  'rochiiitecnhtli. 

•_'(l-'. 

'rochiiiilco.  town,  riiehla,  i.,  ('>7i. 

'riiilaiicali|iii.  Naluia  title,  ii.,  i;W. 

Tochos.     Nortli     Mexican     irilie.    i., 

'riilipieilialiiiac,    \. ,    '-'."lO.    .see    Ixtlil- 

■*i7l'.tl;  location,  i.,  (ild. 

('ueclialiiiac. 

'rocli]iaiiecatl.  lord  of  Zumpanuo.  \., 

'riiliiue   t'liaocallaliiiiolt/in,    v.,  '_'.">(». 

.•(•211. 

see  1  xtlilciierliallliac. 

'l"oclite|iee    ('rurlite|ie<|iie),     locality, 

'riille|iec.  locality.   Mexico,  v.,  44.'1. 

_  \'eia  Crii/.  v..  '214.  41i!. 

'riiiiuilia-iliiiiieli  ( 1  •o;:-rilis),    tiilie    of 

'rochlla,  town,  <'liia|ias,  i.,  (iSj. 

'riiiiieli.  i..  1  1  t-.'i7:  ioi'alioii.  i.,  144. 

Tochtli,    Nalina    day    and    >t'ar,    ii  , 

'riol|iiiit/iii.  iii.,  -7'.K  see   Topilt/iii. 

.">(».-),  .■ill-1-2.  .■"ilfl-17;  iii.,  ">7. 

'rioi|natcli.  i.,  •_'!t7,  see  ('layoi|iiots. 

Toci,  iii..  .•(.■>().  sec   Teleionan. 

'I'lociiic,   name  for    Toiiacaieolle,   iii., 

'roi'ina,  i'neiilo  dance,  i..  ."i,")4. 

itn. 

'ro.'ilzin,  iii.,  .•|.">il,  see  'reteionaii. 

'rioi|iie,  Mava-(j)iiiilieiliaiect,  iii.,  TtU). 

'I'ocivitl,  a  military  dress,  ii.,  .Id."). 

'l'loqiiC'Naiiiiai|iie       1  l|ialiieiiioaloni. 

'I'ocolco.    station,    .\ztec    iiiiur.it  ion, 

l|iaineiiioaii,          l|ialiieiiioliiialoiii), 

v.,  .•f24. 

Naliiia  ^;ih|,   iii.,  ."i(i,    ISi'-t;,  I'.l.'iiv., 

Tocontin,  ( inatenialan  dance.  i.,7ll.'i. 

•J.").-'. 

'I'oeoy,    localitv,    ( iiialeinala,  v. ,  ."i."!'.!. 

'I'lnlli,  Naliiia  (li\iii<'  iiiessen;;er,   iii.. 

;  'roc|iacxochit/in,  |aincessof  (j»iialiiia- 

.■)S. 

!      tlapal,  v.,  :!I4. 

Tlotliteciilitli.a  'reo-Cliicliiinec  cliief. 

Toll,  (i>uichi'-(  iikchiiincl  day.  ii.,7<'i7. 

v.,  4",M(, 

Tohil,   »,>niclie  <;o.l,  li.,  (Its'.  7!ll,  ii:.. 

Tlol/iii  roclioll,  Cliieliimec  Iviliu',   v., 

'      41I-.-.0,    '2(i7,    47<;;    v.,    lM-2,    ,"il7. 

:{i4'j(i.  .•t;t(i-;i. 

."il'.t  ."il,  ."■).■•  t,  .Vii;-7,  .■ii;2,  ."iS'2,  ."I'.M. 
'rohnliil    Mountain,    name  for   llaca- 

'I'liaina  rt.\  iiai.  i..  IK!,  .see  Kenai. 

'I'niiils.  i.,  '.■>;(!>.  Ttlti.  7«i;i;  ii..  7-1. 

vit/  .Mi)Uiilaiii,  \.,  ."i(14. 

'I'oaiiilos.  i.,  ;(()'_•,  .see  'I'oaiiUoocli. 

Tohni'Mi.  \.,  "271.  see  'i'oseyo. 

'I'oaiilxoocli     (Toaiiilos,     'roaiiliooeli. 

'I'okalis.  i.,   1  l.'i,  1  l."».  see  'racallies. 

'I'oker  Point,  i..  :<2. 

INDHX. 


TolctiDs,    fcntral    ('alifoniian    tiilic,    Tonioy,  rtMifral  r,illf<iriiiiiii  tiilic,  i., 
i.,  :{i'il-4i)l;  lixatiiiii,  i..  ;{*;:<,  t.'i.'.       :{i;i-i>)i;  idCMiimi,  i.,  i.vi. 

'J'dlcwiilis  (  I'alilcwalis,  Talawas, 'Till-    'roiiipiras.   trilii-  nf   I'liclilns,   i.,   .")_'(;. 

a\\a-i,     'I'lilfwas,    'l'i)lii\vas),    Nc.rili        ."ii!;  Incalion,  i.,  (!(K>. 

( 'alifiiniiaii   tiiUc,   i. ,  .'i'-'i>-(il ;   luca-    Tuna,  a  ;,Miai'iliaii  sjiirit,  i.,  flCI  '_'. 

tiiiii,    i.,  :t'J7,  M');  sjicrial  liii'iitinn,     riiiiai'ai'i;:iia,  naiai' t<ir  ( 'li.riiiiiciciall, 

i.,  :U8,  :r)7,  :M\;  myth.,    iii.,   .")LM;i      iii.,  :t.')2. 

laii;,'-,    iii'.    •"''•'•'•  Toiiaiajiilma,  iiaiiii- for  Cfiilcoil,  iii,, 

Tdliaii  (Tula,  Tiilan,   Tiilliu,  Tiilla,  I  ^    .Tu). 

Tiillaiil.  fity,   Mcxicii,  i..  (i7.'<;   ii.,  ! 'I'oiiacalA'CDtli,   iii.,  'J7-,  m'c  Tmiara- 


!»S->,t;  aiiti<|.,  iv.,  Mr,  liisl.,  v.,  I'l, 

isi--.',  is(;-7.  Hti-'i,  •2m.  --Ma.  '-'i'.», 
'Ji.ssc,,  ■2'xi.  :f.';{,  ;<.".»,  47:1,  ."..").■}-(;, 
,')iii,  niM,  <;•_':{. 

'rollaiiciii;^!!    (Tolluiit/llli'ii),    v.,    11)1, 
•_'!.'{,  sec  Tiilani'iii_'ci. 


tcoll. 
'I'oiiaiali'i'iilidi  ('I'i)iiai'at('riitliK  iiaim' 

till' 'i'ciiiatiiili  ll/ai'iial.  i\. ,  .'i.'i.'i. 
Toliaratci.tl  (( 'iiiiialiiiiali,  Toiiacalc- 
CHlli,  Tiiiiaialfiii!i','l'c>na(atlc  oi  li  i, 
Naliiia  •,'.h1,  iii.,  I'.ll,  -JiW,  •-':•-'.  ."CiJ. 
'1' 'liiaiiiiai',  Naliiia  li'iiipli',  iii.,  KI'J.  |  Tuiiacati'iictl,  Nalitia  niylliir  Idialily, 
T".,,    .111,  i.,  ti77,  see   Toliiia.  |      v.,   l',i:{-4. 

TciloUh-i'is,   iianic    tor  ( 'asa  ilol  Adi- ; 'I'oiial.i.  < 'liia])a.-<,  aiitic|. ,  iv.,  '.l'>\. 

villi),  Ixiiial,  anlii|..  i\.,  I'.tJ.  I 'I'oiiala,  town,  .lalisco,  i,,  (i.'iO;  aiitii|., 

Tololollaii,    town,    .ialisi'o,     i.,    (;7'_';  !      iv.,  .■)7-;  liisl.,  v.,  .VIS-i). 

aiiiii|.,  iv.,  .°>7-''>.  ;  Tonalaiiiall,    Naliiia   tlixiiiin^'    liook, 

Tololollaii  i;i\('r,  Miclio.icaii,  V. ,  ."i(tS.  j       iii.,  ;!>sl. 

Toloiii|iaiilc|MMi j,    naiiit'    lor    lloloii-    'loiialan,    .stalioii,    Aztec    iiii;4-.atioii, 
(  liau    Tciicnli,  v.,  (i'-M.  \.,  .'i'- 


Toiial|MMilii|iii,    Nalnia  .sori'crcr,    ii., 

•J71.  ."ill I,  .'it  10. 

'i'oii.illiit,  ii  i'i|iili'  lord,  v.,  (lO'.l, 

Toiiaiilziii,    naiiif   for    (  liiciiiiiccoatl, 

iii.,  :r>i»,  :i,v_'. 

Tonatai'iii;;a,  iiaiiii'  for  ( 'liiiciiiiccoall, 

iii..  XV-'. 
'I'onaliiili,  Naluiii  j;oil,  iii.,    Id'.i,    |s;{. 
'I'onatiiiii   ll/ai'iial,   t('iii|il(',    .Mrxiin, 

aiilitj  ,  iw.  ."i.'t.")  (!. 
Toii;;arM's     ('I'oiiLias),      i.,     II.!,     xc 

Tini;.;a>s. 
Toii;;las,  lloinlura^,  lan.u'.,  iii.,  IS'A, 


Tolowas,  i..  ,"t(ll.  >('(•  Toli'walis. 
Tol|ic'llac,  v.,  .■(■-•.'{,  M'l'  Tiillcju'tla<-. 
'i'o|i|oiji,  a  ( liiatcnialaii  cliict,  v. ,;">(>!). 
Tolli'iat,  iv.,  .">•_".(,  sec  Tcoliliiiai'an, 
'I'oltci'.itltrciililli,         Ti'o-(  liirliinuM' 

cliicf,  v.,   I'.tO, 
'J'oltci'.x,    Niiliiia    nation,    i.,    (il7-t4; 

ii..  i;t;t  (iJ'.i;  name,  i,,  (i7(l;  ii.,  l.'tl- 

"2;  >|ii'cial   nientioii.   i..  "Jl;    ii.,   '.IS- 

101,  Mil,  I7:i-i,  -'i;m  I.  liii.vd,  ;{i;{, 

:{7'.i,  4(17,  47s,  ."iiKi,  .V(4,  .V.t7,  (iOI, 

(Kill,    <ii;{;    iii.,    '-*7(t-i;    inytli.,    iii., 

.'i.')-();  Ian;:.,  iii.,  7-4;  v.,  old;  ori- 

;;iii.    v.,     I'.t-'-'l;    lii^t.,    v.,    '-'(IS-IS,    Toii;^Me  I'oiiii,  i.,  ;i(l(i-7. 

LM7-;i!l!t,  oll'.l,  .V-'7-S,  ."ill-H,  ."iKI,  .Vi7-  |  Toliiclie,  i..  (ilK'i,  .•<ee  Tonil/i. 

S,  ."i(ll,  .")»>  1-7.  titii,  til  l-l'.l.  j  Toiiila,  name  for  Oeociii;jo,    i\.,    .'(17. 

Tohna   (Toloraiii,   city,    Mexico,    i.,    'I'oiiil/i,  low  n,  Soiioia,  i.,  (1(1(1. 

()7(i-7;    laiiu.,    iii.,   7i7-^;   \.,    I.'t.'i,  Tonios,  irilie  of  .\|iaclns,  i.,  l7.'!-."t-(l; 

T)'-'!!.                                                               !       loialion.  i.,  474.  .V.l.'i;  s|iei  ial   liiili- 
'I'omaliawKs,    i.,    ISS,    •-':!:.,   '-'(IS,    .'Ml,  I      ti i.,  411 1-.".,  ."il  1 .  .Mil. 

'Ms.  I'.HM.  ■ronv(4's  r.,i\.  i.,  'JH;!. 

Toiiiales    (Tamalo,     Tamallos,     Ta-     Tool^ai  ikkali^,  ti  ilie  of  Slio'-lioiics,  i., 

nialaposi,  ( 'ciilial  < 'alifniiiiaii  trilie,         I---I-:   location,  i..   Kil!. 

i.,  ,'t(ll  -  KM  ;   loi'atioii.  i..  I."i'-.  Tooinciloc-^,  ( 'cni  i;il( 'alifoinian  trilie, 

Tom.'illaii.  !-lal  ion,  (iiichiiiiec  mi;^i'a-        i.,  .'ill  I- 101 ;  local  ion  ami    name,    i., 

tion,  v..  •JlL'.  4^7.  t.'iCi. 

Tomaoleol,  Nicaiauiia  ;;oil,  iii.,  lit"-'.  Toomniis,  ( 'cnl  ral  I 'alifoiniaii  liile, 
Toinasiii,  \  illaLie.  ( in.ilemala.  i.,  7''^H.  i  i..  Hill  - 101  ;  localioii  ami  name,  i., 
Tonialoes  I  j'oiiialb.  .Mesican  fooil,  i.,         I.'ili. 

(i'-'l,  (loli;   ii.,  ;i.i(l,  'rooli^las,    tiilie     of     MoM|iiiloH,     i., 

Toina/'ola|ian,  cilv,  Mexico,  \.,.|1'J.  ;  711-47;  location,  i.,  7111,  7'.ili;  .'-pc- 
'l'oinli>.  antii|.,  iv..  17-ls,  -illio,  ■■<7-- i      eial   iiiciilioii.    i.,    711,    71^,    7l!'; 

,SS,   41'J,    41!»,    4'-'-2,   4'JS-HO,    4l7ol.'      iaii;,'.,  iii.,  7MI. 

4(i.").  474,    I'.l.'f,  ."•1(1-17.  .V.llt,  (i'.l'J.  !  Too|ieK,  i.,  .M,  .-ee  '!'o|iek. 

Toiiiivaiili,  (Moini   iniiiccNS,  v.,  Itl'.l.     ,   I'oo  ]io|e,  i.,  .M,  vce'lo|ick. 


77G 


INDKX. 


Tons,  tribe  of  Ilaidalin,  i.,  Mo- 74;  lo- 1  Tosoinitpiz,  i.,  4.V2,  soc  Yoscniitca. 


CilllOIl,    I. 


:it2. 


ToiitiKi'li,  thiiiitle.  hinl,  Alit  iiiytli., 

iii.,  !M),  l,")-_'. 
TdotootDii,    i.,  3'27,  443,    see   K()<^uc 

Itivcr  liiiliaiis. 

To|)i'k('l'i»'-I'""'*-'*'''''^''"*l'^''^'  Toopoto, 
'i'lHiak,  Tiipiiek),  Kskiiiio  tent,   i., 

'r(il)ia,  iiroviuce,  North  Mexico,  i., 
(i(t7.  ()1:{-I4;  laiij;.,  iii.,  71>S-1'.). 

Tojiila  Creek,  'i'ainaulii)aM,  uiitiii., 
iv..  iV.Mi-7. 

To]iil!i  Hills,  Taiuaiilipas,  aiiti(^.,  iv., 

Tiijiilli,  constaltles,  ii.,  4;?7. 

T<i|>ilt/in  Criolpiiit/iii,  Topil),  an  or- 
der of  priests,  ii.,  "JOI,  'M~;  iii., 
•-'7!t,  4.S4;  v.,  '24H;  Tnllec  imperial 
title,  ii.,  llOlt;  v..  2^,  i>(i(>,  •.>7(>, 
•-".1!»;  see  also  .\exitl. 

Toiiiltziii  (^iiet/aleoatl,  name  for 
(^•iietzaleoatl,  v.,  25. 

'i\iiior"i  linili/tli,    iii.,  4*22,  see  Tox- 


itl 


T. 


oi[ualit  (lo(|uart,    hxpiatux 


trill: 


if  Nootkas,    i.,    174-20JS;   loeation 

i.,  •2!).")-7. 
Toc|netzjil,    Teo-Chichiniec  chief,  v. 

4!tl». 
'riii|iiitnas,    tribe    of    Sboshones,    i. 

4--'-J-4'_';  location,  i.,  4(W. 
'i'liral,  Siianish  bishoii  in  Vncatan,  v. 


(iiV.I. 


'J'orches,  nse  of,   i.,  ISo-ti,  '21:?,    X\S, 
7l!t;  ii.,  4'.)!,  r)7;{,  (US,   (Wl-.S;  iii., 

Torin,  villMj;e,  Sonora,  i.,  (!()S. 
'I'ornilla,  .\paehe  food,  i.,  4S8. 
'I'l'iro,  villiij,'e,  Sonora.  i.,  (iOH. 
'I'orom  raijni,   Opata  festival,    i.,  TiSfi. 
'J'orose,  Central  Californian  tribe,  i., 


lorresiiues,    trilie    o 


.•t(ii-4(ll;  location,  i..  4."i:{. 

f    istlimians,    i., 
747-S,");  location,  i.,  74S. 
Toitilla,  a    species   of    cake,    i.,  48!), 


.■|4lt,    ; 
.•«47,  .Ta-."), 


(i2t;,    (i.'i:J,   (IDt,  721;   ii. 


l-J:  111. 


Tort 
Tori. 


oise,  svmiiii 


:t(;i). 
7:m. 


■<liell,  various  uses  of,  i.,  3!);{, 
70."i,  717,  72')-(i,  7<ifS;  ii.,  28 J,  4(K), 
7i:t. 

Tortnjia  Islaml.  i.,  (iO.">. 

Torture,  of  captives,  i.,  I(i4,  2()0,  4X\, 
ivSl;  ii.,  (i.'id.  74(i. 

Tosawees  (Shoshoteas,  Tosawitches, 


osawwitches,  Tosi witches.  While 


T. 


itches,  i.,  4iil,  see  Tc 


Tfisti?  (Teotost),  Nicara;,'na  j;ii(l,  iii., 

402. 
Totani|nitla\calIitla(|nelpa<'bolIi,      a 


s|iecie> 


if  cake,  ii.,  17.">,  .S.' 


Tofec,  iii.,  411,  see  Xipe. 

Toll  iieiih    Nonolinalcatl    (Toteiianh, 

T(    epenlii;ne),    Tollec     kin^r,     v., 

2.")l,,  2.")2-.'). 
Totep>'iili  II.,  Toltec  kin;,',  v..  2(i(). 
Totokomnla,  Californian  invihic  iier- 


son,  iii.,  124-(i. 
Totola,  Central  Californian  tril 


)e, 


:{(il-4(»l;  location,  i.,  4."i:{. 


Tot 


Mexi. 


olapan,    province, 
:U(>,  412. 
Totollan,  locality,  Piiebla,  v.,  4!M). 
TotolohnitziM'hichiinec-Toltec  chief, 

v.,  48."). 
Totolo(|ue,  Xalina  j,'ame,  ii.,  :{()l. 
Totoltepee   (  Tototepec),    citv,  North- 
2!»7-8,  .•{;{■.-,,  472. 
Teo-(  hicliimec 


I  Ml 


cas 
Totomalotecnhtli, 


rhief. 


4!  to. 


Totomihnacan  (Totoniinacan),  town, 
I'nebia,  i,,  (i7(l-l;  v.,  4!H».  4!)."). 

Totonacapaii,  proviiue,  X'eraCruz,  i., 
fw.");  v.,  41.S,  41."). 

Totonacs  (Totonai|ues),  Xalma  na- 
tion, i.,  (!17-44;  ii.,  i:t:{-t;2'.l;  loca- 
tion anil  name  i.,  Ii7.');  ii.,  Il.'i-I4, 
l.'{2;  special  mention,  i.,  (».■{.");  ii., 
278,  ."),"i4;  mvth.,  ii.,  214;  iii.,  .TiO-l, 
4:{:t,  4.S7,  44.'i;  laii^'.,  iii.,  7."i'.»,  77<>'-!l; 
v.,  204;  hist.,  v.,  2():t-."),  2;W, 
441-2,  47(i. 

Totoiiicapan,  town,  Cuatemala,  i., 
787-8;   v.,  ■")77,  ")8(),  (102. 

Totonc|iiiatolli,  a  kind  of  ^rruel,  ii., 
:i.">."). 

'I'titopiiste  ('I'otoposti),  a  corn  cake, 
i.,  (i,"i:{-4.  (i!»."). 

Toto(|uihnat/in,  kin;,'  of  Tlacojian, 
v.,  :V.)(i,  :{!l!t,  410,  42(i. 

Totoi|uihuat/iu    II.,    kiii''  of  Tlaco- 


pan.  v. 


440-1. 


Toll 


<i72. 


Tl 


lorames. 


Tototecti.  sacrilieial  victi 


.•W)0. 


Tototen  (Tototin,  'i'ototutna,  Totn- 
tiiiie.  Totntnno),  see  lto;,'ne  liiver 
Indians,  i.,  .'{27.  442-:t. 

Tototlan,  locality,  Mexico,  v.,  41(!. 

Totteii's  Inlet,  i.',  .SOI. 


Tot 


zapaii,  station, 
.,  2i:i. 


Tolt 


ee   n)i''ration. 


Knives),  tribe  of  Shoshones,  i., 
422-42;  location,  i.,  4(i!(;  special 
mention,  !.,  440. 


Totzapaiit/in,  a  Toltec  prince,  v.,  21 S. 
Tonchoii-ta-Kutchin,  tribe  of  Tiiineh, 
i.,  1 14-;{7;  location,  i.,   I  iiV 


INDEX. 


777 


Ti)r.s('rk'iiiiiies,  i.,  4.")0,  sec  Tawiiloiii- " 

nt'H.  I 

Toiistiliipas,        Iiilaiiil       Columliiaii 

triiic,  i.,  •J.">0-!tl;  l..cati.iii,  i.,  .'{i;*. 
Tuutduiii,   i.,   ',i'2~,  see  Kojjiie   liiver 

lixlians. 
Tovarcs,  i.,  (]{)'.),  sec  Tuliarcs. 
Tovt'VD  (Tolicvo,  'l'((liutyi(|,  name  for 

Te/iatliiioca.  iii.,  •J4:{-():  v.,  l'TI-.'?. 
Towers,    ii.,  .Viil-T,   r>71,    744,   7'.t--.'{; 

aiiti<|..   iv.,   \U-.\    IS7-S,  -J.-)*),  -.'.U, 

•2m,  'M.\  4».Vti,  .-..->•_»,  .".sd,  7-_':{-'.l,  .S(t4. 
Towkas,  tril)e  of   .Mosi|iiitos,  i.,  711- 

47;    location,    i.,  71-,   7'.i."{;   s|iecial 

iiieiitioii,  i..  711,  7-"f,  7.'{-,  7.'it),  74(i; 

laiij;.,  iii.,  7^;{. 
Towns,  see  I  >\viilin;;s. 
Tox,    Tzeiiilal    ilay.    ii.,    7'i7;    Cliia- 

panee  hero,  v.,  (!((.">. 
Toxas,  Irilte  of  Isliiniians,  i.,  747-So;  ' 

loeation,  i.,  7  IS. 
Toxcaelioilioloa,    Naliiia   daiiee,    ii., 

1'oxcatl     ('l'e|)o|ii)ciiu'!i/.ili),     Naliua 

iiioiitli,  ii.,  ."lO'.i;  iii..  4l'"_'-.S. 
To\ilniol]iilia,     Naliiia    evele     feast, 

ii.,  •-'74;  iii.,  :{!i:i-(;. 
Toxpalatl,   iianu'  of  a  fouiit-.iii,   ii., 

Toxjiaii    (Tiix|iaii),    station,    Toltee 

iiiij,'ralion,  \-.,  -\'l,  'Jl(!, 
ToxiMili,  an  .\eoilnia  i-liief,  v.,  :i~H. 
'J'ovliipet,  .Sontii  (alifornian  trii)e,  i., 

i(V_'---''J;  local  ion.  i.,  4(i(». 
'J'ovoii,  .Mentian  title  for  cliicf,  i. ,!»•_'. 
'l"oy   I'i  I'tes,  trilie  of  Slio.-liones.  i., 

4-'-_'-4i.';  location,  i..  4(i7. 
Tozanlla,  town,  Miclioacan,  i.,  (177. 
Tozcne<ue\,  an  .\ztcc  |iiince,  \.,  ;!•.",(. 
'l"o/i,  iii.,  .'{(I'.l.  see  Teteionan. 
'I'ozo/tli,  Naliiia  nioiitli.  iii.,  7n. 
'J'o/o/tontii      (Tozcot/intli),      ^■llIna 

nn)nlli,  ii.,  ;{1.">.  .")il'.>;  iii..  4L'(I-I. 
1'oz(|iient/.in,  name  for  Atolot/in,  \., 

1"(|iiac|nanii>l..  Irilie  of  Sounii  In- 
dians, i.,  •J(i.S-'_''_':  location,  i.,  ;{()1. 

Traile,  s(  I'  ( 'ouinicrcc. 

Trailitions,  ii.,  .•)(17-S,  4-.'7,  ."..Vt-fiO, 
71(i-17;  iv.,  101,  7;)<!-l;  v.,  i:t7-4(»; 
see  aUo  history. 

1'rak  I'oconia,  <  Inateniala,  antii|.,  \\\, 

\:u. 

Tran-jik-koo-ehill,    Knlchin    dialect, 

iii.,  .")S(i. 
Traps,   i.,  01,    TJ:?,   1S7,    .'Wfi-'.t,    'Ml, 

<>.")•_';  ii.,  7'-'(). 
Tratsc-Kntshi,  i.,    147,   see  Tath/e\- 

Kut>lii. 


Treason,  puiiishnieiit  of,  ii.,  4."!t,  04"), 
(;."•!»,  74(1. 

Treaties,  i.,  KU,  IS'.t,  'JCD^O.  4:!:i-4, 
.")(X).  ."iSO,  (;28,  (;:{i;-7.  7-';{:  ii..747; 
v.,  SCS,   -Ml ■•2,  -Ml-W,   414,  44.">. 

Trees,  i.,  I7.S,  •_'0.")-(;,  -J-JO,  '-'SS,  7-">7; 
ii.,  :{•_>!»-:«»,  .V)7,  ()!(!,  (!li»;  iii.,  .'W.V 
1»,  4(K»,  4.V.). 

Trench  IJar,  California,  anti(|.,  iv., 
707. 

Triliiitc,  see  Taxes. 

Trile  Kalets,  trilie  of  Chinooks,  i., 
2-_'L'-.")0;  loeation,  i.,  ;iW>. 

Trincheras,  sec  C'erro  tie  las  'I'rin- 
cheras. 

Triniilail,  W-vn  ("riiz,  antii|.,  iv.  4(!.'{. 

Trinidad  r>a\' Imlians,  Noiih  ( 'alifor- 
nian trilte,  i.,  .'{'Jtidl;  special  men- 
tion, i.,  .•{•J!t-:t(»,  :i;tL'.  :{4s.  :!.".i. 

Trinity,  nivth.,  ii.,  (i4>S;  iii.,  4(iJ,  47(>- 

7,  4!>'J;  v.,  «7,  047. 
Trinity   <'ount\-,    California,    aiitiip, 

iv.,  707. 
Trinity    lliver   Indians,    Norlh   ('ali- 
fornian trilie,   i.,    ;tL'."i-(ll ;   location, 

i.,  44.');  special  nicnlion,    i.,  ;!J7!', 

.•W4,    ;{4.S,  atil;    mvlh.,    iii.,    17."i(i; 

ian;,'.,  iii.,  .V.C',  (i4L'. 
Tripas     Itlancas,      North      Mexican 

trilie,  1.,  .■)7l-'.tl;  location,   i..  (iJ-J. 
Tiipoli,    native   place   of  \  otan,    v., 

71. 
Troano  MS.,  ii.,  771-4. 
Troe,  Sinaloa  dial<'<'t,  iii.,  7o7. 
Trophies,  war,  i.,  1(14,  ;{I4,  SSO,  4:).'?. 

4.  ."iSI,  (l-_".>;  ii.,  ;itl(),   :il(i,  ."iJli,  4J'.t, 

74(1. 
Truckee  liiver,  i.,  4(!(1. 
Trnckee    \'alley,    Calitornia,  antii|., 

iv.,  707. 
Trnmpets,  i.,  7(;-");  ii., -".>•-'.  7l."t. 
'I'rnxillo,  tow  n,  Ilondnras,  i,,  7;t.'t;  iii., 

4!  Id. 
Tsakaitsitlin,       Inland       ( '(iliimliiaii 

trilii',   i.,  •J.'iO-'.il ;  location,  i  .  ;;i'_'. 
Tsamak,   Sacramento  \  alley  dialect, 

iii.,  (;4'.l-."iO. 
Tsatsnotin,  Tinneh  trilie,   i.,    1  1  t-;{7; 

location,   i.,  I  l."i. 
TNcha;.;('liid':   lliver,  i.,  1  IS. 
Tscheriiow-skojes,    trilie    of    .Meats, 

i.,  S7-1I4;  location,   i..  111. 
Tselii;:niit,  i.,   14!l,  see  Cliij^niit. 
Tscliilsoloniis,      Iidand      (  oiiimlii.iu 

trilie,    i.,  •_'."iO-'.ll:  location,    i..  :il  I. 
Tsclina^fniJMten    (Tschna;4Minieni,   i., 

141,  see  (  hna^tmnles. 
'I'sehn;fatsclien  (  Tchnpitidiili.  Teh.  t- 

ski,      Tscli;,'atzi,      T>clinjat-^i  lies, 

'i'sehiipitsciii,    'l'.schn;:al^i,    Tschu- 


(78 


INDKX. 


Kiizzi,  Tsclmktchi,  Tscliiiktschi),  i., 
70,    7-',    i;t'.»,  sf(!  Clui'iatsrlics. 

'rscliii;j;atsk,  i.,  ];{!»,  st.-i- < 'liiij,'ailmik. 

'I'sclalliiiii,  i.,  17(!,  see  Clallaiiis. 

r.sliikfit.slat,  tiil)t' lit'  Sound  iiiiliaiis, 
i.,  !;(»«-•_"_';  location,  i.,  •_'!!'.». 

Tsliiniik,  i.,  S04,  st-c  ("liii k. 

Tsiliailisli,  i.,  ;{U:{,  sec-  Cliclialis. 

'I'silkotiii,  145,  SCO  Cliilkotiii. 


•1 


sillancs. 


liilaiiil    Coluinliian    trilti 


•-'")()-!tl:  location,   i.,  .SI". 


Ttsilliiwdawlioots,  trilic  of  Tiiincli,  i. 


1 14-.'{7;  location,  i.,  14"). 

si 


T.sinisliccans,  i.,  '2'Xi,  see  <"liinisyan 
Tsoi-;;ali,   name   for   Nc/    I'civcs,  i., 

•.>,").S. 
Tsoniass,  tribe   of    \ootkas,    i.,  174- 

•J(KS;  local! i.,  •2'X't. 

Ttattali-Akhal,  ('akchicpu'l  kinj.',  v., 


Tt 


.")S4. 
vnai. 


14S, 


Til 


'J'uanoii  (  Tiianoocli),  i.,  UOv.',  sec  To- 

ankoocli. 
Tuliananiii,    iiroviiice    and    trihe    of 


Istli 


niian 


'47-8.~>;  locati 


Tuliares   (Tovares),   N'orlli    Mexican 

trilie,  i.,  .")71-'.M;  location,  i.,  .")7-, 

<)()!>;  lan^'.,  iii.,  7I.V1(). 
Tnltes,  various  uses,  i.,  170,  (!'J7,  70."), 

70!t,  7'J;{,   7('>0-:{;  ii.,  .S.")l;  iv.,  :{l(i, 

:{7."),  4.")1. 
Tuhisustc,  Central  Californian  trilie, 

i.,  :t(il-Kll;  lo.alion,  i.,  4.").'t. 
Tiica,   Central   Calit'ornian   tribe,    i., 

.•{(i  1-401;  location,  i.,  4Xi. 
'rucannon  (Tukanon)  Itiver,  i.,  'M~. 
'rncaitacliii,  'I'arasco  jiod,  iii.,  44."). 
Tuclii(|uel/.al,    name     for    Cliiconie- 

coati,  iii.,  ,■(.')■_'. 
'I'ucunicari  Creek,  !..  .Wl. 
'rucumu,  Soutli  Californian  trilie,  i., 

40l'-l'l';  location,  i.,  4.")S. 


ini^rration,  v.,  3'J.T;    ancient   lionio 
of    (.)iiiclies,   v.,   Ml;    ancient   citv, 


Central    A 


iierna«    v.. 


l.V.t,    ISI 


i>s.">-7,  i!H-'j,  •->;«,  r)."):{-7,  otn,  (ii'», 

(!•_'.'{;  .see  also  Tollaii. 

Tula,  California,  aniiii.,  iv. ,  (i!H). 

Tulancin;;o  (  Tollancin^'o,  ToUantzin- 
eo,  Tulautzinco),  city  and  jirovinco 
Mexico,  anti(|.,  iv.,   ,~A4;  lii>t.,  v., 

•_m:i,  -Jiio,  .-{JO,  :«."),  41 1,  4.s'.». 

Tulan-/.ui\a  (Tulanzu,  Seven  Cavi-s, 
/uinal,  ancient  home  iti  (,|iiiclics, 
iii.,  4!l:  liisi.,  v.,  LSI,  KSfS,  I'.ll,  1!»7, 

'-'(»;{,  -.'i ;»-•_' 1,  •_'•_»:{,  •.'•_'8,  ;iL'."),  4-_'l'-4, 

."):.'7,  ")47,  .">(il,  .")()."),  .")cSO,  (l-.M. 
Tnlapan,  ancient  home  of  'J'utuI  Xi- 

ns,  v.,  •J27-H,  <i-'4. 
Tulares  (Tularenos)  Central  Califor- 


nian trilie,  i.,  ;i(il-40l;   location,  i. 
4.")-_',  4.")();  lan^.,  iii.,  (l.'iO-l. 


!, 


i.,  ;{(;.s,  4.M,  4.1 


ulare 
antii). 


\ 


illev. 


4()0;    Calilornia, 


(iDO. 


Tula  Uiver,  v.,  '2A',i,  see  Moiitczuniii 

river, 
'i'lile,   term    for  ruslics,  i.,  ■'{.■>(!,  .'t(i7, 

.•{S-t,  4«;(l;  ii.,  ,S.")7. 
'J'ules,  trilie  of  Isthmians,   i.,  747-S.'); 


Ian;r.,  m.,  , 


!»4- 


Tucur 


u.    \illa"'e, 


md    trihe,    (iuate- 


nala.  i.,  7.SS;  v.,  ,")til. 


Tuerto,  ti 


of  I'uelilos, 


r)'2(;-")(i: 


localion.  i..  liOO. 


Tulialha.  (luatemalan  trihe,  hist.,  v. 


Tuh 


ill! 


ahodo  of    v\/te('    N'enus 


iii.,  :f7 


Tuira,  Isihuiian  ;::od,  iii.,  .")(I0. 

Tail  Ian,  name  for  (,)uemada,  iv.,r)80. 


Ti 


."110.  see  Tucannou. 


'i'nk-Knih,  Kiitchin  dialect,  iii.,  'iSf). 
Tukuches,  Cmitemalan    trihe,  hist., 


.i(il 


!t(!-7 


Tule  liiver,  i.,  4.")t). 

Tnlha,  <'itv,  Cliiaiias,  ii.,  (i.'tli;  anti(|., 
iv.,  .S4(i-7. 

Tulija  liiver,  iv.,  •2'.)7,  .'Vl.'k 

Tuliks,  trihe  of  Aleuts,  i.,  87-04; 
location,  i.,  141. 

Tulkays,  Central  Californian  trihe, 
i.,  .siil-401;  location,  i.,  .•{(Hi,  4.VJ. 

Tulla  (Tullaii),  iii.,  -'40-1,  -288;  v., 
•MA,    see  Tollan. 

TullanatI  liiver,  v.,  '2-l',i,  see  Monte- 
zuma Uiver. 

Tulomos,  i.,  ,S(il?,  see  'i'uolomos. 

'I'uloom,    citv,    \'ucatan,    ii 


744- 


iUltli|. 


•_'.")4-<t,  -JtiS,  •J7 


Tultecatl,    Nahua   jind,    iii..    418;  a 


lliicxoizinca  general,  \.,4.'" 


riOO-l. 


Tulleiiellac  iTolpetlac,  'I'liliictlacl, 
station,  .\zlec  mi;;ralion,  \..  ;{j;i-4. 

Tullitlan.  citv,  Mexico,  v.,  '-'84,  L".l."), 
.•{i;0,  40."). 

Tiduraios,  Central  Californian    rilie. 


{(!l-40l;    .special    mention 


'ulvahualco, 


«1 
Mexico,     anti( 


|.,     i\ 


.11)0. 


umalelinias 


Central     Califorinaii 
trihe,  i.,  .■((11-401;  l.ication,   i.,  4l!». 


Tula  iTalaii,  'I'nllia,  Twlla,  Tullanl.    Tuma!>acaues.  North  Mexican  tril 


aucu'n 


t    citv,   .Mexi( 


1  ,  (i7.'i;   aii- 


1.,  •)( 


71-01;  location,  i.,  tli;{. 


li^l. ,    iv.,     .■)47-'.l;     station,     Aztec 


INDKX. 


J70 


Tmiac-rpl,  name  fur  ITunac  Eel,  v., 

(I.Mti. 
'I'lific  Clia  \'allcv,  i.,  r,>M\. 
Tiiii;,'a>s    ('l"ciii;a  kiv.    'ruiijra-*,    'I'liii 

(iliaasc,  'l'mi;;lMs(i,  triln-  oi  'I'liliii- 

kfcts,     i.,    '.I(i-I  14;  Imatioii,   i.,   IMi, 

I4.'{;  laii^r.,  iii.,  r)7!». 
'rim;,'as.-s  Island,  i.,    14U. 
'I'liiikiil.  niiisifal  iiistniiiitMit,  i.,  (>'>(>, 

(i(;4;  ii.,  71-*;  v..  <)."W. 
TudIoiikis  ('i'lilmiKisi,    Cciifral    Cali- 

foniiaii  trilic,  i.,  .■{(il-4(»l;  location. 

i.,  ;{(;:<,  4.'.:}. 

Tnoliiinnc  County,  i.,  4.");  Ian;,',,  iii., 

().')(»;  anti(|..  iv.",  ()',i,S-7(>;{. 
TnoluMine  Itiver,  i. ,  i'>,')-C>;  Ian;,'.,  iii., 

(i,-.l. 
Tiiparan,  I'l'i'icni  evil  .spirit,  iii.,.VJ!). 
'I'Mpiitaro,    Kininajnato,    antifj.,   iv., 

.">77. 
Tillies,  i.,  ,")!)2.  sec  .hi]H's. 
'I'upoiMiyos,  North  .Mexican  tribe,  i., 

")71-!ti ;  location,  i.,  ()07. 
Tuiipck.  i.,  .")>,  see  'i'opeU. 
'i'nppkak,  .Ma.va  feast,  ii.,  (!!M-'2. 
'J'npnic,  Central  Caiifornian  trilie,  i., 

;{(;i-l()l;  location,  i.,  4."):{. 
'I'npninte,   Central  Caiifornian  trilie, 

i.,  .■<(;i-4(»l;  location,  i.,  4."):',. 
'J'upiiNancliuen,  ;  caiilv,   Mielioacan, 

v.,  r>->:\. 

Tnciuesa  Itiver,  i.,  "i'Ml 

'J'liranii,  Central  Caiifornian  trilie,  i., 

;{*il-4(»i;  location,  i.,  4.")4. 
Turiio,  locality,  Darieii,  i.,  707. 
'J'urealenines,   i.,  4ri(»,    see  'I'awaleiii- 

iies. 
Tnriallia  \'allev,   Costa  liiea,  antiii., 

iv.,  -Jl. 
Tnrk<'ys.  !.,  7-';t;  ii.,  7(t.'{,  7-'l. 
Turlitepeiine,  v..  'JI4.  see  Toclitcpec. 
Tnic(noise,  i.,  ,'(4."),   ."iS.'t;  ii.,  17.'),  ;t7(i- 

7,  tittil. 
Tnrrets,  see  Towers. 
'I'nrlie.  i.,  .Vil,  .".(i;{,  ."(i  7,  (J'm,  <>'M, 

7i.'il,  7-'.")<!.  7."i'.t;  ii.,  7-'l. 
Tusanes,    Noiili    .Mexiraii    tiilie,    i., 

.'i7l-!M;   location,  i..  (;{•_'. 
'J'usapan,     \'era    (  rii/,      anti^.,    iv., 

4.")(;-S. 
Tnsayan,  New  .Mexico, ,imi ii|..  i\. .(i74. 
'J'uslu'paws  (  Tnssliepau  si,  InlaNil  Co- 

laniliian  trilie,  i.,  '2oil-!i|;  location, 

i..  ,'{|l-l'_';  s]iecial  nu'ntion,  i.,  'J.V.t, 

'274. 
'i'aski.  i.,  i;i!),  see  Clia^'atsclies. 
'I"ns(|iiiii,  .Xjiaclu'  kettle,  i.,  4Sil. 
Tntacliro,    Sontli    Caiifornian    trilie, 

i.,  4i)_'-'J'J;  location,  !.,  4."i.S. 
Tiitaliaco,  I'ueiilo  proviin'e,  i.,  .V_'7. 


Tutclume  K'utcliin   ((iens  dc  I'on.x), 

trilie  of     Tinneli,    i.,    ll4-.'{7;    lo<'a- 

tion,  i.,  I  l"i,  147;  lani,'.,  iii.,  ."i.s7. 
Tutecot/.emit,  I'ipilf   kin.u;,  v.,  (i(l,S-!). 
'I'ntoten,    i.,    44.'1,    see    Ho;,fne    Kiver 

Imlians. 
TutuI    Xins,    Maya   nation,   ii.,  (i.'Jtl- 

(St);{;  special    mention,    ii..    llN-"_'(t, 

!.•{•_',  <*:(;{,  ti4<,»,  7-2<l;  hist.,  v.,  ■Jl'7-H, 

tr-'l-;U. 
Tiitnnahs  (Connins),   North    Caiifor- 
nian trilie,   i.,  .'i'-'li-(il ;   location,  i., 

44;}. 
Tiitulaniy,  i.,  327,  see  l!(i;;ne   Hiver 

Imlians. 
Tntutepee,    city,     <>ajaca,     i.,     (i7'S; 

antii|.,     iv.,    .S74;    hist.,     v.,    4(il', 

47'-'-:{,  .".,'{ I. 
Tuvai-es,    North    Mexican    trilie,    i., 

r)71-'.M;  lociition,  i.,  ."i7i.',  (;i»7. 
Tnwanalis,  Central  Caiifornian  tribe, 

i.,  :{(il-4(ll;  location,  i.,  44!». 
Tnxpaii,  v.,  2I(!,  see  'I'oxpan. 
Tiix|iaii  Itiver,  VeruCniz,  anii(|.,  iv., 

4riS. 
Tuxtepec,  Oajaca,  antiip,  iv. ,  421. 
Tnxtia,  \'era  Crnz,  antiip,  iv..  42(!-7. 
'I'u/aniapa,    \'eru   Cniz,    aiiliip,    iv., 

4;!<.t. 
Tn/sint,    Central    Caiifornian    tribe, 

i.,  :{(il-4(il;  locition,  i.,  4."i.'>. 
Twaka  Kiver,  i..  7'.>:t. 
T\vi;4s,  \arious  Uses,  i.,  I'.M).  217,  o7'i; 

iii.,  :i.s:i. 

Twociiii.  name  for  San  Mi-tu'l  island, 

i.,   KI2. 
Tvee  (Tavs),   Nootka   title  of    chief, 

"i.,  l'.»4.  ■ 
Tyichs    (Tyicks),    Inland  (dliimbiaii 

'tribe,    i.,'  2."iO-!»l;  location,   i.,  liHi, 

:t2lt. 
Tyich  N'alley.  i.,  :{20. 
Tykothee-dinneh,    name    for    Kutcli- 

ins,  i.,  I  l."i. 
'I'ypoxi,  iii.,  (i.'iO.  see  Siyant(>. 
Tyu;^as.    ('ential    < 'aliioi  iii.iii    trilie, 

"i.,  ;{(;i-lill;   loi'ation.   i.,    ;it;2.   4.il. 
Tzac;.|c,itl   (Tzacatecati),  v.,  2,'il»,  .-co 

I  xllilcuechahuai'. 
TzacatI,  Naliua     'lid'.  v..  24;{. 
Tzaina,  a  .Mexican  liird,  iii.,  .■!74. 
Tzapntlatena,    Nalina   ;40(ldess,    iii., 

4(1!  I. 
Tzalzapaltamale,     ainarauth     cakes, 

ii.,  :ui;. 

'I'zatzitepetl  Moniitain,   .Mexico,   iii., 

211. 
Tzaiilitli,    a  .siiecies  of  tree,  ii.,  4.S7, 

4S'.I. 


780 


INDEX. 


Tzi 


ivai|iio(as.  Central  Mexican  tribe, 


(il7-14;  locatii 


iva  iiioii 


til,  i 


1.,    l-U. 


'I'zL'ftzaiaiv  Crzect-t/aialv),  ilailtzuli 
.sorcoicr,  i.,  170,  l!()4. 

'IV.eii'ii  Kill,  aftei'iiiMtii,  ii.,  755. 

Tzeiidalfs  (Ccltalus,  Zeldalus),  Maya 
iiatiiiM,  i.,  ()44-70;  ii.,  (WO-SU.'J;  lora- 
tioii,    i.,  ()45,  (Wl;  ii.,  120;  sjietial 


nientidii, 


i.,    ()5-_>;    li 


ill; 


120; 


II 


7()0  ;{;  lii.-it.,  iii.,  452-.'{:  v.,  5'.»;}, 


(io;i.*,  c.ii). 

zciiticpac,  i.,  (i72,  see 


Zciiti 


TzLMiiiil,  (own,  Centnil  America,   v., 

»!!»-70,  1(11. 
Tzci|iii]cs,  conipanioii^  uf  Votaii,  iii., 

452;  v..  KW,  I,S7. 
Tze  Vaxlviii,  ii.,  757,  .see  Yaxkiii. 
Tziaiiiiciiliiiac,   ja'dviiice,  Vera  I'ruz, 


420. 


1 


111),  (^Miiclic  iiKiiitli,  ii.,  70') 


'J'ziciiii  .Miiuiitaiiis,  v.,  510. 
Tziliiiaciiiiiiat  I  ('rcziiiuaccoaliiitl,  Tzi- 

]iua(''('i)iiiiatl,  Tziiilicoatl),  Nahua 

chief,  v.,  24;{. 
Tzilniaii;:a,  v.,  .525,  see  Z\van<^a. 
'J'ziiiiiiicliac,  ltza;;()(l,  iii.,  4.S:{. 

aiilcpec,    a    city    of   .Matialt- 


Tznlola,  a  (iuateniaian  lonl.sl: 


<\   V. 


'!»7 


T: 


Yni'atan  iloi^s,  ii. 


1. 


rzonipaliiiacaii,  locality,  .Miciioacaii, 
i.,  077;  v.,  412. 

'i'zom]iaiicc)  I'lV.Kiiiiiaiil,  locality,  .Mex- 
ico, ii.,  473;  v.,  :{2.'}-4,  :{2!t,  m'c  /uiii- 


Tzo 


'11 


iscaltcc    chief,    v. 


4!t7-8. 


Tzoiii|iaiitli.  |ilace  of  .-iliiilN,  Mexico, 


ii.,  ;{20,  :i2'.t,  .'iS-l 


4(;:i. 


Tzoiitecoiiia,   ail    Acolhiia   chief,   v. 

.ms,  .SI 0-11. 

Tzoiioaiico,  v.,  .S2.'J-4,  see  Ziim)iMii''o 


'rzoiitenioc,  name  lor  .Mictlaiileciitii, 

iii.,  :«»(;.  401;  v.,  !M»,  10.1 
Tzotzilia  Ciiaiiialcan,  name  for  Clia- 


iiialcan,  v. 


,  54!). 
O.Sl,  see  Zotzile.t. 


in. 


izinac 


4:i;i. 


Tziiiacantia     iTzinaeantlan 


zina- 

cantaii),  town,  Chia|)as,  i.,  (isl;  v., 

.5(;i,  (105. 
Tziiicaiioztoc,    locality,    Mexico,    v., 

.•i7S. 
Tzinteotl  (Tziiitentl),   iii.,   :{50,  3.54, 

see  Ceiiteotl. 
Tzintziintzan,   city,    Michoacai 


l(t7; 


aiiliii 


5(10-70;    V. 


I,    II., 
5tKS. 


51.5-18,  ,524-.5. 


Tziiiiiin,  (iMiiche-('akc]ii([iieI  day,  ii., 

707;  Chiapanec  hero,  v.,  (!05. 
Tzii|iiinalia,  (Quiche  palace,   ii.,   ()44; 


( liiali'inalan   trilie,    hist.,  v. 


>r, 


)l!l. 


i:{. 


'I'zii|niii      (till,      tJiiiche-Cakehiqnel 


IIIOMlll.    II. 


7IHI 


'r/ii/iiiiitk's,  Nahiiaevil  spirits,   iii. 

:i!»l. 
'I'/itzol,    trilie    of    (Jnatemalans,    i. 


(;Sfi-711; 
ziiihcoatl 


stion,  I.,  7cS7. 
24:t,  see   Tzili 


'I'/iulitccatl,    I'lilhiia   king,   v.,    257, 

:i:<o-l. 
Tzizi  l,M,L(aii.  (iliiiclu'  month,  ii.,  7(ii!. 
'rzoalli  (Tzoali),   ilou;;li    mixed   with 

honey,  ii..  .•{21,  :tO(i;  iii.,  .TJ.'l. 
TzocoNciti,  cakes  of  lloiir  and  lione\', 

ii., '270. 
Tzoiohche,  ancient  city,  tiiiateiiiala, 

V,,  5S7, 


'i'zotzilc! 

Tzotzolan.  city,  Oajaca,  v.,  4(!1. 

Tzotzomatzin,    lord  of   ('oviihiiac 

V. ,  4.5:1, 
Tz()tzo|iaztli,  a  knife  used  in  weaving, 

iii.,  :i47. 
Tzoz  (Zoc,   Zotz),  Mava  month,  ii., 
_  _  (iO'.t,  757, 

Tziimpaiico,  v.,  .^2.*?,  see  Znmpango, 
Tziin,  name  of  month,  Chiafias,  ii,. 


Mayapan  lord,  v.,  (i'2(). 
Tziinnniha      ('rzmiiiiii-iia),      <,>iiii'h(' 


7(iO. 
Tziinti 


third 


ited 


Woman,    in.,    48; 


trihe  of  Ilocah,  v.,  ,V)5, 
Tziirnva,  (Inatemala,  aiilii|.,  iv..  \'M. 
Tzntiiiia,  a  (inateiualan  sailed  >toiie, 

v.,  5.V,t. 


Tzntiim,  (Jiiatemahi,  anlii|.,  iv. 
Tzy,  (.i>iii(he-(  akchinncl  day,  ii. 


U: 


i:!l. 

707. 


V,  INIava  month,  ii.,  75fi. 

I'allik'Kivcr,  i.,  140. 

I'avah,   Mava   iiitercalarv  ilavs,   ii 

75!t. 
ri)akliea'<.  Central  < 'aIiloinia)i  triln 

i..  .S(ll-40l  ;   location,  i.,    151, 


rims,  i.,  4.50, 


^" 


I'   ("ah  J.igin  (Ja,  <,i>iiiclie  month,  ii. 

TOO. 
r  ('ill)  Mam.  t.>iiicl 
r  Cal)  i'ach,  (.iiiii'l 


ic  month,  n. 


roo. 


IK'Mi'   IllilUtil,    II.,    |ll(). 

i!)  Tzili,  (.iiiiilic  moiiih,  ii.,  7t<ti. 


r  (' 

ICaltas, 
I'cas,  i.,  447 


I.,  20(1,  sec 


Iclel 


Vnkas. 


I'chahaha,  (inalemalan  tiilic,   liist. 

v.,  .54(i,  .'ifll. 
I'chidii,  iii..  087,  see  Uchitis. 


ixi)e:l 


781 


Ufliitis  (rrhidio.  T'cliitns,  T'cliiti, 
I  rliitics,  UtscliitaH,  Itr^liiti,  N'l'hi- 
ticN,  N't'liitis),  Lower  <  aliforiiiaii 
ti-ilif,  i.,  "M»i-71;  location,  i.,  ()();{-4; 


lai 


I''.,  iii.,  »)87-!i:{. 


I'cliiiiiii,    Central    Califoriiiaii   tril)e, 

i..  :{(;i-40l;  locatioti,   i.,  4.';{. 
T'cliiii-Ji  Caiiilm,  (/uii'lu'  titlf,  ii.,(!44. 


T'cliiilta,  i..  •-'!«;,  see 


Irleti 


7(!<!. 


I'cliiMii,  ('ak('liii{nel  month, 
Velenns,  trilte   ol    Nootkas,    i.,  174- 

*_'0H;  location  i.,  •-'!»(;. 
I'cletas  (I'caltas,  rclinltii,  Ueletalis, 
I'cultas,  ^'on;,'leta.s,  Von^'letats, 
Yndetalis,  ^'nkletas),  trilie  of 
Nootkan,  i.,  174-'_'U)S;  lix'ation,  i., 
17">,  ••!'.>.)-(!;  s|)ei'ial  mention,  i.,  "JOS. 


ciir''an 


ti   i:i\ 


!»(). 


1 

I'},'alaclimiuti.  i.,  '.Mi,  .see  I'j^alenzes. 
l'j,'alen/»'.H  (r;;alaclimiiiti,  I'j^alen/i, 


r;,'al  jai'linijnte 


II, 


r 


I  j^alnkmntes. 


ilvaclinuitzi),    tnlie    o 


f  Tl 


eets.  i.,<.t4-114;  location,  i.,  W>,  H± 
Uj,'aljai'linijnteii  (l^faiiikmutes, 

r;;alyaclimutzi),   i.,  00,  see  I'gal- 

enzes. 
I'giiasiks,    trihe   of  Alents,  i.,  87-94; 

location,  1.,  141. 
Uliile  Collection,  of  Mexican  aiitiq., 

iv.,  ."».")>"). 
I'inal,  Maya  month,  ii.,  7'tCt. 
Vintalis  (linfa    I'tes.   linta  Yutas, 

I'wintys),  i.,  4<i4.  4(!!l,  see  Kwintes. 
T'iiitah  ('linta)  Valley,  i.,  4()4,  WX 
I'itzes,    Mava   nation,  hist.,  v.,  ()•_'(>, 


(;-2!).  (V.V.\. 


Vk 


i.,  447,  sec  Ynkas. 


I'kiah,  town,  Central  California,  i., 
•Mil 

Ukialis  (Ukia!^,  Yokias,  Ynkai),  Cen- 
tral Californian  trilie,  i.,  .■{(il-4(»l; 
location,  i.,  Sti'J,  4tS;  myth.,  iii., 
r)-24:  lanj,'.,  iii.,  (;4;{-4. 

T'lahail,  localitv.  (Jualemala,  v.,  r-iS'.i. 


I'll 


iai|ii 


Ch 


,k  <!• 


nions,  HI.,  ',).'). 


I'lil,  king  of  l/amal.  v.,  (iL'(!. 
Vllaa,  I'ox  Island  dwellings,    i.,    Sil. 


nii 


lii.l 


la-rnoiier. 


I'lluiatas,  Central  Calilornian  triln 


:!i;i-4()l:  locati 


i.,  ,S(i:<.  4.')2. 


rimeiatl,  Nahna  chief,  v.,  "JUH. 


r 


niecs.  111. 


Ol 


mecs. 


rimil,  llza  king.  v..  (I-JH.  (;:il. 

I'lol,   name  of  month,   Chiajias,   ii., 

7(i(). 
I'Iseahs,  i.,  .S07,  see  Alseas. 
ritetcn,  Iinlia-rnhlier  idols,  iii.,  .140. 
I'lua,    Central   America,    lang.,   iii., 

7(;i». 
Uhicas  (I'luka).  Central  Californian 


trihc,  i.,  SfiMOl;  location,  i.,  3(i3, 


4.TJ 


mg.,  III.,  »!.")<). 


llnlato,  <'t.ntral  Californian  trihe, 
i.,  .•{f)l-401;  locution,  i.,  4."):{. 

riling.  .Mosi|iiito  drink,  i..  7.'{I*. 

I'  Liimnil  Cut/,  I'  l.uumil  Celi  (I'ln- 
niil  Cn/,  KliielCeh),  ancient  name 
of  ^■ncatall,  v.,  (il4. 

riiiatilla  (Iniat.illow)  Kiver,  i..  'M'X 

I'matiilas  (I'tillas),    Inland   Coliiii 


1> 


trihi 


.SI!);  .s[)eeial  mention. 


-'.*)(»-!»!:  location,    i. 


i."),  'JCO, 


rmetechtecomaiotilmutli,     ii     court 

mantle,  ii.,  :{74. 
I'miak.  i.,  (iO-l,  see  (lomiak. 
I'mkwas,  i.,  24!t,  see  rm|M|uas. 
Umiiak    Island,    i.,    141;  lang.,    iii., 

57!>. 
l'ni]iin.  Central  Californian  tiilie,  i., 

:{(il-4()l;  location,  i.,  4.'):{. 
I'miHiua  .Mountains,  i.,  •_'•_>•_•.  .'{OH. 
I'miMjiia    liiver,  i.,    150,    ;{07-H,   44J; 

lang.,  iii..  oiCJ. 
rni|iiiuas    (I'lnkwas),    triho   of  Chi 


■')();  location. 


•-'•_•:!, 


.S()7-8,     442;    siiecial    mention,     i., 

•.'.•{4,  •_>4<t,  H44;  laiij,'.,  iii..  r).S4,  M± 
r  iia  haal),    Mava  iiitercalarv  da\s, 

ii..  7.')!>. 
rnakatana.s(Vuiiakakhotaiias),  trihi; 

of  'riniieh,  i.,   ll4-."{7:  location,   i.. 


I. •{.'{,  147 


rial  mention,  i.,  1:{;{. 


Cnalaklik  Uiver,  i.,  141. 
riialasdikaer,  i.,141,  .sei!  I'nalaskaiis. 
I'iialaska     Islanil  (Nagiin-alayeksa, 

Oonalashka,  Ooiialaska.   Oiiiialas- 

ka.    I'lialaschka,    I'naiashka),    i., 

.S7.  141. 
I'lialaskans  (I'nalaschkiier),  trihe  of 

.\leuts,   i.,  iS7-!l4;    location    i..    87. 

141;    .sjH'cial    mention,    i.,     (>1,  1)0; 

king,     iii.,  .")77-0. 
I'lial'M  Island,  i.,  141. 


iigas, 
ocation. 


Lnal 

1 

I'lidam 
Cn-ii 

lug' 
I'liiii 


trihe  of  Aleuts,    i.,   87-01; 


141. 


■o,  citv. 


1. 


Mid 
141 


loacan,  v. 


ill  ^: 


I  ins.  i.,  4(;8. 


ik  I- 


41. 


eace  i;iv 


l'iiji;:ali   Uiver,  name  for  I 

er,  i..  14."). 
rnkriliikun,    Mosijuito   eve-disease, 

I'o  ( N'oo,  Woo),    Maya   month,    ii., 

(i'.Hl.  7")7. 
I'paiiL'uavmjis,       North 


M 


e\ica;i 


trilie,   i.,   .'>71-0I;  location,    i.,    (iOo. 
r|iant/iii,  Otoiiii  king,  v.,  .'ilO. 
Ijiar,  luovince,  Darieii,  i.,  70(). 


782 


INDEX. 


Ujiatsosatucli  (Upatsc  Satucli),  trilio 

of  Nodtkax,    i.,    ITi-'-JOS;  Incatioii, 
.,  L'!»5.  i.'!».S. 
T'^ilo;,'iilis,    North    ("alifi>niiaii    tribe, 

1.,  .'{l*()-(!l;  loi'atioii,  i.,  445. 
l'i|lii.\Iatucli,    tribe   <»f  NootkaH,    i., 
_17J-'-'ilH;  location,  i.,  29.".. 
I'ljiiincat,  city,  (jJuateiiuila,   i.,  780; 

v.,  ").')."),  57.'1. 
I'<|iiitiiiac,  Central  Californian  tribe, 

i.,  3(J1-401;  location,  i.,  4.".;}. 
Unibii,  jtrovince   and    tribe  of  Istli- 

niians,  i.,  747-8.");   location,  i.,  l'X\ 

7'.t7;  Hpeciai  mention,  i.,  IGl,  7(>'>, 

78.-.. 
>:raba(inlf,  i.,  707. 
I'rari,  i.,  7(J3,  see  ("urari. 
Urebure,    Central  Californian   tribe, 

i.,  3(>l-t<)l;  location,  i.,  4.-i:{. 
I'rcs,    vilia^je   and  river,  Sonora,    i., 

Irine,  \ises  of,  i.,  41),  8.3,  235,  559; 
ii.,  599. 

T'rns,  .see  Va.sea. 

I'rran,    locality,  Ouateniala,  i.,  788. 

Tsal  Creek,  i.,'  3(!-_»,  448. 

Ts;i1h,  i.,  448,  see  Cainalel  I'onios. 

I'sap,  a  ]ioisononH  lierb,  i.,  .">4l. 

I'scapenies,  North  Mcxi<'an  tribe, 
i.,  5:  '-91;  hxation,  i.,  (11.3. 

T'sUeenii,  i.,  41,  set?  Kskinios. 

I'spantan,  tiiiateniala,  anti(i.,  iv., 
131. 

'l's(|uiMno\vs,  i.,  lie,  see  Kskiinos. 

Usscte,  Central  Californian  tribe,  i., 
.3(!l-40l;  location,  i.,  4.".3. 

Vstiis,  Central  Californian  tribe,!., 
3(;i-401;  location,  i..  4.")(). 

T'snniasinta  (I'snniacinta)  Kiver,  i., 
(i8.3,  78(J;    v.,  J(>8-9.  18(5,  -SM. 

Utah,  tribes  described,  i.,  422-4'2;  lo- 
cation, i.,  4(iO-70;  anti'i.,  iv.,  714- 
IS,  729-34. 

Itali  Lake,  i,,  423,  4(;l. 

Ctah  Monntains,  i.,  4(i.".. 

l'tahs(Kutahs,  Kiilaws,  Ctaws,  I'tos, 
Voutas,  Vntalis,  ^'iitasj,  tribe 
of  Shoshones,  i.,  422-42;  location, 
i.,  422,  4(i3-5;  special  mention, 
i.,  423-4,  4.30-2,  434.  440-1;  mvih., 
iii.,  170;  lan^'.,  iii.,  (;(!0-2,  (i70-2. 

Vlalla  Uiver,  i.,  319. 

I'talliam,  Central  Californian  tribe, 
i.,  .3(il-401;  location,   i.,  4."4. 

I'tatl,  a  merchant's  stall",  iii.,  41(!. 

Italian  ((Siimarcaah),  city,  (Jiiate- 
inala,  ii.,  121,  (i37,  744,  788-9;  an- 
tiii.,  iv.,  124-8;  hist.,  v.,  180,  18(;, 
r.H,  ;>44,  5(10,  5(13-7,  573,  57(>,  579- 
84,  587-90,  599,  ()01-2. 


Utaws,  i.,  4(i4,  see  I'talis. 
I'tensils,  see  iin|)lcnients. 
I'thlecan,  i.,  214.  see  lailachon. 
I'tillas,  i.,  319,  see  Iniatillas. 
Ctin,  a  mythic  persomi;.'e,  v.,  182-4. 
I'tletecas,  i. ,  788,  see  C,>niches. 
I't.schini,  Central  Californian  tribe, 

i.,  3(!l-401;  location,  i.,  45." 
Utschitas    (Utshiti),    iii.,    087,    see 

I'l'hitis. 
I' tnrpe,  Central  Californian  tribe,  1., 

.3(il-40l;  location,  i..  453. 
U   tnz  kin,  Maya  intercalary  days, 

ii.,  759. 
rt/am-.Vehih,  (Quiche  title,  v.,  589. 
Iwintys,  i.,  404,  see  Ewintes. 
I'xab,  name  for  I'okomams,  i. ,  788. 
I'xnial,  city,  Ymatan,  ii.,(i.33;  antic)., 

iv.,  149-200,207-77,  285;   hist.,   v., 

59,  0.30-4. 
U  vail  liaab,  Maya  iiiterealary  days, 

ii.,  759. 
U  yail  kin,  Mava  intercalary  days, 

ii.,  759. 
Uzilojinchtli,  iii.,  57,   195,  see  Ilnit- 

/ilopochtli. 
I'/panteca,    Guatemala,    lang.,    iii., 

700. 


Vacore^riios,  North  Mexican  tribe,  i., 

571-91;  location,  i.,  008;  lanj,'.,  iii., 

7(t7. 
N'a^'crpe,   Central   Californian   tribe, 

i.,  301-401;  location,  i.,  4."..t. 
\'ahxaki-Caani,    l^>uiche     king,     v., 

.■.0(i,  .".94. 
Vairubi,  Sinaloan  tirst  man,  iii.,  83; 

v..  20. 
Vabies  Island,   i.,  181,  184,  200,  298. 
\"alienli's,    trilie    of     Isthmians,     i., 

747-85;     location,     i.,     748,     794-5; 

special  mention,  i.,  784;  Ian;,'.,  iii., 

78.3,  793. 
\'allecito,  Califo'-iiia,  anti(|.,  iv.,  70-1. 
\allede  San  ]>artboloine,  Chihiialiua, 

i..  OlO. 
Vallede  las  ^'iejas,  South  California, 

i.,4.".8. 
^'alley  of  Taos,  New  Mexico,  i.,  597. 
X'aiiim  ^■otan,  locality  connected  with 

Votan,  v..  (Ht. 
N'alverdc,   New   .Mexico,   anticj.,  iv., 

0(i.3. 
N'anaceos,  v..  511,  see  Wanacaces. 
Vancoh,    tribe   of    (iuatemalans,    i., 

080-711;  location,  i.,  789. 
Vuiicouvcr  Island,  tiibea  described, 


INDEX. 


m 


i.,  17t--ftS;  names  and   IncMtiiiii  nf        im-iitioii,  i..  filS,  ()"J4,  (\'{1.  Ci.T),  (MS: 


tnlics,  I. 
iiu'iitiiin,    i. 


|.")1.    -JiCi,    •_".».")- H;   s|i( 


ii.,   (L".»;   laiii'.    iii. 


\; 


ITS.   i- 


IS4; 


•_'(>: 


antic 


(•47.    / •'.•.    I  id 
4l'.')-(;;{:    lii>t. 


iivili.,  iii..  l:f(i:  laii''.,  iii.,  (iOT-l-,  i      v.,  •Jo:!,   •_'()7-.s.  SM,  -l-JJ.  C.-JI. 


(>:!l ;  aiitii|.,  i\ ..  7-' 


iiKlalisiii,  M'c    Iciiiiiii  lasiii 


\'aii  Diiscn's  l''(iiU,  l<>:alilv,  Cfiitriil 


('alifi 
aiiijiii't 


,  1.,  4Ki. 

a    <  'alitoriiiaii  ti'iiii 


4(ri;  iii.,  i(;(;-7. 

\'aiila-Kutcliiii  (\'aiitalil<iHi-rliiii, 
Wiiita-Kiitsliii,  tiiiir  of  'I'imicli,  i., 
114-:{7;  location,  i.,  ll.'i,  14(i;  laiij,'., 
iii.,  .")S(!. 

A'aiiiicios,  trilic  of  .\|)acli('s,  i.,  473- 
.">2();  location,  i.,  474. 

A'ai-()j;icis,  North  .Mexican  tiil>e,  i., 
57 1 -'.M;  location,  i.,  (iO'.l;  lanL'. ,iii.. 


r'er.i^'ua.  iirovince,  llarien,  i.,  7"><1 


,(l'.t,    ,S4,    (ltd;  antii 


i:..  n 


I'az.   1 


10,    7MJ-S:     II.,    i; 


i  era 

(;,s-i-;{, 

(i7l-7;  Ian;;.,  iii., 
i;{0'-':  liisi.,  v., 
.M(i-8,  .")(il--.',  (;!•_>. 


iroviiicc,  (iiiateiiiala,    i. 


il.   (;.").>-(■. 


rCO;  antM 


•M'.K   47-':i,  .".44, 


707 


■|()-11 


Vas-niailes.  Nortli  Mexican  trilte,   i. 


•I 

.)71-!>1; 
asi's,  ii. 


itioii,  i.,  (ii  I. 
:{,   7.".(»-l,  7.S7 


iii.,  .•{.■>•_•; 


X'erniin,  i.,  ISS,  ;i77,  .")7'>,  (>.">4,  7-1, 
74.S;  ii.,  •.'.•{4-5. 

VcMiiacks  (W'sjiaiiaeks),  Ceiitrai  I'al- 
iforiiian  tiihe,  !.,  .'<t)l-40l;  loca- 
tion, i.,  4.">(». 

N'estals,  ii.,  '24't,  f!47;  iii.,  47;i. 

X'etzinco,  iii.,  "248,  sec  ('liaiiiille|ie- 
ciiitiaiiilco. 

X'cntelolotli,  (loiij^'li  otl'eriii;,'s,  iii., 
.'Ud. 


17- 


nti<[.,    iv.,    '2.")-7,    <>0,    7-,     1  •_".»-.■{:(,  j  ^'evelJllalllltitlan,    locality,     Mexico, 

•2;ii;-!»,   ^.l\^■r,,   :i7-2,  4iS-()47  i-assiin,        iii.     "'" 

78(1,  7W-t). 
Vasiion's  (N'aston's)  Island,  i.,  .;ol. 
Vaults,  see  lliirial. 
\'aui|iiitainali[iiali/.tli,    Naliiia    fea.st, 

iii..  :VM. 
V<'liities.  i.,  (104,  see  I'cliitis. 
VelK'tlateca,  Central  America,  liuig., 

iii.,  7()0. 
A'ectac.-i,    Central    Califoniian   tritie, 

i.,  :{(;i-40l;  location,  i.,   |."i;{. 


ecu 


la,  N 


iliua  ilaiice 


II.,  .'t.-iS. 


X'evetl,  a  kottlcdnim,  iii.,  (!.'{. 
\'iceitas,   trilie  of   Isthmians, 

H.'t;  location,  i.,  ~'X). 
\'icliiIo|)iichitl,    iii.,  '.i-2'A,  ste   lliiilzi- 


1. 


itii 


Vicila|ian,   locality,   Pnelila,    i.,   ()71. 
Viiioria,  town,  liritisli  Coinniliia,  i.. 


I(i7,  •-".•7 


Villi 


l''es,  se( 


Dweliiii'^s. 


iliai<-l>ain,    (.Miiche    iprince 


•)(" 


Vii.ill 


V 


I'liii, 


A'eeards,  North  Californian  triho,   i., 

.■{•2()-(il;    location,     i.,    44()';    special 

mention,  i.,  .•{:{(i-7,  .■{4--',  ;{4."),  XV_'. 
Ve-etal.les,    i.,     !()•_>,    L'l4,    •-':{4,    4:{(), 

4S7-!I.  r>77-H,  *i'24-."),  (i.">-'-.S,  (m8;  ii., 

.S47,  7 lit. 
Veil,   name   of  month,   Cliiajias,   ii., 

7()(>. 
Vehitis,  i.,  't'yH,  see  I'cliitis. 
Veitioacan,    name    for   'reotihnacan, 

iv.,  .VJi). 
Veito/.oztli,    iii.,    4lM,    see    Hnevtoz-  I      v.,  •JO 


Vinlaml,  name  fur  .\ortli-cast  .\iiicr- 

ica.  v.,  I07-.S. 
Vinni  ettineiiiie,  .\|iachc  triiiai  name, 


i.,  474;  iii.,  .V.I4. 


(mO, 


II 


nijiil 


oztli. 
enado,  si 


'C  I  'erro  del  \'cnadi 


enaih 


IS,    Norili    .Mexican    trilie,    i. 


rlia  (  ricenirai-oijia,  'I'icevira- 
eocha).  Peruvian  ^'od,  \-.,  '_','>. 

ViiL'eii  Uiver,  i..  4(14,  4(i.S. 

\'ii;;inia  cit\ ,  -Nexada,   i.,  4(i''.l. 

\'ir;;inity,  marria^'e,  i.,()."i'_';  ii.,  •_'(iO-I, 
(170. 

Virise\a,    Sinaloan  jjoddcss,   iii.,    8.'{: 


i.,  CS,   ,S4,    IC'.), 


■1-!M;  location,  i.,  (ii;!. 


i  enereal 


I) 


isease,   i. 


:r.4,  ;{H4,  4 lit,  4;!'.», 


N'isits.  of  ceremony, 

.".lit,  70S. 
\'italata.  town,  (liierrcro.   i.,  (ii 
\'itziii|mtzli  (  \  itziiopiK  lilii  i,  ii. 
S(I,    •204,    •21fi,         iii..  '-'SS,  see  lliiilzilo|Hiciiili. 


i4.    .".(is,     \' 


ixachtlan 


(II 


uixachtlal,     localitv 


(i(i:!; 


r.ss,  (i.'js,  77S;  ii,,  rm,  niiit,  7'.i4-.">, 


exico,  III 


eiiison,  sec 


l)e( 


.M 

'ivti.cioatl 


alma  i.'iiddess.  i 


A'cinis,   Nahna   worshij)   of,   li.,  aS,")-    \'ixt<.ti,    Central    .Mexican    tr 


ii..  .•{(i!). 
ii.e,    i., 


iii.,  li:i. 


(.17-44;  location,  i,,  (!7 


Vera  Criiz,  tril.es  descril.ed,   i.,  (il7-    \'izilipiiztli,    iii.,    1!(2,    see    Iluitzi 
44;     ii.,      i;{;{-(;^2<»:      location     ami  [      j.ochtli. 
names,    i.,    G7'l-(j;  ii.,    lltJ;  special  I 


r84 


INDEX, 


Vizliputzli,  iii. ,  30(5,  see  Huitzilopoch- 

tli. 
A'oe,  messenger  of  Hurakaii,  v.,  174, 

177. 
Voearr.is,  North  Mexican  tribe,  i., 

571-91;  location,  i.,  fil2. 
Volvon    {IJoUion,     Bulhon),   Central 

Californiiii)  tribe,  L,  3G1-401;  loca- 
tion, i.,  4r)3. 
Voo.  ii..  7'")7,  sec  Uo. 
Votan,  Mava^'otl,  ii.,  117,631-2,638, 

647,  716,'  770;  iii..  450-4;  v.,  27-8, 

09-70,  159-65,  225,  231,  604-5,  618-9. 
Votan,  Tzondal  day,  ii.,  767. 
Vows,  Nalunw,  ii.,  309,  431-2. 
Voyajrcs,  to  America  by  I'lioMiicians, 

v.,  C5-S;  by  Northmen,  v.,  102-15; 

by  Welshmen,  v.,   116-8;  see  albo 

Ex;  loration. 
Vucubatz,  Cakchiqucl  king,  v.,  592-3. 
A'ucub-Noh   v..  595,  599,  see  Vukub- 

r:..i, 

Vnkab  If iin  Ahpu  (Vucnb  Hunahjin, 

Vnkiil)  tlunahjiu),  Qniciie  god,  iii., 

478-80;  v.,  174-80,  544. 
Vukub-Ah,    (Quiche   prince,    v.,  5(57. 
Vukub  ( 'akix.  (Quiche  god  and  Xibal- 

ban  king,    iii.,   480;  v.,  172,    184, 

187. 
Vnkub  Came,  Xibalban  king,  v.,  175- 

80,  184. 
Vukiib-Xoii    (Vncnb-Noh),     Quiche 

king,  v.,  5(i(i,  595,  599. 
Vnle  I'uyas,  i.,  310,  .see  (^ahipooyas. 
Vulture,  myth.,  iii.,  67,  129. 


w 

Waad'li,  i.,  302,  see  Noah  Rav. 
^Vaakiacums   (Waakicums),  i.,  304, 

307,  see  Wakiakums. 
Wabi,  i.,  (i80,  see  Hnaves. 
AVac,  name  for  'ruparan,  iii.,  169. 
Wacaiaiiius,   tribe  of    '"hinooks,    i.. 

222-50;  location,  i.,  304;  lang. ,  iii., 

(i26. 
Waclu'H    N.)too\vthas,    i.,    456,    see 

Watclics. 
Wa<'omciipps,   tribe  of  (^hii.ooks,  i., 

222-5(1;  locution,  i.,  309. 
WalulciialiM,   tribe  of    Chinooks,  i., 

222-50;  locution,  i.,  .306. 
Waiikiacums(\Vahkiakume,  Wahky- 

ekuin).    i.,    304,    .307,  see    Wakia- 
kums. 
Wahoma,  village.  South  California, 

i..  4(i0. 
WahowpuniH,      Inland     Columbian 


tribe,  i.,  2;50-91;  location,  i.,  319; 
s])ecial  mention,  i.,  281. 

Wahsatch  Mountains,  i.,  .32.3. 

Wahslicrrs,  North  Californian  tribe, 
i.,  32ti-61;  locaiion,  i.,  444. 

Waicuros,  iii.,  ()'87,  see  Guaicuris. 

Waiilat])us  ( Waiilaptus,  Willetpoos), 
Inland  Columbian  tribe,  i.,  250-91; 
location,  i.,  316,  319;  lang.,  iii., 
625. 

Waiknas,  tril>e  of  Mosquitos,  i., 
712-47;  location,  i.,  713. 

Waiknr,  iii.,  (!87,  si-e  (luaicuri. 

Waisko-dusa,  Mo.snuito  Harpoon,  i., 
719. 

Waiuomnes,  i.,4.'>0,  Ki-e  Wapoomnes. 

Wakalla,  Central  Calit'.Tnian  tribe, 
i.,  3()'1-401;  location,  i.,  45.">. 

Wakahmiv,  Central  Californian  tribe, 
i..  .■»(il-401;  location,  i.,  4.V). 

Wakalumytidi,  Central  Califorjiian 
tribe,  i.,  361-401;  location,  i.,  456. 

Wjikamass,  tribe  of  Chinooks,  i., 
222  ,")0;  location,  i.,  .30(1. 

Wakiakums  (Waakiaciim,  Waaki- 
cuni,  Wahkiacum,  Wahkiakunie, 
Wahkyekum,  Wakaiakum,  AVa- 
kaikum,  Wakaikam),  tribe  of 
Chinooks,  i.,  222-.")0;  location,  i., 
22.3,  .304,  .307;    lang.,  iii.,  G2(>. 

Walagumiies  (Walacnmnies),  Central 
Californian  tribe,  i.,  361-401;  loca- 
tion, i.,  4.">0;  lang.,  iii.,  (!49. 

Walawaltz,  i.,  318,  see  SValla  Wal- 
las. 

Walckhe,  grave  at  San  Luis  (Jbisjw, 
California,  anti(i.,    iv.,  (i92. 

Walhalla,  i.,  3()2,  see  (Jnalala. 

Walhaniett",  >.,  305,  see  Willamette. 

Walker  Lake    i.,  4(i(>. 

Walker  Hiver,  i.,  4(i4,  46(). 

Wallalla,  i.,  449,  see  (iualaln. 

W.illamat  (Wallamette),  i.,  224,  309, 
sec  Willamette. 

W.iiiiiiiiiiai,  Central  Californian  tribe, 
i  .  3(il-4()i;  locaiion,  i.,  454. 

Wallas.  Centra!  Californian  tribe,  i., 
361-401;  loca'ion,  i.,  4.">5;  special 
mention,  i..  .393.  .398. 

Wallasbinii'.ez,  Central  Califi>rniau 
tribe,  i.,  .361-401;  location,  i.,  455. 

Wallaunnit,  i.,  3(«».  sec  WiUanicttc. 

Walla  Wallas  (Onalla-Onllas,  Wala- 
waltz, Wallah  Wallahs,  Wi.lla- 
wallalis,  Walla  Wallapums,  Walla 
Wallc,Wollaolla,Wollawalla,Wol. 
law  Wollahs),  Inland  ('(dumbian 
tribe,  i.,  2r)0-91;  location,  i.,  2.")3, 
31H-l!t;  special  iMchtion,  i.,  2.V)-8, 
260,   202,  266,  271-4   278-81,  287-9; 


INDEX. 


785 


rnvtli.,    iiL,    95,    156;    laiig.,    iii., 

Walhi  Walla  River,  i.,  258,  318-19. 

Walla  Walla  \  alley,  i.,  319. 

Walia  Walloo,  i.,  327,  44G,  see  Wee- 
yots. 

Wallies  (Wallas),  North  Californian 
tribe,  i.,  32(;-(il;  location,  i.,  327, 
44(),  455;  siiccial  iiieution,  i.,  328, 
343. 

Wall]iavs,  i.,  478,  sec  Hiialapais. 

Waini.s'  i.,  50,  59. 

Waiiacaces  (Vaiiaceos),  Cliiciiiinec 
iiivatlers  of  Michoacau,  lii«t.,  v., 
511-l(i. 

Wankaiia^^a,  Slioslione  god,  iii.,  94. 

Wankees,  tribe  of  Mosi|iiitos,  i., 
711-47;  siiecial  mention,  i.,  726. 

Wanks  (Wanx)  River,  i.,  79.3-4. 

Waiilisli,  tiihe  of  Nootkas,  i.,  174- 
208;  loi:iti«in,  i.,  29(». 

Wanuswegock,  evil  spirit,  Trii<ity 
Kiver  fril)i'.-i,  iii.,  17(>. 

Wanwainvis,  nai.ic  for  De.s  Chutes, 
i.,  319. 

Wanx,  i.,  794,    -ce  Wanks. 

Wajiato,  root  nseil  as  food,  i.,  234. 

Wapeaiii,  a  Chii'hiinei;  Wananu'c 
ruler,  v.,  515,  518-22. 

Wapoiinini's  ( W.-ijuonmes),  Central 
Ciiliforiiian  trilje,  i.,  3()I-401;  loca- 
tion, i.,  4.">0. 

Wapos,  Central  Californian  tribe,  i., 
;n;i  401;  loratiou,  i.,  3(J2,  452; 
lang.,  iii.,  f>48. 

Wappt'i'kinnriow,  god  of  Trinity 
Kiver  tviiie.-.  iii.,  175-(). 

Wi^pt"- iii'ocs  Kiver,  i.,  317. 

"W;;,-,  Hviierliureans,  i.,  91,  105-f), 
113,  ll'il-.'lO;  Columbians,  i.,  l(i(», 
l!)4,  ISO-I,  1S8-;K),  194,  21.5,  2:{5-«;, 
2(iS-7(»,  275;  Californians,  i.,  34,3-4, 
381.  407,  43:!-4;  New  .Mexicans,  i., 
49(;-500,  542-3,  5(12-3,  579-82,  5,S(i; 
Mexicans,  i..  (i2S-9,  (1.55;  ii.,  .3!I9- 
432.  (il(i-l8;  iii.,  20(i-10,  3(i4,  .399, 
532-3;  v.,  2.'>l».  2(;3,  27!l-84,  2!H)  4, 
302-535  ]ia-<sim;  Central  Anicri- 
ean.s,  i..  (;9(1.7.  723,  7<i3  5;  ii.,  (!45, 
(154,  li(!2.  707  8,  734,  739-47;  iii., 
.53;  V.    r>51-(il3  passim. 

Wararereek- ,  tribe  of  Slioslioncj, 
i.,  422-42;  special  nienlion,  i.    4.'{i. 

Wasakslics,  Ccnu.ilf  '.liituniian  tribe, 
i.,  3()l-4(ll;  location,  i.,  45(!. 

Wascopam,  name  of  Wasco  country, 
i.,  319. 

Wascos  ( Wascopams),  Inland  Colum- 
bian tribe,  i.,  2.50-91;  location  and 

Vou  V.  50 


name;  i.,  254,  319-20;  special  men- 
tion, i.,258,  271,  287.  289,  2!ll. 

Wasliakeeks,  tribe  of  Slnishones,  i., 
422-42;  location,  i.,  4()3. 

Washington  County,  ^lississippi 
N'alley,  anticp,  iv.,  770. 

Wasliington  Territory,  tribes  de- 
scribed, i.,  208-91;  location,  i., 
298-321;  myth.,  iii.,  94-8,  l.-)3-7, 
519-20;  lang.,  iii.,  ()15-34;  antiij., 
iv. ,  735-(!. 

Washoe,  city,  Nevada,  i.,  4()9. 

Washoes,  tribe  of  Shoshom's,  i.,  422- 
42;  location,  i.,  422,  4t)8-9;  special 
mention,  i.,  440-1;  lang.,    iii.,  (Jtil. 

Wasoricuare,  Michoacan  god,  v., 
512. 

Was|is,  as  allies  of  Quiches,   v.,  551. 

Watarecha,  Tarasco  priests,  iii.,  447. 

Watc'u'H  ( Waches  Notoowtbasi,  Cen- 
tral Californian  tribe,  i.,  3(>l-401; 
location,  i.,  455-(). 

Water,  various  uses,  etc,  i.,  103, 
172,  188,  190,  204,  21(i,  70S;  ii., 
<)(»1,  (i04,  (ill,  (114;  iii.,  80,  101-3, 
119-20,  129,   171,   .3(;7-7(i. 

W».ter-fo\vl,  see  Wild-fowl. 

Watlalas,  tribe  of  Cliiuooks.  i.,  222- 
50;  location,  i.,  22.3,  3(14-5. 

Watsiihewalis  ( Wat.>>aliewas),  North 
Californian  tribe,  i.,  32()-()l;  loca- 
tion, i.,  447;  lang.,  iii.,  ((42. 

Wattokes,  Central  Californian  tribe, 
i.,  .3()l-401;  location,  i.,  4.5,5. 

Waiiliteccj,  village.  North  Cnlifor 
nia,  i.,  444. 

Wawa  Uiver,  i.,  794 

Wayameo,  capital  of  Cliichimec 
Wanacaces,  v.,  514. 

Wayleeway  Uiver,  i.,  317,  319. 

Wiivvampas,  Inland  Cidiiml'ian 
triin,  i.,  2.')0-91;  location,  i.,  317. 

We.dtli,  see  I'ropcrty. 

\\'eap'(ns,  11  vperborciins.  i.,  5S-i),  7!1, 
8ti.  9(»,  1(11-5,  110;  Ci)binilii,iM>,  i., 
|(!4,  I.SS,  2.35,  2(18;  Calil(irni;iiis,  i,, 
3ll-:t,  377-9,  4(17,  431-3;  New  .Mex- 
icans, i.,  49;i(;,  511-2,  5(12,  57S-0; 
iii.,  180-  Mexjians,  i.,  (127  S,  (;.V); 
ii.,  40(1-11,  475,  (IIS  (122;  iii.,  -Kll; 
iv.. '<72;  Central  .  i.iicricans,  i.,  (i'K!, 
722-3,  7(;(»-3;  ii.,  7ll-:i;  iv.,  IS.2(», 
,5S-t!0,  127,278;  .Mississippi  \  alley, 
antii|.,  iv.,  781. 

We.'iving,  i.,  1(15,  ,502-4.  (m7.  COH-O, 
724,  7(i(:-7;  ii.,  215,  4S4-5,  7.V2. 

Welier  I'tes,  tribe  of  Sbnsliones,  i,, 
422-42;  location,  i.,  4(19;  special 
nil'  iliiin,  i.,  441. 

Wv'''  r  \  alley,  i.,  409. 


rHo 


INDEX. 


AVi'diiimiuios,    Coiitriil     Californimi  1  Wliiskkalis,  tribe  of  Sound  liK'.iiins, 
tiilx',  i.,   ;{(il-40l;  locution,   i.,  4'>").        i.,  2(),S-'22;  lociilioii.  i.,  .'tiCt. 

^\'^'tlllillJ,^  Noe  .Maniii''!'.  WiiiHties,   i.,  'M'.i,  774;  ii.,  U'.l-,  71.'i, 

Wi'.infs,  i.,   18'-',   184;    180,  'Jll,  '270,        7H7;  iv.,  I!). 
■i:{4.  Whitliv'H  (Wliitlhev)  Isliind,  i.,  l.»()8, 


Wt'okfiiiocli,   irilte    of    lliiidiilis,    1., 

l.V>-74;  location,  i.,  'J!M. 
Wccllctocii,  i.,  'JIM.  M'f  Woitiotodi. 
WfcyotH   (\Valla-N\'allooM,    Wcyots), 

North  Califoi'uian  li-iiie,  i.,  .S'2(!-(«l; 

location,  i.,   '.i'27,  -IK)';  special  nion- 

tiou.  i.,  :<•_'<.»-;«), . •{.")];  larij,'.,  iii.,  (i42. 
^Vcllt'l(|lUls,  Nortli  Calit'oi'nian  trii)c, 

i.,  :V.'tt-(;i;  location,  i.,  444. 
AVci;;lits,  Nalina  coninicrcc,  ii.,  .'{S'J-.'J. 
Weils,  lor  lishiii;,',  i.,  VM,  l(i2,   1(18, 

•_'(;•_',  -AM-:),  4±),  I'M. 
AVcitlclochs    (Wcctlctochs),  trilio    of 

llaidalis,    i.,    I.m-74;    location,    i., 

'J!»4. 
WcitsjickM  (Witsjiuks),   North   Cali- 

fornian  triiic,  i.,  .'{L'd'-OI;   location, 

i.,  444-5;  Ian;;.,  iii.,  (M'J. 
Wells,  HC((  iicscrvoirs. 
Welsh,     lan^na^e    traces,    iii.,    705; 

.\nierican  ori;,'in  traces,  v.,  Il(i-'JI. 
Wenienudie  ( Weniinnche)   Ules,    i., 

470,  see  Wininicnnciies. 
Wenass  Kiver,  i.,  ',i'2{). 
Weoliows,  i.,  •l-((i,  see  Shastas. 
WcsseiowsUojes,  trilte  of  Aleuts,   i., 

87-!»4:  loiaiion,  i.,  141. 
^^'e\\arUka.  Irilie  of  Noolkat,  i.,  174- 

'-'(18;  location,  i.,  'Mo. 
AVewarkkuni,  trihe   of    Nootkas,    i., 

I7I--'(I8;  location,  i,,  'J!!."). 
Weyehlioos,  Inland  ( 'otnnihian  trilie, 

i.",  'JoO-'.tl;  location,  i.,  .'i'-'l. 
Wi-yots,  i.,  4  Iti,  see  Weeyots. 
^^'haillahay,  Navajo  m;,iiI,  iii.,  171. 
\\'liales,  various  uses,  etc..  i.,  40,  51, 

51  a,   (lO-'J,   7.'t-(!,   70,    00,    IO;t,    Kit!, 

170-SI,  IS5-8,  '.'Kt-M,  'J.TI,  :i7(!,  405. 
Whale's  Head,  locality,  North  Cali- 
fornia, i.,  Il.'l, 
Wliarhools,    trilie    of    Chinooks,    i., 

'_"J'J -50;  locatiini,  i..  '.W.'t. 
Whatcom  Lake,  i.,  'J!IO. 
Wheat,  i.,  5.'t8.  oSd".  (i5-2. 
Wheclcutlas,  North  Californiantrihe, 

i.,   .'t'Jil'tii ;  location,   i.,  44li;  Ian;;., 

iii.,tii:i. 
Wlieel|Mi,  i.,  ;tl.'l,  see  ( 'liaudii'reH. 
Whiill.ry    Island,    i.,   '.•08.   '21'2,  'JOO. 

see  NN'hithy's  Island. 
Wliine;;as,    Irilie    of    'rhiinkeets,    i., 

01  114;  location,  i.,  \\'2. 
Whiskers,  see  Heard. 
Whisky,  i.,  100,  188. 


Whithv's'lWhidhev)   Island,  i.,  l.»08, 

'.'l-J,  "'JOti,  '200. 
White  Knives,  i.,  4(i0,  see  Tosawees. 
While    .Man's    Island,    iii.,    15U,   .sec 

Sainahtundwhoolah. 
While  .Mountains,  i.,  404,  50.'1. 
Whit*   Kiver,  i.,  :i(MI.  404. 
Whulwhypunis,  i.,;t'JI,  see  Kliketats. 
Whyelkine,  food    of    Inlainl  Coluni- 

liiaii  trilies,  i.,  '20.5. 
Wicananisli,  i  ,'205,  see  Wickinninish. 
Wichaana,  Za|iolec  ;;od,  iii.,  440. 
Wickanninish,    i.,   '2'.((!,   see   \\'iikin- 

ninish. 
Wickinninish  (Wicananisli,  Wickan- 
ninish), trihe  of   Nootkas,   i.,    174- 

208;  location,  i.,  207;  special  nieii- 

lion,  i.,  178. 
Wickinninish  Islainls,  i.,  2'.t(!. 
Widows,    i.,    l'25-(:,    hlO,    17;{,   '277-8, 

;r)7,  .TS."),  515,  5.")."),  7.10-1,  7  14,  7.S!-:!; 

ii.,  '251,  4(i(i,  (;(18,  (;71;  iii.,  154. 
Wihinashts,   trihe  of   Sho:.hones,    i., 

42-2-42;    location,    i.,    4(12;    Ian;;., 

iii.,  (itiO-.'J,  07'2. 
Wihwin,   Mosipiito   evil    spirit,    iii., 

4!t7. 
Wikachuninis,    Central    Californiaii 

trihe,  i.,  :Slil-40l;  location,  i.,   4.5(i. 
Wi-I,ackees  (Wye  I.akees,  Wylaks), 

Central   Californian   trilie,   i.,   ,'UiI- 

401;  location,  i.,  412,  451. 
Wilapah  (Whilapah)  Uiver,    i.,    ;iO:i, 

•M)-K 
Wilapahs    (Whilapahs,    Willopahs), 

trilie  of  Sound   Indians,   i.,  •208-22; 

location,  i.,  ;io:{,  :{05. 

Wil.l  fowl,    i.,    M,  •2;t:{-4,    '204.   •Mil, 

.•(75,  400. 
Willanietli  Uiver (Walhanielle.  Wal- 

Inniat,     Wallanu'tt-,     Wallauniut, 

Willanielteel,  i.,  •22:t,  '2'27,  '^-.U,  .'lOO- 

10;  Ian;;.,  iii.,  0:«». 
Williiinette  N'allev.  i.,  2'2:\,  '2'2.5-(5,  '2a'2, 

•240,  .•t08-ll,  ;i'20. 
Willelpoos,  i.,  ;M0,  see  Waiilat])us. 
Willewidi  Wiver,  i,,  .'{lit, 
Willewidis,  Inland   Coluinhian  trihe, 

i.,  '2."iO!tl'    .icalion.    i.,  010. 
William  Lake,   iii.,  010. 
Willopi.hs,  i.,  ,'M).5,  see  Wilapahs. 
Willow,  various  uses,  i.,  51,  7!',  I.'H), 

'215,    '2.V.l<iO,    '270,     .'»:i7,    .M7I,     ;«8'2, 

42!t,    4;{4,  481.  404,   517,   5;t;»,  341, 

r)VA,  M\);  ii.,  14.5. 
Winnnenuches    (NN'emennche,      We- 


IXDKX. 


'87 


ininiicho  Ft('-(,  Wompmmclit'l,  trilio    \Vi)iia;^iin,  i.,  -Oi;,  src  Honagiian. 

of  Sliiislioiics,   i.,  -l-'l'-l-;  loiatiiiii,     Who,  ii.,  7">7.  f*t'i'  I  o. 

i.,  4i)l(-70.  I  Wood,    various   usi-h   of,    i.,   oJ,  SS, 

M'iiiiiiis,  tiilio  of  Slioshoiios,   i.,  4--'-_'-  j      HI,    Ktfi.   .TU,  HCHA),  <i:{|,   (M'.t,  717, 

-I'J;  location,  i.,  4(!;{.  j      "•-'•-',  7ti(;;  ii.,  407-S.  48--',  742,  7.">(l-l: 

AN'iiitiioiis,    Nortli    ( 'aiiforiiiaii  Irilio,  ,      i\ ., '2(>ll-7t>. 

i.,  ."I'ili-Gl;  loi-atiou  and  Ian;,'.,   iii.,  j  Woodiu'i-kiT,  i.,  'XU,  'Ml,  .'{(IS. 

'■'■"'  Woods    Civok,     California,     aniici.. 


(i  «»■  I 
Wiriu  (^uarainpi'jo,  forest,    Million- 

can,  v.,  ")l  I. 
Wisconsin,  .Mississippi  Valley,  iintiii., 

iv.,  770. 
Wishliatns  ( Wisswliams),  Iiilaiiil  <'o- 

Inuiliian  tril)f,  i.,  '_'.■)( )-!M ;  locution, 

i.,  ;t2(). 
Wisliosk,  N'ordi  Californian  trilic,  i., 

.'{'-'(i(>l ;  location  and  name,  i.,  .'t'27, 

4Ki;  Ian;,'.,  iii.,  M-J. 
Wislitcnatins  ( Wishtanatans),  \orlli 

Californian   (rilH-,    i.,  .'{'Jti-lil;  loca- 
tion, i.,  44'_' :«. 
Wisscopanis,  Inland  i  'oinnihian  trilie, 

i.,  '-'."iO-ltl;  location,  i..  .•{I7. 
Wisswliams,  i.,  ;n7,   set-  Wisliliaiiis. 
Witches,  see  Sorcerers. 
NVilcliiia  Mountains,  i.,  .'I'.ti!. 
Witnesses,    ;,'overniiiont,     ii.,    4i;>-5, 

4(1  lo,  (;,')(). 
Witspuks,  i.,44.">,  see  Weitspeks. 
Wives,  Si'o  Marria.;;e  anil  Women. 
Wi.\i'|ieci)clia   ( Wixipecoclial,    /.Jipo- 

!ec  apostle,    ii.,  'JOlt-KI;    iii.,    4.m; 

iv.,   .•<7'-';  v.,  '_':»,  ;V_'S.!». 
Wivaiia,  order  of  priests,  ii.,  i21'J. 
Wiyalao  (lliiijatoo),  /apolec  poiiliH', 

ii".,  14;J,  •_•(»'.••  v.,  .VJit. 
Wizaeclii,  order  of  priests,  ii.,  •_*!'_'. 
Wizards,  see  Sorcerers. 
Woeiis,  an  aipiatic  plant,  i.,  HM. 
Wolves,    i.,    1(»',>,    \S2,   '-'.'.S,  -JSI,  ;i;{o, 

4'J»;  iii.,  «(». 
Woilaolla       (Wollawaila,       Wollaw 

Wollali),    i.,   ;tl.S,   ,sec  Walla-Wal- 
las. 
Women,  II vpcrlioreaiis,   i,,   (i.'i-ti,  ,SI- 

;»,  !l'_>,  Kt'.i  II,  1 17- IS,  I'.'l,  I-.';),  I. '11 


iv.,  7<»1. 
Woiikaok,     .Mi-'rzii|uineliayi     ruler, 

v.,  .V,»(i,  .">!),S  !». 
Wind,  various  uses,  i.,   KM),  I(»7,  I'.H, 

.'>0'2-4,  r)44.  (I-JO-I,  (i:t(»,  (MS. 
Woolsaw,  iii.,  4'.(7,  see  Wulaslia. 
\\  oolwas,     trilie    of     Mos.|uitos,     i.,' 

711-47;     location,    i.,   7I-;    special 

mention,    i.,    714-1."),    7--,     7.'ll--, 

7.'t7,  741,  74."i;  laii;,'. .  iii.,  7S."t. 
Woorali,  Istlimian  poison,  i.,  7ti.'t. 
Woowells,  Central  Californian  Irilie, 

i.,  .•{(il-4(»l;  location,  i.,  ."{il.'t,  l.V). 
Worms,    use   of,  i.,  ;{74,  4S,S,    .">(i(»-l, 

r.7(!,  (i:{S,  74'_';  ii.,  (KM*,  7'.l.">. 
Wounds,  cure  e.f,   !.,  iVJl,  ."iSS-'.t,  (iltS; 

ii.,  ;V.I!M;(K»,   I'.Ki. 
Wri-lit  Lake,  i.,  444. 
Writiii;,',  see   ilieio;;ly[diics. 
Wnlasha  (<  )nlasser,   \\oolsa\v),  Mos- 

i|uito  evil  spirit,  i.,  74(»;  iii.,4!t7. 
Wyampams,   trihe  of    Cliiiiooks,    i., 

i"-'--'-."i();  location,  i,,  ItOC. 
Wyatdi   itiver,  i.,  :{(i:{. 
Wvclius  Creek,  ()re;,'oii,   aiitiip,    iv., 

7;<4. 

W\eilats,  i.,  'J.'il,  see  Caynse. 
Wynooclies,  trilie  of  Sound    Indians, 
i'.,  l.'OS-2-J;  location,  i.,  :{(i;{. 


.\ac\ain,   a   speeii-s  of  pjilni,  ii,,  7--. 
.\a;,'ua,  a  dye  iilant,  ii.,  .'171. 
.\alauai,  Soutli  Californian   trilie,  i., 

41  »•.'•_>•.';   location,  i.,  4."i'.t. 
.Xal.'idaulicii.    I  i(y,    .Matialt/.inco,    i.. 


;t;  C.dnmliians,  i.,  i(;;t,    li;7-'.t,  177-1      (177;  v.,   i;t;t. 

8,    ISl-;t,     IS(!,    |S!I,    lil,-)  S,    -JlS-IK,     .Xalisco,    station,    'I'oltec     iiii;:ia;ii>n, 

•J4I  :(,  •J77-;i;  Californiaiis,    i.,   .'J-JS-        v.,  •Jl'.';  s^-e  also  .lalisc... 

Xallileuctli,   a  Cliicliiniec  leader,  w, 

'2S(I. 
.\aiou.    South    Californian    trilie,    i., 
I (fj  •-'•_';   location,  i.,   I.'ilt. 


It.  ;m;!,  .'MT,  .'tii»  ."ii,  ;t.vi,  ;ts,-.,  ,ms- 

!»;t,  4;i(i-7;  iii..  \'>\>;  Neu  Me\icans, 
i. ,  ."il  I  - 1  ."i,  .VI7-!»,  ."id.iCi,  ."iS4-(i;  iii. .  7S; 
.Mexicans,  !.,  (l.TJ-.'i,  (Itll-l;  ii.,  L'4."i- 
7,  •-'lid-SI,    ;t.")l.  4(1(1-1,  (11(1;  iii,,   .'»!»■ 

(10,  (lit,  :t.v,»,  ;{(i"_»-7,  :t!i4,  4;t.V(i,  .v<;t; 

Central  .Americans,  i.,  70'_'--l,  7'-".t- 
.'U,  77i.'-4;  ii.,  (i;),-.,  tldl-sd.  7ll-i;t, 

7v!s.:io,  7;t;<,  7;t7,  stfj-.-i;  iii..  4s,  74. 

Womcnnni'lies,    !.,     4(i(i,  see    Wim- 
inenuelies. 


.\alpaii,  locality,  N'era  Cruz,  v.,  4'.fJ. 
Xaljian  y  I'ontepee,  'I'otonac  dialect, 

iii.,  777. 
.Xallaiiiminizco,  locality,  Mexico,  v., 

471'. 
Xulliduico,  v.,  .'irt7,  sei!  Tliitelulco. 


788 


INDEX. 


Xaltenioc,  lord  of   Quaiilititlan,  v.,  |  Xexnlpltuc,  Sontli  Ciilifornian  tribe, 

;«)!>.  372.  j      i.,  4()-2-'2L»;  lixation,  i,  4.")i). 

X;ilto|HM:,    Miztec   dialect,    iii.,   749;    XiicinliolH'l-.Moyos,  iiaiiie  for  I'alcn- 


Mijc  fity,  v.,  5;«, 
Xaltcpetiaitaii,  locality,   I'uehla,   v., 

4!  to. 
Xaitcpozauliran,  station,   Aztec   iiii- 

t,'nitioii,  v.,  3'24. 
Xaitocaii,  citv,  Mexico,  ii.,   104;  v., 

•2S4,  2!)4,  3il,  320,   323,    331,    334, 

347-8. 
Xampoii,  Yucatan,  antiii.,  iv.,  211-12. 
.\an,  a  mythical  animal,  v.,  178. 
Xaiianilires,    North    Mexican  trilie, 

571-!tl;  location,  i.,  572. 
Xaoali|uauliiotilniatliteni.sio,  a  court 

mantle,  ii. ,  374. 
Xaracucro,    i.sland,    Michoacan,   v., 

i")!!),  522. 
Xaratan;j:a,     Tarasco    goddcw.s,    iii., 

445-(i;  v.,  517. 
Xaseuin,   Central   Californiaii  tribe, 

i.,  .3(;i-401;  location,  i.,  454. 
Xaviicamaclian  (.Xayacainacliantzom- 

paiie),  a  'J'lascaltec  nohle,  v.,  41I7-8, 
Xhakivalo,  tiuiclie  goddesn,  iii.,  471); 

v.,  174. 
XltalaiKine,    (Juiclie   },'0(1,    iii.,    470; 

v.,  172-80,  184-7,  544-0,  .5(10. 
Xcancliakan,    Yucatan,    antitj.,    iv., 

240. 
Xclianil>alvin(|nil,    mime    of  month, 

("iiiapiiH,  ii.,  7<)'!. 
Xchilialvin<|nil,  name  of  month,  Clii- 

apiis.  ii.,  7<i(). 
.Xchmi'l,  (iiiat(Mnalan  j;od,   iii.,  74. 
Xccn'h,    ])vramid,    Yucatan,    anticj. , 

iv.,  201.' 
Xco.>poo|),  ruins  at  Kahah,  Yucatan, 

ant  1(1.,  iv.,  20(i'. 
Xehalax,    ancient   city,    (Jiuitenuila, 

v.,  580. 
Xecainac,   ancient  citv,   (luatcmala, 

v.,  5S0. 
Xecotcovach,    l^niche    mytliic    hinl, 

iii.,  47. 
Xi'luhnh,    ancient  city,    (inatemala, 

nntii[.,  iv.,   124;    v.,' .585,  587,   501, 

(;02. 
Xelhna,  a  Icyicmliirv  (,'iant  iiml   Na- 

hna  chief,   iii.,  (i'7-8;    v.,  2(K),  223, 

484. 
Xclitia,  locality,  Mexico,  i.,  ()75. 
Xeocok  (.\ocok),  (iuatcinala,  antit]., 

iv.,  131, 
Xerez  de  ("holuteca,    locality,   (Jmit- 

emiila,  lan^.,  iii.,  7<>0. 
Xct,  an  i\li(inehayi  ciiicf,  v.,  .M)4. 
Xetaco,     a     Cli'chinu'c     Waiiiicnce 

jirince,  v.,  522. 


<jiu;,  iv.,  205. 
Xiliaiha,  Maya  evil  si)irit,  iii.,  4t)7; 
t^uiche  hell,  iii.,  542;  ancient 
Central  American  empire,  iii., 
478-0;  iv.,  205;  hist.,  v.,  171-88, 
231,   530,   543-7,  555,   5(10-2,  5S1-2, 

(iis-io,r)2i,  (;2:'. 

Xicalancas,  Nahna  nation,  i.,  (!17-71, 

ii.,    133-(120;    location    ami    name, 

i.,  (!71;  ii.,   112,   1.32;  special  men- 
tion, ii.,  31.3,   .370;  Ian;,'.,   iii.,  721; 

hist.,    v.,   10,5-202,    230,    488,    527, 

CIO,  ()21,  0.32. 
Xicalancatl,  Xicalauco  ruler,  v.,  ^W>, 

223. 
Xicalauco,  town,  ^'era  Cruz,   i.,  O'jl; 

aiitii].,  iv.,  4.34;  v.,   10(1. 
Xicales  (Xicalli),  cupsor  vesselsniado 

of  ;,'onr(ls,  ii.,  177,  484. 
Xicapoya   (.Xipacoya.    Xinh]iacoya), 

locality,  .Mexico,'  iii..  241,  2,">(;.  ' 
Xicaiiiies,    trilie    of    Mos((uitos,    i., 

711-47;    location,     i.,    712,    702-3; 

special  mention,   i.,  715,  720,  722, 

728,  74(). 
Xicarillas      (.licarillas,      .licorillas), 

trihe  of  Ajiaches,  i.,  473-52();  loca- 
tion, i.,  .501-5;  Hi)ccial  mention,  i., 

400,  504-5.  511. 
Xicayan,  town,  Oajaca,  i.,  (i77. 
Xico   Island,    Lake   Chaico,   Mexico, 

anti«|..  iv.,  .500;  hist.,  v.,  284. 
Xicochimalco,    v.,    402,    see   Xochi- 

milco. 
Xicocc.^cs,  North   Mexican  trihe,  i., 

5ri-01;  location,  i.,  (ill. 
Xicolli,   priest's  ba.l^ic,  ii.,  207;  iii., 

33.5. 
Xicofencatl.  a   'I'lascaltec  noble,  v., 

414-1.5,  408,  503. 
Xicotepec,   loc.ilily,  I'uebla,    ii.,411; 

antii|.,  iv.,  470. 
Xicuintia,    Vera    Cruz,    antiip,    iv., 

445. 
Xihnilpopoca,  ]i'>\\  of   /acatian,  v., 

.340. 
Xihuiltemoc,  Cnlhna  kin;jr,  v.,  330-1, 

3:t.S-0;  lord  of  Xocliiiniico,  v.,  4.32. 
XihnitI,    Mexican   year,    ii.,    .504-5, 

510. 
Xijames,  i.,  (ill,  wo  Xiximcs. 
-Xila,  i.,  (i(H,  see  (iila, 
.Xili't"ios,  iii.,  (iS5,  see  (iilenos. 
.Xilomanaliztli.     Nahur.    month,    ii., 

.500;  iii.,  410-20. 
.Xiliiiien,  mime  for  CeideotI,    ii.,  ;i2(i; 

iii.,  ;r)0,  350. 


IXDEX. 


789 


Xiloqiictzin,   a   Cirnnalpnuec    chief, 

v.,  3.'«. 
Xiliil(.Mic(^  (Xil()tcpc<iuc),  i.,(>73,  787, 

sec  .)il(ill('|)oc. 
XilofI,  iiu  ear  of  <Mirii,  ii..  32fi. 
Xiliit/iii,  ii  'I'oltee  jiriiice,  v.,  '2S,"). 
Xiloxuehitlii,    loeiilitv,    Tlitseala,  i., 

(;71;  v.,  ">04. 
Xipaeoya,  iii.,  '2-11,  sec  Xirapoya. 
Xijie  (Tdtec,  Xipetotec).  Naliua  ;;0(1, 

ii.,  :mi-l-2,  4:>7,  47S;  iii.,  41  l-lo. 
Xi peine,  Hayed  saeriticiul  vietiins,  ii., 

ao!». 

Xipetotee,  iii.,  411,  sec;  Xipe. 
Xi<|iiipilas,  Cliiapas,  aiitii).,  iv.,  li'tX 
Xii|iiipilco     (Xiij^iiil))!)),     a     eity    of 
Matlaltziiico,    i.,    (i7."{-4;   hist.,    v., 

4:w. 

Xiiiiiipilli,  term  to  express  SOOO,  ii., 

:{SL'.  4L'.-». 
Xii|uitz  il,  a  <'ak('lii(iiicl  iiiii;,',  v.,  590. 
Xii'ipa,  villajie,  Sojiora,  i.,  (>(•(». 
Xitavul-llax,  name  for  I/tavuI    II., 

v.,'r)8;}. 

Xit/in  (Keitin),    a   Toltec   ehief,   v., 

•J!)7. 
Xiui'litiniati,  v.,  20!1,  see  Xiiiliteinoe. 
Xiiiii;,iualt/in,  a'l'lascaltei'  iiolile,  v., 

4!»7. 
Xiuiiniolpilli  (Xiuhmolpia,  Xiulitlal- 

liilii),    Niiiiiia  evile,    ii.,  14(1,    ;t4l, 

r)0r)-7;  iii.,  ;<!«. " 
Xiiihiiel,  Toltec  i<in^',  v.,  '242,  '240. 
Xiulmeneti,  hantisnial  name,  ii.,  2,  \ 
Xiiihpacoya,  iii.,  2.'>ti,  see  Xicajioya. 
Xiiilipopoca,  a  Toltec  |irince,  v.,  •_",I7. 
Xiiilii|iient/in,  v.,  "JtJ."),  kc(?  Xiulitlal- 

t/in. 
Xiiiluinefzalt/in,  an  Acolliiia   prince, 

V. ,  X{2.  4".t<i. 
Xiuli'|iiilitl    (.\iiilii|nilipil/aliuac),    a 

(1\('  plant,  ii.,  .'{70,  t.S(i. 
Xinlilei  iitli  lilneliiietcoll,  Xiiiliteuc- 

volniaK  Nalina  ^od,   ii.,   2S't,  '.i2\)- 

M),  :as.  oKi;  iii.,  114,  .•ts.-)-'.ti. 
Xinlitenial     (•linlitcnial.     .liMtenial), 

t/iiiclie  kill;,',  v..  r>(!(I,  .")77-'.t. 
Xiiilitemoc    (XiuclitiniatI,    .Xinlitlie- 

nial),  a  Toltec  nnhle,  v.,  'JSC.  •_>!»',•- 

:{(H);    kin;,'  of    Cuilmacan,   v.,  .•(44, 

4  •.)(). 
Xinlitennx'tzin,  Toltec  kin;,',  v.,  '2.")7, 

:t:M. 

Xiuliten,Mncalt/in  (\inli(enaii),a  Tol- 

tei'  iiohle,  v.,  'J7'2,  '277. 
Xinlitepee.  city,  .Mexico,  v.,  4()<!. 
Xinlitlieniai,  v.,'2!t'.t,  see  Xinlitenioc. 
Xinlitilmatii,  a  conrt  mantle,  ii.,  .'<74. 
Xiiilitlalpilli,  ;,'irilles,  ii.,  ;<!)li'. 
Xiuhtlaltziii   (Xiiili4ueut/in,    Xiuht- 


zjiltzin,    Xinliz  illzin,     Xinli(iuent- 

zin),  Toltec  (incen,  \. ,  2().">. 
Xiulitl.ijiohnalli,  year  circle,  ii.,n()8. 
Xinhtlelini,    Huexotziiieo   prince,  v., 

4'.  12. 
Xinlitonioltetl,  a  medicinal  Ntone,  ii., 

(HH). 
Xinlitototl,  a  mythic   hird,  iii.,  241. 
Xinlitzalt/in  (.Xinhzaltziii),    v.,    2t).'>, 

see  Xinlitlaltzin. 
Xinliipientzin,  v.,  2fi5,  sec  Xinlitlal- 
tzin. 
.Xixinies  (Xijanies),  Norlli   ]SIcxicati 

trilie,   i.,  r>71-'Jl;  hication,  i.,   572, 

()I4;  lan^'.,  iii.,  718. 
Xixi(|nijiilihui,  name  for  Chalchiiini- 

tliciu',  iii.,  .'{(!7. 
Xma   Kalia   Ivin,    Maya  intercalary 

days,  ii.,  751(. 
Xinncane,    (j>ni('lie   (.'oddess,  ii.,  717, 

7'2.'t;  iii.,  474;  v.,  17<»,  174-80. 
Xocen,  N'ncatan,  antiip,  iv.,  '2'Mi. 
XMchctei'atl,  sacrilicc  to  Tlaloc,  iii., 

;{4.-). 
Xocliicalco,  Mexico,  aiiticj.,  iv.,  48.'}- 

•M;  v.,  •2().l 
Xochilliuitl,  llower  festival,  iii.,  407. 
Xoi'liiman([ui   (Socliinian(|ue,    X(M'h- 

iniaii(|nes),  llower  dealers,  ii.,  yi5; 

iii.,  4'2(). 
Xochimilcas     (.Snchimilcos),    Nahna 

nation,   i.,  (;i7-44;  ii.,    l.'W-tW.t;  lo- 
cation, i.,  ()7.");namp,  li.,  I.'{2;  Ian;:., 

ill.,    72.");    hist.,    v.,   :j07-i),    ;{ll -2, 

4(l.">-(i,  4!t2. 
Xocliiniiico  (.Xicochimalco),  Mexico, 

anti(|.,    iv.,  4!t7-!t;  hist.,  v.,   a07-!», 

:U\-2,  40.V(i,  4<»'2. 
Xiicliiocotzotl,  lii|nid  amlier,  ii.,  287. 
Xochipalli,  a  dye  ]ilant,  ii.,  4S7. 
Xodiipantzin     (Texocliipant/in),      a 

'I'ollcc  princess,  v.,  ,'{01. 
Xo(lii(|netzal,  Tlasculan   ;,'r,(ldess;  ii., 

.•W(i-7;    iii.,    <i<>H,    ;t77;    v.,    l:{;   a 

Cliicliimec  prince,  v.,  4.-jOI  . 
Xoiliilecatl,    Tlasialan  ;:n(ld('ss,    ii., 

.'{.■i(i-7;  anti<|.,  iv.,  477. 
Xodiitl,  Nalnia  day,   ii.,  r^\2.  5l(i-17; 

a  Mexican  ;,'encral,  v.,  ITti. 
Xochili   ((,lnel/.alxochjl/iii),  a  Toltec 

prini'css,  v.,  '2(;!l-70,  '2S;i  4. 
.Xocliilla,  locality.  Mexico,  iii.,  24S. 
.Xochillalpan,  to\\  n,  Mexico,  v.,  2s4. 
Xocliitlv cacan,   al;ode  of   Aztec   \'c- 

nus,  iii.,  ;{77. 
.Xochitzin,  a  Toltec  iirincess,  v.,  '250. 
XocoU,  iv.,  l.'ll,  see  Xeocok. 
Xoconochco,  i.,  (ISO,  .see  Siiconnseo. 
Xocotanndii,  small  pies,  iii.,  ,'t(iO. 
Xoeotitlan    (Xocotlun),     sulinrb    of 


790 


INDKX. 


^Icxico    city,     i.,    fi7(>;     ii.,     fidO; 

railv  Tolti'c'wcttk'iiit'iit,  v.,  '24;i. 
Xiifotl,  a  It'stival  tree,  iii.,  .'W(>. 
Xiii-(itlliii('t/iii,     Naliiia    iiionth,    ii., 

;i_';t,  .")!(),  ()KH;  iii.,r)(>,S-<). 
Xoc'iiilvotzi,    Xiihiia   n^lij^'imis  feuHt, 

iii.,  ."WtJ. 
Xocotoc  (CdJo,   Cojotoc),  South  Cali- 

foriiiau  trilie,   i.,  4()'_'--2;  location, 

i.,  4r)8. 
Xoi'iiaiiiitli  (Xo(iuauclitli),  a  festival 

character,  iii.,  ;{.")!. 
Xoluialatoiiac,  v.,  .'{.'il,  see  Vohualla- 

toiiac. 
Xolahah,  i.,  78!),  see  Xoyahah. 
Xolaciil,  (iiiatcMiiala,  aiitiij.,  iv.,  131. 
Xoloc  (Xololl),  citv,  .Mexico,  v.,  1.'<.I4. 
Xolotl,  N'ahiia^ott,  iii.,  T)",),  (il;  Chi- 

chiincc  kiiiK,   v.,  21i),  '2S[)-'Mi;    .see 

also  Xoloc. 
Xolotl  M.,   Chicliiincc  kin-;,  v.,  '2{W- 

:U!t. 

Xolotlaii,  locality,  Nicaraj^nia,  i.,  70-. 
Xuiiiociiil,  Naliiia  pill,  iii.,  41(i. 
Xoiiacatejiei",     Mexico,     antii|.,    iv., 

4<.),-.. 
Xoiij,'o]iavi.  i.,  (!()1,  see  Xont^jopavi. 
Xoi|iiaiichtli.  iii.,  .'S.Vt.sce  .Xocuaiihtli. 
XoiiL;ii|ia\  i  (.loiij^iiapi,    Slmn;;o|ia\ve, 

Xon;;o|)avi),     .Moinii     villai;e,     i., 

(>l)()  I. 
Xovahah    (Xolahah)    Mountains,    i., 

T's'.t. 
Xo/intiin,    (iuiitoniala,    antiq.,    iv., 

i;!l. 
Xpivacoc,  (Jniche  },'0(1,  iii.,  474;  v., 

170,  174. 
X|iiich,   a  (iuatenialan   princess,  v., 

.ViDl. 
Xijuii],  (j)nichi'   jirincess,    iii.,  478-!t; 

v.,   IT.'i-d,  r)4."i. 
Xtali,    a    (iuatenialan    princess,    v., 

."),")()- 1. 
Xtaynh,  (j)uiche  Uiuir,  v.,  .■>(;(!. 
Xtiiiana,    (inateniala;t  jiriricess,   iii,, 

74. 
Xltauicr-Zatiuentol,('akchi(|uel  kiii^;, 

v.,  TiS.S. 
Xnhahal.  (inatcuiala,  anti(|.,  iv.,  Ktl. 
Xuliiitciiani,  city,  (Juateiiiala,  i.,  7>S7. 
Xuchicalli,  Nal'ina  hath,  ii.,  '-'liH. 
Xuchicalt/in,  Naiiiia  ;;(m1,  ii,,  '.'(iS. 
Xuchicatiaca,  u  Naliuii   projihct,  v., 

I'.M). 
Xnchiltepec,    iirovinct',    (iuateniala, 

v.,  447. 
Xni'hillepees,  (iuaten/alan  tnhe,  hist., 

v..  (;(M;-7,  til'J. 
Xu<'hipilas,  North  Mexican  trihe,  i., 

i.,  .")71-ltl;  lanj;.,  iii.,  71l>. 


Xuchipiltepctl,   Jalisco,   antici.,   iv., 

•'u'l. 
Xuchitei)oc,   town,   Mexico,  v.,  42!*, 

471. 
Xui'hn-Cuel   (Xnch-ucuct),  u   Maya- 

jian  lord,  v.,  (iL'ti. 
Xiicotsi,    name   for   Tlazoltcotl,   iii., 

;tso. 

Xncu     (Kliiicu),    South     Californiaii 

trihe,  i.,  4(»-'  2'-';  location,  i.,  4")S. 
Xul,  .Maya  month,  ii.,  (i'.tit,  I'u. 
Xul,    villa<;e,    \'ncatan,    antiij.,    iv., 

'.'1,S.|!>. 
.Knlos,  Nicara^fuan  do^'s,  ii.,  7-1. 
Xnlpiti,  localilv.  South-east  Mexico, 

v.,  r.(;'.». 
Xuhi,  (,>nich.^  ;;o(l,  v.,  170. 
Xumiltepec,  ancient  Toltoc  capital, 

v.,  11)0. 


Vaat,  an  herli  u.s(!(l  to  allav  huu':er, 

ii.,  7'-'->,  74.-.. 
'S'ahacoh,    Irilie  of    (iuateinalans,    i.. 

tlS7-7II;  location,  i.,  78!). 
^'allalan   (Vahalan),  Chiapanec  ;j;oil, 

iii.,  4r)S. 
^'ahipais,  i..  47"),  see  Vanipais. 
\'acai'oliuhi|ui,   iii.,    4I(),   set'  lyaca- 

tcciihlli. 
Vacaliualiu([ui,  Nahua  hreech-cloth, 

ii.,  .•{7.K 
Vacancx  (Ixca/ozolot,  Yacatzolzoloc, 

\'acazo/.oIoll,    \'aiu'x),    a    Chiclii- 

nicc  uohle,  \-.,  .'{17-18. 
^■acapichtl■l.   citv.   South-west   Mcx- 

ii-o,  v..   II-'. 
^'acapitzaoac,   Nahua  }:;oil,  iii.,  41i!. 
^'acaiecul  Ii,    ii.,    .'{.'{8,     see     Ivacatc- 

cnhtli. 
Vacatzotzoloc,  v.,  .'UT,   see  ^'acane\. 
N'aca/.iizololl,   v.,  .'{17.   see    ^'al■auc\. 
^  acini,  iv.,  I.'M,  see  \axhaa. 
\'acli.'ichumnes(\'achichumnes),(  'en- 

tral  ( 'alifiirniaii    trihe,   i.,  .'{('l-IOI; 

lociiion,  i.,  ;i(i:{,  4.-i().  4.V_'. 
\'acliimcM's,       Central      California;! 

triiie,  i.,   .'K.'l  -  (1)1 ;  location,  i.,  4.'..'. 
^'ackama^s,  i,,  JVJt),  see  ^'akinias. 
\'acuiui    (^',•(comui),    Central     Cali- 
forniaii trihe,  i.,  :{l!l-40l;  location, 

i.,  4.V1. 
\tuo]  .\tani,  (^liche  title,  ii..  (i44. 
N'acoinui,  i.,  4."i,'t,  see  ^'acnlui. 
Nacsuiiiiies,  i.,  4.")0,  see  \'osuiiinis. 
\'a'j;ualica,    i.,  117-,  (>7."),  see  Valiua- 

li.a. 


INDEX. 


m 


Ya;?iiar!it(),  Mi.'lioaran,    nntiq.,    iv., 

YaliiilMii,  iii.,  4.")8,  sec  ^'iilialan. 
Yaliaii    Kiiiia,    Maya    ti'injtli*,     iii., 

4(!7.     • 
Yaiislmlos  (^'all  Sliut('s\  N.irtli  Cal- 

il'tiniian   (rilii',  i.,  ."{•-'(i-fil ;    li)catic)!i. 

i.,  4 »_'-:{. 
Yaimalica    ( Ya^Mialii-a,     ^'allllalillil- 

caiil.  locality,  Mcxicn,  i.,  ()'7'J,  (!7'>; 

ii.,  ()!";  aii(ii|.,  iv.,  I'.t.'i. 
Yajiiiniii,  <'fiitral  ('alifuniian  tril>o, 

i..  :!iil-40i;  lo.atidii,  i..   iXi. 
Yaivaiiias,  i.,  '_'.">I{,  ■SK),   si'i;  ^'akiIllaM. 
^'akat/.ili,  ^'iirataii,  aiili(|.,   iv.,  '27>'X 
YakiiiiMs   ( I'l'yackiiiiaiis,    J'lyakciiias, 

Yackaiiiaiis,     S'akaiiias,     Vonkoo- 

inan>|,     Inlaixl    ( 'oiiiinliiaii    trilic, 

i.,  '-Vid-'.li;    location   ami  iiamo,  i., 

2"),'!- 1,  .■{i7--(>;  win't'ial  innition,  i., 

'2'J7,  •-'(14.  '2--2-4,  'JSO,  •J.S7-SK);  iiiytL, 

iii.,  ',)7-S;  laiij;.,  iii..  C'JO-l. 
Yakima  Uivcr,   i.,    .'{I'O;    aiiti(i.,  iv., 

TM. 
Yakima    \'all('v    (I'-vakcma,     \'aki- 

luaw),  i.,  '2.'>\,  'JS( ),";(•_'(». 
Yakoiii's   (.lakoiis,   N'ouicoiics,  \ttn- 

koiH's),  liiln'  of  Cliiiiooks,  i.,  'J'J'J- 

50;    location,    i.,    .'{07;    lang.,  iii., 

()4(). 
Yakutals,    trilic   of    Tlilinkccts,    i., 

!»4-lll;  location,    i..   !t(i.    \4'2;    sjie- 

cial  mention,  i.,  KM),  lO.S. 
A'alaliao,  ^  iicatan,  antii|.,  iv.,  '2(>1. 
Yalclicclnncs    (.laii'lii'ihincs,    Talclio- 

ilnncs),   liilte  of  Apaclics,    i..   47.'t- 

r>'_'(!;    location,    i.,  47o,  o'.W;  lanj;., 

iii.,  (iS4. 
Yale,   town,    iiritish    ('olnml)ia,    i., 

i.»!»S;  Ian;;-.,  iii.,  (li:{. 
YalcsumiH's  ( N'alcynnincs,  ^'lllc\  nm- 

ncs),     (cntial      Cilifninian    Irilic, 

i.,  .'{lll-4itl;   locati i,,4.")0;  Ian;;., 

iii.,  (;i'.l-,")(). 
Yalisco,  i.,  (lis,  sec  .Falisco. 
Yaniajalis|(  'osiiinas.l  'iies:iinas,(  'nis- 

nicr,  ( 'ulisiiisnas,  ( 'iili^iuirs,  tlaiii- 

ajalis,  'lamajalis),  trilieof  .\|iaclies, 

i.'.  47."t-.V_'(i; 'location,   i..   47'), -VKS; 

Hjiecial     mention,     i.,     .VJ.'i;    Ian;,'., 

iii.,  (IN  Id. 
Yanikallies,    tiilx!    of    Cliinooks,   i.. 

'J'J-'-od;     location,      i.,    ;il»l);     lan.L,'., 

iii.,  (i:i(».  . 

Yamlocklocks,  i.,  400,  see  Tanilock- 

locks. 
YaiM    I'ali    I'tcH  (.\niiiayonls),   trilte 

(if  Slioslioncs,  i.,   4'J--i'_';  location, 

i.,  4(i'.t;  H|iei'ial  mention,  i.,  441. 
Yunijiai.i  (^'allilpais,  \'ani|iaoH,  Vavi- 


jiais),  ir'iho   of    Aiiaclies,    i..    47^- 

r)2(i;  location,   i.,  47">.   ^V.IS;  siiecial 

Mien.tion,    i.,  478,  'AU,  .'ilit;    Ian;;., 

iii.,  (;84-(i. 
^'am|lai  X'allcy,  i.,  t\[)7. 
Vain|ia|ia.s,    trilie   of    Slioshoiii's,    i., 

4--"-'-4l*;  locati i..  4(;:{. 

Vam|iarack.s  (N'amparieaH,  Vanijiax- 

icas),  trilx'  of  .Aitaclies,  i.,  47.'i-">'J(i; 

l<ieation,  i.,   47'!. 
Yam|ias,    Central    ( "alifortiian    tiilie, 

i.,  .'idl^Ol;  location,  i.,  4.".t. 
Vampatickara,    tiilie    of  Sliosliones, 

i.,  4-_''.'-4'_';  location,  i.,   tCI. 
\'am|ia\ica>',  i.,  .">!)"_•,  sec  N'am|)iir;icks. 
Yam]ink,    (iitatenKilaii  lonlslii|),    v., 

.V.»7. 
Yanalxipos,  North  Mexican  frilie,  i., 

.')71-!»l;  locati i.,  (ill. 

Yancuitlalitail,    localitv,    I*nehla,    v., 

_4S7. 
A'anex,  v.,  .'{17,  see  \'acane\. 
Yan^rnillan,    vallev,    .Miclioacan,   v., 

.')-_'8. 
Yaii;;nitlan  (Yaii;,'nistlan).  town,  ( »ii- 

jaca,  Ian;;.,  iii.,  74!l-.")l;  aiiti(i.,  iv., 

4Jj-:{. 

Yan;;na,  Sontli  Californiau  trilie,  i., 

40'_'-'_''i;  location,  i.,  4(!0. 
Yanostas,  Central  Californian   trihe, 

i.,  :<(;i-4()l;  location,  i.,  4.">1. 
Yantnckets  (^'atncki'ts),  Norili  Cali- 
fornian trilie,    i.,   .'(•J(i-(il;  hrcation, 

i. ,  4  IJ,  44."i. 
Yannati,  a  cliiM's  collar,  iii..  -I.'td'. 
N'iiotI,  a  Naliua  mvtliii:  iierson,   iii., 

:t7S-S0. 
^'aotlalli,  Xalina  war  lands,  ii.,  •_••_'.">. 
\'a|iaine.s,   trilie  of  .ApaclLcs,    i.,  47.'t- 

.V_'(!;  location,  i.,  "i!t"_'. 
Yaparelicas,    trilie    of    .Njiacln's,     i., 

47:{-."r2(i;  location   i.,  .'I'.t-'. 
\'a|iico,  N';iluia  temple,  iii.,    1-1. 
\'appan.  a  Nalina  mvtliic  person,  iii., 

.•{7S-S0. 
Va(|iii  Itiver.  i.,  (lOI,  (iOS. 
\ai|iiis    (ljiai|nis|,    North     Mexican 

trilie,  i.,   ."i7l-'.H;  location,   i.,   ."i7-', 

liOS;    special     mention,     i..    ."171"^, 

"iS-_>-4,  ."iS7,   .-i.S'.t.'.il;  lan^'.,   iii.,  (iCT, 

707-l(l;  <i>nich(''  name  for  .Mexicans, 

v.,  IS7-S,  ."i47.  .V,l7. 
N'arnnu'la,  lloiidnras,  antiip,  iv.,  71  ■-. 
N'asja,  iv.,  IIU,  see  N'axhaa. 
\'asnmnes.  Central  ('alifornian  tril  e, 

i.,  :jiil-40l;   location,  i.,  4."i(l;  Ian-., 

iii.,  (M'.t. 
^'atnckels,  i.,   14"_'.  see  ^'antncl^ets. 
Yanhtepec,  town.  Suuth-wcsl  .Mexico, 

v.,  4I'J. 


792 


INDEX. 


Yaulitlalli  (Jaotlalli,  Qiiiiihtlale),  lo- 
cality ivscrviMl  for  battle,  ii.,  425. 
Yaiilitii,  a  inediciiie,  ii..  CM. 
Yautcrrlis,  Nortli  Califoriiian  tribe, 

i.,  .S2(>-()1;  location,  i.,  444. 
Yaiitl,   name   for  Tezcatlipoca,    iii., 

1!)!). 
Yautlnecociautlnionenequi,  name  for 

'rczcatli|)oca,  iii.,  20(!. 
Yavipais,  iii.,  (i84,  see  Yanipai-s. 
Yavi.sa.  town,  Darien,  i.,  79(5. 
Yax  (Yaax),  Maya  month,  ii.,  690, 

757-8. 
Yaxcocahmut,  name  for  Zanm.i,  iii., 

4()-.>. 
Yaxliaa  Lake  (Yachd,  Yasja),  Guate- 

niaia,  antiq.,  iv.,  134-5. 
Yaxkin  (l)zc-Yaxkin,  Tze  Yaxkin), 

.Mava  inontli,  ii.,  700,  757. 
Yax([iiin,    name  of  month  in  Chia- 

])as,  ii.,  71)1). 
Yaxtaxitaxitannc,  Apache  god,  iii., 

170. 
Ycaiut,  Acagchemcm   god,  iii.,  Ifi5. 
Ychal-AmoUac,    Akahale   ruler,    v., 

5!)i;. 
Yciiexoan,  Nahua  devotees,  iii.,  357. 
Yceatlis,    Central  Califoniiaii   tribe, 

i.,  .•{iil-401;  location,  i.,  448. 
Yeliahs,  Inland  Columliiau  tribe,  i., 

25(»-!>l:  Iocatio\i,  i.,  317. 
Yehl  (Vetlil),  Thlinkeet  god,  iii.,  98- 

103,  145-(;,  149. 
Yej-ak-oun8,  Inland  Columbian  tribe, 

i'.,  •250-91;  location,  i.,  314. 
Yek.  Tiilinkeet  spirit.s,  iii.,  148. 
Yekas,  i.,  447,  nee  Yrekas. 
Yelamii,    Central   Californian   tribe, 

i.,  3(11-401;  location,  i.,  453. 
Yelct|ioo,    Inland    Columbian   tribe, 

i.,  250-91;  location,  i.,  317. 
Yellow-ciiin,  Makali  chief,  i.,  217. 
"N'cnu'',   'I'amauIipaH,  lang.,  iii.,  744. 
"N'cnijliics  Iviver,  i.,  317. 
Ycilia  IJiiena,  locality.  Central  Cali- 

foniia,  i.,  303. 
Yetan  (Ve(aM),  i.,  592;  iii.,  COO,  see 

ComaiicheK. 
Yelhl,  iii.,  149,  see  Yehl. 
Yetl,  t(.liacco,  ii.,  287. 
Yemialia,  Centnil  Californian  tribe, 

i.,  3iil-4(»l;  location,  i.,  454. 
YiMinata.  Central  <"alifornian  tribe, 

i.,  3iil-40l;  location,  i.,  454. 
Yeunator,  Central  Californian  tribe, 

i.,  .31)1-401;  location,  i.,  454. 
Yew.   bows,     etc.  made   of,    i.,   188, 

214.  .'{41.  494. 
"N"u'l>.  ii.,  707,  Hce  Igli. 
'Shnixoch,  v.,  299,  sec  Ixmixuch. 


Yhyoznchtl,  v.,  S:99,  see  Ixmixuch. 
Yiacatecutli,   iii.,  416,  see    lyacate- 

cuhtli. 
Yiauh<ineme   Mountain,  a    jilace    of 

sacritiee,  Mexico,  iii.,  331^. 
Yiauhtli,  an  herb,  ii.,  330;   iii.,  339, 

387. 
Yiaulatecatl,  Nahua  god,  iii.,  418. 
Yinkaceons,  Inland  Columbian  tribe, 

i.,  250-91;  location,  i.,  314. 
Yiuhtas,  i.,  592,  see  Xoconi. 
Yiz  (Itz),    Quiche-Cakchiciuel    day, 

ii.,  707. 
Ylackas  (Ylakas),  North  Californian 

tribe,  i.,  326-61;  location,  i.,  442, 

447. 
Ymitches,  Central  Californian  tribe, 

i.,  361-401;  location,  i.,  4.')(). 
Yinix,  Maya  day,  ii.,  75(!,  7(iO. 
Ymunai'ani.C 'entral  ( "alifornian  tribe, 

i. ,  361-401;  location,  i.,  4.55. 
Ynvaomaxaliuhqui,    a  breech-cloth, 

ii.,  .375. 
Yoallicheeatl,  name  for  Tezcatlipoca, 

iii.,  2()7,  381. 
Yoaltecatl,  a  place  of  Racriiice,  Mex- 
ico, iii.,  333. 
Yoaltecutli,  Nahua  god,  ii.,  275. 
Yoalticitl,  Nahua  goddess,  ii.,  268-9; 

iii.,  363. 
Yobaa,  iv.,  389,  see  Liobaa. 
Yocolles,  Central   Californian  tribe, 

i.,  361-401;  location,  i,,  4,")(i. 
Yocut,  Central  Californian  tribe,  i., 

3()l-4(ll;    location,    i.,    457;    lani;'., 

iii.,  651-2. 
Y<dinallatonac  (Xidiualatonac),  Cul- 

hna   king,   v.,  251,  2.")7,  2()1,  2(i3, 

.331;  Teo-Chichiniv'c  chief,   v.,  490. 
Yohuatl     Chichimecatzin,     lord     of 

Coatepee,  v.,  .349. 
Yoiontzin,   a   Chichimec   prince,   v., 

475. 
Yoke,  sacrificial,  iii.,  -113;  iv.,  4.30. 
Yokias,  i.,  362,  .see  Ckiahs. 
Yolanchas.  Central  Calit'oniian  tribe, 

i.,  361-401;  location,  i.,  45(1. 
Yolays,  i.,  3(i2,  Yolos. 
Yolcnat,  name  for  CjUietzalcoatl,  iii., 

267. 
Yoleuat  Quitzalcuat,  name  for  Tohil, 

v.,  182,  188. 
Yolhios.  i.,  452,  see  I'etalumas. 
Y(do  County,  California,  i.,  450. 
Yolos  (Yolays),  Central   Californian 

tril)e,    i.,    3()1-401;     location    and 

name,  i.,  .302,  450. 
Yol<|ui,   Tezcucan  title,   ii.,  189;  v., 

350. 
Yonglctat.s,  i.,  298,  see  Ueletas. 


INDEX. 


m 


Yonio,  Central  California,  lang.,  iii., 

()43-4. 
Yonsal    Poinos,    Central    California 

tril)e,  i.,  3(il-40I;  location,  i.,  448. 
Yookoonians,  i.,  320,  see  Vakiinas. 
Yopaa,  iv.,  .'WO;  v.,  328,  see  I-iobaa. 
Yoiies   (Yopiines,  Yopis),  i.,  ()77,  see 

'L  Japanees. 
Yoi>ieatl  Atonal,  king  of  Zacatollan, 

v.,  448. 
Yopitzineas,  tribe  of   Nahuas,  hist., 

v.,  471. 
Yopitzineo,    locality,    Guerrero,    v., 

471. 
Yoro,  locality,  Honduras,  i.,  700,  7ft.'?. 
Yoseinites  ('ri)seniiteiz),  Central  Cai- 

iforniaii  trilie,  i.  ,361-401;  location, 

i.,452. 
Yoseinite  Yalley,  i.,  452. 
Yosuiniiis    ( Yaesuuiiies,  Ynsunines), 

Central    Caiifornian   tribe,  i.,  301- 

401;  location,  i.,  4.')0. 
Youahnoe,  tribe  of  liaidalis,  i.,  15,')- 

74;  location,  i.,  202. 
Youclulalit,  tribe  of  Nootkas,  i.,  174- 

208;  location,  i.,  205. 
Youcooluninies(YoucoiiIunines), Cen- 
tral  Caiifornian   tribe,  i.,  3()1-401; 

location,  i.,  4.jO. 
You^jletats,  i.,  208,  sec  T^clctas. 
Youicones,  i,,  .307,  see  Yakones. 
Youitts,  tribe  of  Cliinooks,  i.,  222-50; 

location,  i. ,  307. 
Youkones,  i.,  .'107,  sec  Yakones. 
Youniatallas,  Iiilanil  ( "ohnnliiaiitribc, 

i.,  2.")0-01;  location,  i.,  317. 
Younj^'s  Itiver,  i.,  .■{05. 
Yourt  (Vurt),    Eskimo  dwelling,  i., 

54. 
Youruk,  Klaniatli  name,  i.,  327,  44.5. 
Youtas,  i,,  4(i4,  see  I'tabs. 
Yoxibalvin(|uil,     name     of    month, 

Ciiia|ias,  li.,  7(>(>. 
Yovontziu,  name  for  Nezahualcoyotl, 

Ypalnemoaloni.  Naliua  god,  iii.,  103. 

Yjiuc,  Soiitii  Caiifornian  tribe,  i., 
402-22;  location,  i.,  4.V.t. 

Yreka,  California,  anti(|..  iv.,  707. 

Yrekas  (llotcday,  Yckas),  North 
Caiifornian  tribe,  i.,  32('  •;  loca- 
tion, i.,  447;  lang.,  iii.,  (140. 

Yfsimitte,  Yncaliiu,  anlii].,  iv.,  248  0. 

Ytzalniazalmaxtiatl,  a  breech-clotli, 
ii.,  375. 

Ytzammi,  iii.,  4()2;  v.,  G17-10,  fi21, 
see  /ammi. 

YtZ(Miat,  a  Mayapan  lord,  v.,  fi2(5. 

Ytzmul,  name  for  Izamai,  v.,  (i'M. 


Ytztencyohiia,  Nahua  calendar  sign, 

ii,,  51(). 
Ytztlacolinhqiii,  a  ])riest's  hood,  iii., 

•S-VJ;  Nahua  mythic  per-son,  v,,  00. 
Yuba  Kiver,  i.,  451;  anti<|.,  iv.,  707. 
Yuba.s  (Viivas),   Central  Caiifornian 

tril)e,  i.,  3()1-401;  location,   i.,  451; 

lang.,  iii.,  (i48. 
Yucals,  Central  Caiifornian  tribe,  i., 

3()1-»01;  location,  i.,  451. 
Yucatan,    tribes   described,    i.,    (545- 

747;  ii.,  0.30-803;  myth.,  iii.,  4('.l-7.'», 

541-2;  v.,  87;  lang.,   iii.,  558,   ,571, 

7'24,  7.50-02,  773-0;  anti(|.,  iii.,  118; 

iv.,  143-285,  355-0;   v.,   58;  name, 

v.,   014-15,  G26;  hist.,  v.,    223-30, 

fil4-.34. 
Yiu-ca,  a  plant  used  for  food,  i.,  734, 

7.50;  ii.,  .357. 
Ynidetahs,  i.,  208,  see  Ucleta.s. 
Yucuatl,  name  for  \'ancouver  Island 

tribes,  i.,  200. 
Yne,  Tamaulipas,  lang.,  iii.,  744. 
Ynkai,  ).,  448,  see  I'kiahs. 
Yukas   (I'cas,    I'kiis,    ^'ukehs,  Yu- 

ques),  North  Californi.-m  tril)e,  i., 

.'120-01;   h)cation,    i.,    447;    siieci.-il 

mention,    i.,   301,  300,  308;  lang., 

iii.,  043,  048. 
Yuklet.as,  i.,  205,  sec  Ucletas. 
Yukon   liiver,   i,,    115,    140-8;  lang., 

iii.,  .580-7. 
Yukon  Valley,  i.,  140. 
Yukulmes,  Central  Caiifornian  tribe, 

i.,  .'101-401;  location,  i.,  4.50. 
Ynkutli   Kulchins,   tribe  of  Tinneli, 

i.,  1 14-37;  location,  i.,  1 15. 
Yukutneys,  Cciituii  Caiifornian  tribe, 

i.,  3(il-4'<l;  location,  i.,  'Ih). 
Yuleynirnes,  i.,  4.50,  see  Valesnmes. 
Ytili'mces,  Central  Caiifornian  tril)e, 

i.,  3(il-40l;  location,  i.,4.")0. 
Ynlns.  Central  Caiifornian  tribe,  i., 

301-401;  locati(Hi,  i.,  450. 
Yumagatocks,    Central     Californiiiii 

tribe,  i.,  3()1-401;  location,  i.,  45(». 
Yumas   (Chirunnis,    Cucbans),   trilie 

of    .\paclies     i.,   47.'l-520;    location 

antl    name,   i.,  475,    507-8;   special 
mention,    i.,   477-8.  480,  487,  480, 

404,  504-5,  510-11,  5Mi,   .510,  521-3; 
myth.,  iii.,  527;  lang.,  iii.,  084-0. 
Yunakakhotanas,  i.,  147,  see  Unaka- 

•iinas. 
Ynncemil,  Maya  god,  iii.,  407. 
Yn(|uaches.  North  Caiifornian  tribe, 

i..  .■120-(il;  location,  i.,  44;i. 
Yu(|iu's,  i.,  447,  see  Yukas. 
Yui|ue-Yun(iue,  I'ueblo  province,  i.. 


73-i 


INDEX. 


YurfTuitncs,  North  Mexican  tribe,  i., 

o71-'.tl;  loiatioii,   '     (ill. 
Yiirt,  i.,  54,  sec  Voi  it. 
YiiHiuiiue.s,  i.,  4r)0,  nee  Yosumnis. 
Yutiis,  i.,  440,  .see  Utaliw. 
Yiitalikali,  name  for  Navajos,  i.,  475. 
Yutajciiue,   Ai>iiche  tribal  iiuiiic,  i., 

474. 
Yiivas,  1.,  4.">1.  sec  Yu1)aH. 
Y.\,  Maya  calendar  si^tn,  ii. ,  70.*}. 
Yxaulo,  South  Califoniiaii  tribe,  i., 

402-'_'_';  location,  i.,  4.")!). 
Yxchebclvax,  Maya  j^oililess,  ii.,  752; 

iii..  4()7. 
Y.vcuina,  r.anie  for  Tlazolteotl,  iii., 

.380 
"\'xcui>i,  Cinatenuihi,  antiq.,  iv.,  138. 
"S'xillantonan,  locality,  Mexico,  iii., 

40,"). 
Yxteucalli,  Nuhua vice-f,'0(l,  iii.,4i7. 
Yxtllioii  (Ixtliltuu),  Naliua  god,  iii., 

40!). 
Yxtiitz.  (Jiiatcniala,  antiq.,  iv.,  138. 
Yzaes,  i.,  (kS3,  see  Itzas. 
Yzaiiuia,  ii.,  ()!)1,  sec  Zanind. 
Yzcaili,  Naliua  month,  iii.,  3!)0-.3. 
Yzi)untc(iue,  Naliua  yod,  iii.,  3'J(J. 
Yzquitecatl,    Naliua  god,    iii.,   405, 

418. 
Yztaccaltzin,  v.,  207,  see  Hueniac  TI. 
Yztaccuixtli,  a  mytliic  l)ird,  iii.,  '247. 
Yztacbucxiiclia,  station,    Toltec  mi- 
gration, v.,  213, 


Zaachilla,  Za))otec  dialect,  iii.,  754-5, 
/aacbiila  I.,  Zapotcc  king,  v.,  532. 
Zaachilla,  111.,  Zapotec  king,  v.,534. 
Zaachilla    Yolio,    name   for   Teotza- 

potlan,  v.,  530. 
Zabacilthan,  Maya  feast,  ii.,  ()94. 
Zuc  (/ak)    Maya    month,    ii.,    091, 

757-8. 
Zaca,    Itza   drink,    ii.,    723;    Naliua 

chief,  v.,  243. 
Zacabalia,  ancient  city,  Guatemala, 

v.,  5S7. 
Zacali,  Maya  incense,  ii.,  702. 
Zacalia.  (itiatemalan  tribe,  hist.,  v., 

547,  501. 
Zacal  llacalc,  Mava  god,  iii.,  4()G. 
Zaca])aMtzin,  a  Toltec  hero,  v.,  21.3. 
Zacapulas  (Sacapulus),  town,  (.iuate- 

inala,  i.,  7S8. 
Zacatcras,  antii|.,  iv.,  578-93. 
Zacalcc((s(Zacatccas,Zacatecs),  North 

Mexican  tribe,  i.,  571-91;  location. 


i.,    014;    special   mention,  i.,  577; 

laiig.,   iii.,  719;  hist.,  v.,  .")().3,  5.37. 
Zacatcpec,  i.,  7<S7.  see  .Sacatei)C([iie. 
Zacapetec    ^lountain,     Mexico,   iii., 

247. 
Zacatlan,  name  for  Chiapas,  i.,    81; 

station,   Toltec  migratii)i!,  ■".,  "3; 

town,  Puebla,  v..  2'.t8,  314,  4'.M). 
Zacatollan,    ])rovince,    (iuerrero,    ii., 

109,  473;  hist.,  v.,  448,  473,   .508-9. 
Zacatula,  town,  (Jucrrcro,  ii.,  109. 
Zacatnla  Itiver,  I'liebla,  antiq.,  iv., 

4{)7. 
Zaciitzontli,  Naliua  god,  ii.,  .389. 
Zacbila,  (Jajaca,  antiii. ,  iv. ,  384-8. 
Zactecauh,  Cakchi([uel  chief,  v.,  5(i2, 

509-70. 
Zactzuv,  localitv,  (iuatemala,  i.,788; 

v.,  504. 
Zacualco,  town,  Jalisco,  i.,  022. 
Zacualpa,    citv,   (.iuatcinala,   v.,  .587. 
Zacualpan,  ^iexico,  auticj.,  iv. ,  480. 
Zacuaiti|>an,  town,    Mexico,  i.,  075; 

antiq.,  iv.,  .545. 
Zaciiapan,  Yera  Cruz,  antiq.,  iv.,  4-17. 
Zak.  ii.,  70(),  see  Zac. 
Zakltim,  a  (iuatenialan  chief,  v.  ,503. 
Zakcab,  Zntugil,  city,  v.,  5|)S. 
Zakik,  u   t^tuiche   noble  family,    ii., 

048;  v.,  580,  582. 
Zaki   Nim    .\k,  <i*tiiclie  god,  v.,  173. 
Zaki  Niina  Tzyiz,    Quiche   goddess, 

v.,  170,  173.  ' 
Zaki([ali<)l,   city,  (Juatemala,  v.,  584. 
Zakiqoxol,  (.^)uiclie  invtbical   jterson, 

v.,  509. 
Zakitzuuun,  a  Cakehiquel  chief.,  v., 

570. 
Zaklohpakap,  name  for  Manic  lang. , 

iii.,  700. 
Zakulda     (Socoleo).     ancient      city, 

(Guatemala,  i.,  7j7;  anti(j.,iv.,  128- 

30;  hist.,  v.,  587,  591. 
Zalaias,  North  Mexican  tribe,  i.,  571- 

91;  location,  i.,  012. 
Zalziin,  a  magic  crystal,  i.,  007. 
Zamaiieb(Zaniencb),city,  tjuateniala, 

i.,  789;  anti(i..  iv.,  131. 
Zama  Uiver,  i.,  (iOO. 
Zaiuna(Vtzaiiina,'S'zamniiK  Mava  god, 

ii.,   117,    127,  0.32,   t!47;  iii.,' -;!i2-5; 

iv.,  247;  v.,  23,  224-5,  017-19,  021- 

2,    (;30. 
Zamoria,  Naliua  food,  ii.,  278. 
Zaucopiiico,    a  suburb    of     Mexico 

City,  ii..  500. 
Zandia  (Sandia).  village  ami  tribe  of 

I'ueblos,    i.,    52(!-50;    location,    i., 

(."00;  lang..  iii.,  OSl. 
Zapateiiec,  locality,  Mexico,  iii.,  405. 


INDEX. 


705 


Zajuitcro  Island,   Niciira;,'iia,  autiii., 

iv.,  .SO,  .3<»-47,  ."jS-i;-.'. 
Zape,  I)iiraii;;o,  antin.,  iv.,  (JOO. 
Zaiiotccaiian.    a    Oaiacaii  kiii;,'ilnin, 

v.,  44.S-7,  ")2()-.S'I;  M'f  also  Zaiiotecs. 
Zapotccs,  Naliua  nation,    i.,   (i-W-TD; 

ii.,  I.'t:{-(>'2il;  loi'atioii  iiiiil  iiaiiic,  !., 

(i4i"),  (i7ll;  ii.,  l'A'2;  sjiorial  iiuMilioii, 

i.,    «;k;,   MS,    ().">! -3.   (;.")(.•-() I,  (JliT-'.t; 

ii..  100-10,    14'_»-:?,   '2-2H.  'JTT-S,   :}(i.S, 

37!>,  410.  .")22,  ()l24.  C-'K;  iiivtli.,   ii., 

20'.»-.'?,  .308;    iii.,  73-4,  -JtlS,  44>S-C)0, 

541;    laiij^.,    iii..    7")4-();    v.,    r)'_'7; 

hist.,  v.,  206-7,  '-'Sy,  443-7,  473,  52(J- 

.3(>,  CU). 
Zajiotcros,  North   Me.xifau  tribe,  i., 

r)7i!H;  loratioii,  i.,  (il3. 
Za]»itithin,   locality,    tUiateinala,  v., 

;■)«(;. 
Zaiiotlaii,    Jalisco,    autiq.,    iv.,    574; 

hist.,  v.,  41(;. 
Za(|tian,  a  mythic  bird,  iii.,  241. 
Zarahoiiila,  name  of  Hclirew  colony 

in  .\nifrica,  v.,  0!>. 
Zavi,    Yucatan,    antiq.,    iv.,    211-15, 

270. 
Zayollan,  ])rovince.  Mexico,  v.,  346. 
Zccc,  ii.,  757,  sec  T/cc. 
Zt'ctopaa,  city,  Oajaca,  v.,  5,32. 

Zciliisiiua,  Itcllat la  h.-iskots,  i.,  100. 

Zcka-tliaka  (Ziunka-kutshi),  trilio  of 

Tinricii,  i.,  114-37;  location,  i.,  147. 
Zckilna,  Yucatan,  antii|.,  iv.,  212. 
Zeldalcs,  i.,  681,  sec  'I'zondalcs. 
Zcldal-f^uelen,  C'hiai)as  dialect,  iii., 

760. 
Zemi;nah)uica  Tlatoani,  Mexican  im- 

jicrial  title,  v.,  471. 
Zentipac  (Tzenticpac),  town,  Jalisco, 

i.,  672;  v.,  50'.). 
Zia,  I'nchlo  ■  ilhij^e,  i.,  6i)0. 
Ziliilnocac,  Yucatan,  antiij.,  iv.,  2.52. 
Zihoios,    North    Mexican    tribe,    i., 

.571-'.tl;  location,  i.,  (ill. 
Zichajucuero,    hjcalitv,     Michoacan, 

v.,  '51.3. 
Zichu,  locality,  Mexico,  v.,  524. 
Zihil,  Maya  bajUismal  rite,  ii.,  682. 
Zima,  North  Mexican   trilie.  i.,  571- 

5)1;  location,  i.,  612. 
Zin;i()meiu's,  Inland  Columbian  tribe, 

i.,  2.-)0-!tl;  location,  i.,  314. 
Zintzicha,  name  for  Tanj;axoan,  v., 

51 1;. 
Zip  (<"ijp),  Maya  nimith.  ii..  696,  757. 
Zipacapan,  town,  (Juatein.ila,  i.,  787. 
Zijiacna,  (^iniche  j;(id.  v.,  172-3,  a  pre- 

Tcdtei'  ruler,  v.,  184. 
Zipattoval,  iii.,  4!)1,  see  Cipattonal. 


Ziranziran  rf..naro,  Michoacan  cliief, 

v.,  511. 
Zirunil)o,  a  Michoacan  kingdom,   v., 

523. 
Zitacuarcncuaro,  Matlaltzinca  festi- 
val, iii.,  446. 
ZitzimitI,    name  for  Mictlaiitecutli, 

iii.,  3!)(;. 
ZiuhcohuatI,    a  Toltec     prince,    v., 

212-13. 
Ziunka-kutshi,    i.,    147,    sec    Zfckii- 

thaka. 
Zivenaritzcatl,  birth-place  of  Qnetz- 

alcoatl,  iii.,  271. 
Zivan-caan,    name   for   Bacalar,    v., 

624. 
Ziziz  Pandacuare,  Tarasco  king,  v., 

524-5. 
Zoc,  ii.,  757,  see  Tzoz. 
Zococ  AztahmiTlacaztalli,  a  Tla.scal- 

tec  chief,  v.,  4!)8. 
Zoes,  North  Mexican   tribe,   i.,,  571- 

91;  location,  i.,  60!);  lang.,  iii.,  707. 
Zolte[)ec,  locality,  .Mexico,  i.,  677. 
Zolton,  a  Toltec  nolile,  v.,  254. 
Zomiomi,  Central  Californian  tribe, 

i.,  ,361-401;  location,  i.,  4.-).3. 
Zonzonate,  i.,  7!M(,  see  Sonson.ite. 
Zo(do;:ical    collection,  Montezunui's, 

ii.,  163-6. 
Zoot,  musical  instrument,  Yucatan, 

v.,  632. 
Zopilotes,   North   Mexican  tribe,  i., 

571-01;  location,  i.,  (!1 1. 
Zotpics    (So(|ues),     South     Mexican 

tribe,  i.,  645-70;   location,  i.,  (i82; 

special    mention,    i.,    (!4(i-7,    640, 

6.")2,    ()57-8,    (i68;    lan;r.,    iii.,    760, 

7()3;  hist.,  v.,  (i03-4,  60(). 
Zoipiitlan,  Mije  town,  v.,  5,32. 
Zotuta,    ])rovince,  Yucatan,  v.,   6.32. 
Zotz,  ii.,  757,  see  Tzoz. 
Zotziles   (Tzotziles),  South   Mexican 

tiibe,    i.,    644-70;      liM.itiou      and 

name,    i.,    (i4,'),    6SI;    ii..    1.32;    v. 

561-2;    lang.,    iii.,   76(t,  764;    hist. 

v.,  .547-8,   561,  570,    500,  .503,  .'Mi, 

60.3-4. 
Zotzilha,  name  for  Tzinacaiitlan,  i., 

681. 
Zotzilen-Tuknches,<.ii;;t:  ■mala  11  tribe, 

hist.,  v..  .")62,  5(i0.  .574-5,  .500. 
Z(|uiiia,  locality,  (liiatcmala,  v. ,550. 
Ztayiil,  Nibaib  ]iriiice,  v.,  5(i7. 
Ziia(|iies,    North    Mexican    tribe,    i., 

571-01;  location,  i.,  572,  608;  lang., 

iii.,  707. 
Zucigen.   Central   Californian   tribe, 

i.,  361-401;  location,  i.,  453, 


796 


INDEX. 


'/aiucw  (Ziivcn),  South  Mexican  nmn- 

tle,  i.,  <>50;  ii.,  T27. 
Zuliiiy  Zipi,  Muyagixl,  ii.,  fiflS. 
Ziiiiia,  v.,  ()'24,  see  Tu'au  Zuivii. 
Zukli  iHlaixi,  i.,  l.'V.). 
Ziiiiipiin^'o    (Tz()iii|iiin,    Tzoinpanco, 

Tz()iii)anco,   Tzuiii|ianc<),  Ziiiii|iaii- 

<!()),   loeality,    (iiiatemala,   i.,    789; 

Kfatioii,  Aztec  iiii};ration,  v.,  323- 

4,  329,  476. 
Ziifii,  town,    New  Mexico,    i.,   527, 

()()0;   antit].,    iv.,    645-(),  663,   667, 

674. 
Zufliliivcr,!.,  600;  antiq.,  iv.,  644-50. 


Zufiis,  trihe  of  ruchlos,  i.,  ')26-.")6; 
location,  i.,  600;  special  mention, 
i.,  545;  myth.,  iii.,  120-1,  i:{2; 
lang.,  iii.,  681-3. 

Zntuyilebpop,  Zntuj,'il  kinj;,  v.,5S4-5. 

Zutuj^ils  (Zutuhiles),  Mava  nation, 
i.,  687-711;  ii.,  6;W-803;  location, 
i.,  789;  H|)ecial  mention,  ii.,  732; 
lang.,  iii.,  760,  762,  772;  liist., 
v.,  561,  666-7,  570-2,  575-8,  584-(!, 
593,  598-9,  602. 

Zuyen,  ii.,  727,  see  Zujfen. 

Zwan;;a  ('r»ihiianga),  Tarasco  king, 
v.,  516,  525. 


END   OF    TUB    FIFTH    VOLUME. 


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